5914766 1966 12 03 1966 12 03 2003 11 14

0036-8075 154 746 1966 Oct 14 Toxicity of aquatic herbicides to Daphnia magna. 289-91 Crosby D G DG Tucker R K RK eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Science 0404511 0 Herbicides IM Animals Crustacea drug effects Fishes drug effects Herbicides toxicity Rats 6029684 1967 09 24 1967 09 24 2003 11 14

0017-9078 13 4 1967 Apr Factors influencing radiostrontium accumulation in Daphnia. 391-9 Porcella D B DB Rixford C E CE Slater J V JV eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Health Phys 2985093R 0 Strontium Isotopes 7439-95-4 Magnesium 7440-70-2 Calcium 7732-18-5 Water IM Algae Animals Calcium analysis Crustacea metabolism Kinetics Magnesium analysis Models, Theoretical Strontium Isotopes metabolism Water 5585869 1968 06 30 1968 06 30 2003 11 14

0028-1042 54 8 1967 Apr Temperature, food, and turbulence as natural determinants of cyclomorphosis in Daphnia. 207 Jacobs J J eng Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST Naturwissenschaften 0400767 IM Animals Biometry Crustacea anatomy & histology Food Plankton anatomy & histology Temperature 5673686 1968 10 24 1968 10 24 2003 11 14

0022-0949 49 1 1968 Aug The effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the survival of Daphnia magna. 61-70 Wells P N PN eng Journal Article

ENGLAND J Exp Biol 0243705 IM Animals Crustacea Equipment and Supplies Temperature Ultrasonics 4905580 1970 03 27 1970 03 27 2003 11 14

0044-3794 103 4 1970 [Ultrastructure of the "optic nerve" and the ganglion opticum I of Daphnia pulex] 526-43 Wolff J R JR Güldner F H FH ger Journal Article Uber die Ultrastruktur des "Nervus opticus" und des Ganglion opticum I von Daphnia pulex.

GERMANY, WEST Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 7503955 IM Animals Axons cytology Fleas cytology Ganglia cytology Histological Techniques Microscopy, Electron Neurosecretion Optic Nerve cytology Receptors, Sensory cytology 5378549 1970 05 04 1970 05 04 2003 11 14

0066-1562 63 1969 [Morphology and function of the daphnia heart] 573-83 van der Zypen E E Castenholz A A ger Journal Article Zur Morphologie und Funktion des Daphnienherzens.

GERMANY, EAST Verh Anat Ges 7501276 0 Muscle Proteins IM Animals Basement Membrane Crustacea Heart anatomy & histology physiology Kymography Microscopy, Electron Mitochondria, Muscle Muscle Proteins Myocardium cytology Myofibrils 5493365 1971 02 27 1971 02 27 2003 11 14

0026-3656 39 4 1970 Jul-Aug [Experimental study of bacterial production in water and the consumption of bacteria by daphnia] 711-5 Romanenko V I VI rus Journal Article Eksperimental'noe issledovanie produktsii bakteriĭ v vode i vyedaniia ikh dafniiami.

USSR Mikrobiologiia 0376652 0 Penicillins 57-92-1 Streptomycin IM Animals Bacteria drug effects growth & development Crustacea drug effects metabolism Oxygen Consumption Penicillins pharmacology Streptomycin pharmacology Water Microbiology 5553981 1971 06 08 1971 06 08 2003 11 14

0006-3002 229 2 1971 Feb 16 Purification and properties of blood hemoglobin from the fresh-water cladocera, Moina macrocopa and Daphnia magna. 349-58 Sugano H H Hoshi T T eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Biochim Biophys Acta 0217513 0 Hemoglobins 14875-96-8 Heme 7439-89-6 Iron 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Centrifugation, Density Gradient Chemistry, Physical Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose Chromatography, Gel Crustacea Diffusion Electrophoresis Female Heme analysis Hemoglobins analysis isolation & purification Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Iron analysis Mathematics Molecular Weight Oxygen Spectrophotometry Ultracentrifugation Viscosity 5524123 1972 03 23 1972 03 23 2003 11 14

0375-8443 16 6 1970 [Bronchial asthma caused by Daphnia P] 242-5 Popescu I G IG Dragulescu I I Iota C G CG ger Journal Article Bronchialasthma hervorgerufen durch Daphnia.

GERMANY, EAST Allerg Asthma (Leipz) 0313664 0 Allergens IM Adult Allergens adverse effects Asthma diagnosis etiology Bronchial Spasm etiology Daphnia Eosinophils Female Human Male Middle Aged Rhinitis etiology Skin Tests 4109800 1972 04 07 1972 04 07 2003 11 14

0016-6480 18 1 1972 Feb [Staining properties of neurosecretory cells in Daphnia pulex (Crustacea: Cladocera)] 140-5 Van den Bosch de Aguila fre Journal Article Les caractéristiques tinctoriales des cellules neurosécrétrices chez Daphnia pulex (Crustacea: Cladoceral.

UNITED STATES Gen Comp Endocrinol 0370735 0 Benzopyrans 0 Carboxylic Acids 0 Disulfides 0 Glycols 0 Lipids 0 Rosaniline Dyes 0 Sulfonic Acids 7722-64-7 Potassium Permanganate 9005-79-2 Glycogen IM Animals Benzopyrans Carboxylic Acids analysis Daphnia anatomy & histology Disulfides Glycogen analysis Glycols analysis Histocytochemistry Lipids analysis Neurosecretory Systems cytology Potassium Permanganate Rosaniline Dyes Staining and Labeling Sulfonic Acids analysis 5062783 1972 06 11 1972 06 11 2003 11 14

0009-5915 36 2 1972 Karyologic observations on the maturation of the summer and winter eggs of Daphnia pulex and Daphnia middendorffiana. 193-203 Zaffagnini F F Sabelli B B eng Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST Chromosoma 2985138R IM Animals Chromatids Chromosomes Cytogenetics Daphnia cytology Diploidy Female Genetics, Population Karyotyping Meiosis Ovum cytology Parthenogenesis Seasons 5146542 1972 06 27 1972 06 27 2000 12 18

0049-8610 17 10 1971 Oct [Effect of organochlorine pesticides on indicators of water pollution] 734-40 Zamfir G G Simona A A Filipiuc M M Alexa L L Melinte C C Gevät V V ger Journal Article Die Wirkung gewisser organo-chlorierter Pestizide auf die hygienisch-sanitären Indikatoren des Wassers.

GERMANY, EAST Z Gesamte Hyg 0420111 0 Hydrocarbons, Halogenated 0 Pesticides IM Algae drug effects Daphnia drug effects Hydrocarbons, Halogenated pharmacology Pesticides analysis pharmacology Phytoplankton drug effects Water Microbiology drug effects Water Pollution Water Pollution, Chemical 5038817 1972 08 25 1972 08 25 2003 11 14

0016-6723 19 2 1972 Apr Natural selection for enzyme variants among parthenogenetic Daphnia magna. 173-6 Hebert P D PD Ward R D RD Gibson J B JB eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Genet Res 0370741 0 Isoenzymes EC 1.1.1.37 Malate Dehydrogenase EC 3.1. Esterases IM Animals Daphnia enzymology Electrophoresis, Disc Esterases analysis Genetics, Population Heterozygote Isoenzymes analysis Malate Dehydrogenase analysis Polymorphism (Genetics) 4626082 1972 09 29 1972 09 29 2003 11 14

0007-4861 7 5 1972 May Biological magnification of a polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254) from water by aquatic invertebrates. 257-63 Sanders H O HO Chandler J H JH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Biphenyl Compounds 0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 0 Radioisotopes 7782-50-5 Chlorine IM Animals Astacoidea Biological Assay Biphenyl Compounds metabolism Chlorine Chromatography, Gas Crustacea metabolism Culex Daphnia Decapoda (Crustacea) Environmental Exposure Insects metabolism Isomerism Kinetics Larva Polychlorinated Biphenyls metabolism Radioisotopes Water Pollution Water Pollution, Chemical 5052703 1972 10 05 1972 10 05 2003 11 14

0033-8192 12 3 1972 May-Jun [Changes in the intensity of oxidative phosphorylation and catalase activity following irradiation of different types of invertebrates] 437-40 Kostromskaia V A VA rus Journal Article Izmenenie intensivnosti okislitel'nogo fosforilirovaniia i aktivnosti katalazy pri obluchenii razlichnykh vidov bezpozvonochnykh.

USSR Radiobiologiia 0401251 0 Cobalt Isotopes EC 1.11.1.6 Catalase IM Animals Catalase metabolism Cobalt Isotopes Cockroaches radiation effects Crustacea radiation effects Daphnia radiation effects Helminths radiation effects Leeches radiation effects Lice radiation effects Mollusca radiation effects Oligochaeta radiation effects Oxidative Phosphorylation radiation effects Platyhelminths radiation effects Radiation Effects 5055130 1972 10 19 1972 10 19 2003 11 14

0016-6731 71 4 1972 Aug Inheritance during parthenogenesis in Daphnia magna. 639-42 Hebert P D PD Ward R D RD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Genetics 0374636 EC 1.1.1.37 Malate Dehydrogenase EC 3.1. Esterases EC 3.1.3.1 Alkaline Phosphatase IM Alkaline Phosphatase analysis Animals Crosses, Genetic Daphnia enzymology Electrophoresis, Disc Esterases analysis Female Malate Dehydrogenase analysis Male Parthenogenesis Phenotype Polymorphism (Genetics) Recombination, Genetic 5154362 1972 11 29 1972 11 29 2003 11 14

0300-8665 34 1971 [Endosulfan and the environment. Behavior of residues of endosulfan in water and then effect on organisms which live in water. (Report No 170-70 (B)] 85-93 Gorbach S S Knauf W W ger Journal Article endosulfan und Umwelt. Das Rückstandsverhalten von Endosulfan in Wasser und seine Wirkung auf Organismen, die im Wasser leben (Bericht nr. 170-70 (B.

GERMANY, WEST Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 0 Pesticide Residues 115-29-7 Endosulfan IM Algae drug effects Animals Crustacea drug effects Daphnia drug effects Endosulfan pharmacology Environmental Pollution Fishes analysis drug effects Fresh Water Insecticides, Organochlorine pharmacology Pesticide Residues analysis Water Microbiology Water Pollution, Chemical analysis 4677865 1972 12 04 1972 12 04 2003 11 14

0037-9085 65 1 1972 Jan-Feb [Ecologic and biologic observations of Bulinus forskalii, vector of Schistosoma intercalatum schistosomiasis] 138-45 Deschiens R R Vauthier C C Nordau C G CG fre Journal Article Observations écologiques et biologiques sur Bulinus forskalii vecteur de la bilharziose a Schistosoma intercalatum.

FRANCE Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 7503399 IM Algae, Green Animal Nutrition Animals Breeding Bulinus growth & development Daphnia Disease Vectors Ecology Fresh Water Nutritional Requirements Schistosomiasis 4628538 1973 01 09 1973 01 09 2003 11 14

0007-4861 8 3 1972 Sep Effects of Aroclor 1242 (a polychlorinated biphenyl) and DDT on cultures of an alga, protozoan, daphnid, ostracod, and guppy. 129-37 Morgan J R JR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Carbon Isotopes 0 Culture Media 0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 50-29-3 DDT IM Animals Biological Assay Carbon Isotopes Cell Count Chlamydomonas drug effects growth & development Chromatography, Gas Crustacea drug effects Culture Media DDT toxicity Daphnia drug effects growth & development Fishes Polychlorinated Biphenyls toxicity Tetrahymena drug effects growth & development 4509664 1973 03 15 1973 03 15 2003 11 14

0027-8424 70 1 1973 Jan Structure and development of neuronal connections in isogenic organisms: variations and similarities in the optic system of Daphnia magna. 57-61 Macagno E R ER Lopresti V V Levinthal C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 7505876 IM Animals Daphnia cytology Eye cytology Genetics Morphogenesis Neural Pathways cytology Optic Nerve cytology Parthenogenesis Receptors, Sensory cytology Species Specificity Synapses cytology Visual Pathways cytology 4510287 1973 04 05 1973 04 05 2000 12 18

0027-8424 70 2 1973 Feb Structure and development of neuronal connections in isogenic organisms: cellular interactions in the development of the optic lamina of Daphnia. 433-7 Lopresti V V Macagno E R ER Levinthal C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 7505876 IM Axons Cell Differentiation Cell Movement Daphnia embryology Microscopy, Electron Models, Biological Neural Pathways cytology embryology Optic Nerve cytology embryology Parthenogenesis Receptors, Sensory embryology 4688710 1973 04 26 1973 04 26 2000 12 18

0023-6853 22 2 1973 Feb Apparatus for semi-continuous culture of Daphnia. 114-5 Harvey A M AM eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Lab Pract 0376620 0 Culture Media IM Culture Media Daphnia growth & development 4573710 1973 06 29 1973 06 29 2003 11 14

0035-2454 36 3 1972 Apr-Jun [Further research on biological effects of flavacoumarins] 85-101 Boutibonnes P P Jacquet J J fre Journal Article Recherches complémentaires sur les effets biologiques des flavacoumarines.

FRANCE Rev Immunol (Paris) 7801127 0 Aflatoxins IM Aflatoxins pharmacology toxicity Animals Anura Bacillus drug effects Bacteriological Techniques Candida drug effects Cell Division drug effects Daphnia drug effects Metamorphosis, Biological drug effects Microbial Sensitivity Tests Rana temporaria drug effects Saccharomyces cerevisiae drug effects 4704566 1973 07 11 1973 07 11 2003 11 14

0091-6765 3 1973 Jan Toxicology of phthalic acid esters in aquatic organisms. 153-7 Mayer F L FL Jr Sanders H O HO eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Carbon Isotopes 0 Esters 0 Phthalic Acids IM Animals Astacoidea metabolism Carbon Isotopes Daphnia metabolism Environmental Exposure Esters toxicity Fishes metabolism Lethal Dose 50 Marine Biology Phthalic Acids metabolism toxicity Reproduction drug effects Salmonidae metabolism United States Water Pollution, Chemical 4145158 1973 07 17 1973 07 17 2003 11 14

0300-9688 222 1 1972 Oct Detection of orally toxic microbial metabolites in foods with bioassay systems. 96-114 de Waart J J van Aken F F Pouw H H eng Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 0331570 0 Aflatoxins 0 Botulinum Toxins 0 Endotoxins 0 Enterotoxins 0 Toxins 51-45-6 Histamine IM Aflatoxins Animals Bacteria metabolism Biological Assay Botulinum Toxins Cell Line Chick Embryo Daphnia drug effects Endotoxins Enterotoxins pharmacology Escherichia coli Fishes drug effects Food Analysis Food Inspection Food Microbiology Histamine pharmacology Human Insects drug effects Methods Protozoa drug effects Staphylococcus Toxins pharmacology 4711695 1973 08 10 1973 08 10 2003 11 14

0044-376X 74 2 1973 May [Kymography using the intravital microscope (microkymography)] 89-109 Castenholz A A ger Journal Article Kymographie mit dem Vitalmikroskop (Mikrokymographie.

GERMANY, WEST Microsc Acta 1306037 IM Amoeba Animals Cell Movement Chick Embryo Cilia Daphnia Epithelium physiology Eye Gastrointestinal Motility Heart physiology Kinetics Larva Male Mesentery physiology Methods Motion Pictures Mouth Mucosa physiology Movement Photomicrography instrumentation Rats Spermatozoa physiology Triturus 4198044 1973 09 13 1973 09 13 2003 11 14

0003-6072 39 2 1973 Netherlands Society for Microbiology meeting at Delft on 25 October 1972. Mycotoxins. 361-6 de Waart J J eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 0372625 0 Aflatoxins 0 Mycotoxins IM Aflatoxins biosynthesis isolation & purification toxicity Animals Aspergillus metabolism Aspergillus flavus metabolism Biological Assay Chromatography Daphnia drug effects Decapoda (Crustacea) drug effects Fishes drug effects Fusarium metabolism Mortality Mycotoxins biosynthesis toxicity Penicillium metabolism Species Specificity Spectrophotometry, Infrared 4721303 1973 10 02 1973 10 02 2003 11 14

0091-6765 4 1973 Jun Uptake and fate of Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate in aquatic organisms and in a model ecosystem. 27-34 Metcalf R L RL Booth G M GM Schuth C K CK Hansen D J DJ Lu P Y PY eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Carbon Isotopes 0 Esters 0 Phthalic Acids IM Animals Autoradiography Carbon Isotopes Chromatography, Thin Layer Culex metabolism Cyprinidae metabolism Daphnia metabolism Ecology Environmental Exposure Esters analysis metabolism Larva metabolism Marine Biology Models, Biological Phthalic Acids analysis metabolism Plants metabolism Snails metabolism 4124493 1973 10 02 1973 10 02 2003 11 14

0091-6765 4 1973 Jun Model ecosystem studies of the environmental fate of six organochlorine pesticides. 35-44 Metcalf R L RL Kapoor I P IP Lu P Y PY Schuth C K CK Sherman P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Benzene Derivatives 0 Carbon Isotopes 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 2385-85-5 Mirex 309-00-2 Aldrin 50-29-3 DDT 58-89-9 Lindane 60-57-1 Dieldrin 72-20-8 Endrin 72-55-9 DDE 7782-50-5 Chlorine IM Aldrin metabolism Algae, Green Animals Autoradiography Benzene Derivatives metabolism Carbon Isotopes Chlorine metabolism Chromatography, Thin Layer Culex DDE metabolism DDT metabolism Daphnia Dieldrin metabolism Ecology Endrin metabolism Environment Fishes Insecticides, Organochlorine metabolism Lindane metabolism Mirex metabolism Models, Biological Scintillation Counting Snails 4581877 1973 11 16 1973 11 16 2003 11 14

0081-1386 26 1972 Pressure and the rhythmic behaviour of inshore marine animals. 395-415 Naylor E E Atkinson R J RJ eng Journal Article Review

ENGLAND Symp Soc Exp Biol 0404517 IM Animals Atmospheric Pressure Brachyura Circadian Rhythm Daphnia Hydrostatic Pressure Light Male Marine Biology Mollusca Movement Plankton Pressure Seasons Temperature 44 4581878 1973 11 16 1973 11 16 2003 11 14

0081-1386 26 1972 The effects of pressure on organisms: a summary of progress. 473-82 Kitching J A JA eng Journal Article Review

ENGLAND Symp Soc Exp Biol 0404517 7727-37-9 Nitrogen 7732-18-5 Water IM Adaptation, Biological Anesthesia Animals Birds Crustacea Daphnia Electrocardiography Fishes Hydrostatic Pressure Mammals Nitrogen Plankton Pressure Tetrahymena Water 12 4745372 1973 12 16 1973 12 16 2003 11 14

0013-9351 6 1 1973 Mar Toxicity, residue dynamics, and reproductive effects of phthalate esters in aquatic invertebrates. 84-90 Sanders H O HO Mayer F L FL Jr Walsh D F DF eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Res 0147621 0 Carbon Radioisotopes 0 Esters 0 Phthalic Acids IM Animals Astacoidea Carbon Radioisotopes Crustacea Daphnia Decapoda (Crustacea) Environmental Exposure Esters Invertebrates Marine Biology Phthalic Acids analysis metabolism toxicity Reproduction drug effects Scintillation Counting Water Pollution, Chemical analysis 4754411 1974 01 19 1974 01 19 2003 11 14

0022-104X 186 1 1973 Oct Phenotype variability of lactate dehydrogenase in Daphnia magna. 33-8 Herbert P D PD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Exp Zool 0375365 EC 1.1.1.27 L-Lactate Dehydrogenase EC 3.4 Peptide Hydrolases IM Animals Daphnia enzymology Electrophoresis L-Lactate Dehydrogenase metabolism Peptide Hydrolases metabolism Phenotype Population Density Variation (Genetics) 4769158 1974 03 06 1974 03 06 2003 11 14

0065-2598 40 1973 Biological effects of heavy metal pollutants in water. 161-72 Hartung R R eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Adv Exp Med Biol 0121103 0 Metals 7439-92-1 Lead 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-47-3 Chromium 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Algae drug effects Animals Bird Diseases chemically induced Birds Cadmium pharmacology toxicity Cats Chromium pharmacology toxicity Copper pharmacology toxicity Daphnia drug effects Fish Diseases chemically induced Fishes Lead toxicity Lead Poisoning veterinary Lethal Dose 50 Mercury Poisoning veterinary Metals toxicity Water Pollution, Chemical Zinc toxicity 4149293 1974 03 20 1974 03 20 2003 11 14

0007-4861 10 6 1973 Dec The fate of dieldrin in a model ecosystem. 340-6 Sanborn J R JR Yu C C CC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Carbon Radioisotopes 60-57-1 Dieldrin IM Algae Animals Biotransformation Brachyura Carbon Radioisotopes Clams Culicidae Daphnia Dieldrin metabolism Drug Stability Environment Fishes Models, Biological Plants Snails Time Factors 4669494 1974 04 29 1974 04 29 2003 11 14

0007-4861 8 4 1972 Oct In vivo and in vitro epoxidation of aldrin by aquatic food chain organisms. 219-28 Khan M A MA Kamal A A Wolin R J RJ Runnels J J eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Ethers, Cyclic 309-00-2 Aldrin EC 1. Oxidoreductases IM Aedes metabolism Aldrin metabolism Algae metabolism Animals Astacoidea metabolism Cell Nucleus Chlorella metabolism Clams metabolism Crustacea metabolism Daphnia metabolism Ethers, Cyclic biosynthesis Hydra metabolism Hydrogen-Ion Concentration In Vitro Insects metabolism Leeches metabolism Mastigophora metabolism Microsomes enzymology Mitochondria metabolism Oxidoreductases metabolism Protozoa metabolism Snails metabolism Turbellaria metabolism 4596728 1974 06 28 1974 06 28 2003 11 14

0096-7807 4 3 1974 Mar Production of zooplankton populations in fresh waters of the USSR. 224-32 Ivanova M B MB eng Journal Article Review

UNITED STATES Sov J Ecol 0321347 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals Crustacea growth & development Daphnia growth & development Ecology Plankton growth & development Seasons USSR Water 59 4524618 1974 07 31 1974 07 31 2003 11 14

0027-8424 71 4 1974 Apr Structure and development of neuronal connections in isogenic organisms: transient gap junctions between growing optic axons and lamina neuroblasts. 1098-102 Lopresti V V Macagno E R ER Levinthal C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 7505876 IM Animals Axons Cell Differentiation Cell Division Daphnia embryology Desmosomes Intercellular Junctions Neurons cytology Optic Nerve cytology embryology Synapses 4152373 1974 10 07 1974 10 07 2003 11 14

0096-7807 4 4 1974 May Pathways of assimilation of dissolved organic matter by plankton organisms. 281-6 Petrova M A MA eng Journal Article Review

UNITED STATES Sov J Ecol 0321347 0 Amino Acids 0 Carbohydrates IM Algae metabolism Amino Acids metabolism Animals Annelida metabolism Bacteria metabolism Carbohydrates metabolism Cnidaria metabolism Crustacea metabolism Daphnia metabolism Diffusion Ecology Mollusca metabolism Phytoplankton metabolism Plankton metabolism Turbellaria metabolism 42 4847154 1974 10 04 1974 10 04 2003 11 14

0016-6731 77 2 1974 Jun Enzyme variability in natural populations of Daphnia magna. II. Genotypic frequencies in permanent populations. 323-34 Hebert P D PD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Genetics 0374636 EC 1.1.1.37 Malate Dehydrogenase EC 3.1. Esterases IM Animals Chromosome Mapping Daphnia enzymology Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel Environment Esterases analysis Gene Frequency Genotype Malate Dehydrogenase analysis Parthenogenesis Periodicity Polymorphism (Genetics) Variation (Genetics) 4847155 1974 10 04 1974 10 04 2003 11 14

0016-6731 77 2 1974 Jun Enzyme variability in natural populations of Daphnia magna. 3. Genotypic frequencies in intermittent populations. 335-41 Hebert P D PD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Genetics 0374636 EC 1.1.1.37 Malate Dehydrogenase EC 3.1. Esterases IM Animals Chromosome Mapping Daphnia enzymology Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel Environment Esterases analysis Gene Frequency Genotype Malate Dehydrogenase analysis Parthenogenesis Periodicity Polymorphism (Genetics) Recombination, Genetic Variation (Genetics) 4212723 1974 12 10 1974 12 10 2003 11 14

0567-655X 278 16 1974 Apr 17 [On some biological effects of nitroso derivatives] 2053-4 Plouvier V V fre Journal Article Sur la conservation des polyalcools, hétérosides et autres consituants et des activités enzymatiques dans le matériel végétal sec longtemps abandonné

FRANCE C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 7501107 0 Nitroso Compounds IM Animals Bacteria drug effects Daphnia drug effects Mice Mucous Membrane drug effects Nervous System drug effects Nitroso Compounds pharmacology toxicity Plants drug effects Structure-Activity Relationship 4412836 1974 12 18 1974 12 18 2003 11 14

0022-0949 61 1 1974 Aug Directional differences in the colour sensitivity of Daphnia magna. 261-7 Young S S eng Journal Article

ENGLAND J Exp Biol 0243705 IM Animals Color Perception Daphnia physiology Eye Movements Female Ocular Physiology Photic Stimulation Photoreceptors physiology 4420920 1975 01 06 1975 01 06 2003 11 14

0042-6989 14 8 1974 Aug The hydraulic suspension of the Daphnia eye--a new kind of universal joint? 647-52 Downing A C AC eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Vision Res 0417402 IM S Animals Daphnia anatomy & histology physiology Elasticity Eye anatomy & histology Eye Movements Joints Membranes Muscles anatomy & histology Ocular Physiology Pressure Rotation 75025842 4430014 1975 02 18 1975 02 18 2003 11 14

0009-2797 9 4 1974 Oct Aqueous chlorination and ozonation studies. I. Structure-toxicity correlations of phenolic compounds to Daphnia magna. 245-51 Kopperman H L HL Carlson R M RM Caple R R eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Chem Biol Interact 0227276 0 Phenols IM Animals Chemistry, Physical Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects metabolism Kinetics Mathematics Molecular Conformation Phenols metabolism toxicity Structure-Activity Relationship Time Factors 4430814 1975 02 06 1975 02 06 2003 11 14

0021-8561 22 6 1974 Nov-Dec Distribution of 14C and arsenic derived from (14C)cacodylic acid in an aquatic ecosystem. 999-1003 Schuth C K CK Isensee A R AR Woolson E A EA Kearney P C PC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Agric Food Chem 0374755 0 Arsenates 0 Arsenicals 0 Carbon Radioisotopes 0 Herbicides 0 Oxides 0 Pesticide Residues 1398-61-4 Chitin 7440-38-2 Arsenic IM Algae metabolism Animals Arsenates metabolism Arsenic metabolism Arsenicals analysis metabolism Astacoidea metabolism Carbon Radioisotopes Chitin metabolism Daphnia metabolism Drug Stability Ecology Fishes metabolism Herbicides analysis metabolism Oxides Pesticide Residues analysis Plants metabolism Snails metabolism Soil analysis Time Factors 4154509 1975 02 15 1975 02 15 2003 11 14

0049-173X 4 6 1974 Nov Does regenerative capacity decrease with age? 495-503 Zamaraev V N VN eng Journal Article Review

UNITED STATES Sov J Dev Biol 0315573 IM Aging Ambystoma Animals Anura Astacoidea Beetles Birds Brachyura Cnidaria Cockroaches Daphnia Decapoda (Crustacea) Echinodermata Extremities physiology Fishes Helminths Hemiptera Hydra Insects Larva Muscles physiology Nymph Regeneration Scorpions Turbellaria Urochordata Wound Healing 58 4279749 1975 03 10 1975 03 10 2003 11 14

0037-9026 168 1 1974 [Experimental analysis of the transfer of a micropollutant (65 Zn) to the final consumer in a fresh water ecosystem] 78-82 Parouty G G Chaisemartin C C fre Journal Article Analyse expérimentale des transferts d'un micropolluant (65Zn) au consommateur terminal dans un écosystème dulçaquicole

FRANCE C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 7505439 0 Radioisotopes 0 Zinc Isotopes 7440-70-2 Calcium IM Animals Astacoidea Calcium Daphnia Fishes Food Contamination, Radioactive Fresh Water Mollusca Radioisotopes Water Pollution Zinc Isotopes analysis poisoning 4435234 1975 03 10 1975 03 10 2003 11 14

0014-9446 33 12 1974 Dec Computer-aided reconstruction from serial sections. 2336-40 Levinthal C C Macagno E E Tountas C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Fed Proc 0372771 IM Animals Brain anatomy & histology Computers Daphnia Data Display Fishes Image Enhancement Models, Biological Models, Structural Motion Pictures Neurons cytology Photography Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 4279859 1975 02 27 1975 02 27 2003 11 14

0016-9900 6 1974 Jun [Study of the effect of water, purified by an electrodialysis method, on certain biological objects] 90-2 Orlov A A AA rus Journal Article Izuchenie vliianiia vody, opresnennoĭ élektrodializnym sposobom, na nekotorye biologicheskie ob'ekty

USSR Gig Sanit 0412700 16291-96-6 Charcoal 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals Charcoal Daphnia drug effects Dialysis Filtration Russia Time Factors Water pharmacology 4442559 1975 04 21 1975 04 21 2003 11 14

0014-4754 30 12 1974 Dec 15 An electronic method for measuring the heart frequency of the waterflea: Daphnia pulex. 1478-80 Postmes T J TJ Nacken G G Nelissen R G RG eng Journal Article

SWITZERLAND Experientia 0376547 50-06-6 Phenobarbital IM Animals Daphnia physiology Electronics instrumentation Heart Rate drug effects Methods Phenobarbital pharmacology 4445912 1975 03 26 1975 03 26 2003 11 14

0096-7807 4 6 1974 Sep Comparative evaluation of two methods of calculating zooplankton production exemplified on the Lake Il'men population. 476-82 Stepanova L A LA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Sov J Ecol 0321347 IM Animals Body Weight Comparative Study Daphnia growth & development Ecology methods Plankton growth & development Reproduction Zooplankton growth & development 4447292 1975 04 23 1975 04 23 2003 11 14

0003-4037 28 2 1974 [Nutritional requirement in adenylic acid, growth and morphogenesis in Artemia salina (L.) (Crustacea, branchipode)] 65-82 Hernandorena A A fre Journal Article Besoin alimentaire en acide adénylique, croissance et morphogénèse chez Artemia salina (L.) (Crustacé, branchiopode)

FRANCE Ann Nutr Aliment 0372653 0 Culture Media 61-19-8 Adenosine Monophosphate IM Adenosine Monophosphate metabolism physiology Animal Nutrition Animals Culture Media Daphnia growth & development metabolism Germ-Free Life Morphogenesis Nutritional Requirements 4532099 1975 05 03 1975 05 03 2003 11 14

0018-067X 33 3 1974 Dec Ecological differences between genotypes in a natural population of Daphnia magna. 327-37 Hebert P D PD eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Heredity 0373007 EC 1.1.1.37 Malate Dehydrogenase IM Alleles Animals Daphnia enzymology physiology Ecology Female Gene Frequency Genetics, Population Genotype Malate Dehydrogenase analysis Male Ovum enzymology Parthenogenesis 1116808 1975 05 27 1975 05 27 2003 11 14

0071-7991 23 1 1975 Interaction of light and gravity orientation in daphnia pulex. 174-84 Jander R R eng Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST Fortschr Zool 0374625 IM S Animals Daphnia physiology Eye Movements Gravitation Light Orientation Space Perception 75113792 1090849 1975 06 09 1975 06 09 2003 11 14

0028-0836 254 5498 1975 Mar 27 Iridovirus and cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in the freshwater daphnid Simocephalus expinosus. 327-8 Federici B A BA Hazard E I EI eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Nature 0410462 IM Animals DNA Viruses isolation & purification Daphnia microbiology Insect Viruses isolation & purification 4457186 1975 06 29 1975 06 29 2000 12 18

0007-4861 12 6 1974 Dec Acute toxicity of various metals to freshwater zooplankton. 745-51 Baudouin M F MF Scoppa P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Metals IM Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Fresh Water Lethal Dose 50 Metals toxicity Plankton drug effects Structure-Activity Relationship 236058 1975 07 23 1975 07 23 2003 11 14

0007-4861 13 3 1975 Mar Fate of dicamba in a model ecosystem. 280-3 Yu C C CC Hansen D J DJ Booth G M GM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Benzoates 0 Carbon Radioisotopes 1918-00-9 Dicamba IM Algae Animals Autoradiography Benzoates metabolism Brachyura Carbon Radioisotopes Clams Culicidae Daphnia Dicamba metabolism Fishes Models, Biological Plants Snails Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 805612 1975 08 20 1975 08 20 2003 11 14

0007-4861 13 4 1975 Apr Effects of PCB (Aroclor 1254) and p'p" DDT on production and survival of Daphnia magna Strauss. 412-6 Maki A W AW Johnson H E HE eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 50-29-3 DDT IM Animals DDT pharmacology toxicity Daphnia physiology Lethal Dose 50 Polychlorinated Biphenyls pharmacology toxicity Reproduction drug effects 1131449 1975 08 20 1975 08 20 2003 11 14

0007-4861 13 4 1975 Apr Pick-up and metabolism of DDT, dieldrin and photodieldrin by a fresh water alga (Ankistrodesmus amalloides) and a microcrustacean (Daphnia pulex). 443-50 Neudorf S S Khan M A MA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Carbon Radioisotopes 50-29-3 DDT 60-57-1 Dieldrin 72-54-8 DDD 72-55-9 DDE IM Algae metabolism Animals Carbon Radioisotopes DDD metabolism DDE metabolism DDT metabolism Daphnia metabolism Dieldrin metabolism Photochemistry Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Time Factors 1142185 1975 09 22 1975 09 22 2003 11 14

0022-3751 245 2 1975 Feb Cladoceran eye tremor. 48P-49P Downing A C AC Young S S eng Journal Article

ENGLAND J Physiol 0266262 IM Animals Daphnia physiology Infrared Rays Motion Pictures Ocular Physiology Tremor physiopathology Videotape Recording 238691 1975 11 06 1975 11 06 2003 11 14

0007-4861 13 5 1975 May The fate of parathion in a model ecosystem. 543-50 Yu C-C Sanborn J R JR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 56-38-2 Parathion IM Algae metabolism Animals Biodegradation Culicidae metabolism Daphnia metabolism Fishes metabolism Models, Biological Parathion metabolism Snails metabolism Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Time Factors 1148414 1975 11 06 1975 11 06 2003 11 14

0007-4861 13 5 1975 May Absorption and elimination of photodieldrin by Daphania and goldfish. 582-7 The alga, Ankistrodesmus spiralis, becomes saturated with photodieldrin in 8 hours. The Daphnia whether contaminated by feeding on the algae saturated with photodieldrin or by directly absorbing this insecticide eliminate about 50 per cent of the absorbed photodieldrin in 4 days which increases up to 70 per cent in 7 days. However, continuous exposure of daphnids to photodieldrin results in increased absorption and accumulation of this insecticide. Transfer of the goldfish contaminated with photodieldrin to clean water results in initial elimination in 24 hours whose rate in is then is then subsequently reduced. These two organisms are thus capable of eliminating their body residues of photodieldrin, the "terminal residue: of dieldrin, if their environment is decontaminated. Khan H M HM Neudorf S S Khan M A MA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 60-57-1 Dieldrin IM Absorption Algae metabolism Animals Cyprinidae metabolism Daphnia metabolism Dieldrin metabolism Goldfish metabolism Kinetics Photochemistry Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 1151276 1975 11 05 1975 11 05 2003 11 14

0022-0949 62 1 1975 Feb Eye movements in Daphnia pulex (De Geer). 175-87 1. The various types of eye movement exhibited by the cyclopean eye of Daphnia pulex were studied using high speed motion photography. 2. This rudimentary eye, which consists of only 22 ommatidia, can move through approximately 150 degrees in the sagittal plane and 60 degrees in the horizontal plane. 3. Four classes of eye movement were found: (1) a high speed tremor at 16 Hz with an amplitude of 3-4 degrees, which resembles physiological nystagmus, (2) a slow rhythmic scanning movement at 4 Hz, and 5-6 degrees amplitude, (3) large fast eye movements similar to saccadic eye movements and (4) optokinetic nystagmus produced by moving striped patterns. 4. Where the fast tremor occurred concurrently with the slow rhythmic scan, a Fourier analysis revealed that the former was the fourth harmonic of the latter. Frost B J BJ eng Journal Article

ENGLAND J Exp Biol 0243705 IM Animals Daphnia physiology Eye Movements Female Fourier Analysis Light Ocular Physiology Orientation Physical Stimulation Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Visual Fields 807992 1975 11 06 1975 11 06 2003 11 14

0300-483X 4 2 1975 May Standard curves for nuvacron, malathion, sevin, DDT and kelthane tested against the mosquito Culex pipiens L. and the microcrustacean Daphnia magna Straus. 133-44 The fourth instar larvae of Culex pipiens L. and adults of microcrustacean Daphnia magna Straus were reared under standardized conditions and used as bioassay test organisms for the preparation of the standard log concentration--probit (lc--p) regression lines for each of the following pesticides: nuvacron, malathion, sevin, DDT and kelthane. When the above pesticides were tested against the larvae of C. pipiens, the LC50 values (in ppm) ranged as follows: nuvacron 0.0014--0.0019, malathion 0.0027-0.0043, sevin 0.059-0.095, DDT 0.233-0.525, kelthane 0.17-0.24 and a mixture of malathion, DDT and kelthane (3 : 10 : 5) 0.1805-0.2451, based on 24-h readings. The corresponding LC50 values (in ppm) for D. magna were 0.00018-0.00032, 0.000074-0.00013, 0.00063-0.00069, 0.0061-0.0064, 0.071-0.090 and 0.055-0.028 for the aforementioned pesticides. D. magna proved to be more sensitive to all tested pesticides than C. pipiens larvae: it succumbed to concentrations ranging from 0.000032 to 0.004 ppm of nuvacron, from 0.000032 to 0.0016 ppm of malathion, from 0.000032 to 0.02 ppm of sevin, from 0.0008 to 0.1 ppm of DDT, from 0.03 to 0.3 ppm of kelthane and from 0.007 to 0.075 ppm of the mixture. C. pipiens larvae were affected by concentrations ranging from 0.0005 to 0.008 ppm of of nuvacron, from 0.0005 to 0.04 ppm of malathion, from 0.008 to 1.0 ppm of sevin, from 0.05 to 2.5 ppm of DDT, from 0.06 to 0.5 ppm of kelthane and from 0.07 to 0.75 ppm of the mixture. Rawash I A IA Gaaboub I A IA El-Gayar E M EM El-Shazli A Y AY eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Toxicology 0361055 0 Insecticides 115-32-2 Dicofol 121-75-5 Malathion 50-29-3 DDT 63-25-2 Carbaryl IM Animals Biological Assay Carbaryl toxicity Culex DDT toxicity Daphnia Dicofol toxicity Insecticides toxicity Larva Lethal Dose 50 Malathion toxicity 807993 1975 11 06 1975 11 06 2003 11 14

0300-483X 4 2 1975 May Effects of plant species, age and part on the disappearance of sevin, nuvacron and malathion residues. 145-56 Residues as determined by bioassay using Daphnia or mosquito larvae were in agreement with each other in most cases except sevin residues at 1 h and 8 days after treatment of mallow. The mosquito larvae failed to record nuvacron, sevin and malathion on 45-day-old plants on the 8th, 12th and 24th day, respectively, whereas residues on younger plants continued to affect mosquitoes up to the 12th day and disappeared only on the 24th day. Daphnia continued to show toxicity up to the 24th day on younger and older plants. Insecticide residues of nuvacron, malathion and sevin, found on the leaves 30- and 45-day-old plants of cotton, Jew's mallow and kidney beans after 1 h, 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 days were estimated biologically by C. pipiens larvae and D. magna. Residues of insecticides disappeared more readily on bean pods than on bean leaves. Residues of sevin, malathion and nuvacron found on the pods 12 days after treatment as indicated by Daphnia were 0.189, 0.055 and 0.059 ppm respectively. They are far less than the corresponding residues on bean leaves. The 1-hour residue was higher on younger bean leaves than on mallow and cotton with very few exceptions (nuvacron, malathion and sevin: 2.125, 11.75 and 95 ppm on cotton leaves; 2.25 and 145 ppm on Jew's mallow and 3.750, 32.500 and 250 ppm on common bean leaves, respectively). These data were obtained with C. pipiens larvae. The picture was completely reversed on 45-day-old plants. 1-h deposits of malathion were higher on mallow than on cotton or beans (nuvacron, malathion and sevin; 2.3, 200 and 140 ppm on cotton leaves, 1.90, 191.15 and 92.86 ppm on mallow leaves, 2.25, 21.5 and 137.5 ppm on common bean leaves, respectively). These data were obtained with C. pipiens larvae. Nuvacron residues on 45-day-old mallow were less on mallow than on cotton or beans. Sevin was higher in 1-h residues on cotton and beans than on mallow. Mallow did not retain insecticides as long as did cotton and beans. The initial concentration of nuvacron was little less than that of sevin and malathion. It was more toxic to mosquito larva (LC50 = 0.0016 ppm) than malathion (LC50 = 0.0034 ppm) and sevin (LC50 = 0.075 ppm). Daphnia was more affected by malathion (LC50 = 0.000098 ppm) than by nuvacron (LC50 = 0.00024 ppm). Nuvacron was nearly equitoxic to sevin (LC50 = 0.00026 ppm) against Daphnia. In spite of this all tested plants, both young or older ones, retained nuvacron in the smallest quantities in proportion to the other insecticides. The 1-h residues were less on older plants (except cotton) for only nuvacron and sevin: 2 and 94.5, 1.9 and 92.8 ppm than on younger ones 2.4 and 137.2, 2.25 and 145 ppm as indicated by Daphnia and mosquito larvae respectively. This emphasizes that the initial concentration is not the limiting factor for the determination of the 1-h residue as the initial concentration was much higher on older than on younger plants. Rawash I A IA Gaaboub I A IA El-Gayar F M FM El-Shazli A Y AY eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Toxicology 0361055 0 Insecticides 0 Pesticide Residues 121-75-5 Malathion 63-25-2 Carbaryl IM Animals Biological Assay Carbaryl metabolism pharmacology Culex Daphnia Gossypium Insecticides metabolism Malathion metabolism pharmacology Pesticide Residues metabolism pharmacology Plants Species Specificity Time Factors 1154420 1975 11 06 1975 11 06 2003 11 14

0300-483X 4 2 1975 May Residue analysis of DDT, malathion and kelthane on pears. 157-63 Malthion, DDT, kelthane and their mixture (3 : 10 : 5) were applied to pear fruits at the rate recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture. The rate of disappearance of their residues on pear fruits was investigated under refrigerated conditions (2 +/- 1 degree and 47% relative humidity (RH)). The same insecticides were tested in higher concentrations (1.5 and 2 times) to determine the effect of insecticides on the black spots usually found on pears after storage. No relation was found between the tested insecticides and the appearance of the black spots. Residue-disappearance curves of the three tested concentrations of these insecticides and their mixture were drawn on semi-log paper. The residues of each material found on pear fruits after one hour, 1, 8, 15, 30 and 45 days' storage in a refrigerator, estimated biologically by C. pipiens larvae and D. magna were recorded. The highest concentrations of the mixture and of the individual insecticides left higher residues on pears than the lower ones of all the insecticides either as a mixture or alone. Stored pears, refrigerated under the above conditions immediately after treatment with the mixture of insecticides recommended for the pest control of pears, cannot be consumed fresh after 45 days. Rawash I A IA El-Gayar F M FM Gaaboub I A IA El-Shazli A Y AY eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Toxicology 0361055 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 0 Pesticide Residues 115-32-2 Dicofol 121-75-5 Malathion 50-29-3 DDT IM Animals Biological Assay Culex DDT analysis pharmacology Daphnia Dicofol analysis pharmacology Fruit analysis Insecticides, Organochlorine analysis Malathion analysis pharmacology Pesticide Residues analysis pharmacology Time Factors 1155967 1975 11 01 1975 11 01 2003 11 14

0090-4341 3 2 1975 Plasticizers in the environment: the fate of di-N-octyl phthalate (DOP) in two model ecosystems and uptake and metabolism of DOP by aquatic organisms. 244-55 The fate of the plasticizer, di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) has been examined in 33-day terrestrial-aquatic and three-day aquatic model ecosystems. The five organisms of the two systems contained residues of DOP, demonstrating the propensity of this lipoid soluble organic molecule to be concentrated from the water. The residues in the organisms in the three-day system were higher than in the 33-day system with the exception of the fish, indicating perhaps, that DOP can undergo some degradation before the fish is placed in the system on the 30th day. A half-life of five days for DOP disappearance from the water was calculated from water samples taken periodically. Further, effects of mixed function oxidase and esterase inhibitors were investigated on the metabolism of DOP by various selected organisms and tissues of the two ecosystems. Sanborn J R JR Metcalf R L RL Yu C C CC Lu P Y PY eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Phthalic Acids 0 Tritolyl Phosphates 51-03-6 Piperonyl Butoxide IM Algae metabolism Animals Biodegradation Culex metabolism Daphnia metabolism Ecology Fishes metabolism In Vitro Insects metabolism Larva Microsomes, Liver metabolism Models, Biological Phthalic Acids metabolism Piperonyl Butoxide pharmacology Snails metabolism Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Tritolyl Phosphates pharmacology 1174284 1975 12 04 1975 12 04 2003 11 14

0001-6683 37 1 1975 Jul Toxicity of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural to Daphnia magna. 94-6 Hessov I I eng Journal Article

DENMARK Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 0370572 98-01-1 Furaldehyde IM Animals Daphnia Furaldehyde analogs & derivatives toxicity 4467665 1975 12 11 1975 12 11 2003 11 14

0044-3573 36 1974 Genetics and molecular ethology. 267-292 Gould J L JL eng Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST Z Tierpsychol 0033336 IM Animals Bacteria Bees Behavior, Animal Breeding Circadian Rhythm Coliphages Daphnia Drosophila Ethology Euglena Genetics, Behavioral Grasshoppers Learning Mice Mutation Nematoda Paramecium Parrots Vocalization, Animal 1211734 1976 03 18 1976 03 18 2003 11 14

0003-4037 29 3 1975 [Quantitative variations in food intake of Ranatra linearis L. (aquatic heteropter, carnivore)] 245-57 Among causes of variation of ingestion in Ranatra linearis (Heteroptera) the following aspects have been studied:--different stages of development; --annual rhythm; --the state of repletion or fast. Cloarec A A fre Journal Article Variations quantitatives de la prise alimentaire chez Ranatra linearis L. (hétéroptère aquatique, carnivore)

FRANCE Ann Nutr Aliment 0372653 IM Age Factors Animals Arthropods growth & development Body Weight Daphnia Diet Eating English Abstract Hemiptera physiology Larva physiology Seasons Starvation Time Factors 1248033 1976 04 15 1976 04 15 2003 11 14

0302-766X 166 1 1976 Feb 6 Distribution of monoaminergic neurons in the nervous system of non-malacostracan crustaceans. 1-24 A comparative investigation of the distribution of monoaminergic neurons in non-malacostracan crustaceans was performed with the histochemical fluorescence method of Falck-Hillarp. Two fluorophores were found: the more widespread of the two emits a green fluorescence; and the more sparsely distributed emits a yellow to brown-yellow fluorescence. Specific green fluorescent areas were shown to exist in the protocerebrum. The central body and the optic ganglia of the compound eye (where present) are always fluorescent. Moreover, the centre of the nauplius eye may have a green fluorophore, as in ostracods, and a neuropile area, here called the frontal area. These neuropile centres are known from ordinary histological studies of the nervous system. In addition, there are specific monoaminergic centres, such as the so-called dorsal area of phyllopods and anostracans as well as the copepod specific areas. Specific monoaminergic areas appear in the deutocerebrum and the suboesophageal ganglion where they are particularly well developed. Presumed sensory neurons in the cavity receptor organ of Artemia saliva are shown to be monoaminergic. Monoaminergic sensory neurons have not been described previously in Arthropods. Presumed motor innervation of hind-gut and trunk muscles is also found, and it is concluded that in crustaceans neurons of every type (sensory, internuncial, motor) may be monoaminergic. Aramant R R Elofsson R R eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Cell Tissue Res 0417625 0 Biogenic Amines 0 Catecholamines IM Animals Biogenic Amines analysis Brain Chemistry Catecholamines analysis Crustacea anatomy & histology Daphnia anatomy & histology Decapoda (Crustacea) anatomy & histology Eye analysis Ganglia analysis Histocytochemistry Interneurons analysis Microscopy, Fluorescence Motor Neurons analysis Neurons analysis Spinal Cord analysis 1213020 1976 04 19 1976 04 19 2003 11 14

0013-9351 10 3 1975 Dec Toxicity of polydimethylsiloxanes in certain environmental systems. 397-406 Keplinger M L ML Calandra J C JC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Res 0147621 0 Carbon Radioisotopes 0 Dimethylpolysiloxanes 0 Silicones IM Animals Bacteria isolation & purification Biodegradation Carbon Radioisotopes Chickens physiology Daphnia drug effects Dimethylpolysiloxanes analysis toxicity Ducks Eggs analysis Environmental Health Fish Products analysis Fishes physiology Lethal Dose 50 Quail Sewage Silicones toxicity 943580 1976 05 25 1976 05 25 2003 11 14

0043-1303 48 1 1976 Jan Comparative toxicity of polyelectrolytes to selected aquatic animals. 183-7 Biesinger K E KE Lemke A E AE Smith W E WE Tyo R M RM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Water Pollut Control Fed 7505562 0 Electrolytes 0 Polymers IM Animals Brachyura physiology Daphnia physiology Electrolytes toxicity Fishes physiology Polymers toxicity Salmonidae physiology Time Factors Trout physiology 1263525 1976 07 06 1976 07 06 2003 11 14

0022-5193 56 1 1976 Jan The effect of age of founder on the probability of survival of a colony. 175-90 Williamson J A JA Charlesworth B B eng Journal Article

ENGLAND J Theor Biol 0376342 IM Age Factors Animals Daphnia growth & development Ecology Models, Biological Population Growth Probability Reproduction Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 1268342 1976 08 02 1976 08 02 2003 11 14

0007-4861 15 3 1976 Mar Endrin toxicity and distribution in freshwater: a review. 283-90 Grant B F BF eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 72-20-8 Endrin 7732-18-5 Water IM Algae metabolism Animals Anura Crustacea Daphnia metabolism Drug Resistance Endrin analysis metabolism toxicity Fishes Fresh Water analysis Lethal Dose 50 Salmon Time Factors Trout Water analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 5275 1976 08 03 1976 08 03 2003 11 14

0340-4714 3 1975 The usefulness of model ecosystems in insecticide development. 351-8 Booth G M GM eng Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST Environ Qual Saf Suppl 7512713 0 Insecticides 1563-66-2 Carbofuran 50-29-3 DDT 7732-18-5 Water IM Algae metabolism Animals Biodegradation Carbofuran analysis Chromatography, Thin Layer Culicidae metabolism DDT analogs & derivatives analysis Daphnia metabolism Ecology Fishes metabolism Insecticides analysis Models, Biological Snails metabolism Water analysis 1270989 1976 08 02 1976 08 02 2003 11 14

0022-0949 64 1 1976 Feb The receptive fields of Daphnia ommatidia. 185-202 1. The focal length and positions of the principal planes of an isolated Daphnia lens were determined, and the refractive index of the rhabdom was measured. 2. The lens can form an image, but this always lies well behind the rhabdom. This was confirmed by direct observation of images inside a clear-eye mutant Daphnia eye. 3. The rhabdom was shown to be unlikely to function as a waveguide, and a ray optics model is proposed to enable the prediction of ommatidial receptive fields from the lens data. 4. The predicted receptive fields have wide plateaus and steep sides, and there are virtually no totally blind gaps between neighbouring ommatidia. Young S S Downing A C AC eng Journal Article

ENGLAND J Exp Biol 0243705 IM Animals Daphnia physiology Hemolymph physiology Lens, Crystalline physiology Mutation Ocular Physiology Refraction, Ocular Visual Fields 1064586 1976 09 01 1976 09 01 2003 11 14

0018-067X 36 3 1976 Jun Enzyme variability in natural populations of Daphnia magna. IV. Ecological differentiation and frequency changes of genotypes at Audley End. 331-41 Genotypic frequencies were analysed for two years in a permanent population of the cladoceran crustacean, Daphnia magna, which was polymorphic for an esterase and for malate dehydrogenase. Large temporal changes in genotypic frequencies occurred at both loci. There was no evidence of a seasonal pattern in the frequency changes. In most samples, genotypes at the two enzyme loci were non-randomly associated; these associations showed temporal changes. On some occasions marked spatial heterogeneity in genotypic frequencies existed within the population. Genotypic differences in parthenogenetic and sexual egg production were observed. In a primarily parthenogenetically reproducing population, non-random associations between genotypes of structural and regulatory loci will be the rule. The allozyme variants themselves may or may not be under selection. The relevance of these observations to ecological studies on Daphnia is considered. Hebert P D PD Ward R D RD eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Heredity 0373007 EC 1.1.1.37 Malate Dehydrogenase EC 3.1. Esterases IM Animals Daphnia enzymology England Esterases metabolism Female Gene Frequency Genotype Malate Dehydrogenase metabolism Male Parthenogenesis Polymorphism (Genetics) Variation (Genetics) 1229771 1976 08 23 1976 08 23 2003 11 14

0044-3573 37 4 1975 Jun [Selection of strays from the group by predators during prey] 400-2 Equally sated three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) that had a free view of stray individuals and of a swarm of Daphnia magna preferentially preyed upon the strays; the resulting risk to the strays increased with swarm density (a leads to c leads to e in Fig. 1). This applied also to situations with constant swarm numbers but varied density (a leads to b, d leads to e). The results from two experiments with equal swarm density (b/e, c/d) suggest selection to be affected also by swarm number and/or volume. Milinski M M Curio E E ger Journal Article Untersuchungen zur Selektion durch Räuber gegen Vereinzelung der Beute

GERMANY, WEST Z Tierpsychol 0033336 IM Animals Appetitive Behavior Daphnia English Abstract Fishes Mass Behavior Predatory Behavior 938765 1976 09 25 1976 09 25 2003 11 14

0007-4861 15 6 1976 Jun The short-term toxicity of some feed additives to different freshwater organisms. 720-5 The short-term toxicity (EC50 respectively LC50 after 2 or 4 days) of 13 feed additives was determined to 4 freshwater organisms of different trophical levels: Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Daphnia magna, Lebistes reticulatus and Salmo gairdneri. The most toxic (LC(EC)50 less than 1 mg/1) were robenidine (to all tested organisms) and stenorol (to Daphnia); moderately toxic (1 less than LC(EC)50 less than 10 mg/1) was pyrimethamine. Amprolium, ethopabate, furazolidone and zoalene proved to be little toxic (LC(EC)50 greater than 10 mg/1); whereas buquinolate, carbadox, clopidol, decoquinate, grofas and sulfaquinoxaline were under the experimental conditions not toxic for the tested organisms. Canton J H JH van Esch G J GJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Food Additives IM Animals Chlorella physiology Daphnia physiology Fishes physiology Food Additives toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Salmon physiology 1065532 1976 09 25 1976 09 25 2003 11 14

0091-7451 40 1976 Anatomy and development of identified cells in isogenic organisms. 321-31 Levinthal F F Macagno E E Levinthal C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1256107 IM Animals Brain cytology growth & development Computers Daphnia Dendrites Female Fishes Ganglia cytology Genetics Optic Chiasm cytology growth & development Optic Nerve Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Synapses ultrastructure 958498 1976 10 20 1976 10 20 2003 11 14

0028-1042 63 5 1976 May Effects of sublethal concentrations of herbicide on Daphnia. 241-2 Schober U U Lampert W W eng Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST Naturwissenschaften 0400767 1912-24-9 Atrazine IM Animals Atrazine pharmacology Daphnia drug effects growth & development Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Reproduction drug effects Time Factors 963326 1976 11 21 1976 11 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 16 2 1976 Aug The toxicity of benomyl, thiophanate-methyl, and BCM to four freshwater organisms. 214-24 The EC50 or LC50 values after a 2-day exposure of the three fungicides benomyl, thiophanate-methyl and BCM, have been determined using four freshwater organisms: Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Daphnia magna, Lebistes reticulatus and Salmo gairdneri. The influence of BCM on the reproductive capacity of Daphnia was also investigated and from these data provisional ecological limit was established. Canton J H JH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Benzimidazoles 0 Carbamates 17804-35-2 Benomyl 23564-05-8 Thiophanate IM Animals Benomyl toxicity Benzimidazoles toxicity Carbamates toxicity Chlorella drug effects Daphnia drug effects Fishes physiology Lethal Dose 50 Salmonidae physiology Thiophanate toxicity Time Factors Trout physiology 971813 1976 12 03 1976 12 03 2003 11 14

0016-9277 97 5 1976 May [Proof of insignificant, water pollution by pesticides using a technic based on the physiological function] 106-8, 113 Kneffel S S Dési I I Sárosi é ger Journal Article Nachweis der geringfügigen pesticiden Wasserverschmutzung mit Hilfe einer auf der Veränderung der physiologischen Funktion beruhenden Methode

GERMANY, WEST Gesund Ing 0370743 0 Pesticide Residues 0 Pesticides IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Methods Mussels drug effects Pesticide Residues analysis Pesticides adverse effects Water Pollution, Chemical analysis 789062 1976 12 30 1976 12 30 2003 11 14

0091-6765 14 1976 Apr Degradation, metabolism and toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids. 15-28 Synthetic pyrethroidal compounds undergo biodegradation in mammals both oxidatively and hydrolytically, and depending on the type of compound, either of the pathways may predominate. Thus, (+) - or (+/-) -trans isomers of the chrysanthemumate ester of primary alcohols such as fenothrin, furamethrin, proparthrin, resmethrin, and tetramethrin (and possibly permethrin, too) are metabolized mainly through hydrolysis of the ester linkage, with subsequent oxidation and/or conjugation of the component alcohol and acid moieties. On the other hand, the corresponding (+)-cis enantiometers and chrysanthemumate of secondary alcohols like allethrin are resistant to hydrolytic attack, and biodegraded via oxidation at various sites of the molecule. These rapid metabolic degradations, together with the presumable incomplete absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, would generally contribute to the low acute toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids. These compounds are neither skin irritants nor skin sensitizers, and inhalation toxicity as well as dermal toxicity are fairly low. Neither is teratogenic in rats, mice, and/or rabbits or mutagenic on various bacterial strains. Subacute and chronic feeding of higher amounts of the compounds to rats invariably causes some histopathological changes in liver; however, these are neither indicative nor suggestive of tumorigenicity. Based on existing toxicological information, the present recommended use patterns might afford sufficient safety margin on human population. However, in extending usage to agricultural pest control, much more extensive investigations should be forthcoming from both chemical and biological aspects, since there is scant information on the fate of these pyrethroids in the environment. Also several of the compounds may be very toxic to certain kinds of fish and arthropods. Miyamoto J J eng Journal Article Review

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Aerosols 0 Mutagens 0 Pyrethrins 0 Teratogens IM Administration, Oral Aerosols Animals Biodegradation Daphnia Dogs Environment Fishes Guinea Pigs Mice Mutagens Pyrethrins administration & dosage metabolism toxicity Rabbits Rats Skin drug effects Teratogens Time Factors 46 824706 1976 12 30 1976 12 30 2003 11 14

0035-7715 27 5 1976 [Effect of chlorophene on aqueous organisms and chemical characteristics of changes in aqueous medium caused by this substance] 555-61 Luczak J J Rybak M M Zyciński D D pol Journal Article Wpływ chlorofenu na organizmy wodne oraz charakterystyka chemiczna zmian w środowisku wodnym pod wpływem tego preparatu

POLAND Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 0414756 0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls IM Animals Daphnia drug effects English Abstract Fishes Polychlorinated Biphenyls pharmacology Snails drug effects Water Pollution, Chemical 185747 1976 12 30 1976 12 30 2003 11 14

0040-8166 8 3 1976 The fine structure of the digestive system of Daphnia pulex (Crustacea: Cladocera). 479-90 The alimentary canal of Daphnia pulex consists of a tube-shaped foregut, a midgut (mesenteron) with an anterior pair of small diverticula, and a short hindgut. The foregut and hindgut are structurally similar. Each is formed by a low cuboidal epithelium 5 mum tall and lined with a chitinous intima. The midgut wall consists of a simple epithelium resting on a thick beaded basal lamina which is surrounded by a spiraling muscularis. Anteriorly the midgut cells are columnar in shape being 30 mum in height each having a basal nucleus, anteriorly concentrated mitochondria and in apical border of long thin microvilli. Posteriorly the midgut cells become progressively shorter so that in the posteriormost region of the midgut the cells are 5 mum tall and cuboidal in shape. The microvilli concomitantly become shorter and thicker. All mesenteron cells contain the usual cytoplasmic organelles. The paired digestive diverticula are simple evaginations of the midgut. The wall of each consists of a simple epithelium of cuboidal cells 25 mum in height, each with a brushed border of long thin microvilli. Enzyme secretion appears to be holocrine in mode and not confined to any one region of the mesenteron though definitely polarized anteriorly. The thin gut muscularis encircles the entire length of the midgut and caeca. Thick and thin filaments appear to be in a 6:1 ratio. Schultz T W TW Kennedy J R JR eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Tissue Cell 0214745 IM Animals Cell Membrane ultrastructure Cell Nucleus ultrastructure Daphnia ultrastructure Digestive System ultrastructure Endoplasmic Reticulum ultrastructure Epithelial Cells Epithelium ultrastructure Esophagus ultrastructure Golgi Apparatus ultrastructure Inclusion Bodies ultrastructure Intercellular Junctions ultrastructure Lysosomes ultrastructure Mitochondria ultrastructure Muscles ultrastructure Myofibrils ultrastructure 1036745 1977 02 26 1977 02 26 2003 11 14

0021-8561 24 6 1976 Nov-Dec Soil persistence and aquatic bioaccumulation potential of hexachlorobenzene (HCB). 1210-4 Isensee A R AR Holden E R ER Woolson E A EA Jones G E GE eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Agric Food Chem 0374755 0 Chlorobenzenes 0 Pesticide Residues 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 118-74-1 Hexachlorobenzene IM Algae metabolism Animals Chlorobenzenes analysis Cyprinodontiformes metabolism Daphnia metabolism Drug Stability Ecology Fishes metabolism Hexachlorobenzene analysis metabolism Models, Biological Pesticide Residues analysis Snails metabolism Soil Pollutants analysis Time Factors Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 1087738 1977 03 31 1977 03 31 2003 11 14

0079-6123 45 1976 The formation of continuously ordered mappings. 327-57 Gaze R M RM Hope R A RA eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Prog Brain Res 0376441 IM Animals Brain embryology Daphnia Goldfish Hamsters Leeches Models, Neurological Nerve Regeneration Neural Pathways physiology Octopus Optic Nerve physiology Rana temporaria Synapses physiology Xenopus 836975 1977 04 30 1977 04 30 2003 11 14

0007-4861 17 1 1977 Jan Toxic interaction of mixtures of two coal conversion effluent components (resorcinol and 6-methylquinoline) to Daphnia magna. 25-32 Herbes S E SE Beauchamp J J JJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 0 Quinolines 0 Resorcinols IM Animals Coal Daphnia drug effects Drug Interactions Industrial Waste Quinolines toxicity Resorcinols toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 1035813 1977 05 27 1977 05 27 2000 12 18

0377-1202 14 2 1976 Apr-Jun Incidence and significance of precipitating antibodies in occupational and non-occupational extrinsic non-atopic (type III) asthma (bronchial asthma with precipitins). 133-8 Precipitating antibodies against different organic enviromental dusts were studied in 37 patients with suggestive symptoms of nonatopic bronchial asthma, comparatively with a group of 4 patients with atopic asthma and with a group of asymptomatic subjects, exposed to the same organic dusts as the majority of patients. Precipitins were found present in over 75% of the sera from patients with infectious type non-atopic asthma and were associated with positive semidelayed type skin tests as well as with positive bronchial provocation tests a few hours after antigen inhalation. No precipitins were found in the sera from patients with atopic asthma. Precipitating antibodies were also found but in lower percentages (30%) and at lower titers, in clinically asymptomatic subjects who were occupationally exposed to the respective antigens. It was demonstrated that the presence of precipitins in the sera of patients with bronchial asthma is a valuable diagnostic element which confirms the clinical and anamnestic data. The pathogenic role of precipitins is not yet clear. It might be related to the amount of these precipitins in the serum. Gheorghiu M M Giuglea C C Bănescu O O Popescu I G IG eng Journal Article

ROMANIA Med Interne 7506353 0 Antigens 0 Precipitins IM Antigens Aspergillosis immunology Asthma immunology Basidiomycota Comparative Study Daphnia Farmer's Lung immunology Human Occupational Diseases immunology Precipitins analysis Respiratory Hypersensitivity immunology Silo Filler's Disease immunology Skin Tests Wood 851651 1977 06 22 1977 06 22 2003 11 14

0007-4861 17 3 1977 Mar Effects of sublethal concentrations of the herbicide Atrazin on Growth and reproduction of Daphnia pulex. 269-77 Schober U U Lampert W W eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Solvents 1912-24-9 Atrazine IM Animals Atrazine pharmacology Daphnia drug effects growth & development Longevity drug effects Reproduction drug effects Solvents pharmacology Starvation physiopathology Time Factors 876683 1977 08 25 1977 08 25 2003 11 14

0031-1820 74 3 1977 Jun Interference with Fasciola hepatica snail finding by various aquatic organisms. 285-90 Previous studies using radioactive miracidia have shown that a number of non-host snails and bivalves, interposed as 'decoys' in linear test channels, may interfere with the capacity of Fasciola hepatica miracidia to infect Lymnaea truncatula. Applying similar experimental principles, the role of several other potential interferents have been analysed in the present study. Daphnia pulex (Cladocera) and larvae of Corethra sp. (Diptera) exercised significant interfering effects by protecting 'target' snails from infection. Evidence suggested that this effect was a result of their normal predatory behaviour. Other organisms including Herpobdella testacea and Helobdella stagnalis (Hirudinea), Acellus aquaticus (Isopoda), Planaria lugubris (Turbellaria) and L. truncatula egg clusters failed to interfere with miracidial host-finding. Nor did P. lugubris and L. truncatula 'conditioned water' interfere with the capacity of the miracidia to infect their host snail. Christensen N O NO Nansen P P Frandsen F F eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Parasitology 0401121 IM Animals Crustacea physiology Diptera physiology Ecology Fasciola hepatica physiology Lymnaea parasitology Plants Predatory Behavior 890151 1977 10 31 1977 10 31 2000 12 18

0007-4861 18 2 1977 Aug A 96-hour sediment bioassay of Duluth and Superior Harbor basins (Minnesota) using Hexagenia limbata, Asellus communis, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas as test organisms. 159-69 Prater B L BL Anderson M A MA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Biological Assay Crustacea drug effects Daphnia drug effects Fresh Water analysis Great Lakes Region Invertebrates drug effects Minnesota Oxygen analysis Soil analysis Temperature Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis pharmacology 20063 1977 10 31 1977 10 31 2003 11 14

0090-4341 6 2-3 1977 The Environmental fate of three carcinogens: benzo-(alpha)-pyrene, benzidine, and vinyl chloride evaluated in laboratory model ecosystems. 129-42 Radiolabeled benzo-((alpha)-pyrene, benzidine, and vinyl chloride were evaluated in laboratory model ecosystems for environmental fate, degradation pathways, bioconcentration, and food chain accumulation. The comparative effects of microsomal detoxications were evaluated using the inhibitor piperonyl butoxide. The accumulation and bioconcentration of benzo-(alpha)-pyrene and benzidine were closely correlated with their octanol/water partition coefficients and water solubility. Benzo-(alpha)-pyrene as predicted by these parameters was bioaccumulated to substantial levels in several organisms. Vinyl chloride was not accumulated because of its high volatility. Lu P Y PY Metcalf R L RL Plummer N N Mandel D D eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Benzidines 0 Benzopyrenes 0 Vinyl Compounds 51-03-6 Piperonyl Butoxide 75-01-4 Vinyl Chloride IM Algae, Green metabolism Animals Benzidines analysis metabolism Benzopyrenes analysis metabolism Culicidae metabolism Cyprinodontiformes metabolism Daphnia metabolism Insects metabolism Larva metabolism Photolysis Piperonyl Butoxide pharmacology Snails metabolism Soil analysis Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Time Factors Vinyl Chloride analysis metabolism Vinyl Compounds analysis 409541 1977 11 25 1977 11 25 2003 11 14

0567-655X 285 1 1977 Jul 4 [Pollution in Lake Leman. Evidence for the accumulation of tin in crustacean plankton: first results obtained by X ray spectrography] 113-6 Zooplankton was collected monthly from Leman Lake, from November 1976 to April 1977. Six of the most representative species of freshwater zooplankton were analyzed: Bosmina sp, Daphnia longispina, Bythotrephes longimanus, Leptodora kindtii, Eudiaptomus gracilis and Cyclops prealpinus. All of the samples were shown to accumulate tin in their different organs and tissues where high values were generally found. The consequences of concentration of this toxic element for aquatic food chains are discussed. Chassard-Bouchaud C C Balvay G G Kleinbauer F F fre Journal Article Pollution du lac Léman. Mise en évidence d'une accumulation d'étain par les crustacés planctoniques: premières données obtenues par spectrographie des rayons X.

FRANCE C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 7501107 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-31-5 Tin IM Animals Crustacea English Abstract Fresh Water Plankton analysis Species Specificity Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission methods Tin analysis Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 1037611 1977 11 25 1977 11 25 2003 11 14

0091-6765 18 1976 Dec Model ecosystem evaluation of the environmental impacts of the veterinary drugs phenothiazine, sulfamethazine, clopidol, and diethylstilbestrol. 167-79 Four veterinary drugs of dissimilar chemical structures were evaluated for environmental stability and penchant for bioaccumulation. The techniques used were (1) a model aquatic ecosystem (3 days) and (2) a model feedlot ecosystem (33 days) in which the drugs were introduced via the excreta of chicks or mice. The model feedlot ecosystem was supported by metabolism cage studies to determine the amount and the form of the drug excreted by the chicks or mice. Considerable quantities of all the drugs were excreted intact or as environmentally short-lived conjugates. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) and Clopidol were the most persistent molecules, but only DES bioaccumulated to any appreciable degree. Phenothiazine was very biodegradable; sulfamethazine was relatively biodegradable and only accumulated in the organisms to very low levels. Data from the aquatic model ecosystem demonstrated a good correlation between the partition coefficients of the drugs and their accumulation in the fish. Coats J R JR Metcalf R L RL Lu P Y PY Brown D D DD Williams J F JF Hansen L G LG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Phenothiazines 0 Pyridines 2971-90-6 Clopidol 56-53-1 Diethylstilbestrol 57-68-1 Sulfamethazine IM Algae, Green Animals Chickens Clopidol metabolism toxicity Culex Cyprinodontiformes Daphnia Diethylstilbestrol metabolism toxicity Ecology Environmental Exposure Feces analysis Mice Phenothiazines metabolism toxicity Pyridines metabolism Snails Sulfamethazine metabolism toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 908314 1977 11 30 1977 11 30 2003 11 14

0091-6765 19 1977 Aug Characterization of arsenic compounds formed by Daphnia magna and Tetraselmis chuii from inorganic arsenate. 61-6 Experiments to grow Tetraselmis chuii (a marine alga) and Daphnia magna in the presence of inorganic arsenate are described. The algae incorporate arsenic rather efficiently and form a lipid-soluble organic arsenic compound. T. chuii has been successfully mass cultured in a medium containing 10 ppm arsenic as arsenate. Daphnia magna was cultured in a medium containing 74As-labeled H3AsO4 and 1 ppm Na2HAsO4 expressed as arsenic. The arsenic metabolites were extracted with a chloroform-methanol solution and isolated by using column and thin-layer chromatography. TLC analysis of the metabolites revealed the presence of a 74As-containing product which migrated with phosphatidylethanolamine. This product was hydrolyzed with the phospholipases A, C, and D. The experimental results are not inconsistent with the presence of an arsenocholine moiety in the lipids. Arsenocholine, arsenobetaine, and acetylarsenocholine have been synthesized and will serve as reference substances in the chromatography experiments. The preparation of arsenocholine-containing lipids is in progress. Irgolic K J KJ Woolson E A EA Stockton R A RA Newman R D RD Bottino N R NR Zingaro R A RA Kearney P C PC Pyles R A RA Maeda S S McShane W J WJ Cox E R ER eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Arsenates 0 Arsenicals 0 Lipids 7440-38-2 Arsenic IM Algae metabolism Animals Arsenates metabolism Arsenic metabolism Arsenicals analysis Daphnia metabolism Lipids metabolism Marine Biology Methods Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 905850 1977 11 25 1977 11 25 2003 11 14

0094-7733 32 1977 Abnormal synaptic connectivity following UV-induced cell death during Daphnia development. 293-309 Macagno E R ER eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Soc Gen Physiol Ser 0433431 IM Animals Cell Survival Daphnia anatomy & histology growth & development Neurons ultrastructure Photoreceptors growth & development radiation effects ultrastructure Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Synapses ultrastructure Ultraviolet Rays 922608 1978 01 27 1978 01 27 2003 11 14

0008-4166 23 11 1977 Nov Occurrence in Monia rectirostris (Cladocera: Daphnidae) of a parasite morphologically similar to Pasteuria ramosa (Metchnikoff, 1888). 1573-9 Pasteuria ramosa, a bacterial parasite of the cladocerans Daphnia pulex and D. magna, was described by Metchnikoff in 1888. Because the organism could not be cultured, it was subsequently lost. However, the original illustrations and descriptions of the life cycle of P. ramosa are similar to a bacterial spore parasite of nematodes (BSPN) that was recently described in Meloidogyne. As a result of these similarities, a search for P. ramosa was initiated. An organism resembling P. ramosa was found infecting Moina rectirostris, a member of the Daphnidae and a new host for the bacterium. Photomicrographs and scanning electron micrographs of the parasite indicated that the morphology of this organism was similar to the descriptions and illustrations presented by Metchnikoff. Morphological features of this newly described parasite also indicated that the bacterium is similar to the BSPN. Sayre R M RM Wergin W P WP Davis R E RE eng Journal Article

CANADA Can J Microbiol 0372707 IM Animals Bacteria isolation & purification ultrastructure Crustacea microbiology parasitology Spores, Bacterial isolation & purification ultrastructure 597623 1978 03 21 1978 03 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 18 6 1977 Dec Evaluation of a cell culture assay for determination of water quality of oil-refinery effluents. 683-90 Richardson D D Dorris T C TC Burks S S Browne R H RH Higgins M L ML Leach F R FR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Cresols 0 Industrial Waste IM Animals Biological Assay methods Cells, Cultured drug effects Cresols pharmacology Daphnia drug effects Industrial Waste analysis Mice Petroleum Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Time Factors Water Supply analysis 599977 1978 03 10 1978 03 10 2003 11 14

0025-6978 27 4 1977 Nov Daphnia pulex. 179-82 Lawson D F DF eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Med Biol Illus 0400710 IM Animals Daphnia growth & development Female Male Metamorphosis, Biological Photography methods 638272 1978 06 12 1978 06 12 2003 11 14

0007-4861 19 2 1978 Feb Metabolic alteration and excretion of anthracene by Daphnia pulex. 147-55 Herbes S E SE Risi G F GF eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Anthracenes IM Animals Anthracenes metabolism Daphnia metabolism Kinetics 98320 1978 10 27 1978 10 27 2003 11 14

0013-9351 15 3 1978 Jun Cadmium toxicity in planktonic organisms of a freshwater food web. 357-67 Fennikoh K B KB Hirshfield H I HI Kneip T J TJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Res 0147621 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Astacoidea drug effects Cadmium toxicity Chlamydomonas drug effects Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Euglena gracilis drug effects Goldfish Invertebrates drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Species Specificity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Turbellaria drug effects 356015 1978 10 18 1978 10 18 2003 11 14

0370-0747 8 1 1978 [Resistance of yeast cells to plastics and elastics] 21-6 For the investigation of plastics and elastics several sensitive biological methods are in use. In the Pharmacopeia of GDR, 2nd edition, a safety-test on isolated frogheart is prescribed for plastics and a safety-test on daphnia magna for elastics. Ionescu-Stoian had recommended a test using saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found a good conformity of the result given by this test with the results of the daphnia-test. On the other hand, the saccharomyces cerevisiae-test is much more sensitive than the test with isolated frogheart. Gerstenberger G G Jacker H J HJ Dressel H H ger Journal Article Beitrag zur Verträglichkeitsprüfung von Gegenständen aus Plasten und Elasten unter Verwendung von Hefezellen.

POLAND Polim Med 7509477 0 Plastics 0 Silicone Elastomers IM Animals Anura English Abstract Heart drug effects In Vitro Plastics toxicity Saccharomyces cerevisiae drug effects Silicone Elastomers toxicity 688341 1978 11 29 1978 11 29 2003 11 14

0302-766X 190 3 1978 Jul 10 Neuronal connectivity patterns in the compound eyes of Artemia salina and Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). 435-7 The neuronal types and patterns in the visual system of the species Artemia salina and Daphina magna have been studied with the Golgi method and electron microscopy. The lamina contains five classes of neurons: photoreceptor axons, monopolar, centrifugal, tangential and amacrine neurons. The terminals of the receptor axons are distributed in two (A. salina) or three (D. magna) layers. The dilated terminals have an extensive and wide array of fine branches. One axon from each ommatidium bypasses the lamina and terminates in the medula in A. salina. A. salina has four types of monopolar neurons, two of which are stratified, whereas in D. magna only two types are found, one of which is bistratified. Tangential T-neurons connect the lamina with the protocerebrum. D. magna has in addition one tangential T-neuron connecting both the lamina and the medulla with the protocerebrum. In both species monopolar-type centrifugal neurons connect the medulla and the lamina, whereas that of A. salina has a wide laminar distribution. Both species also have amacrine cells in the lamina. The medulla contains, besides those shared with the lamina, transmedullary neurons (two types in A. salina), amacrine cells and neurons originating in the protocerebrum. "Cartridge"-type synaptic compartments are lacking in the investigated species, although a periodic arrangement is discernible in the distal portion of the lamina of A. salina. The receptors from three types of specialized contacts in Artemia, one of which involves a dyad. D. magna has only one-to-one synapses. Neurosecretory fibres are absent in A. salina. Nässel D R DR Elofsson R R Odselius R R eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Cell Tissue Res 0417625 IM Animals Artemia anatomy & histology Axons ultrastructure Daphnia anatomy & histology Eye innervation Models, Neurological Nerve Endings ultrastructure Neurons cytology ultrastructure 567835 1978 12 02 1978 12 02 2003 11 14

0035-7715 29 4 1978 [Effect of popular xylamite on aqueous organisms] 427-32 Luczak J J Rybak M M pol Journal Article Wpływ xylamitu popularnego na organizmy wodne.

POLAND Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 0414756 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Daphnia drug effects English Abstract Fishes Water Pollutants toxicity 708928 1979 01 26 1979 01 26 2003 11 14

0007-4861 20 3 1978 Sep Field verification of cadmium toxicity to laboratory Daphnia populations. 387-93 Marshall J S JS eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Daphnia drug effects growth & development Great Lakes Region Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Time Factors 152574 1979 01 26 1979 01 26 2003 11 14

0323-4398 24 3 1978 [Professional asthma owing to Daphnia-allergy (author's transl)] 191-3 Two workers in a fish food store showed a professional asthma bronchiale against Daphnia. The diagnosis was proofed by typical anamnesis, scratch test, skin test and inhalative provocation test. Meister W W ger Journal Article Berufsasthma infolge Daphnienallergie1).

GERMANY, EAST Allerg Immunol (Leipz) 0314702 0 Allergens IM Adult Allergens Asthma etiology Daphnia English Abstract Female Human Male Middle Aged Occupational Diseases etiology Skin Tests 741466 1979 04 25 1979 04 25 2003 11 14

0249-6402 1 1 1978 Jan [Toxicologic study of a fluorescent tracer: rhodamine B] 23-6 The use of the rhodamine B as fluorescent tracer in hydrology ask the question of its possible toxic effects in the environment. This study aspire to specify and to complete the results of the former works by the successive examinations of the activity of the rhodamine B in regard to the "daphnies test", its DL50 on the rat and on the mouse, and its cutaneous tolerance. The obtained results confirm the former remarks and express that the solutions of the rhodamine B show any more immediate risks as soon as they appear no more coloured (higher dilutions 1.10(-7)). However it remains to evaluate its long-term carcenogenic activity. Rochat J J Demenge P P Rerat J C JC fre Journal Article Contribution à l'étude toxicologique d'un traceur fluorescent: la Rhodamine B.

FRANCE Toxicol Eur Res 7901212 0 Rhodamines 0 Xanthenes IM Animals Daphnia drug effects English Abstract Female Guinea Pigs Lethal Dose 50 Mice Rats Rhodamines toxicity Skin drug effects Species Specificity Xanthenes toxicity 444737 1979 09 01 1979 09 01 2003 11 14

0007-4861 21 4-5 1979 Mar Cadmium toxicity to laboratory and field populations of Daphnia galeata mendotae. 453-7 Marshall J S JS eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Daphnia drug effects Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 444759 1979 09 01 1979 09 01 2003 11 14

0007-4861 21 4-5 1979 Mar Acute toxicity of some experimental road surfacing compounds to Daphnia pulex. 618-23 Bailey G C GC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Naphthalenes 0 Silicone Elastomers 71-23-8 1-Propanol IM 1-Propanol toxicity Animals Construction Materials toxicity Daphnia drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Naphthalenes toxicity Silicone Elastomers toxicity 451432 1979 08 16 1979 08 16 2003 11 14

0035-7715 30 2 1979 [Locomotor activity of aqueous organisms as a measuring technic of water pollution] 185-9 Luczak J J Rybak M M pol Journal Article Próba zastosowania pomiarów aktywności lokomotorycznej organizmów wodnych jako wskaźnika zanieczyszczenia wód.

POLAND Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 0414756 IM Animals Daphnia physiology English Abstract Locomotion Methods Water Pollution, Chemical analysis 465763 1979 10 24 1979 10 24 2003 11 14

0007-4861 21 6 1979 Apr Oxygen consumption in Daphnia pulex exposed to 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T. 822-5 Sigmon C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 93-76-5 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid 94-75-7 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid IM 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid pharmacology 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid pharmacology Animals Daphnia drug effects metabolism Depression, Chemical Oxygen Consumption drug effects Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Temperature 88975 1979 10 24 1979 10 24 2003 11 14

0007-4861 21 6 1979 Apr Acute toxicity of dechlorinated DDT, chlordane and lindane to bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and Daphnia magna. 849-54 Randall W F WF Dennis W H WH Warner M C MC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 12789-03-6 Chlordan 50-29-3 DDT 58-89-9 Lindane IM Animals Chlordan toxicity DDT analogs & derivatives toxicity Daphnia drug effects Fishes physiology Lindane toxicity 313826 1979 10 17 1979 10 17 2003 11 14

0007-4861 22 1-2 1979 May Effects of the triazine herbicide cyanatryn on aquatic animals. 135-42 Scorgie H R HR Cooke A S AS eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Herbicides, Triazine 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Anura Daphnia metabolism Herbicides, Triazine toxicity Lymnaea metabolism Rana temporaria metabolism Time Factors Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 486786 1979 12 27 1979 12 27 2003 11 14

0007-4861 22 6 1979 Aug Bioaccumulation and bioamplification of mercury compounds in a second level consumer, Gambusia affinis--temperature effects. 813-8 Boudou A A Delarche A A Ribeyre F F Marty R R eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Methylmercury Compounds 7439-97-6 Mercury IM Animals Chlorella metabolism Daphnia metabolism Fishes metabolism Fresh Water Mercury metabolism toxicity Methylmercury Compounds metabolism Temperature Time Factors 497420 1980 01 24 1980 01 24 2003 11 14

0007-4861 23 1-2 1979 Sep Sulfotepp, a toxic impurity in formulations of diazinon. 158-64 Meier E P EP Dennis W H WH Rosencrance A B AB Randall W F WF Cooper W J WJ Warner M C MC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 333-41-5 Diazinon IM Animals Chemistry Daphnia drug effects Diazinon toxicity Drug Contamination Fishes physiology Insecticides, Organothiophosphate toxicity Salmon physiology 497445 1980 01 24 1980 01 24 2003 11 14

0007-4861 23 1-2 1979 Sep Bioaccumulation of carbazoles: a potential effluent from synthetic fuels. 73-8 Southworth G R GR Beauchamp J J JJ Schmieder P K PK eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Carbazoles 0 Industrial Waste IM Animals Carbazoles metabolism Daphnia metabolism Half-Life Industrial Waste Petroleum Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Time Factors 115524 1980 01 24 1980 01 24 2003 11 14

0007-4861 23 4-5 1979 Nov Recovery of 14C-labelled polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in fish tissue using a combusion and a solubilization method of sample preparation for scintillation analysis. 597-600 Niimi A J AJ Burnison G A GA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Carbon Radioisotopes 0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls IM Animals Carbon Radioisotopes analysis Chlorella Daphnia Fishes metabolism Heat Methods Oxidation-Reduction Polychlorinated Biphenyls analysis Solubility Trout 501532 1980 01 19 1980 01 19 2003 11 14

0022-3549 68 9 1979 Sep Simple analogs of the toxin callicarpone. 1116-20 Callicarpone, a component 10 times as toxic to fish as rotenone, has been isolated from the leaves of Callicarpa candicans. It is reasonable to assume that callicarpone will act as an insecticidal agent as does rotenone. Therefore, the structure-activity relationship of callicarpone was examined by synthesizing a series of compounds having certain of its structural features. Those compounds were tested for insecticidal and antimicrobial activities. A study of synthetic analogs elucidated the functional group chemistry of callicarpone so that a synthesis might be undertaken. Piperitone oxide showed approximately 1/100th the activity of rotenone against Daphnia magna. 1-(alpha-Hydroxyisopropyl)-3-oxocyclohexene oxide showed activity against myobacterium while 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalene-1,4-dione showed inhibitory activity against the mycobacterium and two yeasts. McChesney J D JD Kabra P M PM Fraher P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Pharm Sci 2985195R 0 Anti-Infective Agents 0 Toxins IM Animals Anti-Infective Agents Daphnia drug effects Structure-Activity Relationship Time Factors Toxins chemical synthesis toxicity 116347 1980 01 28 1980 01 28 2003 11 14

0067-6489 23 1978 [Effect of foschlor (0,0-dimethylphosphonate-2,2,2-trichlor-1-hydroxyethyl) on the water organisms] 149-58 Badyda A A Krasowska A A Lengiewicz I I Próba D D pol Journal Article Wpływ foschloru (0,0-dwumetylofosfonian 2,2,2-trójchloro-1-hydroksyetyl) na organizmy wodne.

POLAND Rocz Akad Med Im Juliana Marchlewskiego Bialymst 7501229 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1406-65-1 Chlorophyll 52-68-6 Trichlorfon IM Algae drug effects Animals Chlorophyll biosynthesis Daphnia drug effects English Abstract Mortality Trichlorfon toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 116352 1980 01 28 1980 01 28 2003 11 14

0067-6489 23 1978 [Effect of thiodan on various physiological processes in Daphnia magna (Crustacea)] 27-34 Krasowska A A Próba D D pol Journal Article Wpływ thiodanu na niektóre procesy fizjologiczne u Daphnia magna (Crustacea).

POLAND Rocz Akad Med Im Juliana Marchlewskiego Bialymst 7501229 115-29-7 Endosulfan IM Animals Daphnia drug effects physiology Endosulfan pharmacology English Abstract Female Fertility drug effects Gastrointestinal Motility drug effects Heart Rate drug effects Litter Size drug effects Mortality Pregnancy 507937 1980 01 28 1980 01 28 2003 11 14

0090-4341 8 3 1979 Toxicity of the herbicide glyphosphate and several of its formulations to fish and aquatic invertebrates. 269-78 Folmar L C LC Sanders H O HO Julin A M AM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Herbicides 0 Surface-Active Agents IM Animals Crustacea drug effects Daphnia drug effects Diptera drug effects Fishes physiology Herbicides toxicity Surface-Active Agents toxicity 519041 1980 03 17 1980 03 17 2003 11 14

0007-4861 23 3 1979 Oct An evaluation of the acute toxicity to aquatic biota of a coal conversion effluent and its major components. 349-56 Parkhurst B R BR Bradshaw A S AS Forte J L JL Wright G P GP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste IM Animals Coal Daphnia physiology Industrial Waste analysis toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollution 391303 1980 03 17 1980 03 17 2003 11 14

0007-4861 23 6 1979 Dec Utilization of bacterial colony counters to count early instar water fleas (Daphnia magna). 837-9 LeBlanc G A GA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 IM Animals Bacteriological Techniques instrumentation Daphnia physiology 7356137 1980 04 17 1980 04 17 2003 11 14

0003-2697 101 1 1980 Jan 1 Reverse-phase liquid chromatographic analysis of amino acids after reaction with o-phthalaldehyde. 61-5 Gardner W S WS Miller W H WH 3rd eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Anal Biochem 0370535 0 Amino Acids 0 Indicators and Reagents 643-79-8 o-Phthalaldehyde IM Amino Acids analysis Animals Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid methods Daphnia analysis Indicators and Reagents o-Phthalaldehyde 7357098 1980 05 14 1980 05 14 2003 11 14

0007-4861 24 1 1980 Jan Selenium toxicity to Daphnia magna, Hyallela azteca, and the fathead minnow in hard water. 102-7 Halter M T MT Adams W J WJ Johnson H E HE eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7782-49-2 Selenium IM Animals Crustacea drug effects Daphnia drug effects Fishes physiology Fresh Water Lethal Dose 50 Selenium toxicity Time Factors 7357104 1980 05 14 1980 05 14 2003 11 14

0007-4861 24 1 1980 Jan Behavior of trifluralin in aquatic model ecosystems. 134-41 Yockim R S RS Isensee A R AR Walker E A EA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Toluidines 1582-09-8 Trifluralin IM Algae metabolism Animals Daphnia metabolism Fishes metabolism Models, Theoretical Snails metabolism Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Time Factors Toluidines toxicity Trifluralin metabolism toxicity 583409 1980 05 14 1980 05 14 2003 11 14

0147-6513 3 4 1979 Dec Interest of the experimental trophic chains as ecotoxicological models for the study of the ecosystem contaminations. 411-27 Ribeyre F F Boudou A A Delarche A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Environmental Pollutants 7439-97-6 Mercury IM Animals Chlorella metabolism Cyprinodontiformes metabolism Daphnia metabolism Ecology Environmental Pollutants analysis Environmental Pollution Food Food Contamination Mercury toxicity Models, Biological Salmon metabolism Temperature Time Factors Tissue Distribution 535726 1980 05 23 1980 05 23 2003 11 14

0016-6731 92 3 1979 Jul Enzyme polymorphism and cyclic parthenogenesis in Daphnia magna. I. Selection and clonal diversity. 953-70 Genotype frequencies and fecundities were recorded over a period of two years for three polymorphic enzyme loci (Est, Mdh and Got) in a parthenogenetic natural population of Daphnia magna Straus (Crustacea: Cladocera). There was a large excess of heterozygotes at each locus, and some nonrandom association between loci, although 29 different three-locus genotypes were detected. There were small but significant changes in genotype frequencies that did not follow any clear seasonal cycles or overall trends, and the genotypes often differed significantly in fecundity, although the direction of the difference was not constant. These fitness differences were probably not attributable to the specific loci studied.--Models of balancing selection are of two types: segregation-balanced (e.g., heterosis) and competition-balanced (e.g., frequency dependence). Only the latter type can stabilize diversity in a clonal population. The observed selection was not heterotic, but it is not certain that it was stabilizing either. Clonal competition did not lead to victory by a single, fittest clone; genotypic diversity remained high. Young J P JP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Genetics 0374636 0 Enzymes IM Animals Daphnia genetics Enzymes genetics Female Gene Frequency Heterozygote Homozygote Parthenogenesis Time Factors Variation (Genetics) 535727 1980 05 23 1980 05 23 2003 11 14

0016-6731 92 3 1979 Jul Enzyme polymorphism and cyclic parthenogenesis in Daphnia magna. II. Heterosis following sexual reproduction. 971-82 Cyclical parthenogenesis exaggerates the force of selection relative to recombination and will therefore enhance interlocus effects. Observations of electrophoretic variation in a natural population of Daphnia magna Straus (Crustacea: Cladocera) are interpreted in this light. Sexual reproduction led to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, but heterozygote excesses rapidly developed at each of three observed loci during subsequent parthenogenesis. Homozygote fecundity was often lower than that of heterozygotes; this may have been the cause of some of the observed frequency changes. The superior fitness of the enzyme heterozygotes does not imply that selection was necessarily acting on the enzyme loci thermselves, since apparent heterosis is the expected result of linkage disequilibrium. Young J P JP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Genetics 0374636 0 Enzymes IM Animals Daphnia genetics Enzymes genetics Female Gene Frequency Heterozygote Male Parthenogenesis Sex Behavior, Animal physiology Variation (Genetics) 539835 1980 05 23 1980 05 23 2003 11 14

0090-4341 8 5 1979 Photolysis of heptachlor and cis-chlordane and toxicity of their photoisomers to animals. 509-18 Podowski A A AA Banerjee B C BC Feroz M M Dudek M A MA Willey R L RL Khan M A MA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 12789-03-6 Chlordan 76-44-8 Heptachlor IM Animals Chlordan toxicity Daphnia Fishes Heptachlor toxicity Isomerism Male Photolysis Plants Rats Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 231941 1980 05 23 1980 05 23 2003 11 14

0090-4341 8 5 1979 Acute toxicity studies of surfactants to Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex. 599-612 Maki A W AW Bishop W E WE eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Alkanesulfonates 0 Surface-Active Agents IM Alkanesulfonates toxicity Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Species Specificity Structure-Activity Relationship Surface-Active Agents toxicity 7362904 1980 06 27 1980 06 27 2003 11 14

0007-4861 24 2 1980 Feb Evaluation of in vitro enzyme inhibition for screening petroleum effluents. 244-50 Armant D R DR Buikema A L AL Jr Rutherford C L CL Cairns J J Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste EC 1.1.1.49 Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase IM Animals Daphnia Drug Interactions Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase antagonists & inhibitors Goldfish Industrial Waste toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Petroleum Time Factors 540553 1980 06 16 1980 06 16 2001 11 14

0147-6513 3 2 1979 Jun New challenges to ecotoxicology. 116-21 Smeets J J eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 IM S Biodegradation Chemistry, Physical Daphnia Ecology trends Legislation, Drug trends Plants Toxicology trends United States 80156510 7369784 1980 06 25 1980 06 25 2003 11 14

0090-4341 9 1 1980 Uptake, depuration, and distribution of selenium in Daphnia and its effects on survival and ultrastructure. 23-40 Selenium is an important essential nutritional trace element which has been shown to provide protection against certain other metal poisoning. However, it is a suspected carcinogen and teratogen. The uptake, depuration, and toxicity of selenium in Daphnia pulex have been examined. The LC50 at 48 and 96 hr for juvenile animals is 0.6 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L respectively, and for adults it is 1.3 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L respectively. Uptake in adult unfed animals is rapid, reaching a maximum at about 12 hr, but depuration is slow. In fed animals, uptake is slower, reaching a maximum at 96 hr, but initial depuration is followed by a slower prolonged loss. Localization in cells is primarily in the cytoplasmic compartment although evidence is presented which suggests nucleolar localization. Ultrastructural damage is detected by 16 hr after exposure and is initially confined to the mitochondria. Dense deposits accumulate in the mitochondrial matrices. The nature of these deposits is unknown; they may represent a calcium- or phosphate-selenium complex. With time, the mitochondria degenerate. It is clear that relatively low concentrations of selenium are toxic to these aquatic organisms and render them incapable of survival in the natural environment. Concentrations higher than those lethal to Daphnia can be expected, at least in local areas, from the burning or conversion of fossil fuels. Schultz T W TW Freeman S R SR Dumont J N JN eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 7782-49-2 Selenium IM Animals Autoradiography Daphnia drug effects metabolism ultrastructure Lethal Dose 50 Selenium metabolism toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Tissue Distribution 7369786 1980 06 25 1980 06 25 2003 11 14

0090-4341 9 1 1980 Comparative toxicity of arsenic compounds and their accumulation in invertebrates and fish. 53-63 The toxicity of arsenic III, arsenic V, sodium dimethyl arsenate, and disodium methyl arsenate to stoneflies, snails, amphipods, and trout, and the bioaccumulation of these compounds were studied during a 28-day flow-through test. Daphnia magna were exposed for 21 days in static tests to determine life-cycle effects. All animals were exposed to concentrations of approximately 100 and 1000 microgram/L (as arsenic) of each of the compounds. Arsenic III, the most toxic compound, caused a significant reduction in the survival of amphipods at 1000 microgram As/L after seven days. None of the compounds significantly affected the survival of other test species after 28 days or reduced young production in Daphnia after 14 days of exposure. The concentration of accumulated arsenic in stoneflies, snails, and Daphnia was as much as 131, 99, and 219 times greater than the water concentration, whereas amphipods and rainbow trout contained arsenic residues similar to the controls. Residues in stoneflies, snails, and Daphnia exposed to 1000 microgram As/L were higher than those in animals exposed to 100 microgram As/L, but appeared to reach a steady state after 14 days. Total arsenic accumulation was greatest in organisms exposed to inorganic arsenic, particularly at 100 microgram/L. Spehar R L RL Fiandt J T JT Anderson R L RL DeFoe D L DL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 7440-38-2 Arsenic IM Animals Arsenic metabolism toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia metabolism Fishes metabolism Invertebrates metabolism Snails metabolism Time Factors 7379717 1980 08 25 1980 08 25 2003 11 14

0147-6513 4 1 1980 Mar Experiences with test systems using Daphnia magna. 21-5 Müller H G HG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Chromates 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Chromates toxicity Daphnia drug effects growth & development physiology Time Factors Toxicology methods Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Supply standards 546945 1980 08 25 1980 08 25 2003 11 14

0021-8561 27 5 1979 Sep-Oct Toxicity and fate of nine toxaphene fractions in an aquatic model ecosystem. 1041-6 Isensee A R AR Jones G E GE McCann J A JA Pitcher F G FG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Agric Food Chem 0374755 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 8001-35-2 Toxaphene IM Algae metabolism Animals Daphnia metabolism Environmental Pollutants metabolism toxicity Fishes metabolism Insecticides, Organochlorine toxicity Models, Biological Snails metabolism Toxaphene metabolism toxicity 7389634 1980 09 23 1980 09 23 2003 11 14

0147-6513 4 2 1980 Jun Factors determining the bioaccumulation potential of pesticides in the individual compartments of aquatic food chains. 134-57 Ellgehausen H H Guth J A JA Esser H O HO eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Pesticide Residues IM Algae, Green drug effects Animals Biodegradation Daphnia drug effects Ecology Fishes Pesticide Residues adverse effects 121548 1980 10 27 1980 10 27 2003 11 14

0098-2164 6 4 1979 Jul-Aug Reaction of freshwater phyto- and zooplankton to pesticides. 487-93 The reaction of plankton to the toxic effect of pesticides is considered at four levels: the cell, the organism, the population, and the biocenosis. The basis for the methodological approach to evaluation of response at the cell level was the principle of phase reactions. Depending on concentration, the pesticides may either suppress or stimulate the plankton organisms. Temperature may be decisive intoxic effects (pesticides are effective in a range of 15 to 25 degrees C). Most pesticides having algacidal activity are effective in a range of concentrations of 1-10 mg/liter. Phytoplankton as a whole has a high buffer capacity with respect to pesticides. Changes in ratios of basic components of phytoplankton effected by pesticides most often lead to a change of the dominant. Analogical changes are characteristic also for zooplankton; pesticides lead to the elimination of water fleas from its composition. The stimulating effect of a low concentration of pesticides, changes in the functional activity of the components of bacterial plankton, and changes coupled with this in biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen and phosphorous as well as elimination of water fleas from the plankton promotes the development of "secondary" eutrophication, that is, an increase in the biomass of the phytoplankton. Braginskii L P LP Breskaravainaya V D VD Shcherban' E P EP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Biol Bull Acad Sci USSR 7513560 0 Herbicides, Urea 0 Pesticides 330-54-1 Diuron 330-55-2 Linuron IM Algae drug effects Animals Comparative Study Cyanobacteria drug effects Daphnia drug effects Diuron pharmacology Eutrophication drug effects Herbicides, Urea pharmacology Linuron pharmacology Pesticides administration & dosage pharmacology toxicity Phytoplankton drug effects Plankton drug effects Temperature Zooplankton drug effects 7397431 1980 10 21 1980 10 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 24 6 1980 Jun Effects of sublethal concentrations of selenium on metabolism and filtering rate of Daphnia pulex. 929-35 Reading J T JT Buikema A L AL Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7782-49-2 Selenium IM Animals Daphnia drug effects metabolism Oxygen Consumption drug effects Selenium pharmacology 7408820 1980 11 24 1980 11 24 2003 11 14

0013-9351 22 2 1980 Aug Morphological and ultrastructural effects of sublethal cadmium poisoning on Daphnia. 277-84 Griffiths P R PR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Res 0147621 7440-70-2 Calcium IM Animals Cadmium Poisoning pathology Calcium metabolism Cell Membrane metabolism Daphnia drug effects Electron Probe Microanalysis Intestines drug effects Microscopy Microscopy, Electron Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Microvilli metabolism Mitochondria metabolism 7423475 1980 12 16 1980 12 16 2003 11 14

0040-7453 105 18 1980 Sep 15 [Bird mortality and monitoring the environment (author's transl)] 787-91 Birds are useful parameters in studying toxicological contamination of the environment. Birds can be heard and seen, breeding results and feeding patterns being recorded on a rather extensive scale in the Netherlands. Since 1974, a working party was constituted to study normal and abnormal death of birds. This group consists of members of ornithological and veterinary institutes as well as local field workers, bird revalidation centres and bird preservation and protection groups. In 1979, approximately 2,000 birds were available for post-mortem and bacteriological, virological and toxicological studies. The cases of poisoning were classified into acute and chronic, accidental and crop-protecting effects. In the Laboratory of the Central Veterinary Institute, Poultry Department, the birds suspected of poisoning are screened by a biological-toxicological standard method using Lebistes and Daphnia. Pseudo-poisoning is caused in nature by Pasteurellosis, accidents, etc. Investigations are restricted by predation, the likelihood of finding of dead birds and retention of dead birds of prey for taxidermy. Acute poisoning in the Netherlands is mostly associated with protection of crops, nuisance caused by pigeons and other birds in gardens. Some cases of poisoning are due to quarrels between neighbours and people who poison game-birds out of revenge. Chronic poisoning is caused by metals such as lead pellets from cartridges. Chronic and acute poisoning continue to occur as a result of illegal use of prohibited insecticides. Smit T T dut Journal Article Vogelsterfte en milieubewaking.

NETHERLANDS Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 0031550 IM Animals Bird Diseases mortality Birds English Abstract Environmental Pollution Netherlands Poisoning mortality veterinary 7426761 1981 01 16 1981 01 16 2003 11 14

0007-4861 25 2 1980 Aug Acute toxicity of cyanate to Daphnia magna. 194-6 Dauchy J W JW Waller W T WT Piwoni M D MD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Cyanates 0 Cyanides IM Animals Cyanates toxicity Cyanides toxicity Daphnia drug effects Lethal Dose 50 7426775 1981 01 16 1981 01 16 2003 11 14

0007-4861 25 2 1980 Aug Effects of acid precipitation on Daphnia magna. 298-304 Parent S S Cheetham R D RD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Acids 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Acids toxicity Aging Animals Daphnia drug effects Fresh Water analysis Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Oxygen analysis Time Factors 7426783 1981 01 29 1981 01 29 2003 11 14

0007-4861 25 3 1980 Sep Effects of Roundup herbicide on populations of Daphnia magna in a forest pond. 353-7 Hildebrand L D LD Sullivan D S DS Sullivan T P TP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Herbicides 1071-83-6 glyphosate 56-40-6 Glycine IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Fresh Water Glycine analogs & derivatives toxicity Herbicides toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors 7426788 1981 01 29 1981 01 29 2003 11 14

0007-4861 25 3 1980 Sep Relationship of per cent mortality of four species of aquatic biota from 96-hour sediment bioassays of five Lake Michigan harbors and elutriate chemistry of the sediments. 394-9 Hoke R A RA Prater B L BL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Arthropods physiology Chemistry Daphnia physiology Great Lakes Region Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7436544 1981 01 29 1981 01 29 2003 11 14

0090-4341 9 5 1980 Toxicity of underground coal gasification condenser water and selected constituents to aquatic biota. 543-55 DeGraeve G M GM Overcast R L RL Bergman H L HL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Industrial Waste IM Animals Coal Daphnia drug effects Fishes physiology Fossil Fuels Industrial Waste toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Trout physiology 7436545 1981 01 29 1981 01 29 2003 11 14

0090-4341 9 5 1980 Acute and embryo-larval toxicity of phenolic compounds to aquatic biota. 557-68 Because of the prevalence of phenolic compounds in various types of effluents, both acute and embryo-larval bioassays were performed on eight phenolic compounds with rainbow trout, fathead minnows and Daphnia pulicaria. In flow-through bioassays, the 96-hr LC50 values for rainbow trout and fathead minnows ranged from < 0.1 mg/L for hydroquinone to > 100 mg/L for resorcinol. Daphnia pulicaria was consistently the least sensitive species tested as measured in 48-hr bioassays, while fathead minnows and rainbow trout varied in their relative sensitivity to phenolics as measured in 96-hr tests. Fathead minnows were more sensitive to phenol at 25 degrees C than at 14 degrees C. In embryo-larval bioassays with phenol, fathead minnow growth was significantly reduced by 2.5 mg/L phenol, while rainbow trout growth was significantly reduced by 0.20 mg/L phenol. For both species the embryo-larval effects concentration was 1.1% of the 96-hr LC50. Another embryo-larval bioassay was attempted with p-benzoquinone, a highly toxic phenolic compound found in fossil fuel processing wastewaters, which was discontinued because the compound was rapidly degraded chemically or biologically in the headtank and aquaria. DeGraeve G M GM Geiger D L DL Meyer J S JS Bergman H L HL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Phenols IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Eggs Fishes embryology physiology Fresh Water analysis Larva drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Phenols analysis toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Trout embryology physiology 7437557 1981 02 26 1981 02 26 2003 11 14

0007-4861 25 4 1980 Oct Oxygen consumption of zooplankton as affected by laboratory and field cadmium exposures. 547-53 Kettle W D WD deNoyelles F F Jr Lei C H CH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Cadmium pharmacology Daphnia metabolism Oxygen Consumption drug effects Plankton metabolism Reproduction drug effects Zooplankton metabolism 7454616 1981 03 24 1981 03 24 2003 11 14

0301-0244 32 1 1980 Jan-Feb Remarks about some pharmacopoieal safety tests for plastics and elastomers. 85-90 A survey of the biological methods for quality control of plastics and elastomers included in pharmacopoeias is given. The value of some of these methods (test for pyrogen-like substances, test for acute systemic toxicity in mice, tests on frog hearts, on Daphnia magna and on rat sperm, mode of extraction) is discussed. Jacker H J HJ eng Journal Article

POLAND Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 0366561 0 Irritants 0 Plastics 0 Pyrogens 9006-04-6 Rubber IM Animals Anura Drug Evaluation, Preclinical methods Germany, East Heart drug effects In Vitro Irritants Mice Pharmacopoeias Plastics standards toxicity Pyrogens toxicity Quality Control Rats Rubber standards toxicity Safety Skin drug effects 7459457 1981 04 21 1981 04 21 2000 12 18

0007-4861 24 5 1980 May Acute toxicity of priority pollutants to water flea (Daphnia magna). 684-91 LeBlanc G A GA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Daphnia drug effects Human Lethal Dose 50 Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6893944 1981 04 21 1981 04 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 24 5 1980 May Model ecosystem, toxicity, and uptake evaluation of 75Se-selenite. 752-8 Nassos P A PA Coats J R JR Metcalf R L RL Brown D D DD Hansen L G LG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7782-49-2 Selenium 7783-00-8 Selenious Acid IM Animals Culex metabolism Cyprinodontiformes metabolism Daphnia metabolism Ecology Selenious Acid Selenium metabolism toxicity Snails metabolism 6779883 1981 04 21 1981 04 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 25 1 1980 Jul Toxicity of a coal liquefaction product to aquatic organisms. 1-6 Giddings J M JM Parkhurst B R BR Gehrs C W CW Millemann R E RE eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Phenols 7440-44-0 Carbon IM Algae, Green drug effects Animals Carbon analysis Coal Cyanobacteria drug effects Daphnia drug effects Fuel Oils analysis toxicity Petroleum toxicity Phenols analysis Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 7459473 1981 04 21 1981 04 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 25 1 1980 Jul Acute toxicity of potassium dichromate to Daphnia magna as a function of the water quality. 113-7 Müller H G HG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Chromates 7439-95-4 Magnesium 7440-70-2 Calcium 7732-18-5 Water 7778-50-9 Potassium Dichromate IM Animals Calcium pharmacology Chromates toxicity Daphnia drug effects Hardness Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Magnesium pharmacology Potassium Dichromate toxicity Water pharmacology 7225610 1981 07 09 1981 07 09 2003 11 14

0007-4861 26 1 1981 Jan Reproducibility of a life-cycle toxicity test with Daphnia magna. 1-8 Parkhurst B R BR Forte J L JL Wright G P GP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Acridines 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Acridines toxicity Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development Female Reproduction drug effects Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7225618 1981 07 09 1981 07 09 2003 11 14

0007-4861 26 1 1981 Jan A rapid and easy method to introduce Daphnia magna into test vessels. 22-3 König P P Müller H G HG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals Daphnia Methods Water 7225625 1981 07 09 1981 07 09 2003 11 14

0007-4861 26 1 1981 Jan Whole organism 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a potential application in aquatic toxicity evaluations. 73-6 Waller W T WT Sherry A D AD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7723-14-0 Phosphorus IM Animals Chironomidae Daphnia Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy methods Phosphorus analysis Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 7013872 1981 07 09 1981 07 09 2003 11 14

0007-4861 26 1 1981 Jan A reevaluation of the toxicity of coal conversion process waters. 9-15 Parkhurst B R BR Meyer J S JS DeGraeve G M GM Bergman H L HL eng Journal Article Review

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Phenols 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 108-95-2 Phenol 7664-41-7 Ammonia IM Ammonia toxicity Animals Coal Daphnia Phenol Phenols toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Trout Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6 7235746 1981 07 09 1981 07 09 2003 11 14

0090-4341 10 1 1981 Stressed bioassay systems for rapid screening of pesticide residues. Part I: Evaluation of bioassay systems. 9-24 Bowman M C MC Oller W L WL Cairns T T Gosnell A B AB Oliver K H KH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Pesticide Residues IM Animals Arthropods metabolism Biological Assay Crustacea metabolism Culex metabolism Daphnia metabolism Decapoda (Crustacea) metabolism Pesticide Residues analysis 6113094 1981 08 27 1981 08 27 2003 11 14

0306-4492 69C 1 1981 Toxicity of eight solvent extraction chemicals and of cadmium to water fleas, Daphnia magna, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. 83-98 Dave G G Andersson K K Berglind R R Hasselrot B B eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C 7503763 0 Solvents 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Animals, Newborn physiology Cadmium toxicity Daphnia drug effects Fishes embryology physiology Larva Salmonidae physiology Solvents toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Trout physiology Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7242103 1981 08 10 1981 08 10 2003 11 14

0022-5193 87 3 1980 Dec 7 The cost of meiosis with alternation of sexual and asexual generations. 517-28 Charlesworth B B eng Journal Article

ENGLAND J Theor Biol 0376342 IM Animals Daphnia genetics Female Male Meiosis Models, Genetic Mutation Probability Reproduction Reproduction, Asexual 7250003 1981 09 15 1981 09 15 2003 11 14

0147-6513 5 2 1981 Jun Lead uptake and release in an experimental trophic chain. 177-93 Vighi M M eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7439-92-1 Lead IM Algae metabolism Animals Daphnia metabolism Ecology Fishes metabolism Lead metabolism Time Factors Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 7260428 1981 10 29 1981 10 29 2003 11 14

0007-4861 26 5 1981 May A Chironomus tentans bioassay for testing synthetic fuel products and effluents, with data on acridine and quinoline. 601-5 Cushman R M RM McKamey M I MI eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Acridines 0 Quinolines 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Acridines toxicity Animals Biological Assay Chironomidae drug effects Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Diptera drug effects Fossil Fuels toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Quinolines toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7260429 1981 10 29 1981 10 29 2003 11 14

0007-4861 26 5 1981 May Survival and fecundity of Daphnia pulex on exposure to particulate oil. 606-12 Wong C K CK Engelhardt F R FR Strickler J R JR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Emulsions 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Emulsions Female Fuel Oils toxicity Male Particle Size Petroleum toxicity Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7263276 1981 10 14 1981 10 14 2003 11 14

0018-067X 45 3 1980 Dec Enzyme variability in natural populations of Daphnia carinata king. 313-21 Fifteen populations of the cladoceran crustacean, Daphnia carinata, were examined for allozyme variation at sixteen gene loci. Individuals of this cyclic parthenogen were heterozygous at only 2.1 per cent of their loci. Large differences in gene frequencies existed among the populations. Within populations genotypic frequencies were in good agreement with Hardy-Weinberg expectations, and remained stable during annual cycles of population growth. Strong linkage disequilibrium was observed between the allelic variants at two leucine aminopeptidase loci in certain populations, suggesting that the loci are tightly linked and that populations of D. carinata are founded from few individuals. Hebert P D PD Moran C C eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Heredity 0373007 0 Enzymes 0 Isoenzymes IM Alleles Animals Daphnia genetics Enzymes genetics Gene Frequency Genes, Structural Genotype Isoenzymes genetics Variation (Genetics) 7026655 1981 12 21 1981 12 21 2003 11 14

0360-1234 16 4 1981 Effects of red-headed in sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei, nuclear polyhedrosis virus on rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and Daphnia pulex. 493-509 The effects of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of the red-headed pine sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei, on rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were investigated. The fish were exposed to this virus by intubation and topical application and no ill-effects were observed. Similarly, no ill-effects were detected in Daphnia pulex when the same NPV was added to their culture medium. The materials were lyophilized, NPV-infected sawfly larvae (normally used for insect control), lyophilized, uninfected larvae and purified, polyhedral inclusion bodies. On the basis of these laboratory tests, this virus, when disseminated as a biocontrol agent, should present no hazard to rainbow trout or to the aquatic invertebrate Daphnia pulex, two species frequently used in toxicity tests of chemical pesticides. Hicks B D BD Geraci J R JR Cunningham J C JC Arif B M BM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Environ Sci Health B 7607167 IM Animals Daphnia microbiology Fish Diseases microbiology Hymenoptera microbiology Insect Control Insect Viruses pathogenicity Larva microbiology Salmonidae microbiology Trout microbiology Virus Diseases etiology 7288475 1981 12 22 1981 12 22 2003 11 14

0270-6474 1 9 1981 Sep Cellular interactions and pattern formation in the development of the visual system of Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Branchiopoda). II. Induced retardation of optic axon ingrowth results in a delay in laminar neuron differentiation. 945-55 Groups of embryonic photoreceptors in one side of the compound eye of Daphnia were irradiated with an ultraviolet microbeam at a stage when the cells were postmitotic but had yet to elaborate axons. Immediately after irradiation, the embryos were placed under fluorescent illumination. On the average, 16 of the irradiated photoreceptors were killed by the exposure. Previous observations suggest that an approximately equal number were rescued by the post-irradiation fluorescent illumination. The schedule of differentiation of the rescued photoreceptors was affected such that their axons arrived at the target region in the optic lamina from 2 to 10 hr after they would have normally. Serial section electron microscopic analysis showed that differentiation of laminar neurons contacted by the delayed axons also was delayed by a length of time corresponding to the delay in axon arrival. These and previous observations indicate that the differentiation of laminar neurons is triggered by contact with optic axons and can be initiated over a period of several hours after these cells become postmitotic. Macagno E R ER eng NS-14946 NS NINDS Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Neurosci 8102140 IM Animals Axons physiology Cell Differentiation Daphnia growth & development Embryo, Nonmammalian physiology Eye cytology growth & development ultrastructure Female Microscopy, Electron Neurons physiology Photoreceptors physiology Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 7289546 1981 12 19 1981 12 19 2003 11 14

0321-5040 15 3 1981 [Toxicologic and hygienic studies of water regenerated from oxidant-containing released moisture] 56-9 Toxic-hygienic examinations of water reclaimed from peroxide-containing technical fluids have shown that the water needs further purification using sorbents that contain a reducing agent. In the absence of the latter the reclaimed water exerts adverse effects on certain hematological parameters. Pak Z P ZP Koloskova Iu S IuS Bezumova Iu E IuE Petina V P VP Spiriaeva M M MM rus Journal Article Toksikologo-gigienicheskie issledovaniia vody, regenerirovannoĭ iz vlagovydeleniĭ, soderzhashchikh okisliteli.

USSR Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med 0417736 0 Peroxides 7732-18-5 Water IM S Animals Comparative Study Daphnia English Abstract Fishes Life Support Systems Male Peroxides toxicity Ranidae Rats Time Factors Water pharmacology Water Intoxication physiopathology Water Supply analysis 82034333 7296064 1982 01 28 1982 01 28 2003 11 14

0007-4861 27 3 1981 Sep Acute and chronic toxicities of boric acid to Daphnia magna Straus. 309-15 Lewis M A MA Valentine L C LC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Boric Acids 11113-50-1 boric acid 7440-42-8 Boron IM Animals Boric Acids toxicity Boron analysis Daphnia growth & development physiology Lethal Dose 50 Reproduction drug effects Time Factors Water Supply analysis 7296065 1982 01 28 1982 01 28 2003 11 14

0007-4861 27 3 1981 Sep Influence of a co-solvent (acetone) and ultrasonication on the acute toxicity of a quaternary amine (Aliquat 336) and an organophosphorus compound (HDEHP) to Daphnia magna. 316-25 Berglind R R Dave G G eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Ammonium Compounds 0 Organophosphorus Compounds 0 Phosphoric Acid Esters 0 Solvents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 298-07-7 di-2-(ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid 5137-55-3 trioctylmethylammonium 67-64-1 Acetone IM Acetone toxicity Ammonium Compounds toxicity Animals Daphnia physiology Lethal Dose 50 Organophosphorus Compounds toxicity Phosphoric Acid Esters Solvents toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Ultrasonics Water Pollutants, Chemical Water Supply analysis 7296068 1982 01 28 1982 01 28 2003 11 14

0007-4861 27 3 1981 Sep Acute toxicity of an in situ shale oil process wastewater and its major components to Daphnia magna. 338-43 Burnham L N LN Melvin W W WW Buchan R M RM eng 5 T01 0H07039-06 PHS Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7664-41-7 Ammonia IM Ammonia analysis Animals Daphnia physiology Industrial Waste analysis Lethal Dose 50 Petroleum Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6457673 1982 01 20 1982 01 20 2003 11 14

0037-9026 175 4 1981 [Acute toxicity of two phenylcarbamates: propham and chloropropham] 496-500 The bibliographic data dealing with the acute toxicity of two phenylcarbamates, propham and chloropropham, are not very precise an often contradictory. This work is a restatement and also a demonstration of the high sensitivity of the aquatic animals that we have tested (Amphibia and Crustacea) in comparison with the Mammals (rat and mouse). Caporiccio B B Tournamille J J Michel R R fre Journal Article Etude de la toxicité aiguë de deux Phénylcarbamates: le propham et le chloropropham.

FRANCE C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 7505439 0 Carbamates 0 Herbicides, Carbamate 101-21-3 Chlorpropham 122-42-9 propham IM Animals Carbamates Chlorpropham toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia English Abstract Herbicides, Carbamate toxicity Human Lethal Dose 50 Mice Pleurodeles Rabbits Rats Species Specificity Structure-Activity Relationship Triturus Xenopus 6171211 1982 01 28 1982 01 28 2003 11 14

0090-4341 10 5 1981 Sep Biological effects of kepone and mirex in freshwater invertebrates. 531-9 Acute and chronic toxicity studies of Kepone (chlordecone) and mirex were conducted with daphnids (Daphnia magna), amphipods (Gammarus pseudolimnaeus), and larvae of a midge (Chironomus plumosus). Acute toxicities of Kepone ranged from a 48-hr EC50 of 350 microgram/L for midges to a 96-hr LC50 of 180 microgram/L for amphipods, whereas the acute toxicities of mirex to all three taxa exceeded 1000 microgram/L. Maximum acceptable toxicant concentrations (MATC's) for Kepone and mirex were estimated by measuring reproduction of daphnids, growth of amphipods, emergence of midges, and survival of all organisms. MATC for Kepone was estimated to be between 9 and 18 microgram/L for daphnids, between 1 and 2 microgram/L for amphipods, and between 8.4 and 18 microgram/L for midges; MATC for mirex exceeded 34 microgram/L for daphnids and midges, but less than 2.4 microgram/L for amphipods. The concentration of Kepone and mirex accumulated by daphnids was 760 and 8025 times, respectively, the concentration in water. Estimated times for elimination of 50% of the residues by daphnids were 141 hr for Kepone and 12 hr for mirex. Sanders H O HO Huckins J J Johnson B T BT Skaar D D eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 143-50-0 Chlordecone 2385-85-5 Mirex IM Animals Chironomidae physiology Chlordecone metabolism toxicity Crustacea physiology Daphnia physiology Fresh Water Insecticides, Organochlorine toxicity Invertebrates physiology Mirex metabolism toxicity Reproduction drug effects Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 7306708 1982 02 12 1982 02 12 2003 11 14

0007-4861 27 4 1981 Oct Use of an electronic particle counter to determine the number of young Daphnia magna in ecotoxicological reproduction tests. 440-1 Müller H G HG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Reproduction drug effects Toxicology instrumentation 6459811 1982 04 12 1982 04 12 2003 11 14

0007-4861 27 5 1981 Nov Comparative study of the trophic transfer of two mercury compounds-HgCl2 and CH3HgCl-between Chlorella vulgaris an Daphnia magna. Influence of temperature. 624-9 Boudou A A Ribeyre F F eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Methylmercury Compounds 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 115-09-3 methylmercuric chloride 7439-97-6 Mercury 7487-94-7 Mercuric Chloride IM Animals Chlorella metabolism Comparative Study Daphnia metabolism Ecology Mercuric Chloride Mercury metabolism Methylmercury Compounds metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Temperature Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7066504 1982 06 24 1982 06 24 2000 12 18

0365-9615 93 1 1982 Jan [Daphnias as biological antagonists of NAG-vibrios] 48-50 Avtsyn A P AP Shakhlamov V A VA Trager R S RS Petrova T P TP rus Journal Article Dafnii kak biologicheskie antagonisty NAG-vibrionov.

USSR Biull Eksp Biol Med 0370627 IM Daphnia microbiology physiology Vibrio Water Microbiology 7337850 1982 06 14 1982 06 14 2003 11 14

0007-4861 27 6 1981 Dec Oxygen consumption and filtering rate of Daphnia pulex after exposure to water-soluble fractions of naphthalene, phenanthrene, No. 2 fuel oil, and coal-tar creosote. 783-9 Geiger J G JG Buikema A L AL Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Hydrocarbons 0 Naphthalenes 0 Phenanthrenes 8021-39-4 Creosote 85-01-8 phenanthrene 91-20-3 naphthalene IM Animals Creosote pharmacology Daphnia drug effects physiology Fuel Oils Hydrocarbons pharmacology Naphthalenes pharmacology Oxygen Consumption drug effects Phenanthrenes pharmacology 7066538 1982 06 21 1982 06 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 28 1 1982 Jan Sensitivity of Daphnia magna Straus against eight chemotherapeutic agents and two dyes. 1-2 Müller H G HG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Anti-Infective Agents IM Animals Anti-Infective Agents toxicity Daphnia drug effects 7066545 1982 06 21 1982 06 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 28 1 1982 Jan Ecotoxicity of coal gasifier solid wastes. 39-45 Cushman R M RM Brown D K DK Edwards N T NT Giddings J M JM Parkhurst B R BR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 0 Trace Elements 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae drug effects Animals Coal Daphnia drug effects Industrial Waste analysis Plants drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Trace Elements analysis Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7066547 1982 06 21 1982 06 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 28 1 1982 Jan Effects of naphthalene on the hemoglobin concentration and oxygen uptake of Daphnia magna. 52-7 Crider J Y JY Wilhm J J Harmon H J HJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Hemoglobins 0 Naphthalenes IM Animals Behavior, Animal drug effects Daphnia drug effects metabolism Hemoglobins analysis Naphthalenes toxicity Oxygen Consumption drug effects 7342310 1982 07 08 1982 07 08 2003 11 14

0035-7715 32 4 1981 [Toxicity of water pollutants estimated by measurement of the locomotor activity of Daphnia magna] 345-9 Rybak M M pol Journal Article Ocena toksyczności zanieczyszczenia wód za pomoca pomiarów aktywnoĉi lokomotorycznej Daphnia magna.

POLAND Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 0414756 0 Chlorophenols 0 Naphthalenes 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 70645-04-4 xylamit 8002-74-2 Paraffin IM Animals Chlorophenols toxicity Daphnia drug effects English Abstract Fresh Water Locomotion Naphthalenes toxicity Paraffin analogs & derivatives toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Supply 7103560 1982 09 24 1982 09 24 2003 11 14

0090-4341 11 3 1982 Acute toxicity of cadmium, zinc, and cadmium-zinc mixtures to Daphnia magna. 291-6 Attar E N EN Maly E J EJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Daphnia drug effects Drug Interactions Lethal Dose 50 Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Temperature Time Factors Zinc toxicity 7112569 1982 10 21 1982 10 21 2003 11 14

0249-6402 4 2 1982 Mar [Interest of some biological criteria in studying daphnids contaminated by cadmium nitrate (author's transl)] 83-7 Three biological criteria were studied on daphnids after 28 days of contamination with three different concentrations of cadmium (5, 10, 15 micrograms/l), such as mortality, dry weight and reproduction rate relative to general metabolic state of the crustacea. The value of Cl50-28 exceed 15 micrograms/l for dry weight and mortality determinations, on the other hand it is only 10 micrograms/l for reproduction rate. The latter appears as the most sensible criteria. Férard J F JF Jouany J M JM Vasseur P P fre Journal Article Utilisation de quelques critères d'études biologiques dans les intoxications à moyen terme de daphnies par du nitrate de cadmium.

FRANCE Toxicol Eur Res 7901212 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Body Weight drug effects Cadmium toxicity Daphnia drug effects English Abstract Reproduction drug effects 7114891 1982 10 29 1982 10 29 2003 11 14

0090-4341 11 4 1982 Stressed bioassay systems for rapid screening of pesticide residues. Part II: Determination of foliar residues for safe reentry of agricultural workers into the field. 447-55 Bowman M C MC Oller W L WL Kendall D C DC Gosnell A B AB Oliver K H KH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Pesticide Residues IM Agriculture Animals Crustacea Daphnia Pesticide Residues analysis Soil analysis Trees analysis 7114892 1982 10 29 1982 10 29 2003 11 14

0090-4341 11 4 1982 Filtration and phototactic behavior as indices of chronic copper stress in Daphnia magna straus. 457-63 Flickinger A L AL Bruins R J RJ Winner R W RW Skillings J H JH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 7440-50-8 Copper IM Animals Behavior, Animal drug effects Copper toxicity Daphnia drug effects physiology Female Light 7117189 1982 12 02 1982 12 02 2003 11 14

0147-6513 6 4 1982 Aug Evaluating the hazard of organic substances on aquatic life: the paradichlorobenzene example. 369-78 Calamari D D Galassi S S Setti F F eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Chlorobenzenes 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 106-46-7 4-dichlorobenzene IM Animals Biodegradation Chlorobenzenes analysis toxicity Daphnia drug effects Fishes Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 7123093 1982 12 03 1982 12 03 2000 12 18

0035-7715 33 1-2 1982 [Effect of layer formation in water-mineral oil mixtures on plankton and on the sanitary evaluation of water. I. Studies under laboratory conditions] 81-8 Ranke-Rybicka B B pol Journal Article Wpływ rozwarstwiania sie mieszaniny woda-oleje mineralne na plankton i sanitarna ocene jakości wody. I. Badania w warunkach laboratoryjnych.

POLAND Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 0414756 0 Emulsions 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 8020-83-5 Mineral Oil IM Daphnia drug effects Emulsions adverse effects English Abstract Mineral Oil adverse effects Water Pollutants, Chemical adverse effects Water Supply standards 6181839 1982 12 16 1982 12 16 2003 11 14

0007-4861 29 2 1982 Aug Interference of insoluble particles with the reproduction toxicity test using Daphnia magna. 127-9 Müller H G HG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 1344-28-1 Aluminum Oxide 60650-90-0 silochrome 7631-86-9 Silicon Dioxide 9004-34-6 Cellulose 9004-54-0 Dextrans 9014-76-0 sephadex IM Aluminum Oxide toxicity Animals Cellulose toxicity Daphnia drug effects Dextrans toxicity Female Particle Size Reproduction drug effects Silicon Dioxide toxicity Solubility Toxicology methods 7136048 1982 12 18 1982 12 18 2002 11 01

0303-657X 158 3 1982 [Bronchial asthma following Daphnia allergy] 319-21 In general medical practice too little attention is devoted to daphnia allergy. Therefore in the past 6 years we asked 611 patients with extrinsic and intrinsic asthma whether they have an aquarium in their residence resp. whether they use fish-food with dried daphnia. 43 patients with atopic asthma and allergic rhinitis were exposed, 28 of them had high positive Prick-test-reaction with daphnia extracts. All these sensitized patients had their symptoms in connection with the exposition to dried daphnia. But nobody told spontaneously about this special cause of symptoms. After avoiding contact to daphnia all patients became free from symptoms. Therefore it is recommended always to ask for daphnia exposition when making the allergic case history. Meister W W ger Journal Article Asthma bronchiale infolge Daphnienallergie.

GERMANY, EAST Z Erkr Atmungsorgane 7503239 IM Adolescent Asthma etiology immunology Child Daphnia immunology Diagnosis, Differential English Abstract Human Respiratory Hypersensitivity etiology immunology Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial immunology 7151588 1983 03 11 1983 03 11 2003 11 14

0253-9624 16 5 1982 Sep [Studies on accumulation of methyl mercury in aquatic food chains] 281-4 Xiu R Q RQ chi Journal Article

CHINA Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 7904962 0 Methylmercury Compounds 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae metabolism Animals Daphnia metabolism English Abstract Fishes metabolism Methylmercury Compounds metabolism Water Pollutants metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism 6823522 1983 03 17 1983 03 17 2003 11 14

0091-7443 60 1983 On the pathways of neural development. 1-17 Levinthal C C Levinthal F F eng NS-09821 NS NINDS RR-00442 RR NCRR Journal Article

UNITED STATES Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 7505942 IM Animals Cell Differentiation Comparative Study Daphnia growth & development Fishes growth & development Ganglia growth & development Genes Mathematics Models, Neurological Morphogenesis Nervous System growth & development Optic Nerve growth & development Photoreceptors cytology Superior Colliculus growth & development Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 7159384 1983 03 24 1983 03 24 2003 11 14

0264-6021 207 2 1982 Nov 1 Erythrocruorin from the water-flea Daphnia magna. Quaternary structure and arrangement of subunits. 297-303 The subunit structure of erythrocruorin from the cladoceran Daphnia magna was studied. The native protein was found to have a sedimentation coefficient (S2(20), w) of 17.9 +/- 0.2 S and a molecular weight, as determined by sedimentation equilibrium, of 494 000 +/- 33 000. Iron and haem determinations gave 0.312 +/- 0.011% and 3.84 +/- 0.04%, corresponding to minimal molecular weights of 17900 +/- 600 and 16 100 +/- 200 respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis gave one band with mobility corresponding to a molecular weight of 31 000 +/- 1 500. The molecular weight of the polypeptide chain determined by sedimentation equilibrium in 6 M-guanidinium chloride and 0.1 M-2-mercaptoethanol is 31 100 +/- 1300. On a molecular-weight basis, Daphnia erythrocruorin is composed of 16 identical polypeptide chains carrying two haem groups each. The native structure is stable between pH5 and 8.5. At alkaline and acidic pH, a gradual decrease in the sedimentation coefficient down to 9.8S occurs. Above pH 10 and below pH4, a slow component with S20, w between 2.7S and 4.0S is observed. The 2.7S, 4.0S and 9.8S species are identified as single-chain subunits, subunit dimers and half-molecules respectively. We propose a model for the molecule composed of 16 2.7S subunits grouped in two layers stacked in an eclipsed orientation, the eight subunits of each layer occupying the vertices of a regular eight-sided polygon. Support for this arrangement is provided from electron microscopy and from analysis of the pH-dissociation pattern. Ilan E E Weisselberg E E Daniel E E eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Biochem J 2984726R 0 Erythrocruorins 0 Hemoglobins 0 Macromolecular Systems 0 Peptides IM Animals Daphnia analysis Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel Erythrocruorins Hemoglobins Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Macromolecular Systems Microscopy, Electron Models, Molecular Molecular Weight Peptides analysis Ultracentrifugation 6219638 1983 04 07 1983 04 07 2003 11 14

0090-4341 11 6 1982 Nov Chronic effects of inorganic and organic mercury on Daphnia magna: toxicity, accumulation, and loss. 769-74 Biesinger K E KE Anderson L E LE Eaton J G JG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Methylmercury Compounds 0 Phenylmercury Compounds 115-09-3 methylmercuric chloride 7439-97-6 Mercury 7487-94-7 Mercuric Chloride IM Absorption Animals Daphnia drug effects metabolism Mercuric Chloride Mercury metabolism toxicity Methylmercury Compounds metabolism toxicity Phenylmercury Compounds metabolism toxicity Reproduction drug effects 6830309 1983 04 15 1983 04 15 2003 11 14

0090-4341 12 1 1983 Jan Effect of loading density on the acute toxicities of surfactants, copper, and phenol to Daphnia magna Straus. 51-5 Lewis M A MA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Phenols 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 108-95-2 Phenol 7440-50-8 Copper IM Animals Copper toxicity Daphnia drug effects Phenol Phenols toxicity Surface-Active Agents toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6839037 1983 06 10 1983 06 10 2003 11 14

0007-4861 30 2 1983 Feb Effect of pH on acute toxicity of dehydroabietic acid and chlorinated dehydroabietic acid to fish and Daphnia. 133-40 Zanella E E eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Diterpenes 0 Diterpenes, Abietane 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1740-19-8 dehydroabietic acid 7782-50-5 Chlorine IM Animals Chlorine Daphnia Diterpenes toxicity Diterpenes, Abietane Fishes Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6850746 1983 07 29 1983 07 29 2003 11 14

0302-766X 229 2 1983 The fine structure of the gill epithelium of a fresh-water flea, Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Phyllopoda) and changes associated with acclimation to various salinities. I. Normal fine structure. 253-68 Two kinds of epithelial cells, dark and light types, are alternately arranged in the gill of Daphnia magna. The dark cell has numerous mitochondria and an elaborate tubular system containing two kinds of cytoplasmic tubules, small about 70 nm in diameter, and large about 130 nm in diameter. The former occur in bundles and seem to be smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The latter, lined with a ridged surface coat and frequently open at the lateral and basal cell membrane, are regarded as extensions of the cell membrane. The atypical cell membrane of the dark cell is modified by repeated subunits of a cytoplasmic coat on the inner leaflet of the unit membrane. The light cell exhibits a high degree of basal infoldings of the cell membrane, which represent a magnification of the surface area of the cell. Large mitochondria between the infoldings often come into intimate association with the infolded cell membrane to form a regular array of parallel mitochondria interposed with the double cell membranes. The results suggest that at least the dark epithelial cells play an important role in the osmoregulation of this animal. Kikuchi S S eng Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST Cell Tissue Res 0417625 IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia physiology ultrastructure Epithelium ultrastructure Gills ultrastructure Microscopy, Electron Water-Electrolyte Balance 6851924 1983 07 08 1983 07 08 2003 11 14

0147-6513 7 1 1983 Feb The significance of the accumulation of cadmium by aquatic organisms. 33-42 Cadmium, by virtue of its toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation appears on the "black list" of all the international conventions aimed at protecting the aquatic environment from pollution. Although there is no doubt that cadmium is both persistent and toxic to aquatic life at relatively low concentrations, its bioaccumulation potential appears to have been somewhat exaggerated. Median concentration factors for both marine and freshwater organisms are less than 100 times and for vertebrate (fish) species concentration factors are less than 20 times. There is no evidence in the literature for biomagnification of cadmium and bioconcentration is only likely to be of significance in a restricted range of gastropod mollusks and some crustacea. Taylor D D eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Cadmium metabolism Daphnia metabolism Drug Interactions Fishes metabolism Mussels metabolism Species Specificity Water Pollutants metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism 6851925 1983 07 08 1983 07 08 2003 11 14

0147-6513 7 1 1983 Feb Accumulation of cadmium in a freshwater food chain experimental model. 43-52 The study of food chain contamination in nature or in the laboratory requires precise definitions of some terms. A simplified model of a freshwater food chain has been elaborated to try to point out hazards related to the presence of cadmium in the aquatic environment. Three different species belonging to various trophic levels, but to the same aquatic systems were used. The required biological and analytical criteria are described. The time course of the experiment was 34 days starting with a 10-day contamination of the first trophic level (algae). The algae were then separated, washed with fresh medium, and given to the second trophic level (daphnids) to eat for 20 days. The third trophic level (fish) was then introduced for 4 days as a scavenger. The methodology was designed to determine the accumulation of cadmium by daphnids and then fish from the algal source. The results show a high direct bioaccumulation of cadmium in algae. The indirect bioaccumulation of daphnids was of the same order of magnitude, but for fish it was smaller. Nevertheless the cadmium transfer from daphnids to fish was obvious. Ferard J F JF Jouany J M JM Truhaut R R Vasseur P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Algae metabolism Animals Cadmium metabolism Chlorella metabolism Crustacea metabolism Daphnia metabolism Ecology Fishes metabolism Food Analysis Models, Biological Water Pollutants metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism 6133808 1983 07 15 1983 07 15 2003 11 14

0016-9900 3 1983 Mar [Hygienic assessment of the chloroform content of the drinking water] 10-3 Skvortsov A F AF Sergeev E P EP Elakhovskaia N P NP Bonashevskaia T I TI Mamulashvili N I NI rus Journal Article K gigienicheskoĭ otsenke soderzhaniia khloroforma v pit'evoĭ vode.

USSR Gig Sanit 0412700 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 67-66-3 Chloroform IM Animals Chloroform toxicity Culicidae Daphnia Dose-Response Relationship, Drug English Abstract Guinea Pigs Larva Lethal Dose 50 Male Maximum Allowable Concentration Mice Rats Time Factors Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Supply 6820715 1983 07 08 1983 07 08 2003 11 14

0067-6489 26 1982 [Effect of the most frequently used pesticides on various biological parameters in Daphnia magna Straus (Crustacea)] 41-5 Urban E E pol Journal Article Wpływ najcześciej stosowanych w rolnictwie pestycydów na niektóre parametry biologiczne Daphnia magna Straus (Crustacea).

POLAND Rocz Akad Med Im Juliana Marchlewskiego Bialymst 7501229 0 Drug Combinations 0 Fungicides, Industrial 0 Herbicides 0 Insecticides 0 Pesticides 1918-00-9 Dicamba 8003-31-4 Chwastox D 94-74-6 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid IM 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid toxicity Animals Daphnia drug effects Dicamba toxicity Drug Combinations toxicity English Abstract Fungicides, Industrial toxicity Heart Rate drug effects Herbicides toxicity Insecticides toxicity Motor Activity drug effects Myocardial Contraction drug effects Pesticides toxicity 6867655 1983 08 11 1983 08 11 2003 11 14

0036-7672 113 18 1983 May 7 ["Aquarium allergy": fish food, another domestic allergen] 658-62 The authors report 7 cases of allergic respiratory diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis and bronchitis, induced by non-occupational contact with pet-fish food. Food for pet fish contains proteins of a variety of arthropod species (larvae and adult forms) --e.g. Chironomus, Daphnia, brine shrimps and others --as well as fresh-water worms such as Tubifex, Enchytraea etc. Thus far only hemoglobins of Chironomus have been well studied with regard to their antigenic role; sensitization against Chironomus was noticed in most of our patients. Daphnia is also known to be a specific allergen. Atopic patients often become sensitized against further respiratory allergens (5 out of the 7 patients had a previous allergy against pollen). Accordingly, patients with respiratory diseases of already known allergic origin should, in our opinion, give up not only mammals or birds as household pets but also an aquarium. Knüsel J J Wüthrich B B ger Case Reports Journal Article "Aquarium-Allergie": Fischfutter, auch ein häusliches Allergen.

SWITZERLAND Schweiz Med Wochenschr 0404401 IM Adolescent Adult Animal Feed adverse effects Asthma etiology Conjunctivitis etiology English Abstract Female Fish Products adverse effects Human Intradermal Tests Male Middle Aged Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial etiology 6872916 1983 09 23 1983 09 23 2003 11 14

0147-6513 7 3 1983 Jun Comparative acute toxicities of surfactants to aquatic invertebrates. 313-22 Investigations of the toxicity of surfactants to aquatic invertebrates have been limited primarily to determining the effects on a few species. In this study, the 48-hr LC50 values for three surfactants are reported for six species of aquatic invertebrates. The acute toxicities (LC50) for each surfactant (mg/liter) varied 159 to 580 X and were as follows: C11.8LAS (anionic), 1.7 (Dero sp.) to 270 (Asellus sp.); C14-15 alkylethoxylate (nonionic), 1.0 (Dugesia sp.) to 6.8 (Rhabditis sp.); CTAC (cationic), 0.1 (Gammarus sp.) to 58 (Asellus sp.). When compared to previously developed data, Daphnia magna was typically found to be the most sensitive of all species tested, including fish, to the surfactants. Lewis M A MA Suprenant D D eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Fishes physiology Invertebrates drug effects Species Specificity Surface-Active Agents toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Supply analysis 6884438 1983 10 28 1983 10 28 2003 11 14

0531-5565 18 2 1983 Resource availability, maternal effects, and longevity. 147-65 Experiments with a clone of the cladoceran Daphnia pulex indicate that the nutritional conditions of the maternal environment play a major role in determining the progeny's phenotype. Apparently, by influencing the physiology and/or morphology of individuals during early development, maternal investment not only enhances juvenile survival but has long-lasting, favorable effects on the progeny's ability to convert resources into growth and reproduction as well as negative repercussions for adult survival of the progeny. Life-span may also be radically altered by modifying food schedules within an individual's life. Neither reproductive effort nor rate of living hypotheses can explain longevity variation within Daphnia clones; rather the onset of senescence appears to be associated with a general breakdown in the ability to incorporate energy into biomass. Analysis of our results as well as earlier data with a "rate of aging-threshold vitality" model suggests that increasing the availability of food to an individual increases the rate of aging while decreasing the threshold vitality necessary for survival and that increasing maternal investment increases both the vitality at birth and the rate of aging of the progeny. Lynch M M Ennis R R eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Exp Gerontol 0047061 IM Animals Daphnia growth & development Energy Intake Longevity Parthenogenesis Phenotype Reproduction Social Environment Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 6612001 1983 10 08 1983 10 08 2003 11 14

0273-2300 3 1 1983 Mar The preparation of ecotoxicological testing methods in the European community. 1-8 Smeets J J Amavis R R Schubert R R Gilliard C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 8214983 IM Animals Biodegradation Daphnia drug effects European Union Fishes Oligochaeta drug effects Toxicology 6612014 1983 10 08 1983 10 08 2003 11 14

0273-2300 3 2 1983 Jun Physicochemical speciation of toxic fractions of wastewaters. 172-7 A physicochemical speciation scheme in tandem with bioassays identified the toxic fractions of the wastewater from a base metal refining and fertilizer complex. The toxic fractions were the leachates from suspended solids, purgeables, and bound metals of the dissolved fraction. Most of the metals were bound to macrosolutes of Mr greater than 30,000 and exchangeable by cation- and weak anion-exchange resins. In contrast, total chromium and surfactants were bound strongly to microsolutes of Mr less than 1500, removable only by strong anion-exchange resin. Ramamoorthy S S Morgan K K eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 8214983 0 Metals 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Biological Assay Daphnia Metals analysis Molecular Weight Sewage analysis Trout Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 6616084 1983 11 23 1983 11 23 2003 11 14

0007-4861 31 2 1983 Aug Feeding behavior of Daphnia pulex in crude oil dispersions. 152-7 Wong C K CK Strickler J R JR Engelhardt F R FR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 8002-74-2 Paraffin IM Animals Daphnia drug effects physiology Feeding Behavior drug effects Fuel Oils Paraffin Petroleum Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 6684619 1983 11 23 1983 11 23 2003 11 14

0278-6915 21 4 1983 Aug Study on the toxicity of sodium bromide to different freshwater organisms. 369-78 The toxicity of sodium bromide for freshwater organisms was tested using algae (Scenedesmus pannonicus), crustaceans (Daphnia magna) and fish (Poecilia reticulata and Oryzias latipes). Depending on the species tested, the acute toxicity varied from 44 to 5800 mg Br-/litre (EC50 values) and the No Observed Effect Concentrations (NOEC values) in the long-term tests varied from 7.8 to 250 mg Br-/litre. Bromide ion markedly impaired reproduction in both crustaceans and fish. Histologically no effects were observed in the long-term test with Oryzias, but in the reproduction test with Poecilia, hyperplasia of the thyroid, atrophy and degeneration of the musculature and regressive changes in the female reproductive tract were observed. As a criterion of water quality, 1 mg Br-/litre has been proposed, on the basis of reproductive performance in the Poecilia test. The concentrations found in surface water frequently exceed this value and sometimes reach levels at which acute effects on water organisms can be expected. Canton J H JH Wester P W PW Mathijssen-Spiekman E A EA eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Food Chem Toxicol 8207483 0 Bromides 0 Sodium Compounds 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-23-5 Sodium 7647-15-6 sodium bromide 7732-18-5 Water IM Algae, Green drug effects Animals Bromides toxicity Daphnia drug effects Fishes physiology Fresh Water Sodium toxicity Sodium Compounds Time Factors Water Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6357107 1983 12 17 1983 12 17 2003 11 14

0090-4341 12 5 1983 Sep Role of particulate organic matter in decreasing accumulation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by Daphnia magna. 559-68 McCarthy J F JF eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia metabolism Kinetics Polycyclic Hydrocarbons metabolism Saccharomyces cerevisiae Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants Water Pollutants, Chemical 6651343 1984 01 27 1984 01 27 2003 11 14

0090-4341 12 6 1983 Nov Acute and chronic toxicity of some chlorinated benzenes, chlorinated ethanes, and tetrachloroethylene to Daphnia magna. 679-84 Richter J E JE Peterson S F SF Kleiner C F CF eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Chlorobenzenes 0 Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated 127-18-4 Tetrachloroethylene 74-84-0 Ethane IM Animals Chlorobenzenes toxicity Daphnia drug effects Ethane toxicity Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Tetrachloroethylene toxicity 6662055 1984 02 27 1984 02 27 2003 11 14

0147-6513 7 6 1983 Dec Comparative studies on ecotoxicology of synthetic detergents. 538-45 To predict the comparative toxicological response of synthetic detergents on aquatic ecosystems, the effects of various concentrations of neutralized alkyl benzene sulfonate were studied. The median tolerance limit at 48 hr, 95% confidence limit, slope function, presumable harmless concentration, and rate of survival of different species of aquatic fauna such as water fleas (Daphnia magna), mosquito larvae (Culex pipiens), slug worms (Tubifex rivulorum), snails (Lymnaea vulgaris), tadpoles (Rana cyanophlyctis), and fish fingerlings (Cirrhina mrigala) were followed at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr. Any effect on quality of the water was also tested after the addition of various concentrations of detergents. The results showed that water fleas are more susceptible to detergent toxicity than fish fingerlings, tadpoles, slug worms, snails, and mosquito larvae. Behavioral changes were also observed as an index for detergent toxicity. The relative toxicity of the detergents to various species is discussed in relation to selective ecotoxicological response. Lal H H Misra V V Viswanathan P N PN Krishna Murti C R CR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Detergents 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Comparative Study Culex Daphnia Detergents toxicity Fishes Ranidae Snails Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Surface-Active Agents toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6232735 1984 06 07 1984 06 07 2003 11 14

0249-6402 5 6 1983 Nov [Medium-term Daphnia test. Evaluation of the toxicity of various trace metals in the presence of humic acids] 257-64 Toxicity of copper, cadmium and zinc complexed by the EDTA and HPO4(2)- ligands has recently been studied by the use of the short-term daphnia test. In order to detect the toxicity due to very small quantities of metals present in water in free ionic state or in complexed species formed with humic matters, a medium term test on Daphnia magna has been developed for a better appreciation of lethal and sublethal effects. Collected data are statistically analysed with the use, for instance, of "Lowest Rejected Concentration Tested" previously proposed by Skalski. The test defined in our laboratory allows to point out cadmium concentrations as small as 5 micrograms.l-1. Pommery J J Imbenotte M M Goumard G G Erb F F fre Journal Article Test Daphnie moyen terme. Evaluation de la toxicité de quelques métaux traces en présence d'acides humiques.

FRANCE Toxicol Eur Res 7901212 0 Trace Elements 1415-93-6 Humic Acids 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Aging Animals Cadmium toxicity Chemistry Copper toxicity Daphnia drug effects English Abstract Humic Acids pharmacology Kinetics Time Factors Trace Elements toxicity Zinc toxicity 318534 1989 10 25 1989 10 25 2003 11 14

0090-4341 6 4 1977 Absorption and elimination of 14C-alpha- and gamma-chlordane by a freshwater alga, daphnid, and goldfish. 411-20 Moore R R Toro E E Stanton M M Khan M A MA eng ES-01479 ES NIEHS Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 12789-03-6 Chlordan IM Absorption Algae metabolism Animals Chlordan metabolism Comparative Study Cyprinidae metabolism Daphnia metabolism Goldfish metabolism Isomerism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 6713145 1984 06 20 1984 06 20 2003 11 14

0007-4861 32 4 1984 Apr Acute and chronic toxicity of triclopyr triethylamine salt to Daphnia magna Straus. 497-502 Gersich F M FM Mendoza C G CG Hopkins D L DL Bodner K M KM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Glycolates 0 Herbicides 55335-06-3 triclopyr 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Diet Glycolates toxicity Herbicides toxicity Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lethal Dose 50 Oxygen analysis Temperature 6714138 1984 06 19 1984 06 19 2003 11 14

0147-6513 8 2 1984 Apr Toxicological evaluation of nitrofurazone and furaltadone on Selenastrum capricornutum, Daphnia magna, and Musca domestica. 101-5 Short-term toxicity of nitrofurans, nitrofurazone, furaltadone tartrate, and furaltadone chlorohydrate, was tested in the laboratory on two freshwater organisms, Selenastrum capricornutum (algae) and Daphnia magna (crustaceans). Toxicity studies with nitrofurazone were also carried out on larval development of the house fly Musca domestica L. Nitrofurazone was invariably the most toxic compound (the 96-hr EC50 of algal species was 1.45 mg/liters; the EC50 values for D. magna were 40.04 and 28.67 mg/liter after 24 and 48 hr, respectively) followed by furaltadone tartrate and furaltadone chlorohydrate. This study provides some evidence of the potential ecotoxicity of nitrofurans, indicating the need for further investigations. Macri' A A Sbardella E E eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Nitrofurans 0 Oxazolidinones 139-91-3 furaltadon 59-87-0 Nitrofurazone IM Algae drug effects Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Houseflies drug effects Larva Lethal Dose 50 Nitrofurans toxicity Nitrofurazone toxicity Oxazolidinones Species Specificity 6721582 1984 06 11 1984 06 11 2003 11 14

0090-4341 13 2 1984 Mar Reduction in toxicity of organic priority pollutants by pilot-scale conventional wastewater treatment process. 191-6 Horning W B WB 2nd Robinson E L EL Petrasek A C AC Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Fishes physiology Sewage Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6721583 1984 06 11 1984 06 11 2003 11 14

0090-4341 13 2 1984 Mar Multiple bioassays to assess the toxicity of a sanitary landfill leachate. 197-206 Plotkin S S Ram N M NM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae drug effects Animals Daphnia drug effects Fishes physiology Garbage Refuse Disposal Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6726344 1984 07 16 1984 07 16 2003 11 14

0270-6474 4 6 1984 Jun Cellular interactions and pattern formation in the visual system of the branchiopod crustacean, Daphnia magna. III. The relationship between cell birthdates and cell fates in the optic lamina. 1486-98 The birthdates of nerve cells in the optic ganglion of the water flea Daphnia magna were determined using [3H]thymidine autoradiography. The analysis was aided by computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction and correlated with serial electron microscopy of the developing visual system. Previous work has shown that the projection from eye to optic ganglion is retinotopic at the level of single cells ( Macagno , E.R., V. LoPresti , and C. Levinthal (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70: 433-437). Studies of both normal and perturbed development ( LoPresti , V.,E.R. Macagno , and C. Levinthal (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70: 56-61; Macagno , E.R. (1978) Nature 275: 318-320) have suggested that retinotopy is a consequence of an invariant pattern of sequential growth and cellular interactions. We report here that the laminar cells, the first-order target cells of the visual projection, become postmitotic in an orderly fashion that correlates with their position and connectivity in the adult array. Furthermore, presumptive laminar cells complete their final division just prior to or during initial contact with the growing processes of the visual fibers with which they will form their mature retinotopic contacts. The correlation between times of final division of target cells and the arrival of visual fibers with which they interact provides further indirect evidence that sequential growth and cellular interactions are key factors in establishing normal connectivity in the visual system of arthropods. Flaster M S MS Macagno E R ER eng NS-14946 NS NINDS Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Neurosci 8102140 10028-17-8 Tritium 50-89-5 Thymidine IM Animals Autoradiography Daphnia ultrastructure Microscopy, Electron Mitosis Neurons ultrastructure Optic Nerve cytology embryology ultrastructure Retina Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Thymidine diagnostic use Tritium diagnostic use 6145091 1984 07 19 1984 07 19 2003 11 14

0025-8326 2 1984 Mar-Apr [Evaluation of the selective toxicity of larvicides] 72-8 Gleĭberman S E SE Kerbabaev E B EB rus Journal Article Otsenka izbiratel'noĭ toksichnosti larvitsidov.

USSR Med Parazitol (Mosk) 0376635 0 Insecticides IM Animals Comparative Study Culicidae Daphnia English Abstract Fishes Insecticides Larva Lethal Dose 50 6587360 1984 07 24 1984 07 24 2003 11 14

0027-8424 81 11 1984 Jun Effect of selenium deficiency on cuticle integrity in the Cladocera (Crustacea). 3433-7 Daphnia pulex de Geer and Daphnia magna Straus populations cannot be maintained in defined (sensu stricto) media containing less than 0.1 part per billion (ppb) of selenium. A concentration of 1 ppb is sufficient to satisfy minimal needs in otherwise sufficient media. In the first generation with no selenium added to the medium or detected in it, media deficiency is shown by a premature cuticle deterioration visually similar to senescence, by progressive loss of distal segments of second antennae (primary swimming appendages), and by a shortened lifespan. No progeny attain reproductive maturity in the second generation. Although experimental animals in prime condition exhibit a shortened lifespan in the first generation maintained at 0.5 ppb selenium, culture lines can be maintained at 0.5 ppb for indefinite numbers of generations if established as young orthoclones . Tests in organic-rich media indicate a significant sparing effect of organic additions. This selenium requirement is reminiscent of that for the stability of feathers in domestic fowl. Keating K I KI Dagbusan B C BC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 7505876 7782-49-2 Selenium IM Aging Animals Daphnia anatomy & histology physiology Locomotion Selenium deficiency Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 6734503 1984 08 17 1984 08 17 2003 11 14

0147-6513 8 3 1984 Jun On the dynamics of chemically stressed populations: the deduction of population consequences from effects on individuals. 254-74 A general, simple, and explicit model for the age-dependent growth and reproduction of individuals as a function of food supply is presented. The model assumes a Holling-type functional response coupled with a von Bertalanffy body growth law, a fixed ratio between the energy utilized for reproduction and respiration, and a juvenile stage that ends as soon as the animal attains a sufficient weight. This model is shown to fit the available data on the development of Daphnia magna quite well. The model is used as a basis for studying the effects of chemicals on population growth rate, given the effects on individuals. Effects on individual growth and reproduction are reflected in a concentration-dependent relative reduction of the population growth rate. Effects on feeding rate, digestion, basal metabolism, and survival work out much more dramatically at low natural population growth rates. This already follows from a much simpler model that assumes age-independent reproduction, as exemplified to a good approximation by the rotifer Brachionus rubens. The theoretical results are supplemented with experimental evidence, implying that the stress on a population at a certain concentration of a chemical may indeed be strongly dependent on the feeding state of that population. Kooijman S A SA Metz J A JA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Environmental Pollutants IM Age Factors Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development physiology Environmental Pollutants toxicity Female Male Models, Biological Population Dynamics Population Growth Reproduction drug effects Rotifera drug effects growth & development physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 6145661 1984 08 02 1984 08 02 2003 11 14

0016-9900 4 1984 Apr [Comparative toxicity of inorganic compounds containing 3- and 5-valent arsenic with respect to health standards for water] 9-11 Krasovskiĭ G N GN Pozhidaeva N V NV rus Journal Article Sravnitel'naia toksichnost' neorganicheskikh soedineniĭ, soderzhashchikh trekh- i piativalentnyĭ mysh'iak, v sviazi s ikh gigienicheskim reglamentirovaniem v vode.

USSR Gig Sanit 0412700 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-38-2 Arsenic IM Animals Arsenic toxicity Comparative Study Culicidae Daphnia English Abstract Larva Lethal Dose 50 Rats Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Supply standards 6740328 1984 08 20 1984 08 20 2003 11 14

0036-8075 225 4662 1984 Aug 10 4-Nonylphenol in sewage sludge: accumulation of toxic metabolites from nonionic surfactants. 623-5 Anaerobically treated sewage sludge was found to contain extraordinarily high concentrations of 4-nonylphenol, a metabolite derived from nonionic surfactants of the nonylphenol polyethoxylate type. Concentrations in activated sewage sludge, in mixed primary and secondary sludge, and in aerobically stabilized sludge were substantially lower, suggesting that the formation of 4-nonylphenol is favored under mesophilic anaerobic conditions. Because 4-nonylphenol may be highly toxic to aquatic life, further research is needed on the fate of 4-nonylphenol after sludge is disposed of in the environment. Giger W W Brunner P H PH Schaffner C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Science 0404511 0 Phenols 104-40-5 4-nonylphenol IM Anaerobiosis Animals Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Daphnia Decapoda (Crustacea) Fishes Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Mass Fragmentography Phenols analysis toxicity Sewage adverse effects analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 6547869 1984 10 12 1984 10 12 2003 11 14

0007-4861 33 1 1984 Jul Acute toxicity of chromate, DDT, PCP, TPBS, and zinc to Daphnia magna cultured in hard and soft water. 63-8 Berglind R R Dave G G eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Benzenesulfonates 0 Sulfates 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 11067-82-6 tetrapropylenebenzyl sulfonate 471-34-1 Calcium Carbonate 50-29-3 DDT 7440-66-6 Zinc 7733-02-0 Zinc Sulfate 7778-50-9 Potassium Dichromate 87-86-5 Pentachlorophenol IM Animals Benzenesulfonates toxicity Calcium Carbonate analysis DDT toxicity Daphnia physiology Motor Activity drug effects Pentachlorophenol toxicity Potassium Dichromate toxicity Sulfates toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Supply analysis Zinc toxicity Zinc Sulfate 6382211 1984 10 24 1984 10 24 2003 11 14

0032-3756 39 12 1984 Mar 19 [Antigenic properties of allergens and allergoids prepared from Daphnia sp. L] 403-6 Sanokowska E E pol Journal Article Antygenowość alergenu i alergoidu rozwielitek--Daphnia sp. L.

POLAND Pol Tyg Lek 9705468 0 Allergens 0 Allergoid 0 Plant Extracts IM Allergens diagnostic use immunology Animals Coca Daphnia immunology English Abstract Immunologic Techniques Plant Extracts diagnostic use immunology Plants, Medicinal Rabbits 6478083 1984 11 21 1984 11 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 33 3 1984 Sep Effect of suspended bentonite clay on the acute toxicity of glyphosate to Daphnia pulex and Lemna minor. 355-61 Hartman W A WA Martin D B DB eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Herbicides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1071-83-6 glyphosate 1302-78-9 Bentonite 56-40-6 Glycine IM Adsorption Animals Bentonite pharmacology Daphnia drug effects Glycine analogs & derivatives toxicity Herbicides toxicity Particle Size Plants drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6479506 1984 11 05 1984 11 05 2003 11 14

0272-0590 4 4 1984 Aug Acute and environmental toxicity studies with hexazinone. 603-11 The acute toxicity of hexazinone, a herbicide intended for general noncropland areas and selected crop uses (alfalfa and sugarcane), has been evaluated to establish proper handling guidelines and to measure its potential impact on the environment. The material is slightly to moderately toxic when given as a single oral dose; its LD50 in male rats is 1690 mg/kg, in male guinea pigs 860 mg/kg, and in male dogs greater than 3400 mg/kg although in the dog emesis prevented accurate quantitation. When the material is administered intraperitoneally, the LD50 in rats is 530 mg/kg. Repeated doses (five oral doses per week for 2 weeks) of 300 mg/kg to rats produced slight weight loss in one of two replicate experiments. In both studies, no gross or histologic alterations were apparent. Hexazinone is a moderate to severe eye irritant in the rabbit and produced only mild erythema in rabbit skin at 5278 mg/kg, a dose which did not produce lethality or other clinical signs. Subchronic dermal exposures (10 consecutive doses) to rabbits produced increases in serum alkaline phosphatase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase at the highest levels tested (680 and 770 mg/kg in two separate experiments) with no effects seen at 150 mg/kg. There were no alterations in livers from treated rabbits examined by light microscopy. No dermal sensitization was produced when concentrations of up to 50% were tested in guinea pigs. One-hour inhalation exposure of up to 7.48 mg/liter did not produce mortality in rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Kennedy G L GL Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Fundam Appl Toxicol 8200838 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Herbicides 0 Irritants 0 Triazines 51235-04-2 hexazinone EC 2.6.1.2 Alanine Transaminase EC 3.1.3.1 Alkaline Phosphatase IM Alanine Transaminase blood Alkaline Phosphatase blood Animals Brachyura Colinus Comparative Study Daphnia Decapoda (Crustacea) Dogs Ducks Environmental Pollutants toxicity Eye drug effects Fishes Guinea Pigs Herbicides toxicity Irritants Lethal Dose 50 Male Oysters Rabbits Rats Skin drug effects Skin Absorption Species Specificity Time Factors Triazines metabolism toxicity Trout 6484524 1984 11 09 1984 11 09 2003 11 14

0300-8665 57 1984 [The application of biotests using aquatic test organisms] 99-108 Kühn R R ger Journal Article Anwendung von Biotesten mit aquatischen Testorganismen.

GERMANY, WEST Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Water Pollutants IM Algae Animals Daphnia microbiology Water Microbiology Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollution prevention & control 6487835 1984 12 20 1984 12 20 2003 11 14

0007-4861 33 4 1984 Oct Multivariate statistical analyses of 96-hour sediment bioassay and chemistry data. 400-9 Laskowski-Hoke R A RA Prater B L BL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Metals 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Analysis of Variance Animals Biological Assay methods Daphnia drug effects Diptera drug effects Metals analysis Mortality Time Factors Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 6149092 1984 11 28 1984 11 28 2003 11 14

0742-8413 78 2 1984 Effects of fluoride on growth, reproduction and survival in Daphnia magna. 425-31 The effects of waterborne fluoride (NaF) on growth, reproduction and survival in Daphnia magna were studied from subnormal to toxic concentrations in hard reconstituted water. The 24- and 48-hr EC50S for immobilization were 205 and 98 mg F (fluoride) 1(-1). Median survival times for fed and unfed Daphnia were reduced at concentrations of F above 8.9 and 10 mg F1(-1), respectively. Growth, determined as body length after 7 and 21 days, was partially inhibited at all concentrations above 3.7 mg F1(-1). Parthenogenetic reproduction was stimulated by all concentrations (dilution factor 0.5) between 0.45 X 10(-3) mg F1(-1) and 3.7 mg F1(-1) and inhibited by all concentrations above 3.7 mg F1(-1), compared to the control with no waterborne fluoride. The highest concentration with a reproduction (number of live progeny/live female) equivalent to the control after 21 days was 4.4 mg F1(-1). However, a progressive decline in reproduction between 14 and 21 days indicates a slight long-term inhibition above 0.58 mg F1(-1). The "safe" concentration equivalent to the geometric mean of NOEC or MATC for D. magna in hard water is 4.4 mg F1(-1), derived as ZEP, the Zero Equivalent Point, for reproduction after 21 days. Dave G G eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C 8310013 0 Fluorides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia growth & development physiology Fluorides toxicity Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Temperature Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6149093 1984 11 28 1984 11 28 2003 11 14

0742-8413 78 2 1984 Effects of waterborne iron on growth, reproduction, survival and haemoglobin in Daphnia magna. 433-8 The effects of waterborne iron (FeCl3 X 6H2O) on growth, reproduction, survival and haemoglobin content in Daphnia magna were studied from subnormal to toxic concentrations in hard reconstituted water. Low concentrations of iron stimulated reproduction and haemoglobin synthesis after chronic exposure for 21 days. Maximum reproduction occurred between 0.1 and 1 microgram Fe 1(-1). Juvenile growth was not stimulated by iron but was slightly inhibited between 1 and 8 micrograms Fe 1(-1) and above 128 micrograms Fe 1(-1). A slight inhibition of growth persisted for 21 days. Total haemoglobin content was above the control with no waterborne iron at all but one concentration (512 micrograms Fe 1(-1]. The highest value (3.8 X control value) was found at 2 micrograms Fe 1(-1). The haemoglobin content decreased between 64 and 512 micrograms Fe 1(-1) and increased at higher concentrations. The decrease coincided with an inhibited reproduction. The increase was found in non reproductive survivors. A comparison with a previous study in D. magna suggests that ambient conditions (hardness and pH) and ageing of the water are important for the effects of waterborne iron. At a hardness of 250 mg 1(-1) as CaCO3 and a pH range of 7.0-8.0 the ZEP (Zero Equivalent Point) for reproduction was 158 micrograms Fe 1(-1). Continuous exposure to higher concentrations is expected to lead to extinction of a D. magna population. Dave G G eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C 8310013 0 Hemoglobins 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7439-89-6 Iron IM Animals Daphnia growth & development physiology Hemoglobins analysis Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Iron toxicity Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6149094 1984 11 28 1984 11 28 2003 11 14

0742-8413 78 2 1984 Effects of copper on growth, reproduction, survival and haemoglobin in Daphnia magna. 439-43 The effects of additions of CuSO4 X 5H2O to final concentrations between 0.0004 and 105 micrograms Cu l-1 on growth, reproduction, survival and haemoglobin content of Daphnia magna were studied in hard reconstituted water and compared to the response in the dilution water without addition of copper. Concentrations of copper are nominal values. The 48-hr EC50 (immobilization) for unfed neonates was 6.5 micrograms Cu l-1 and the 48-hr and 21-day LC50 for fed neonates were 18.5 and 1.4 microgram Cu l-1, respectively. Growth expressed as body length of juveniles after 7 days and adult females after 21 days was only reduced in survivors at the highest non-lethal concentration (6.6 micrograms Cu l-1). Reproduction was stimulated by low concentrations of copper. Optimal reproduction after 21 days was found between 0.001 and 0.1 microgram Cu l-1. Higher concentrations were partially inhibitory (0.4 microgram Cu l-1), stimulatory (0.8 and 1.6 microgram Cu l-1) or completely inhibitory (3.2 micrograms Cu l-1 and above). The stimulatory peak around 1 microgram Cu l-1 was accompanied by a reduced survival (above 0.4 microgram Cu l-1). The Zero Equivalent Point (ZEP) for reproduction at non-reduced survival was 0.23 microgram Cu l-1. This concentration should be "safe" for D. magna under prevailing conditions (reconstituted water with a hardness of 250 mg l-1 as CaCo3 and a synthetic diet based on fish food and baby gruel). The haemoglobin content was affected by copper in a complex pattern which was not related to growth, reproduction or survival. Dave G G eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C 8310013 0 Hemoglobins 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-50-8 Copper IM Animals Copper toxicity Daphnia growth & development physiology Hemoglobins analysis Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6489239 1984 12 18 1984 12 18 2003 11 14

0147-6513 8 5 1984 Oct Biochemical and morphological comparison of microsomal preparations from rat, quail, trout, mussel, and water flea. 423-46 Differential centrifugation methods already in use were applied to purify rat, quail, and trout liver microsomes and modified as necessary to purify microsomes from mussel digestive gland and whole water flea. All these microsomal preparations were comparatively characterized with respect to protein and RNA content, levels of markers of subcellular contaminants, ultrastructural morphology, differential spectra of cytochromes P-450 and b5, monoxygenase activity, and in vitro metabolism of p-dichlorobenzene. Yields of microsomal proteins of the tested organisms differed widely, with mussel showing the lowest yield. Very low levels of nuclear and mitochondrial contaminants were detected in all microsomal preparations, but cell membrane contaminants were clearly present in most preparations. Daphnia microsomes were significantly contaminated by plasma membranes, and hepatopancreas microsomes contained significant amounts of partially disrupted secretory granules and plasma membrane. From a qualitative standpoint differential spectra of cytochrome b5 were very similar for all the preparations, whereas cytochrome P-450 spectra were largely dependent on the microsomal preparation as well as on the assay method used. The content of cytochrome P-450 was highest for rat liver microsomes and very low or absent in Daphnia and mussel preparations; the range of cytochrome b5 contents was much narrower. Significant differences were observed among monoxygenase activities of the different preparations. In Daphnia and mussel microsomes, aniline hydroxylase was absent and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity was much lower than in rat and quail microsomes. Benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity of trout liver microsomes was similar to that of rat and quail microsomes, whereas hydroxylation of substrates which in rat liver are preferentially metabolized by phenobarbital-inducible forms of cytochrome P-450 was much lower in trout microsomes. Ade P P Banchelli Soldaini M G MG Castelli M G MG Chiesara E E Clementi F F Fanelli R R Funari E E Ignesti G G Marabini A A Orunesu M M eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Chlorobenzenes 0 Cytochromes 0 Proteins 106-46-7 4-dichlorobenzene IM Animals Biotransformation Chlorobenzenes metabolism Comparative Study Coturnix Cytochromes metabolism Daphnia Microsomes enzymology metabolism ultrastructure Microsomes, Liver metabolism Mussels Proteins metabolism Rats Rats, Inbred Strains Subcellular Fractions metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Trout 6489240 1984 12 18 1984 12 18 2003 11 14

0147-6513 8 5 1984 Oct The water flea (Daphnia magna) as a sensitive indicator for the assessment of toxicity of synthetic detergents. 447-50 The water flea (Daphnia magna) was used as a sensitive indicator for assessing the toxicity due to synthetic detergents. Acute and chronic toxicity of detergents to the water flea was studied under laboratory conditions by following the median tolerance limit (TLM) at 48 hr and the rate of survival. A significant decrease in the rate of reproduction (number of hatching and neonates produced) were found at 21 days. During acute toxicity studies behavioural changes were also noticed. Lal H H Misra V V Viswanathan P N PN Murti C R CR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Detergents 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Detergents toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Surface-Active Agents toxicity Time Factors Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6498328 1985 01 04 1985 01 04 2000 12 18

0365-9615 98 10 1984 Oct [Daphnia magna Straus as consumers of enteropathogenic bacteria] 478-80 The ability of Daphnia magna Straus to digest enteropathogenic bacteria, i.e. Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia was studied in a series of experiments. High antibacterial activity of Daphnia magna Straus against these enteropathogenic bacteria was demonstrated by bacteriological and radionuclide methods. Thus, on the 3d-5th day of experiment a complete water clearance was observed in experimental flasks where Daphnia were fed Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia, while attempts to isolate bacteria from these flasks ended in failure. Radionuclide studies disclosed active assimilation of the degradation products of enteropathogenic bacteria by Daphnia throughout the entire experiment. Avtsyn A P AP Trager R S RS Martines T A TA rus Journal Article Daphnia magna Straus kak potrebiteli énteropatogennykh bakteriĭ.

USSR Biull Eksp Biol Med 0370627 IM Comparative Study Daphnia physiology English Abstract Enterobacteriaceae Feeding Behavior Salmonella Shigella Water Microbiology Yersinia 6498364 1985 01 14 1985 01 14 2003 11 14

0007-4861 33 5 1984 Nov Acute toxicity of hydrazine hydrate to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and daphnid (Daphnia pulex). 598-604 Velte J S JS eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Hydrazines 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 302-01-2 hydrazine 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Daphnia physiology Fishes physiology Fresh Water analysis Hydrazines toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Light Oxygen analysis Time Factors Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6498365 1985 01 14 1985 01 14 2003 11 14

0007-4861 33 5 1984 Nov Selenium effects on antennal integrity and chronic copper toxicity in Daphnia pulex (deGeer). 605-11 Winner R W RW eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-50-8 Copper 7782-49-2 Selenium IM Animals Copper toxicity Daphnia drug effects Selenium pharmacology Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6594967 1985 01 23 1985 01 23 2003 11 14

0077-8923 426 1984 The formation of three-dimensional biological structures. Computer uses and future needs. 171-80 Levinthal C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ann N Y Acad Sci 7506858 IM Animals Computers Daphnia Models, Biological Models, Molecular Nerve Net Nervous System Software 6542614 1985 02 14 1985 02 14 2003 11 14

0047-6374 28 1 1984 Nov Arresting development arrests aging in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. 23-40 Larval development of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, can be arrested by either of two different treatment: (1) complete starvation, or (2) growth in a partially defined culture medium (axenic medium) of strains adapted to bacterial growth. The developmental arrest is complete under total starvation and the starved populations live about 10 days. The developmental block is incomplete in axenic medium; most animals mature but maturation takes 10 times longer than normal. If developmentally arrested cultures are returned to growth on E. coli, both the completely starved and the axenically arrested cultures mature at normal rates. Life-span is prolonged by 1 day for each day of complete starvation; life-span is prolonged by 0.7 days for each day of axenic arrest. These results suggest that aging and development are closely coupled in this system. The results are discussed in terms of previous observations on nutritional deprivation in other invertebrates and caloric restriction in mammals and are interpreted in light of theoretical models of senescence. Johnson T E TE Mitchell D H DH Kline S S Kemal R R Foy J J eng AG-01236 AG NIA AG00952 AG NIA HD-11762 HD NICHD Journal Article

SWITZERLAND Mech Ageing Dev 0347227 0 Culture Media IM Aging Animals Caenorhabditis growth & development Culture Media Daphnia physiology Female Food Deprivation Larva physiology Ovum physiology Rodentia physiology Starvation physiopathology Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Time Factors 6522493 1985 03 18 1985 03 18 2003 11 14

0031-9384 33 5 1984 Nov Effects of crepuscular photoenvironment on light-induced behavior of Daphnia. 729-32 Phototactic response rates in the aquatic crustacean Daphnia magna were found to increase greatly when cultured under a lighting regime that included simulation of sunset and sunrise. The changes in intensity and color of the crepuscular periods are known to be the primary stimulus for vertical migrations of many planktonic forms, and may have importance to many other animals as well. The value of this type of lighting to investigators of animal behavior and physiology is discussed. Grover P B PB Jr Miller R J RJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Physiol Behav 0151504 IM Animals Behavior, Animal physiology Daphnia physiology Light Motor Activity physiology Periodicity Seasons Temperature 3980769 1985 04 26 1985 04 26 2003 11 14

0021-9967 233 1 1985 Mar 1 Computer reconstruction of all the neurons in the optic ganglion of Daphnia magna. 12-29 The cellular architecture of the Daphnia compound eye visual system was studied by using computer-aided techniques. All the neurons in one half of the bilaterally symmetric optic ganglion (OG) were reconstructed in three dimensions from serial electron micrographs. The techniques employed were those developed by Levinthal and collaborators (Macagno, Levinthal, and Sobel, Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 8:323-351, 1979). The approximately 200 neurons reconstructed were classified according to where they branch in the OG (the lamina and/or the medulla) and whether they send processes to the supraesophageal ganglion and/or across the midplane. Within each class, neurons were further characterized according to cell body location and size and location of their branching fields. Centrifugal processes from neurons with cell bodies not in the OG were also identified. These results provide the bases for a detailed examination of the synaptic connectivity of the identified neurons and for hypotheses concerning their functional roles in visually evoked behaviors. Sims S J SJ Macagno E R ER eng NS-14946 NS NINDS RR-0042 RR NCRR Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Comp Neurol 0406041 IM Animals Computers Daphnia anatomy & histology Ganglia anatomy & histology cytology Microscopy, Electron Models, Neurological Photoreceptors cytology Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 3987588 1985 05 30 1985 05 30 2003 11 14

0147-6513 9 1 1985 Feb The use of cohorts and populations in chronic toxicity studies with Daphnia magna: a cadmium example. 26-39 Two semistatic life table experiments with Daphnia magna were carried out on reconstituted and Lake IJssel water. The "nontoxic concentrations" for cadmium with respect to the intrinsic rate of natural increase, derived from age-specific survival and fecundity were 1 and 3.2 micrograms/liter, respectively. Body length appeared to be a sensitive parameter. A third intermittent-flow experiment was started with small, exponentially growing populations. These populations had a stable age distribution, were composed of cohorts of different ages and showed an almost perfect logistic growth. Cadmium was shown to reduce the upper numerical limit (carrying capacity) for D. magna and was inversely related to this parameter: log Y = 2.85 -0.20 log [Cd]; r = -0.99. A "nontoxic concentration" could not be established. Based on the "background" concentration of cadmium, a freshwater quality criterion of 0.1 microgram/liter is proposed. The results are used to discuss several shortcomings of the current methods. Finally it is stated that the introduction of the concepts of population dynamics in reproduction tests with D. magna is a realistic step towards ecotoxicology. van Leeuwen C J CJ Luttmer W J WJ Griffioen P S PS eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Actuarial Analysis Animals Cadmium toxicity Chemistry Chlorella drug effects Daphnia drug effects physiology Lethal Dose 50 Population Dynamics Reproduction drug effects Species Specificity Time Factors Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3921341 1985 05 30 1985 05 30 2003 11 14

0147-6513 9 1 1985 Feb Toxic impact of effluents from petrochemical industry. 84-91 The toxicity of effluents from a petrochemical industry center in southern Finland was tested by conducting bioassays on organisms from three different trophic levels. In fish tests, rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were caged at the discharge site and simultaneously at a reference area. The only clear differences, among the measurements of 25 metabolic parameters, were observed in fish liver where activities of two detoxication enzymes were significantly increased in the exposed group. The water flea (Daphnia magna) was used both in acute (EC50) and long-term reproduction tests. No acute lethal toxicity was detected in any of the wastewater samples investigated. A combined effluent, however, caused a reduction in the reproduction rate with an EC50 of 3%. No mutagenic activity was observed with the Ames test (Salmonella typhimurium, strains TA 97, TA 98, and TA 100) in concentrated effluents, in sediment samples, or in liver samples from predator fish caught from the discharge site. Nikunen E E eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Glucuronates 0 Metals 0 Proteins 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 576-37-4 Glucuronic Acid EC 2.4.1.17 Glucuronosyltransferase EC 2.6.1.1 Aspartate Aminotransferases EC 3.1.1.7 Acetylcholinesterase IM Acetylcholinesterase blood Animals Aspartate Aminotransferases blood Bile metabolism Chemical Industry Daphnia metabolism Finland Glucuronates blood Glucuronic Acid Glucuronosyltransferase metabolism Metals blood Mitochondria, Liver enzymology Muscles metabolism Mutagenicity Tests Petroleum Proteins metabolism Salmonella typhimurium genetics Salmonidae metabolism Trout metabolism Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3987601 1985 06 17 1985 06 17 2003 11 14

0147-6513 9 2 1985 Apr The effects of lead on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity, growth, hemoglobin content, and reproduction in Daphnia magna. 216-29 The effects of continuous exposure to lead for various periods and recovery in clean water on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity, hemoglobin content, growth, and reproduction were studied in Daphnia magna. Steady-state inhibition of ALA-D activity was reached within 2 days in 16, 64, and 256 micrograms Pb liter-1, but restoration in clean water was prolonged in relation to previous exposure. In spite of the inhibition of ALA-D activity hemoglobin content increased after 2 days in 16 and 24 micrograms Pb liter-1. Furthermore, hemoglobin content in previously exposed animals increased during recovery in clean water. Maximum hemoglobin content (2.9 times control value) was found after 2 days recovery of animals exposed to 64 micrograms Pb liter-1. These findings suggest that some enzyme(s) other than ALA-D in the biosynthetic pathway of hemoglobin formation is (are) more sensitive to lead. Growth, in contrast to reproduction, was stimulated by low concentrations of lead (less than 64 micrograms Pb liter-1), although in 256 micrograms Pb liter-1 growth was also significantly impaired. After 19 days the 16 and 50% reproductive impairment concentrations were less than or equal to 1 and 10 micrograms Pb liter-1, respectively. Berglind R R Dave G G Sjöbeck M L ML eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Hemoglobins 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7439-92-1 Lead 7782-44-7 Oxygen EC 4.2.1.24 Porphobilinogen Synthase IM Animals Daphnia drug effects physiology Hemoglobins metabolism Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lead toxicity Oxygen analysis Porphobilinogen Synthase metabolism Reproduction drug effects Seawater analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 6532967 1985 05 28 1985 05 28 2003 11 14

0971-5916 80 1984 Dec Toxicity of Bacillus sphaericus strains to selected target & non-target aquatic organisms. 653-7 Mathavan S S Velpandi A A eng Journal Article

INDIA Indian J Med Res 0374701 IM Animals Bacillus Chironomidae Culex Daphnia Pest Control, Biological Ranidae Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2861028 1985 08 05 1985 08 05 2003 11 14

0742-8413 80 2 1985 The effects of cadmium on ALA-D activity, growth and haemoglobin content in the water flea, Daphnia magna. 407-10 The ALA-D activity, haemoglobin content and growth was studied in the water flea, Daphnia magna, exposed to 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 micrograms Cd/l. The ALA-D activity in water fleas exposed to 0.2-1.6 micrograms Cd/l fluctuated around the control value. The activity in animals exposed to 0.1 micrograms Cd/l decreased during the entire experiment. After 16 days exposure to cadmium the haemoglobin content in water fleas ranged between 80 and 31% of control value. In animals exposed to 0.8 and 1.6 micrograms Cd/l the haemoglobin content decreased progressively during the experiment. Growth was not affected by cadmium at these concentrations. Berglind R R eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C 8310013 0 Hemoglobins 7440-43-9 Cadmium EC 4.2.1.24 Porphobilinogen Synthase IM Animals Cadmium pharmacology Daphnia drug effects metabolism Hemoglobins metabolism Porphobilinogen Synthase metabolism Subcellular Fractions metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 4006832 1985 08 05 1985 08 05 2003 11 14

0147-6513 9 3 1985 Jun An example of interaction between environmental pollutants: modification of thiram toxicity to freshwater organisms by nitrites or nitrates in relation to nitrosamine synthesis. 327-38 Thiram, a dithiocarbamate fungicide, is known to evolve to dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) when associated with nitrites. Conditions of appearance of that carcinogenic compound have been studied in short-term experiments by association of the fungicide, nitrates or nitrites, and species representative of freshwater biota. DMNA has been estimated by GLC equipped with a specific detector. Chlorella vulgaris can rapidly produce nitrites from nitrates and DMNA is obtained in presence of thiram. Daphnia magna can also synthesize DMNA but nitrites have to be added to the medium. Increased toxicity of thiram is observed. The same results are obtained on Cyprinus carpio and for a part on Brachydanio rerio. When the species are associated in a 15-day experimental food chain, and intoxicated algae feed the two other levels, no significant transfer is observed. Nevertheless, some DMNA hazard may exist for particular species exposed to thiram associated with nitrites or even nitrates if algae are present. Jouany J M JM Truhaut R R Vasseur P P Klein D D Ferard J F JF Deschamps P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Nitrates 0 Nitrites 0 Nitrosamines 0 Thiocarbamates 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 137-26-8 Thiram IM Algae drug effects Animals Chemistry Crustacea drug effects Drug Interactions Fishes physiology Nitrates toxicity Nitrites toxicity Nitrosamines toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Thiocarbamates toxicity Thiram toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 4016297 1985 09 19 1985 09 19 2003 11 14

0007-4861 34 6 1985 Jun Inorganic chemical composition of trout food pellets and alfalfa used to sustain Daphnia magna Straus. 890-6 Cowgill U M UM Emmel H W HW Takahashi I T IT eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Metals IM Animal Feed analysis Animals Daphnia physiology Fresh Water analysis Medicago sativa analysis Metals analysis Trout 4026720 1985 09 25 1985 09 25 2003 11 14

0005-0423 62 4 1985 Apr Echinura uncinata infestation in mute swan cygnets (Cygnus olor). 132 Griffiths G L GL Hopkins D D Wroth R H RH Gaynor W W eng Case Reports Journal Article

AUSTRALIA Aust Vet J 0370616 IM Animals Australia Bird Diseases epidemiology pathology Birds Daphnia parasitology Disease Reservoirs veterinary Female Male Nematoda Nematode Infections epidemiology pathology veterinary Proventriculus parasitology pathology Species Specificity 4027402 1985 10 03 1985 10 03 2003 11 14

0007-4861 35 1 1985 Jul Acute and chronic toxicity of technical picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) to Daphnia magna Straus. 121-6 Gersich F M FM Hopkins D L DL Milazzo D P DP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Picolinic Acids 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1918-02-1 Picloram IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Picloram toxicity Picolinic Acids toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 4027430 1985 10 01 1985 10 01 2000 12 18

0007-4861 35 2 1985 Aug Application of acute bioassays in evaluating the treatment of coal liquefaction wastewaters. 249-57 Feeley T J TJ 3rd Drummond C J CJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7664-41-7 Ammonia IM Ammonia analysis Biological Assay Coal Daphnia drug effects Industrial Waste adverse effects analysis Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 4033755 1985 10 08 1985 10 08 2003 11 14

0028-0836 316 6029 1985 Aug 15-21 Water fleas as population model. 577-8 Lawton J H JH eng News

ENGLAND Nature 0410462 IM Animals Daphnia physiology Models, Biological Population Dynamics 4041641 1985 11 06 1985 11 06 2003 11 14

0007-4861 35 3 1985 Sep Acute toxicity of four phenoxy herbicides to aquatic organisms. 314-21 Alexander H C HC Gersich F M FM Mayes M A MA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Dimethylamines 0 Herbicides 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 2008-39-1 2,4-D amine 25168-26-7 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid isooctyl ester 26544-20-7 (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid isooctyl ester 94-74-6 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid 94-75-7 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid IM 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid analogs & derivatives toxicity 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid analogs & derivatives toxicity Animals Daphnia physiology Dimethylamines toxicity Fishes physiology Herbicides toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 4041647 1985 11 06 1985 11 06 2003 11 14

0007-4861 35 3 1985 Sep Daphnia magna as an indicator of the acute toxicity of waste waters. 368-74 Nikunen E E Miettinen V V eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Chromates 0 Industrial Waste 0 Potassium Compounds 7789-00-6 potassium chromate(VI) IM Animals Chromates analysis Daphnia physiology Industrial Waste adverse effects Paper Potassium Compounds Sewage adverse effects analysis Wool 4043467 1985 11 18 1985 11 18 2003 11 14

0011-9083 171 8 1985 [Contact dermatitis caused by Daphnia] 523-4 Metzner H H HH ger Case Reports Journal Article Kontaktekzem durch Daphnien.

GERMANY, EAST Dermatol Monatsschr 0232053 IM Animal Feed adverse effects Animals Daphnia Dermatitis, Contact diagnosis etiology Eyelid Diseases diagnosis etiology Fishes Human Male Middle Aged Skin Tests 4052657 1985 12 10 1985 12 10 2003 11 14

0007-4861 35 4 1985 Oct Acute toxicity of aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, and aldicarb sulfone to Daphnia laevis. 546-50 Foran J A JA Germuska P J PJ Delfino J J JJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Insecticides, Carbamate 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 116-06-3 Aldicarb 1646-87-3 aldicarb sulfoxide 1646-88-4 aldicarb sulfone IM Aldicarb analogs & derivatives analysis toxicity Animals Daphnia drug effects Insecticides, Carbamate toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Supply analysis 3902346 1985 11 25 1985 11 25 2003 11 14

0305-0491 82 1 1985 The structure of invertebrate extracellular hemoglobins (erythrocruorins and chlorocruorins). 1-15 The knowledge accumulated over the last 30 years concerning the subunit structures of the invertebrate extracellular hemoglobins permits us to classify them into four distinct groups. Single-domain, single-subunit hemoglobins consisting of single, heme-binding polypeptide chains which have a molecular mass of ca. 16 KDa. These molecules are found in multicellular parasitic organisms such as the trematodes Dicrocoelium and Fasciolopsis and in a few insects, namely in the adult Anisops and in the larvae of Chironomus and of Buenoa. Two-domain, multi-subunit hemoglobins consisting of 30-37 KDa polypeptide chains each containing two, linearly connected heme-binding domains, which form polymeric aggregates with molecular masses ranging from 250 to 800 KDa. These hemoglobins are found extensively among the carapaced branchiopod crustaceans: Caenestheria, Daphnia and Lepidurus hemoglobins have been found to consist of 10, 16 and 24 two-domain chains, respectively. Judging from their electron microscopic appearances, some of the hemoglobins may possess different molecular symmetries. Multi-domain, multi-subunit hemoglobins consisting of two or more polypeptide chains, each comprising many heme-binding domains of ca. 15-20 KDa each. Examples of this class are found among the carapaceless branchiopod crustaceans, the planorbid snails and the clams from the families Astartidae and Carditidae. Artemia hemoglobin consists of two chains of ca. 125 KDa, each containing 8 heme-binding domains. Planorbis and Helisoma hemoglobins possess a molecular mass of ca. 1700 KDa and consist of 10 chains of 170-200 KDa. Astarte and Cardita hemoglobins appear in electron micrographs as rod-like polymers of variable dimensions, 20-30 nm in diameter and 20-100 nm in length and consist of polypeptide chains of ca. 300 KDa. The crustacean and gastropod hemoglobins vary in their electron microscopic appearance and may possess different molecular symmetries. Single-domain, multi-subunit hemoglobins consisting of aggregates of several small subunits, some of which are disulfide-bonded and not all of which contain heme. These molecules are widely distributed among the annelids and possibly also among the pogonophores. They are characterized by a two-tiered, hexagonal electron microscopic appearance, with a vertex-to-vertex diameter of 30 nm and a height of 20 nm, an acidic isoelectric point, a sedimentation coefficient of 50-60 S and a low iron content of 0.24 +/- 0.03%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Vinogradov S N SN eng HL 25952 HL NHLBI Journal Article Review

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol B 2984730R 0 Erythrocruorins 0 Hemeproteins 0 Hemoglobins 0 Macromolecular Systems 24869-67-8 chlorocruorin 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Comparative Study Erythrocruorins genetics metabolism Extracellular Space metabolism Hemeproteins genetics metabolism Hemoglobins metabolism Invertebrates metabolism Macromolecular Systems Oxygen metabolism Phylogeny Protein Binding Species Specificity Structure-Activity Relationship Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 172 2865073 1985 12 16 1985 12 16 2003 11 14

0742-8413 82 1 1985 Modulation of substrate-specific glutathione S-transferase activity in Daphnia magna with concomitant effects on toxicity tolerance. 37-42 Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was measured in Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia reticulata using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and ethacrynic acid (EA) as conjugation substrates. Levels of GST activity were comparable between species with CDNB; however, D. magna had nearly twice the GST activity with EA as compared to C. reticulata. GST activity with CDNB was elevated from exposure of daphnids to either CDNB or sodium pentachlorophenate (PCP), but not from exposure to EA. GST activity with EA could not be modulated from exposure to CDNB or EA. GST activity towards CDNB and EA was biochemically separated into different protein fractions suggesting the existence of two distinct isozymes. Preexposure of daphnids to CDNB or PCP increased the organisms' tolerance to the toxic effects of PCP, but not CDNB. LeBlanc G A GA Cochrane B J BJ eng R23-GM30891 GM NIGMS Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C 8310013 0 Epoxy Compounds 0 Nitrobenzenes 0 Nitrophenols 5255-75-4 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane 58-54-8 Ethacrynic Acid 87-86-5 Pentachlorophenol 97-00-7 Dinitrochlorobenzene 99-54-7 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene EC 2.5.1.18 Glutathione Transferase IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects enzymology Dinitrochlorobenzene pharmacology Enzyme Induction drug effects Epoxy Compounds pharmacology Ethacrynic Acid pharmacology Glutathione Transferase metabolism Nitrobenzenes pharmacology Nitrophenols pharmacology Pentachlorophenol pharmacology Substrate Specificity Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 4074929 1986 02 17 1986 02 17 2003 11 14

0007-4861 35 5 1985 Nov Effects of four agricultural pesticides on Daphnia pulex, Lemna minor, and Potamogeton pectinatus. 646-51 Hartman W A WA Martin D B DB eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Pesticides 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Pesticides toxicity Plants drug effects Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3940573 1986 02 17 1986 02 17 2003 11 14

0007-4861 36 1 1986 Jan Renewal device for test solutions in Daphnia toxicity tests. 95-100 Jop K M KM Rodgers J H JH Jr Price E E EE Dickson K L KL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Industrial Waste Species Specificity Toxicology instrumentation Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 4081779 1986 02 12 1986 02 12 2003 11 14

0048-9697 46 1985 Nov Correlation of metal ion toxicities to mice. 113-9 Recently reported correlations of acute ip LD50 metal ion toxicities to mice by Turner et al. (1983), have been re-investigated using the ion-specific parameters reported by Kaiser (1980) for sublethal metal ion toxicities to Daphnia magna. For the 15 ions with partially or completely filled d-shells, Rh(III), Fe(III), Cr(III), Mn(II), Co(II), Pd(II), Ni(II), Au(III), Zn(II), Pt(II), Ag(I), Cu(II), In(III), Hg(II), and Cd(II), a correlation coefficient of r2 = 0.76 is found. This is a significant improvement over the value of r2 = 0.36 observed for the 14 divalent metal ions by Turner et al. with the softness parameter sigma as the independent variable. This re-investigation proves the applicability of the ionization potential and redox potential derived parameters for the quantitative correlation of metal ion toxicities to both aquatic and terrestrial biota. Kaiser K L KL eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Cations 0 Metals IM Animals Cations Comparative Study Lethal Dose 50 Metals toxicity Mice Oxidation-Reduction Rats Species Specificity 4085381 1986 02 26 1986 02 26 2003 11 14

0147-6513 10 2 1985 Oct Influence of benzene on the phytoplankton and on Daphnia pulex in compartments of an experimental pond. 218-27 Benzene, with initial concentrations of 100 and 50 mg per liter, was dosed in duplicates into four compartments of a small pond. The decrease of chemical concentration in the water was exponential with a mean half-life of 4.7 +/- 0.9 days. Following benzene application, the phytoplankton density and diversity slightly increased relative to the controls. Both concentrations were lethal for the daphnids present. During 24-hr in vitro tests with Daphnia pulex (initial benzene concentrations less than 50 mg per liter), a direct correlation between mobility and decreasing chemical concentration was observed. Lay J P JP Schauerte W W Peichl L L Klein W W Korte F F eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 71-43-2 Benzene 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Benzene pharmacology Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Half-Life Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Oxygen analysis Phytoplankton drug effects Plankton drug effects Solubility Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Temperature Water Pollutants, Chemical 3937572 1986 04 01 1986 04 01 2003 11 14

0764-4469 301 13 1985 [Study model of the mid-range ecotoxicity of chemical substances] 615-9 Semi-chronic ecotoxic effects are measured by studying mortality and reproduction of daphnids, grown in toxic medium and fed with toxic chlorellae during 4 weeks. Toxic biosorption is controlled analytically. Toxicity of Cd++ at a concentration of an order of magnitude of by liter is revealed after 14 days. Cr6+ appears non toxic at concentrations under 25 micrograms/l. Jouany J M JM Vasseur P P Ferard J F JF Lelandais D D Truhaut R R fre Journal Article Modèle d'étude de l'écotoxicité à moyen terme des substances chimiques.

FRANCE C R Acad Sci III 8503078 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-47-3 Chromium IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Chlorella Chromium toxicity Daphnia drug effects English Abstract Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3956433 1986 05 07 1986 05 07 2003 11 14

0147-6513 11 1 1986 Feb Effects of metal salt mixtures on Daphnia magna reproduction. 9-14 Three binary metal experiments were conducted using a "complete block design"; testing the chlorides of Cd, Hg, and Zn individually and in combinations of Cd-Hg, Cd-Zn, and Zn-Hg on Daphnia magna reproduction. These mixtures were tested at one-half, once, and twice the 16% reproductive impairment concentration previously determined for individual metals. The Cd-Hg, Cd-Zn, and Zn-Hg mixtures all showed significant reductions in reproduction at concentrations where the metal salts alone caused no significant effect. Biesinger K E KE Christensen G M GM Fiandt J T JT eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Metals 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7439-97-6 Mercury 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Daphnia drug effects physiology Drug Interactions Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Mercury toxicity Metals toxicity Reproduction drug effects Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Zinc toxicity 3956459 1986 04 30 1986 04 30 2003 11 14

0013-9351 39 2 1986 Apr The uptake of cadmium from a dietary and soluble source by the crustacean Daphnia magna. 290-8 Daphnia were exposed to radioactively labeled cadmium in solution and in the presence of Chlorella which had been preloaded with the metal to varying extents. Illuminated algal cells retained the cadmium and greatly reduced its availability to the daphnids. Autoradiographic evidence was obtained which implicated the exoskeleton as a major sink for the cadmium taken up from solution. Cadmium in solution at a concentration close to the 48 hr LC50 level did not affect respiration during the first 6 hr of exposure. Retention patterns were similar, regardless of the source of cadmium, but ecdysis resulted in a considerable loss of body burden provided that this had been acquired via a predominantly soluble route. Carney G C GC Shore P P Chandra H H eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Res 0147621 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Cadmium metabolism Chlorella metabolism Daphnia metabolism Diet Oxygen Consumption Solubility Time Factors 3834440 1986 06 13 1986 06 13 2003 11 14

0031-9376 28 6 Suppl 1985 Dec Morphological evidence of mechanoreceptive gravity perception in a water flea, Daphnia magna. S149-50 Meyers D G DG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Physiologist 0401143 IM S Animals Daphnia physiology ultrastructure Gravitation Mechanoreceptors physiology Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 86206315 3708177 1986 07 02 1986 07 02 2003 11 14

0007-4861 36 5 1986 May Chronic toxicity of 4-nitrophenol to Daphnia magna Straus under statis-renewal and flow-through conditions. 730-7 Francis P C PC Grothe D W DW Scheuring J C JC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Nitrophenols 100-02-7 4-nitrophenol IM Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development Nitrophenols administration & dosage toxicity Reproduction drug effects 3709407 1986 06 27 1986 06 27 2003 11 14

0147-6513 11 2 1986 Apr Bioconcentration of lipophilic compounds by some aquatic organisms. 184-97 With nondegradable, lipophilic compounds having log P values ranging from 2 to 6, direct linear relationships have been found between the logarithms of the equilibrium bioconcentration factors, and also reciprocal clearance rate constants, with log P for daphnids and molluscs. These relationships permit calculation of the times required for equilibrium and significant bioconcentration of lipophilic chemicals. Compared with fish, these time periods are successively shorter for molluscs, then daphnids. The equilibrium biotic concentration was found to decrease with increasing chemical hydrophobicity for both molluscs and daphnids. Also, new linear relationships between the logarithm of the bioconcentration factor and log P were found for compounds not attaining equilibrium within finite exposure times. Hawker D W DW Connell D W DW eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia metabolism Fishes metabolism Mollusca metabolism Regression Analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Water Pollutants metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism 3709460 1986 07 03 1986 07 03 2003 11 14

0091-6765 65 1986 Mar Environmental fate and aquatic toxicology studies on phthalate esters. 337-40 A comprehensive environmental fate and effects testing program, sponsored by the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) Phthalate Esters Program Panel, has been completed. Based on the results, a preliminary safety assessment has shown that all of the 14 commercially important phthalates tested have sufficiently high safety factors to demonstrate low potential for adverse environmental effects. This program comprised acute toxicity studies on nine representative species of aquatic life, chronic reproduction studies on Daphnia magna, biodegradation (fate) testing, and physicochemical property (mobility) determinations on 14 phthalate esters. The objectives of this program were to determine for each test compound: The concentration at which effects on aquatic life might occur, the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic life, and the relative persistence in the environment. These data would provide the basis for an environmental safety assessment and would identify potential effects that might require further investigation. A total of 195 individual studies were carried out. Tests on a wide variety of aquatic organisms representing different food chain levels in both fresh and salt water environments showed that no single test species was unusually sensitive to the test materials. The higher molecular weight (longer side-chain) phthalates exhibited no toxic effects up to their limits of water solubility in the test systems. Even though the lower molecular weight, more water-soluble phthalates produced toxic effects below their limits of water solubility, no product exhibited unusually severe effects of concern.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Group E F EF Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Phthalic Acids 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae drug effects Animals Biotransformation Fishes Fresh Water Invertebrates drug effects Phthalic Acids toxicity Seawater Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3719124 1986 08 07 1986 08 07 2003 11 14

0007-4861 36 6 1986 Jun Effect of extended sublethal exposure to sodium selenite on Ceriodaphnia affinis. 876-80 Owsley J A JA McCauley D E DE eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7782-49-2 Selenium 7783-00-8 Selenious Acid IM Animals Daphnia physiology Lethal Dose 50 Selenious Acid Selenium toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Temperature Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3719137 1986 08 21 1986 08 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 37 1 1986 Jul Bioaccumulation of fossil fuel components during single-compound and complex-mixture exposures of Daphnia magna. 125-32 Dauble D D DD Carlile D W DW Hanf R W RW Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Phenols 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Aniline Compounds metabolism Animals Biological Transport Daphnia metabolism Fuel Oils analysis Kinetics Petroleum analysis Phenols metabolism Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Time Factors Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 3722715 1986 08 04 1986 08 04 2003 11 14

0260-437X 6 3 1986 Jun Acute toxicity of brass particles to Daphnia magna. 225-8 The aquatic toxicity of brass particles was examined. Acute, 48 hour bioassays were performed using the water flea, Daphnia magna. Tests were conducted with uniform suspensions of uncoated brass particles, brass particles coated with a Teflon solution, silica particles, and titanium dioxide particles. The Teflon coating solution and the supernatant of the brass suspension (after settling of the brass) also were tested. All tests were conducted according to guidelines set forth by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Mean EC50 determinations of 20.0 micrograms l-1 and 23.6 micrograms l-1 were calculated for uncoated brass particles and coated brass particles, respectively. The silica, titanium dioxide, and Teflon each had an EC50 greater than 1 g l-1. Chemical fate studies demonstrated that the brass dissociated to its ionic components of copper and zinc quickly at pH 2.0. At pH 5.0 and 6.5, the dissociation occurred too slowly to account for the observed toxicity. The data suggested that the toxicity is due to filtration by the daphnids and subsequent ingestion. EC50 determinations for the brass particles are nearly identical with published EC50 values for copper salts. Johnson D W DW Haley M V MV Hart G S GS Muse W T WT Landis W G WG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Appl Toxicol 8109495 0 Alloys 0 Water Pollutants 12597-71-6 brass 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Alloys metabolism toxicity Animals Copper toxicity Daphnia drug effects Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lethal Dose 50 Water Pollutants toxicity Zinc toxicity 3742087 1986 10 10 1986 10 10 2003 11 14

0007-4861 37 2 1986 Aug Acute toxicity of cadmium and sodium pentachlorophenate to daphnids and fish. 308-16 Hall W S WS Paulson R L RL Hall L W LW Jr Burton D T DT eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Chlorophenols 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium 87-86-5 Pentachlorophenol IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Chlorophenols toxicity Daphnia physiology Fishes physiology Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lethal Dose 50 Pentachlorophenol toxicity Species Specificity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3756339 1986 11 19 1986 11 19 2003 11 14

0365-9615 102 9 1986 Sep [Resistance of the alimentary canal of Daphnia magna Straus to the effect of enteropathogenic NAG-vibrios] 342-5 The interrelations between 30 Daphnias and enteropathogenic NAG-vibrios were experimentally investigated. Using histological and immunoserological techniques, NAG-vibrio administration into the medium inhabited by Crustaceous was shown to cause no pathological changes in the animal alimentary canal. Daphnias used these organisms as food. The intestinal epithelium is well protected from mechanical injury by peritrophic membrane, chitinous lining and peritrophic cavity where digestion takes place. Avtsyn A P AP Petrova T P TP rus Journal Article Rezistentnost' pishchevaritel'nogo kanala Daphnia magna Straus k deĭstviiu énteropatogennykh NAG-vibrionov.

USSR Biull Eksp Biol Med 0370627 IM Animals Daphnia microbiology Digestive System anatomy & histology microbiology English Abstract Vibrio pathogenicity 3757868 1986 11 12 1986 11 12 2003 11 14

0147-6513 12 1 1986 Aug Effects of fenvalerate on biochemical parameters, survival, and reproduction of Daphnia magna. 70-84 Daphnia magna were exposed to fenvalerate at nominal concentrations of 0.5, 0.25, 0.13, 0.06, and 0.03 micrograms/liter for 21 days. On Days 7 and 21 of exposure, levels of ribonucleic acid (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glycogen, and lipid were measured, and the results were related to survival and reproduction during the 21-day test period. Survival was not significantly (alpha = 0.05) affected by the 21-day exposure; however, reproduction was reduced at fenvalerate concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 micrograms/liter. On Day 7, protein, RNA, ADP, caloric equivalents, and glycogen were also significantly reduced at fenvalerate concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 micrograms/liter. Thus, these biochemical parameters identified the same no observable effect concentration (NOEC) as did reproduction. Variables derived from biochemical parameters were related to reduced protein growth and reproduction. Decreases in protein/RNA and glycogen/lipid ratios and increases in ADP/DNA, ADP/ATP, protein/RNA/DNA, and lipid/DNA ratios were observed at Day 7 for those daphnia exposed to 0.5 micrograms/liter of fenvalerate. The only derived variable that reflected the reduced protein growth at Day 7 in daphnia exposed to 0.25 micrograms/liter of fenvalerate was the glycogen/lipid ratio. Biochemical determinations at Day 21 indicated that the organisms exposed to 0.25 micrograms/liter of fenvalerate were not different from controls, whereas those exposed to 0.5 micrograms/liter were still affected. McKee M J MJ Knowles C O CO eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Insecticides 0 Pyrethrins 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 51630-58-1 fenvalerate IM Animals Daphnia physiology Insecticides toxicity Pyrethrins analysis toxicity Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 3758699 1986 11 07 1986 11 07 2003 11 14

0016-9900 7 1986 Jul [Molecular connectivity and the acute toxicity of substances] 18-9 Zholdakova Z I ZI Koch R R rus Journal Article Molekuliarnaia konnektivnost' i ostraia toksichnost' veshchestv.

USSR Gig Sanit 0412700 IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Drug Toxicity English Abstract Fishes Lethal Dose 50 Molecular Conformation Rats Regression Analysis Structure-Activity Relationship 3532268 1986 11 14 1986 11 14 2003 11 14

0300-8738 90 2 1986 Apr-Jun [Experimental research on using lactic acid for the disinfection of water] 327-31 Ciochină I N IN Apostol S S Alexa L L Neamţu G G Simionescu R R rum Journal Article Cercetări experimentale în scopul utilizării acidului lactic pentru dezinfecţia apei.

ROMANIA Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 0413735 0 Lactates 50-21-5 Lactic Acid IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Disinfection methods Dose-Response Relationship, Drug English Abstract Escherichia coli drug effects Lactates pharmacology Lactic Acid Protozoa drug effects Sterilization methods Time Factors Water Microbiology Water Supply 2429484 1986 11 14 1986 11 14 2003 11 14

0372-9311 8 1986 Aug [Comparative immunological characteristics of Daphnia allergens] 83-5 Materials on the study of Daphnia allergens are presented. Daphnia allergens have been shown to possess considerable sensitizing properties. The optimum method for the preparation of the allergen has been selected. The method of measuring the electrophoretic mobility of cells with a view to the evaluation of the specific activity of Daphnia allergen is proposed. Berzhets V M VM Mochalov A A AA Sipitsyna N E NE Petrova N S NS Kanchurin A Kh AKh rus Journal Article Sravnitel'naia immunologicheskaia kharakteristika allergenov iz dafnii.

USSR Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 0415217 0 Allergens 0 Antibodies 0 Epitopes IM Allergens immunology isolation & purification Animals Antibodies analysis Comparative Study Daphnia immunology Electrophoresis English Abstract Epitopes immunology isolation & purification Guinea Pigs Immunization Immunodiffusion Mast Cells immunology Rabbits Rats 3768559 1986 12 11 1986 12 11 2003 11 14

0007-4861 37 4 1986 Oct Acute toxicity and QSAR of chlorophenols on Daphnia magna. 599-605 Devillers J J Chambon P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Chlorophenols 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Chlorophenols toxicity Daphnia physiology Lethal Dose 50 Oxygen analysis Structure-Activity Relationship 3768561 1986 12 11 1986 12 11 2003 11 14

0007-4861 37 4 1986 Oct Comparative toxicity of methanol and N,N-dimethylformamide to freshwater fish and invertebrates. 615-21 Poirier S H SH Knuth M L ML Anderson-Buchou C D CD Brooke L T LT Lima A R AR Shubat P J PJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 67-56-1 Methanol 68-12-2 Dimethylformamide IM Animals Chironomidae physiology Comparative Study Daphnia physiology Dimethylformamide toxicity Fishes physiology Invertebrates physiology Lethal Dose 50 Methanol toxicity Perciformes physiology Species Specificity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Trout physiology 3768563 1986 12 11 1986 12 11 2003 11 14

0007-4861 37 4 1986 Oct Glutathione-dependent toxicity of the algicide 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene to Daphnia magna Straus. 629-32 Dierickx P J PJ Vanderwielen C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Pesticides 0 Thiazoles 19750-45-9 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 70-18-8 Glutathione 97-00-7 Dinitrochlorobenzene IM Animals Daphnia physiology Dinitrochlorobenzene toxicity Glutathione metabolism physiology Pesticides toxicity Thiazoles toxicity 3779157 1987 01 07 1987 01 07 2003 11 14

0007-4861 37 5 1986 Nov Toxicity of toxaphene to Bosmina longirostris and Daphnia spp. (Crustacea). 719-21 Novak A J AJ Passino D R DR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 8001-35-2 Toxaphene IM Animals Crustacea drug effects Daphnia drug effects Female Insecticides, Organochlorine toxicity Toxaphene toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3789811 1987 01 02 1987 01 02 2003 11 14

0090-4341 15 6 1986 Nov The precision of daphnid (Daphnia magna Straus, 1820) static acute toxicity tests. 741-9 Gersich F M FM Blanchard F A FA Applegath S L SL Park C N CN eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 IM Animals Daphnia Lethal Dose 50 Toxicology methods 3024952 1987 02 13 1987 02 13 2003 11 14

0147-6513 12 2 1986 Oct Comparative kinetics study of the evolution of freshwater aquatic toxicity and biodegradability of linear and branched alkylbenzene sulfonates. 127-40 Evolution of both primary biodegradability and acute toxicity to daphnia and zebra fish of a linear alkylbenzene sodium sulfonate (LAS) and a branched alkylbenzene sodium sulfonate (BAS) have been measured simultaneously. In six of eight experiments, LAS was biodegraded to 90% in 7 days and BAS to 70% in 7 days. In the two other experiments, both LAS and BAS have shown the same biodegradation speed and reached the same biodegradation level in 7 days: 45% in one experiment and 55% in the other. The composition of bacteria population and the level of cellular ATP of the inoculum play a decisive role in the biodegradation. These results confirm that it is essential to know the composition of bacteria population present in the inoculum as well as their biochemical characteristics to accurately interpret results of biodegradation tests. In the case of a rapid primary biodegradation of LAS and BAS, the acute toxicity of LAS remains three times as high as that of BAS for at least 24 hr toward daphnia and 48 hr toward zebra fish. Their acute toxicity to daphnia and zebra fish become equivalent only after 72 hr. When primary biodegradation of both products is slower, the acute toxicity of LAS remains higher than that of BAS for more than 7 days. Gard-Terech A A Palla J C JC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Alkanesulfonates 0 Alkanesulfonic Acids 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 0 alkylbenzyl sulfonic acid IM Alkanesulfonates analysis toxicity Alkanesulfonic Acids Animals Bacteria metabolism Biodegradation Comparative Study Daphnia Fishes physiology Fresh Water Kinetics Sewage Surface-Active Agents analysis toxicity Water Microbiology Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Zebrafish 2879045 1987 02 06 1987 02 06 2003 11 14

0022-5304 89 5 1986 Oct Mosquito control by plankton management: the potential of indigestible green algae. 213-22 Most kinds of phytoplankton are good food for mosquito larvae. However, Culex, Aedes and Anopheles larvae fail to develop successfully in water where certain species of closely related green algae in the order Chlorococcales are the main source of food; apparently because the larvae are unable to digest them. Many species of Scenedesmus, Kirchneriella, Dactylococcus, Elakotothrix, Tetrallantos, Coelastrum, Selenastrum and Tetradesmus have this effect. These algae may offer a practical possibility for mosquito control when introduced into mosquito breeding habitats. Introduction of these algae could be assisted by simultaneous introduction of select filter-feeding zooplankton such as Daphnia. Marten G G GG eng Journal Article

ENGLAND J Trop Med Hyg 0406044 IM Algae, Green Animals Culicidae physiology Digestion Larva physiology Mosquito Control methods Pest Control, Biological Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 3801709 1987 03 09 1987 03 09 2003 11 14

0007-4861 38 2 1987 Feb Toxicity of 3,4-dichloroaniline to fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, in acute and early life-stage exposures. 352-8 Call D J DJ Poirier S H SH Knuth M L ML Harting S L SL Lindberg C A CA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Herbicides 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 95-76-1 3,4-dichloroaniline IM Aniline Compounds toxicity Animals Body Weight drug effects Cyprinidae Daphnia drug effects Herbicides toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3814874 1987 04 15 1987 04 15 2003 11 14

0007-4861 38 3 1987 Mar Arsenic toxicity changes in the presence of sediment. 491-9 Burton G A GA Jr Lazorchak J M JM Waller W T WT Lanza G R GR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Arsenites 15502-74-6 arsenite 7440-38-2 Arsenic EC 3.1.3.1 Alkaline Phosphatase IM Adsorption Alkaline Phosphatase metabolism Animals Arsenic toxicity Arsenites Body Weight Daphnia drug effects Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Soil 3823037 1987 04 16 1987 04 16 2003 11 14

0323-9179 11 1986 [Ecological and toxicological experiments with test guppies and Daphnia in research on the effect of pesticides in water] 32-7 Experiments have been carried out for the assessment of the toxic effect if some pesticides on aquatic organisms--fish groups Lebistes reticulatus and lower crustacea Daphnia magna. The following pesticides (herbicides) were studied--afalon, dimid, Lasso, patoran, propanide and Ramrod. Ramrod proved to have the highest toxicity, followed by propanide, Lasso and afalon. Dimid and patoran proved to have lower toxicity. Daphnia were established to be 10-17 times more susceptible than the fish groups. Strateva A A Tsankova T T bul Journal Article Ekotoksikologichni eksperimenti s testove gupi i dafnii pri izsledvane vliianieto na pestitsidi vŭv vodata.

BULGARIA Probl Khig 7703299 0 Pesticides 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Comparative Study Cyprinodontiformes Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Ecology English Abstract Lethal Dose 50 Pesticides toxicity Poecilia Time Factors Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3830017 1987 05 18 1987 05 18 2003 11 14

0147-6513 13 1 1987 Feb Comparative metabolism of fenitrothion in aquatic organisms. III. Metabolism in the crustaceans, Daphnia pulex and Palaemon paucidens. 126-34 When the waterflea Daphnia pulex and the shrimp Palaemon paucidens were exposed to 1.0 ppb [14C]fenitrothion in a flowthrough system, the concentrations of fenitrothion and 14C in the body reached equilibrium, and the maximum bioaccumulation ratios of fenitrothion were 71 and 6 in the daphnia and shrimp, respectively. These crustaceans primarily metabolized the compound by oxidation of P = S to P = O, hydrolysis of P-O-aryl linkage, and demethylation. The liberated phenol was found to be conjugated with sulfate in the daphnia and with glucose in the shrimp. When the organisms were transferred to a freshwater stream, fenitrothion and its metabolites were rapidly excreted from their bodies, and the half-life of the parent compound was less than 0.2 day in both species. Takimoto Y Y Ohshima M M Miyamoto J J eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 122-14-5 Fenitrothion IM Animals Autoradiography Biotransformation Comparative Study Daphnia metabolism Fenitrothion metabolism Half-Life Palaemonidae metabolism Species Specificity Tissue Distribution 3567414 1987 05 28 1987 05 28 2003 11 14

0007-4861 38 4 1987 Apr Correlation between heavy metal acute toxicity values in Daphnia magna and fish. 722-6 Khangarot B S BS Ray P K PK eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Metals 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Metals toxicity Salmonidae metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Trout metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3568097 1987 06 09 1987 06 09 2003 11 14

0302-766X 247 3 1987 Mar The oculomotor system of Daphnia magna. The eye muscles and their motor neurons. 515-23 The highly mobile cyclopic compound eye of Daphnia magna is rotated by six muscles arranged as three bilateral pairs. The three muscles on each side of the head share a common origin on the carapace and insert dorsally, laterally and ventrally on the eye. The dorsal and ventral muscles are each composed of two muscle fibers and the lateral muscle is composed of from two to five fibers, with three the most common number. Individual muscle fibers are spindle-shaped mononucleated cells with organized bundles of myofilaments. Lateral eye-muscle fibers are thinner than those of the other muscles but are otherwise similar in ultrastructure. Two motor neurons innervate each dorsal and each ventral muscle and one motor neuron innervates each lateral muscle. The cell bodies of the motor neurons are situated dorsally in the supraesophageal ganglion (SEG) and are ipsilateral to the muscles they innervate. The dendritic fields of the dorsal-muscle motor neurons are ipsilateral to their cell bodies; those of the ventral-muscle motor neurons are bilateral though predominantly contralateral. The central projections of the lateral-muscle motor neurons are unknown. In the dorsal and ventral muscles one motor axon synapses principally with one muscle fiber; in each lateral muscle the single motor axon branches to, and forms synapses with, all the fibers. The neuromuscular junctions, characterized by pre- and postsynaptic densities and clear vesicles, are similar in all the eye muscles. Consi T R TR Macagno E R ER Necles N N eng NS-14946 NS NINDS RR-0042 RR NCRR Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST Cell Tissue Res 0417625 IM Animals Daphnia Eye cytology Microscopy, Electron Motor Neurons cytology ultrastructure Muscles cytology ultrastructure Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 2953070 1987 06 09 1987 06 09 2001 03 23

0048-9697 62 1987 Apr Comparison of the biological effects of humic materials under acidified conditions. 387-98 The acute and chronic effects of three types of humic material were studied using Daphnia magna at pH 5, 6, and 7. At neutral pH humic material had no biological effect. At pH 6 and 5 maximum survival and population growth rate occurred at intermediate levels of humus material (10 mg C/L, 300 mg Pt/L). Lowest survival and population growth rate occurred at pH 5 in either the absence of humus material or at concentrations exceeding 10 mg C/L (300 mg Pt/L). A second order polynomial was used to fit the dose response curve at pH 5 for both Aldrich humic acid and a natural bog water. Aldrich had greater biological activity. It is suggested that the biological behavior of aquatic humus conforms to second order rate phenomena controlled by high levels of free metals ions at low humus concentrations and direct toxic action of the dissolved organics at low pH due to increased lipophilicity. Petersen R C RC Jr Persson U U eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 1415-93-6 Humic Acids IM Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Humic Acids analysis pharmacology Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Soil analysis Solubility Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 3576181 1987 06 09 1987 06 09 2003 11 14

0048-9697 62 1987 Apr Effects of aquatic humus on accumulation and acute toxicity of some organic micropollutants. 399-402 Accumulation experiments in a natural humic water revealed significantly lower bioconcentration of dehydroabietic acid and benzo(a)pyrene into Daphnia magna when compared with a standardized soft freshwater. For pentachlorophenol no such effect could be observed. Depending on the chemical involved, the natural humic water might affect the acute lethal toxicity of aquatic contaminants to this organism. Kukkonen J J Oikari A A eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Diterpenes 0 Diterpenes, Abietane 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1740-19-8 dehydroabietic acid 50-32-8 Benzo(a)pyrene IM Benzo(a)pyrene metabolism toxicity Daphnia drug effects metabolism Diterpenes metabolism toxicity Diterpenes, Abietane Soil Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity 3583729 1987 06 26 1987 06 26 2003 11 14

0017-8470 38 3 1987 Mar ["Aquarium" allergy: bronchial asthma caused by polyvalent sensitization to various components in fish food] 160-1 Chironomus larvae seem to be the principal sensitizer in fish food allergy. In addition, a variety of other Arthropoda species that are used as fish food can induce immediate hypersensitivity. Attention is drawn to this polyvalent sensitization by presenting the case history of a 27-year-old patient who kept fish and who suffered from allergic asthma bronchiale. He showed strongly positive reactions in skin tests for Chironomus and Culex larvae, as well as several kinds of Crustacea species, such as Daphnia and brine shrimps. Dietschi R R Wüthrich B B ger Case Reports Journal Article "Aquarium"-Allergie: Asthma bronchiale durch polyvalente Sensibilisierung auf verschiedene Fischfutter-Bestandteile.

GERMANY, WEST Hautarzt 0372755 IM Adult Animal Feed adverse effects Animals Asthma etiology English Abstract Female Fishes Human Hypersensitivity, Immediate etiology Intradermal Tests Respiratory Hypersensitivity etiology 3607312 1987 08 28 1987 08 28 2003 11 14

0007-4861 39 1 1987 Jul Acute toxicity of Garlon 4 and Roundup herbicides to salmon, Daphnia, and trout. 15-22 Servizi J A JA Gordon R W RW Martens D W DW eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Glycolates 0 Herbicides 0 Surface-Active Agents 1071-83-6 glyphosate 56-40-6 Glycine 64700-56-7 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyactic acid 2-butoxyethyl ester IM Animals Daphnia physiology Glycine analogs & derivatives toxicity Glycolates toxicity Herbicides toxicity Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lethal Dose 50 Salmon physiology Salmonidae physiology Surface-Active Agents toxicity Trout physiology 2440658 1987 09 15 1987 09 15 2003 11 14

0147-6513 13 3 1987 Jun Protein and nucleic acid content in Daphnia magna during chronic exposure to cadmium. 290-300 Daphnia magna Straus were exposed to cadmium concentrations of 0, 0.4, 0.8, 2.1, 4.3, and 7.2 micrograms/liter for 21 days. Protein, RNA, DNA, glycogen and lipid content were measured after 4, 7, and 21 days of exposure, and the results were related to survival and reproduction. The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) for survival, protein growth, and reproduction at Day 21 was 2.1, 0.8, and 0.8 microgram/liter cadmium, respectively. Protein growth was most sensitive to cadmium exposure following the rapid growth phase which occurred between Days 4 and 6 of growth and development. All concentrations of cadmium produced significant reductions in protein growth at Day 7 indicating that the NOEC was less than 0.4 micrograms/liter. RNA:protein and protein:RNA:DNA ratios, which are related to the growth rate of daphnids, were most appropriately monitored at Day 4 which was prior to the rapid growth phase. Protein:RNA:DNA ratio at Day 4 identified the same NOEC as identified by protein growth and reproduction after 21 days of exposure. Knowles C O CO McKee M J MJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Nucleic Acids 0 Proteins 63231-63-0 RNA 7440-43-9 Cadmium 9007-49-2 DNA IM Animals Cadmium toxicity DNA metabolism Daphnia metabolism Nucleic Acids metabolism Proteins metabolism RNA metabolism Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 3632039 1987 09 25 1987 09 25 2003 11 14

0090-4341 16 5 1987 Sep Relationship of microbial activity and Ceriodaphnia responses to mining impacts on the Clark Fork River, Montana. 523-30 Burton G A GA Jr Drotar A A Lazorchak J M JM Bahls L L LL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia physiology Fishes physiology Mining Montana Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Microbiology Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3663972 1987 11 25 1987 11 25 2003 11 14

0007-4861 39 2 1987 Aug Toxicity of vanadium to different freshwater organisms. 194-201 Studiecentrum voor Ecologie en Bosbouw (LISEC), Genk, Belgium. Beusen J M JM Neven B B eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7440-62-2 Vanadium IM Algae, Green physiology Animals Daphnia physiology Fishes physiology Lethal Dose 50 Vanadium toxicity Zebrafish physiology 3663975 1987 11 25 1987 11 25 2003 11 14

0007-4861 39 2 1987 Aug Comparison of ethanol toxicity to Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia tested at two different temperatures: static acute toxicity test results. 229-36 Health and Environmental Sciences, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674. Takahashi I T IT Cowgill U M UM Murphy P G PG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 64-17-5 Ethanol IM Animals Comparative Study Crustacea physiology Daphnia physiology Ethanol toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Temperature 3677613 1988 01 21 1988 01 21 2003 11 14

0305-0491 88 1 1987 Identification of multiple glutathione S-transferases from Daphnia magna. 39-45 1. Six anionic glutathione S-transferases (GST) were purified from the crustacean, Daphnia magna, by means of affinity chromatography, that are responsible for ca. 40% of cytosolic GST activity. 2. Electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) revealed the presence of three proteins, with molecular weights of 27,500, 28,000, and 30,200. 3. Separation under nondenaturing conditions revealed six proteins, all of which exhibited GST activity, with molecular weights ranging from 55,000 to 61,700. 4. Ethacrynic acid is a competitive inhibitor of activity towards CDNB of all six GSTs, binding each with similar affinities. 5. Chlorinated phenols are also competitive inhibitors of the enzyme, with the degree of inhibition being directly correlated with the lipophilicity of the compounds. 6. Analysis of inhibition of separated isoforms reveals that form 4 is most strongly inhibited by these chlorinated phenols, with forms 5 and 6 being inhibited to a lesser degree. Department of Biology, University of South Florida 33620. LeBlanc G A GA Cochrane B J BJ eng GM30891 GM NIGMS S07-07121 PHS Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol B 2984730R 0 Isoenzymes EC 2.5.1.18 Glutathione Transferase IM Animals Chromatography, Affinity Chromatography, Ion Exchange Daphnia enzymology Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel Glutathione Transferase isolation & purification metabolism Isoenzymes isolation & purification metabolism Kinetics Molecular Weight Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 3317819 1988 01 20 1988 01 20 2003 11 14

0048-9697 66 1987 Oct Diethylhexylphthalate as an environmental contaminant--a review. 1-16 Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is a priority pollutant in several countries; annual production amounts to 3-4 million tonnes. Approximately 95% is used as a plasticizer in polyvinylchloride (PVC). DEHP is emitted to the environment during the production of plastics and plastic products, during their use and after disposal. In the environment, physico-chemical degradation of DEHP is practically non-existent. Biodegradation occurs readily under aerobic conditions (t1/2 = 2-4 weeks), but not under anaerobic conditions. The acute toxicity of DEHP to mammals is low. Many subchronic and chronic effects have, however, been identified. The most important of these are: influence on the liver and energy metabolism, teratogenicity, adverse effects on male reproductive organs, carcinogenicity and influence on the immune system. On the basis of figures concerning human exposure, most of these effects are not likely to occur. With respect to carcinogenicity the situation is uncertain, especially for some risk groups. The ecotoxicology of DEHP is especially relevant for aquatic communities where data are contradictory: several authors have found adverse effects on Daphnia and fish species after exposure to the present environmental concentrations; others, however, produced less alarming results. Emissions of DEHP can be reduced by the biological treatment of wastewater and waste gas, the use of alternative plasticizers in PVC or the substitution of other plastics for PVC. Vereniging Milieudefensie, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Wams T J TJ eng Journal Article Review Review, Academic

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Phthalic Acids 0 Plastics 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 117-81-7 Diethylhexyl Phthalate IM Abnormalities, Drug-Induced etiology Animals Diethylhexyl Phthalate analysis metabolism toxicity Environmental Pollutants analysis metabolism toxicity Half-Life Human Infertility, Male chemically induced Lethal Dose 50 Liver Neoplasms, Experimental chemically induced Male Mice Netherlands Phthalic Acids analysis Plastics Rats Refuse Disposal Sewage Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 89 3691377 1988 02 17 1988 02 17 2003 11 14

0147-6513 14 3 1987 Dec A shake-flask test for estimation of biodegradability of toxic organic substances in the aquatic environment. 239-51 Disadvantages of current biodegradation tests are examined: the need for high substrate concentrations, lack of parent compound concentration measurements, no estimation of sediment effects, failure to indicate compounds to which microbial populations must adapt to degrade, and lack of site specificity in innocula selection. A modified river die-away test is proposed for determining biodegradability of organic compounds and testing for toxic degradation products. The present test uses shake flasks containing sterile (2% formalin) and nonsterile site water: both with, and without, site sediment (500 mg/liter). Concurrent toxicity testing with mysids or daphnids provides a sensitive assay for the detection of toxic metabolites. Examples of three test compounds are given: methyl parathion, which undergoes rapid, sediment-mediated biodegradation; dibutylphthalate, to which some microbial communities exhibit an adaptation phenomenon; and methoxychlor, which has a relatively low water solubility and high sediment partition coefficient. The relative merits of this test procedure are discussed. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561-3999. Cripe C R CR Walker W W WW Pritchard P H PH Bourquin A W AW eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Phthalic Acids 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 298-00-0 Methyl Parathion 56-38-2 Parathion 72-43-5 Methoxychlor 84-74-2 Dibutyl Phthalate IM Animals Biodegradation Daphnia Dibutyl Phthalate toxicity Fresh Water Methods Methoxychlor toxicity Methyl Parathion toxicity Parathion analogs & derivatives Phthalic Acids toxicity Seawater Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3692184 1988 02 25 1988 02 25 2003 11 14

0016-9900 10 1987 Oct [Toxicological and hygienic evaluation of lignosulfonic acids and their transformation products] 15-7 Korshunova N V NV rus Journal Article Toksikologo-gigienicheskaia otsenka lignosul'fonovykh kislot i produktov ikh transformatsii.

USSR Gig Sanit 0412700 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 8062-15-5 lignosulfuric acid 9005-53-2 Lignin IM Animals Biotransformation Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug English Abstract Fishes Guinea Pigs Lignin analogs & derivatives pharmacokinetics toxicity Maximum Allowable Concentration Paper Rabbits Rats Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Wood 3428203 1988 03 02 1988 03 02 2003 11 14

0147-6513 14 1 1987 Aug Effects of chemical stress on the population dynamics of Daphnia magna: a comparison of two test procedures. 1-11 Ten substances were tested to compare two methods that can be used in chronic toxicity studies with the Cladoceran Daphnia magna. In semistatic experiments with cohorts (life-table studies) survival appeared to be a dominant factor in exponential population growth. Specific inhibition of reproduction as a result of toxic stress was observed only in tests with bromide and 2,4-dichloroaniline. For some substances (cadmium, bichromate, metavanadate, and bromide) individual growth (carapace length) was found to be a sensitive parameter. In intermittent-flow experiments with small expanding populations the yield (carrying capacity) proved to be a highly sensitive parameter, probably owing to the fact that in these tests populations grow logistically, i.e., become additionally stressed by food limitation. Chemically induced reductions in food ingestion and conversion efficiency may thus become very predominant. In view of the place of these crustaceans in the food web such reductions in the carrying capacity would seem to be of great ecotoxicological importance. Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, Ministry of Transport and Public Works, Lelystad, The Netherlands. van Leeuwen C J CJ Niebeek G G Rijkeboer M M eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Bromides 0 Sulfuric Acids 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 554-00-7 2,4-dichloroaniline 7778-50-9 Potassium Dichromate IM Aniline Compounds Animals Bromides toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia physiology Lethal Dose 50 Potassium Dichromate toxicity Reproduction drug effects Sulfuric Acids toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3345354 1988 04 18 1988 04 18 2003 11 14

0007-4861 40 1 1988 Jan Chronic toxicity of aniline and 2,4-dichlorophenol to Daphnia magna Straus. 1-7 Health and Environmental Sciences, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674. Gersich F M FM Milazzo D P DP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Chlorophenols 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 120-83-2 2,4-dichlorophenol IM Aniline Compounds toxicity Animals Chlorophenols toxicity Chromatography, Liquid Daphnia physiology Fresh Water Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3358970 1988 06 09 1988 06 09 2003 11 14

0470-4606 1 1988 [Comparative evaluation of the toxicity of aqueous extracts of the ashes of brown coals] 63-7 The toxicity of industrial waste--the ashes of brown coals in connection with the possibility of their utilization in agriculture has been studied. It has been proved that ash water extracts which give low pH values are practically nontoxic for test objects. Ash extracts rich in calcium and magnesium oxides provide high pH values and has a negative effect on hydrobionts. The neutralization removes the acute toxic effect. Diundik O B OB Osipova E V EV Gil' T A TA Belezova N P NP Linitskiĭ A L AL rus Journal Article Sravnitel'naia otsenka toksichnosti vodnykh vytiazhek zoly burykh ugleĭ.

USSR Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki 0020417 0 Industrial Waste IM Agriculture Algae, Green drug effects Animals Bacillus drug effects Coal adverse effects Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects English Abstract Industrial Waste adverse effects Plants drug effects USSR Water Microbiology 3359959 1988 05 31 1988 05 31 2003 11 14

0147-6513 15 1 1988 Feb Growth of Daphnia magna exposed to mixtures of chemicals with diverse modes of action. 72-7 Concentrations causing inhibition of growth of Daphnia magna after 16 days of exposure were determined for nine chemicals that presumably act through different modes of action. The joint toxic effect of a mixture of these chemicals is found to be nonadditive. Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. Deneer J W JW Seinen W W Hermens J L JL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 2836008 1988 07 12 1988 07 12 2003 11 14

0007-4861 40 3 1988 Mar Toxicity and uptake potential of an acrylic polymer comonomer and its biological degradation products. 325-31 Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167. Johannsen F R FR Levinskas G J GJ Adams W J WJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Acrylic Resins 0 Alkanesulfonates 0 Benzenesulfonates 0 Sulfur Radioisotopes 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1208-67-9 4-sulfophenylmethallyl ether 1561-92-8 methallyl sulfonate 9003-01-4 carbopol 940 98-67-9 4-phenolsulfonic acid IM Acrylic Resins pharmacokinetics toxicity Alkanesulfonates toxicity Animals Benzenesulfonates pharmacokinetics toxicity Biodegradation Daphnia metabolism Fishes metabolism Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Oxygen Consumption Perciformes metabolism Sulfur Radioisotopes diagnostic use Temperature Trout metabolism Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 3370344 1988 06 30 1988 06 30 2003 11 14

0007-4861 40 4 1988 Apr Intermittent flow system for population toxicity studies demonstrated with Daphnia and copper. 496-502 Ministry of Transport and Public Works, Lelystad, The Netherlands. van Leeuwen C J CJ Büchner J L JL van Dijk H H eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7440-50-8 Copper IM Age Factors Animals Copper toxicity Daphnia drug effects Drug Administration Schedule Ecology Temperature Toxicology instrumentation 3370346 1988 06 30 1988 06 30 2003 11 14

0007-4861 40 4 1988 Apr Toxicity of methylenebisthiocyanate (MBT) to several freshwater organisms. 517-24 Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, Ministry of Transport and Public Works, Lelystad, The Netherlands. Maas-Diepeveen J L JL van Leeuwen C J CJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Disinfectants 0 Thiocyanates 6317-18-6 methylene bis(thiocyanate) IM Abnormalities, Drug-Induced etiology Algae, Green drug effects Animals Daphnia drug effects Disinfectants toxicity Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Lethal Dose 50 Salmonidae physiology Thiocyanates toxicity Time Factors Trout physiology 3294033 1988 08 31 1988 08 31 2003 11 14

0014-4754 44 7 1988 Jul 15 Physical aspects of biophotons. 576-85 By comparing the theoretically expected results of photon emission from a chaotic (thermal) field and those of an ordered (fully coherent) field with the actual experimental data, one finds ample indications for the hypothesis that 'biophotons' originate from a coherent field occurring within living tissues. A direct proof may be seen in the hyperbolic relaxation dynamics of spectral delayed luminescence under ergodic conditions. A possible mechanism has to be founded on Einstein's balance equation and, under stationary conditions, on energy conservation including a photochemical potential. It is shown that the considered equations deliver, besides the thermal equilibrium, a conditionally stable region far away from equilibrium, which can help to describe both 'biophoton emission' and biological regulation. Institute of Biophysical Cell Research, Technology Center, Kaiserslautern, Federal Republic of Germany. Popp F A FA Li K H KH Mei W P WP Galle M M Neurohr R R eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

SWITZERLAND Experientia 0376547 IM Animals Biophysics Cell Physiology Daphnia Darkness Light Luminescence Photochemistry Radiation Thermodynamics 64 2902994 1988 12 16 1988 12 16 2003 11 14

0742-8413 90 2 1988 Effects of cadmium exposure on feeding of freshwater planktonic crustaceans. 335-40 1. Effects of cadmium exposure (0.010-0.100 ppm) on food consumption and assimilation rates of crustacean zooplankton from 2 lakes were studied in laboratory using radioisotope (14C) technique. 2. The inhibiting effects were significant 48 hr after Cd-exposure, but not after 20 hr exposure. 3. Daphnia spp. were the most affected cladocerans; copepods, especially the cyclopoids, appeared less sensitive. 4. The decrease in assimilation rates was much more marked than in the consumption rates. 5. The 14C-technique offers quick and sensitive means of studying the effects of heavy metal toxicity. Limnological Institute, Vijverhof Laboratory, Nieuwersluis, The Netherlands. Gulati R D RD Bodar C W CW Schuurmans A L AL Faber J A JA Zandee D I DI eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C 8310013 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Crustacea drug effects physiology Environmental Exposure Feeding Behavior drug effects Plankton drug effects Time Factors Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Zooplankton drug effects physiology 2902995 1988 12 16 1988 12 16 2003 11 14

0742-8413 90 2 1988 Effects of cadmium on consumption, assimilation and biochemical parameters of Daphnia magna: possible implications for reproduction. 341-6 1. The effects of cadmium on consumption, assimilation rates and biochemical parameters of Daphnia magna were determined. 2. The consumption and assimilation rates of 14 days 1.0 ppb Cd treated animals tended to decrease slightly, the decline of these rates at 5.0 ppb Cd (14 days), however, was highly significant (P less than 0.001). 3. The assimilation efficiencies of daphnids exposed to cadmium did not significantly differ from control. 4. No notable changes in the biochemical composition of daphnids could be noticed after 7, 14 and 21 days of cadmium exposure. 5. It seems as if not one metabolic process in particular was depressed due to cadmium, but metabolic activities seemed to be inhibited on the whole. 6. Results are discussed in relation with data of a previous study on the reproduction of D. magna under cadmium stress. Research Group for Aquatic Toxicology, State University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. Bodar C W CW van der Sluis I I Voogt P A PA Zandee D I DI eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C 8310013 0 Lipids 0 Proteins 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium 9005-79-2 Glycogen IM Animals Body Weight drug effects Cadmium toxicity Daphnia drug effects metabolism physiology Environmental Exposure Feeding Behavior drug effects Glycogen metabolism Lipids metabolism Proteins metabolism Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3206954 1989 02 09 1989 02 09 2003 11 14

0044-4529 24 4 1988 Jul-Aug [The cholinesterase properties of Daphnia magna] 596-8 It has been demonstrated that cholinesterase of Daphnia magna is capable of the hydrolysis of propionylthiocholine iodide at the highest rate as compared to the other substrates studied, the hydrolysis being inhibited by high concentrations of the substrate. The rate of splitting of acetylthiocholine iodide is similar to that of propionylthiocholine iodide, whereas the hydrolysis of butyrylthiocholine iodide is 3 times slower. Cholinesterase from D. magna is extremely sensitive to an organophosphorus inhibitor, DDVP. The value of bimolecular constant of the inhibition rate (kappa II) is equal to (1.60 +/- 0.20).10(8)1.mol-1.min-1. Menzikova O V OV rus Journal Article O svoĭstvakh kholinesterazy dafnii Daphnia magna.

USSR Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol 21820250R 0 Cholinesterase Inhibitors 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 121-75-5 Malathion 52-68-6 Trichlorfon 62-73-7 Dichlorvos EC 3.1.1.8 Cholinesterases IM Animals Cholinesterase Inhibitors toxicity Cholinesterases metabolism Daphnia drug effects enzymology Dichlorvos toxicity Dose-Response Relationship, Drug English Abstract Malathion toxicity Substrate Specificity drug effects Trichlorfon toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3214184 1989 02 23 1989 02 23 2003 11 14

0090-4341 17 5 1988 Sep The effect of selenium in water and food on Daphnia populations. 555-60 Boyum K W KW Brooks A S AS eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7782-49-2 Selenium IM Animals Daphnia physiology Reproduction drug effects Selenium toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3214187 1989 02 23 1989 02 23 2003 11 14

0090-4341 17 5 1988 Sep Toxicity and metal speciation relationships for Daphnia magna exposed to brass powder. 575-81 Hardy J T JT Crecelius E A EA Cowan C E CE Wentsel R S RS eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 12597-71-6 brass 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Animals Copper analysis toxicity Daphnia physiology Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Zinc analysis toxicity 3219430 1989 03 16 1989 03 16 2003 11 14

0007-4861 41 3 1988 Sep Acute toxicity of cyanogen chloride to Daphnia magna. 371-7 Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108. Kononen D W DW eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Cyanides 506-77-4 cyanogen chloride 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Cyanides toxicity Daphnia physiology Fresh Water analysis Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Hydrolysis Lethal Dose 50 Oxygen analysis Temperature 3219434 1989 03 16 1989 03 16 2003 11 14

0007-4861 41 3 1988 Sep Changes in food [Chlorella] levels and the acute toxicity of cadmium to Daphnia carinata (Daphnidae) and Echinisca triserialis (Macrothricidae) [Crustacea: Cladocera]. 398-403 Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, India. Chandini T T eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Behavior, Animal drug effects Cadmium toxicity Chlorella Crustacea physiology Daphnia physiology Lethal Dose 50 Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors 3224177 1989 04 06 1989 04 06 2003 11 14

0007-4861 41 4 1988 Oct Chronic effects of contaminated sediment on Daphnia magna and Chironomus tentans. 574-81 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, Oregon 97333. Nebeker A V AV Onjukka S T ST Cairns M A MA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Chironomidae physiology Daphnia physiology Diptera physiology Female Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Male Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Supply analysis 3224181 1989 04 06 1989 04 06 2003 11 14

0007-4861 41 4 1988 Oct Toxicity of six heterocyclic nitrogen compounds to Daphnia pulex. 604-8 Department of Biology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti 48197. Perry C M CM Smith S B SB eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Heterocyclic Compounds IM Algae physiology Animals Daphnia physiology Heterocyclic Compounds toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Parthenogenesis drug effects Reproduction drug effects 2920229 1989 04 19 1989 04 19 2003 11 14

0007-4861 42 2 1989 Feb Method for the preliminary assessment of aquatic contamination sites using sediment extract toxicity tests. 218-25 Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Superior 54880. Larson L J LJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia Environmental Monitoring Soil Pollutants analysis toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Wisconsin 3229377 1989 04 18 1989 04 18 2003 11 14

0147-6513 16 3 1988 Dec Phototaxis in aquatic invertebrates: possible use in ecotoxicity tests. 189-93 A series of experiments has been carried out aimed at (i) a deeper study of the phototaxis of some aquatic invertebrates and (ii) its possible use in ecotoxicity tests. For the first point the phototaxis of the nauplii of Artemia salina was examined: through tests carried out under different conditions, it was observed that a marked complex response to light existed, which led to a subdivision between individuals with different phototactic response, mainly depending on the density of the nauplii, on light intensity, and on spectral composition. The second point has been analyzed with A. salina, Daphnia magna, and Aëdes aegypti. For the first species it must be stressed that in ecotoxicity tests carried out with nauplii of A. salina one should bear in mind the complexity of their phototactic response. With D. magna and A. aegypti a simple pvc apparatus connected with optic fibers and set up on a microscope was used. The result is marked and easily observable; therefore, it will be possible in the future to perform easily tests with toxic substances which are important in ecotoxicology. Laboratorio di Tossicologia Comparata ed Ecotossicologia, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome. Dojmi Di Delupis G G Rotondo V V eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Aedes Animals Artemia Daphnia Environmental Monitoring Light Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 2923996 1989 05 03 1989 05 03 2003 11 14

0007-4861 42 1 1989 Jan Influence of variations in culture medium on the survival and reproduction of Daphnia magna. 119-25 Shell Research Limited, Sittingbourne Research Centre, Sittingbourne, Kent, United Kingdom. Girling A E AE Garforth B M BM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Culture Media 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Culture Media Daphnia growth & development Environmental Monitoring Reproduction drug effects Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 2923997 1989 05 03 1989 05 03 2003 11 14

0007-4861 42 1 1989 Jan Toxicity of dimethoate to Daphnia magna and freshwater fish. 126-33 Studiecentrum voor Ecologie en Bosbouw (LISEC), Genk, Belgium. Beusen J M JM Neven B B eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 60-51-5 Dimethoate IM Animals Daphnia Dimethoate toxicity Environmental Monitoring Fishes Fresh Water Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3234289 1989 04 28 1989 04 28 2003 11 14

0147-6513 16 2 1988 Oct Herbicidal triazines: acute toxicity on Daphnia, fish, and plants and analysis of its relationships with structural factors. 148-57 The 24- and 48-hr EC50 immobilization test of Daphnia magna has been performed on 14 herbicidal triazines characterized by structural differences with respect to the substituent groups at the three carbon atoms in the s-triazinic ring. EC50 values of the tested compounds were found to vary within a factor of 6 to 7; such variations of toxicity have been analyzed in terms of structural variations concerning (i) the type of substituents, i.e., Cl, SCH3, or OCH3, at the carbon atom C-2, and (ii) the number and size of the alkyl groups at the aminic nitrogen atoms bound to the ring carbons C-4 and C-6. Literature data relative to the acute toxicity of the considered herbicides on fish and plants were also analyzed with reference to the above structural features. The possibility that separate contributions to toxic effects of triazines are provided by specific groups bound to the common structural moiety, constituted by the 1,3,5-triazinic ring, is examined and discussed. Laboratory of Comparative Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy. Marchini S S Passerini L L Cesareo D D Tosato M L ML eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Herbicides, Triazine IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Fishes physiology Herbicides, Triazine toxicity Plants drug effects Species Specificity Structure-Activity Relationship 3234290 1989 04 28 1989 04 28 2003 11 14

0147-6513 16 2 1988 Oct Approaches to modeling toxic responses of aquatic organisms to aromatic hydrocarbons. 158-69 Acute toxic effects on Salmo gairdneri, Poecilia reticulata, Daphnia magna, and the growth inhibition of Selenastrum capricornutum were measured for eight aromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicity measurements were carried out following the OECD standard guidelines modified as appropriate in order to prevent hydrocarbon loss by volatilization; the concentrations of the substrates in the test solutions were periodically measured by HPLC. The toxic responses were analyzed in terms of the n-octanol/water partition coefficients, by means of linear regression analysis, and in terms of five molecular properties simultaneously, by means of the partial least squares analysis in latent variables (PLS). The univariate and multivariate quantitative structure-activity relationship models obtained by the two approaches are compared and discussed. Istituto di Ricerca sulle Acque, CNR, Brugherio, Italy. Galassi S S Mingazzini M M Viganò L L Cesareo D D Tosato M L ML eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Hydrocarbons IM Algae, Green drug effects growth & development Animals Biometry Cyprinodontiformes physiology Daphnia drug effects Drug Evaluation, Preclinical methods Hydrocarbons pharmacology toxicity Models, Biological Poecilia physiology Salmonidae physiology Structure-Activity Relationship Trout physiology 3234296 1989 04 28 1989 04 28 2003 11 14

0147-6513 16 2 1988 Oct Acute toxicity of furazolidone on Artemia salina, Daphnia magna, and Culex pipiens molestus larvae. 90-4 As a result of evidence of the ecotoxicity of nitrofurans, the acute toxicity of furazolidone was tested in vivo on two aquatic organisms, Artemia salina and Daphnia magna, which are both crustaceans. Toxicity studies were also performed on larvae of Culex pipiens molestus. Results indicated a significant toxicity of the compound on Culex pipiens and Daphnia magna, while Artemia salina proved to be the least sensitive. Laboratorio di Tossicologia Comparata ed Ecotossicologia, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. Macrì A A Stazi A V AV Dojmi di Delupis G G eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 67-45-8 Furazolidone IM Animals Artemia drug effects Culex drug effects Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Furazolidone toxicity Larva Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 3238416 1989 05 01 1989 05 01 2003 11 14

0048-9697 76 1 1988 Sep 15 Acute toxicity of cresols, xylenols, and trimethylphenols to Daphnia magna Straus 1820. 79-83 Twenty-four-hour IC50 values (50% immobilization concentration) for phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, six xylenols, and three trimethylphenols were determined for Daphnia magna under static conditions. Our results show that cresols are more toxic than phenol, that xylenols do not exhibit significantly higher toxicity than cresols, and that trimethylphenols are less toxic than cresols. Thus, no direct relationship can be found between the number and position of methyl groups on the phenol nucleus and their acute toxicity to the water flea. Institut Pasteur de Lyon, France. Devillers J J eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Cresols 0 Phenols 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 0 Xylenes 108-68-9 3,5-xylenol 576-26-1 2,6-xylenol 95-87-4 2,5-xylenol IM Sci Total Environ 1989 Jan;78:300 Animals Cresols toxicity Daphnia drug effects Models, Biological Phenols toxicity Species Specificity Structure-Activity Relationship Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Xylenes toxicity 2523796 1989 06 20 1989 06 20 2003 11 14

0147-6513 17 1 1989 Feb The effect of humic acid on the toxicity and bioavailability of trivalent chromium. 105-11 The influence of humic acid (HA) on the toxicity and bioavailability of two forms of trivalent chromium (chromic chloride and chrome lignosulfonate) was evaluated using a common freshwater invertebrate, Daphnia pulex. With both compounds, the 50 mg/liter HA significantly decreased toxicity at all time points examined. The remaining two HA concentrations, 0.5 and 5 mg/liter, either had no influence or decreased the toxicity of the compounds. Humic acid appeared to have no influence on the bioavailability of chrome lignosulfonate. However, for chromic chloride, 5 and 50 mg/liter HA decreased the percentage free chromium at all time points examined. Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Northeast Louisiana University, Monroe 71209-0470. Stackhouse R A RA Benson W H WH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Chlorides 0 Chromium Compounds 10049-05-5 chromous chloride 1415-93-6 Humic Acids 7440-47-3 Chromium IM Animals Biological Availability Chlorides Chromium pharmacokinetics toxicity Chromium Compounds Daphnia physiology Humic Acids toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors 2726884 1989 06 30 1989 06 30 2003 11 14

0361-7742 291 1989 QSARs and pesticides design. 417-20 A multivariate analysis of phytotoxicity and measured ecotoxicity data of a set of 30 herbicidal triazines was carried out. Results indicate that it is feasible to design triazines that combine limited ecotoxicity with high herbicidal potency. Department of Comparative Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy. Tosato M L ML Cesareo D D Marchini S S Passerini L L Pino A A Cruciani G G Clementi S S eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Prog Clin Biol Res 7605701 0 Pesticides 0 Triazines IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Drug Design Molecular Structure Pesticides pharmacology Structure-Activity Relationship Triazines pharmacology 2727672 1989 07 10 1989 07 10 2003 11 14

0048-9697 79 2 1989 Mar Effects of humus concentrations on benzo[a]pyrene accumulation from water to Daphnia magna: comparison of natural waters and standard preparations. 197-207 The bioaccumulation of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) into Daphnia magna from two natural humic waters (one lake water and one bog water), and two humus preparations (Nordic Reference fulvic acid (Nordic FA) and a lyophilized concentrate) of the same aquatic origin was measured by using several dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations for each sample. The partition coefficient (Kp) of BaP to the humus content of the water was determined by an equilibrium dialysis technique. In all four samples, an increase in humus concentration decreased the bioavailability of BaP in a logarithmic manner. The Nordic FA and the natural untreated humic water, from the same source as the water used for isolation of Nordic FA, gave a similar DOC bioaccumulation response and similar Kp values. The difference between the two natural humic waters was obvious, both in the accumulation experiments and the Kp values. The assumption that the total bound fraction of organic pollutant is not available for D. magna is not fully supported by this study. Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, Finland. Kukkonen J J Oikari A A Johnsen S S Gjessing E E eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 50-32-8 Benzo(a)pyrene 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals Benzo(a)pyrene analysis metabolism Biological Transport Comparative Study Daphnia metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water analysis Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 2732079 1989 07 24 1989 07 24 2003 11 14

0018-067X 62 ( Pt 1) 1989 Feb Population genetics of Polyphemus pediculus (Cladocera: Polyphemidae). 1-10 Population genetic studies of cyclically parthenogenetic organisms have focussed on members of the freshwater cladoceran crustaceans, and mainly on those populations which inhabit intermittent or permanent ponds. Little is known of the genetic structure of large-lake populations. The genetic structure of populations of the predatory freshwater littoral-zone cladoceran, Polyphemus pediculus from 20 palearctic lakes in Northern Germany was examined by electrophoresis to determine its breeding system and level of genetic polymorphism, and to compare its genetic structure with those of other Cladocera. Polyphemus was polymorphic for three of eight enzyme loci and most (20/23) genotypic frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These populations are thus panmictic, and most likely reproduce by cyclical parthenogenesis. There were heterozygote deficiencies at each of the polymorphic loci in the three deviant populations. Genetic differentiation between populations was evident at each locus, with significant spatial autocorrelation found at the Pgm locus. Population heterozygosity averaged 9.2 per cent with a mean of 1.5 alleles/locus. Mean number of composite genotypes per population was 6.0+/-1.0 (S.E.) with a range of 1-17 clones per population. P. pediculus thus has a population genetic structure similar to that of large-lake Daphnia populations. Max-Planck-Institute for Limnology, Department of Ecophysiology, Plön, Federal Republic of Germany. Weider L J LJ eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Heredity 0373007 IM Alleles Animals Breeding Crustacea genetics Female Gene Frequency Polymorphism (Genetics) Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) 2737111 1989 08 09 1989 08 09 2003 11 14

0147-6513 17 2 1989 Apr 1,1,1-Trichloroethane: medium-term toxicity to carp, daphnids, and higher plants. 172-82 The toxicity of 1,1,1-trichloroethane to carp (Cyprinus carpio) and daphnids (Daphnia magna) and the effects of gaseous-phase exposure on the growth of higher plants (Sorghum bicolor and Brassica napus) were investigated. The test systems were designed to minimize loss of the volatile material during the exposure period. During an exposure period of 14 days, there were no mortalities or other symptoms of toxicity in carp exposed to a mean measured 1,1,1-trichloroethane concentration of 7.7 mg/liter. The survival and reproduction of daphnids over a test period of 17 days were not affected at a measured concentration of 1.3 mg/liter. Growth of emergent seedlings was not inhibited at measured gaseous-phase concentrations of 18 mg/liter for S. bicolor and 6.9 mg/liter for B. napus. The simple modifications made to standard techniques proved sufficient to maintain the exposure concentrations of this volatile chemical. Mean measured concentrations were generally greater than 60% of the nominal values. Brixham Laboratory, Imperial Chemical Industries PLC, Freshwater Quarry, Devon, United Kingdom. Thompson R S RS Carmichael N G NG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated 0 Trichloroethanes 71-55-6 1,1,1-trichloroethane IM Animals Carps Cyprinidae Daphnia drug effects Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated toxicity Plants Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Trichloroethanes toxicity 2743005 1989 08 21 1989 08 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 42 5 1989 May New approach to the seven-day Ceriodaphnia dubia test with additional comments pertaining to the same test for Daphnia magna. 749-53 Dow Chemical Company, Health and Environmental Sciences, Midland, Michigan 48674. Cowgill U M UM Milazzo D P DP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Daphnia Oxygen analysis Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 2743009 1989 08 21 1989 08 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 42 5 1989 May Sublethal effects of phenanthrene, nicotine, and pinane on Daphnia pulex. 778-84 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Fisheries Research Center--Great Lakes, Michigan 48105. Savino J F JF Tanabe L L LL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Phenanthrenes 0 Terpenes 473-55-2 pinane 54-11-5 Nicotine IM Animals Chromatography, Gas Daphnia drug effects growth & development Nicotine analysis toxicity Phenanthrenes analysis toxicity Terpenes analysis toxicity 2743011 1989 08 21 1989 08 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 42 5 1989 May Toxicity of alum sludge to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas. 791-8 Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Shady Side, Maryland 20764. Hall W S WS Hall L W LW Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Alum Compounds 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7429-90-5 Aluminum IM Alum Compounds toxicity Aluminum toxicity Animals Daphnia drug effects Larva drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 2743919 1989 08 15 1989 08 15 2000 12 18

0147-6513 17 3 1989 Jun Fate and effects of salicylic acid compounds in freshwater systems. 308-16 The comparative fates and effects of salicylic acid (SA) and Na salicylate in algae (Scenedesmus subspicatus, Monoraphidium minutum), in Lemna minor, and in Daphnia magna were examined. Test methods were principally based on the OECD testing guidelines with modifications in the procedures. The influence of fulvic acid (FA) on bioconcentration and on toxic effects was studied. FA addition significantly reduced the bioavailability of SA in L. minor and the algae species. SA was more toxic to Lemnaceae, algae, and daphnids than to its Na salt. Bioconcentration factors in S. subspicatus, M. minutum, and L. minor were about 10(3) in 72-96 hr. The reproducibility of D. magna was reduced by 38% at a concentration of 20 mg SA/liter. Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Academia Sinica, Beijing, People's Republic of China. Wang W H WH Lay J P JP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Salicylic Acids 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae drug effects Fresh Water Reproduction drug effects Salicylic Acids pharmacokinetics toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 2743922 1989 08 15 1989 08 15 2003 11 14

0147-6513 17 3 1989 Jun Toxicity of heavy metals to early life stages of Daphnia magna. 333-8 This study was designed to investigate the susceptibility of the parthenogenetic eggs of Daphnia magna to cadmium, zinc, copper, and lead. Early life stages of D. magna proved to be highly tolerant to heavy metal toxicity in comparison with later stages. This relatively high tolerance might be explained by the structural constitution of the eggs. Research Group for Aquatic Toxicology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. Bodar C W CW vd Zee A A Voogt P A PA Wynne H H Zandee D I DI eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 7439-92-1 Lead 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Copper toxicity Daphnia drug effects Lead toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Zinc toxicity 2767462 1989 10 12 1989 10 12 2003 11 14

0016-9900 5 1989 May [Toxicologic evaluation of the effectiveness of decontamination of waste water from the production of dry galvanic cell by low-base aluminum hydroxychloride] 76-7 Fomovskiĭ M A MA Lapinskine A K AK Kipnis L S LS Dubchak O N ON rus Journal Article Toksikologicheskaia otsenka éffektivnosti obezvrezhivaniia stokov proizvodstva sukhikh ga'lvanicheskikh élementov nizkoosnovnymi gidroksokhloridami aliuminiia.

USSR Gig Sanit 0412700 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 12042-91-0 aluminum chlorhydrate 21645-51-2 Aluminum Hydroxide IM Aluminum Hydroxide pharmacology Animals Daphnia drug effects Electronics Industrial Waste analysis Sewage Ukraine Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Pollution prevention & control 2775894 1989 10 20 1989 10 20 2003 11 14

0007-4861 43 2 1989 Aug Gender-dependent problems in toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia. 271-9 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, Tennessee 37831-6351. Haynes G J GJ Stewart A J AJ Harvey B C BC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 10108-64-2 Cadmium Chloride 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Animals, Newborn physiology Cadmium toxicity Cadmium Chloride Daphnia physiology Female Lethal Dose 50 Male Nutrition Sex Factors Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 2790241 1989 10 31 1989 10 31 2003 11 14

0007-4861 43 3 1989 Sep Chronic toxicity of biphenyl to Daphnia magna Straus. 355-62 Health and Environmental Sciences, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674. Gersich F M FM Bartlett E A EA Murphy P G PG Milazzo D P DP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Biphenyl Compounds IM Aging physiology Animals Animals, Newborn physiology Biphenyl Compounds toxicity Daphnia physiology Lethal Dose 50 2802678 1989 10 30 1989 10 30 2003 11 14

0090-4341 18 5 1989 Sep Toxicity test procedures for Hyalella azteca, and chronic toxicity of cadmium and pentachlorophenol to H. azteca, Gammarus fasciatus, and Daphnia magna. 756-64 Survival, growth, and reproduction of Hyalella azteca were determined under various test conditions. Reproduction by a cohort begins when the amphipods are 5 to 6 weeks old, peaks at 8 to 12 weeks, and then declines due to continuing adult mortality. Full life-cycle tests can be completed in 12 to 14 weeks at 25 degrees C. Reproduction is poor when only artificial plastic substrate is provided. A substrate of cotton gauze results in dramatic improvements in both reproduction and growth. Better reproduction can be obtained by culturing the amphipods in some sediments, but this makes weekly enumeration difficult. Increased mortality during chronic exposure to cadmium was observed at 1 microgram/L for H. azteca and 3.2 micrograms/L for Gammarus fasciatus. Reproduction during longer exposure was not reduced at concentrations lower than those causing increased mortality within six weeks. Chronic toxicity of pentachlorophenol was observed at 100 micrograms/L for both species. Chronic toxicity to Daphnia magna was similar to that of the amphipods for cadmium, but lower for pentachlorophenol. Amphipods are at least as sensitive as Daphnia to a variety of toxicants during chronic exposure. Borgmann U U Ralph K M KM Norwood W P WP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Chlorophenols 7440-43-9 Cadmium 87-86-5 Pentachlorophenol IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Chlorophenols toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Environmental Monitoring methods Female Pentachlorophenol toxicity 3268116 1989 12 20 1989 12 20 2003 11 14

0895-3988 1 2 1988 Aug Prediction of environmental fate and effects of heteroatomic polycyclic aromatics by QSARs: the position of n-octanol/water partition coefficients. 194-209 The HPLC and TLC retention, n-octanol/water partition coefficients (log Kow), bioconcentration factors, and acute toxicity data of 29 heteroatomic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 7 parent polycyclic aromatics were determined experimentally. For the same set of compounds, molecular weights, fragmental log Kow values, and molecular connectivities were calculated. Quantitation of the mathematical relationships between the variables was used to validate the predictive potential of various parameters. The importance of log Kow in predictive studies is highlighted. It is concluded that the internal concentration of a pollutant in the organism should be used as a parameter in future QSAR work. Institute for Environmental Studies, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. de Voogt P P Wegener J W JW Klamer J C JC van Zijl G A GA Govers H H eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Biomed Environ Sci 8909524 0 Octanols 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons 111-87-5 1-Octanol 7732-18-5 Water IM 1-Octanol Animals Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography, Thin Layer Daphnia drug effects Ecology Environmental Pollution prevention & control Octanols Photobacterium drug effects Poecilia metabolism Polycyclic Hydrocarbons metabolism toxicity Regression Analysis Solubility Structure-Activity Relationship Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water 2806166 1989 12 04 1989 12 04 2003 11 14

0147-6513 18 2 1989 Oct Investigation of correlation between physiochemical properties of metals and their toxicity to the water flea Daphnia magna Straus. 109-20 Twenty-three metal ions were tested and ranked in terms of decrease in immobilization (EC50) of Daphnia magna Straus. The 48-hr EC50 values (mg/liter) of metal ions were Hg2+, 0.0052; Ag1+, 0.01; Cu2+, 0.093; Zn2+, 0.56; Co2+, 1.49; Cr6+, 1.79; Cd2+, 1.88; Be2+, 2.82; Pb2+, 3.61; As3+, 6.23; Fe2+, 7.20; Ni2+, 7.29; Mn2+, 8.28; Sn2+, 21.56; Ba2+, 32.00; Al3+, 59.60; W6+, 89.39; Sr2+, 94.00; K1+, 141.46; Mg2+, 343.56; Na1+, 420.60; and Sb3+, 423.45. The 48-hr EC50 values of 23 metal ions were transformed to their corresponding negative logarithms of molarity (as pM). Correlation coefficients (r) for more than 35 physiochemical properties of metals or metal ions and acute toxicity values (as pM) were examined by linear regression analysis. The negative logarithm of the solubility product constant of metal sulfide (pKsp), equilibrium constants of amino acids and of EDTA, nucleotide base, electronegativity, electrode potential, melting point, thermal properties of metals, and other physiochemical parameters were significantly correlated with toxicity for D. magna. The order of toxicity of metal ions has been presented and discussed. Correlation between toxicity and physiochemical properties of inorganic substances may be useful in predicting toxicity to various biologically important organisms. Daphnia Project, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow, India. Khangarot B S BS Ray P K PK eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Metals 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Chemistry, Physical Daphnia physiology Energy Metabolism Metals analysis toxicity Oxygen analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Temperature Time Factors 2818927 1990 01 03 1990 01 03 2003 11 14

0007-0912 63 4 1989 Oct A model to test the potency of inhalation anaesthetics. 489-91 The water flea Daphnia magna was studied as a potential model of the potency of inhalation anaesthetics in humans. Anaesthesia was defined as lack of movement to a noxious stimulus (strong light). Effective concentrations which produced anaesthesia of 50% of the individuals (EC50) for halothane, isoflurane and enflurane were 1.006, 1.156 and 1.415, respectively. Anaesthesia was reversible rapidly. It is suggested that Daphnia should replace vertebrates in early studies of inhalation anaesthetic potency. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield. McKenzie J D JD Calow P P Nimmo W S WS eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Br J Anaesth 0372541 13838-16-9 Enflurane 151-67-7 Halothane 26675-46-7 Isoflurane IM Br J Anaesth. 1990 May;64(5):649 2191708 Anesthesia, Inhalation Animals Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Enflurane pharmacology Halothane pharmacology Isoflurane pharmacology Light Models, Biological Movement drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2591771 1990 01 12 1990 01 12 2003 11 14

0016-9900 8 1989 Aug [Evaluation of dyed substances in purified waste water in experiments on water organisms] 78-80 Novikova L N LN Rudykh A R AR Kravets N A NA Osipova E V EV Burlakova O A OA Zubareva L D LD rus Journal Article Otsenka okrashennykh veshchestv v ochishchennykh stochnykh vodakh v opytakh na gidrobiontakh.

USSR Gig Sanit 0412700 0 Dyes 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 9004-34-6 Cellulose IM Animals Cellulose toxicity Daphnia drug effects physiology Disinfection Dyes toxicity Industrial Waste Maximum Allowable Concentration Sewage Siberia Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Supply standards 2480967 1990 01 30 1990 01 30 2003 11 14

0022-0493 82 5 1989 Oct Visual detection of microencapsulated insecticides with selective staining and scanning electron microscopy. 1323-7 Selective staining with Sudan IV and methylene blue for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were investigated to determine their potential for detecting and quantifying microencapsulated insecticides. Penncap-M (microencapsulated methyl parathion), Penncapthrin (microencapsulated permethrin), and Dyfonate (microencapsulated fonofos) were selectively stained with Sudan IV but not with methylene blue. Selective staining was not possible for Altosid SF-10 or SR-20 (microencapsulated methoprene) with either stain. Sudan IV enabled detection of some microencapsulated formulations in the digestive content of selected aquatic invertebrates and prepared contaminated pollen samples. Staining intensity with Sudan IV was greatest with acetone but capsular damage was high. A solvent ratio of 50:50 and 20:80 acetone/xylene minimized capsular collapse and maintained good staining intensity. The use of SEM for capsule identification and quantification depended upon the method of sample preparation: the slide smear method was superior to samples prepared by incision or microtomy. SEM was most suitable for investigation of formulations such as methoprene, for which selective staining was not possible. The chemical basis of staining with Sudan IV and potential application of both identification techniques are discussed. Sibley P K PK Fortin C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Econ Entomol 2985127R 0 Capsules 0 Insecticides 0 Pesticide Residues IM Aedes analysis Animals Capsules Culex analysis Daphnia analysis Insecticides analysis Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Pesticide Residues analysis Simuliidae analysis Staining and Labeling Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2619328 1990 02 26 1990 02 26 2003 11 14

0090-4341 18 6 1989 Nov Analysis of six foraging behaviors as toxicity indicators, using juvenile smallmouth bass exposed to low environmental pH. 895-9 Six foraging behaviors were evaluated for use in toxicity bioassays with fishes. Response time and strike frequency were used to measure fish activity, average and longest fixation distance, to measure visual acuity, while prey capture frequency and strike success were used to measure fish coordination and agility. In this study, the feeding behaviors were used to evaluate the effects of chronic exposure to acidic water on juvenile smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui). Feeding responses to two types of live prey, tubificids and Daphnia magna, were recorded for bass exposed to pH 4.7 and 4.2. Fish held at the lower pH level had significantly lower fixation distances, prey capture success and capture frequencies with both prey types, indicating that high levels of acidity may impair visual acuity, coordination, and agility. The foraging behaviors evaluated herein appear to be useful in toxicity testing because they are easily quantified and indicate changes that may affect growth and survival in long-term exposures. Hill J J eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Bass Environmental Monitoring Feeding Behavior drug effects Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants toxicity 2306539 1990 04 10 1990 04 10 2003 11 14

0007-4861 44 1 1990 Jan Use of Selenastrum capricornutum and Microfeast as food for Daphnia pulex. 59-66 Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton 76203. Price E E EE Parkerton T F TF Dickson K L KL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 IM Algae Animals Body Weight Daphnia physiology Diet 2626058 1990 04 11 1990 04 11 2003 11 14

0022-5193 137 4 1989 Apr 20 Stability effects of a juvenile period in age-structured populations. 397-422 Prior theoretical studies have shown that the juvenile period's length is an important determinant of local stability in age-structured population dynamics. For example, both short and long periods produce stability, but intermediate lengths can cause instability. Short juvenile periods significantly increase stability (compared to no juvenile period) if fecundity is independent of adult age. Here I re-examine these and other patterns, using a model which includes a variable juvenile period, juvenile mortality, density-dependent fecundity and adult mortality, and age-dependence is adult fecundity. Among other things, the results confirm the stable-unstable-stable pattern with increasing juvenile period length, but show that the stabilizing effect of short periods disappears when fecundity varies with adult age. Broadly speaking, the results suggest that age-dependence in adult fecundity has important dynamical consequences, and that models assuming that fecundity is independent of adult age may be unreliable guides to the dynamics of populations for which this assumption is not reasonably accurate. Division of Environmental Research, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103. McNair J N JN eng Journal Article

ENGLAND J Theor Biol 0376342 IM Animals Daphnia genetics Genetics, Population Mathematics Models, Genetic Population Dynamics Reproduction 2324716 1990 05 24 1990 05 24 2003 11 14

8756-971X 6 1 1990 Mar Prey selection by mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) in California rice fields: effect of vegetation and prey species. 115-20 Mosquitofish are widely used for biological control of mosquito larvae in rice fields, but the presence of different types of vegetation or alternative arthropod prey affects the performance of the fish. Feeding experiments were conducted in 4 rice field vegetation zones. Overall, predation was maximal in young and mature rice, moderate in the submerged naiad vegetation, and minimal in areas of open water. A preference for fourth instar Culex tarsalis mosquito larvae over Daphnia pulex and the amphipod Hyalella azteca was demonstrated. Second nymphal stage corixid bugs, Cenocorixa sp., were avoided; a similar notonectid, Buenoa sp., was eaten in amounts comparable to the D. pulex and H. azteca. No preference between Culex tarsalis and Anopheles freeborni mosquito larvae was detected. Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Biology, University of California, Davis 95616. Linden A L AL Cech J J JJ Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Am Mosq Control Assoc 8511299 IM Agriculture Animals Anopheles California Culex Cyprinodontiformes physiology Ecology Feeding Behavior physiology Insects Larva Oryza sativa Pest Control, Biological Plants Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2324997 1990 05 24 1990 05 24 2003 11 14

0340-7594 166 3 1990 Feb Eye movements in Daphnia magna. Regions of the eye are specialized for different behaviors. 411-20 Three types of behavior of the compound eye of Daphnia magna are characterized: 'flick', a transient rotation elicited by a brief flash of light; 'fixation', a maintained eye orientation in response to a stationary light stimulus of long-duration; 'tracking', the smooth pursuit of a moving stimulus. The magnitudes of the flick and fixation responses vary with stimulus position and are generally proportional to stimulus intensity, although at high intensities there is an attenuation of both behaviors. When the stimulus is placed at a position approximately 80 degrees dorsal to the eye axis, there is no response; this area is called the null region. For stationary stimuli in other positions, the direction of the response is such as to bring the stimulus closer to the null region. During tracking, the relative positions of the eye and stimulus change; the eye velocity is approximately half that of the moving stimulus. The regions of the eye in which these behaviors may be induced are different, being largest for flick and smallest for tracking. It is proposed that flick and fixation responses are a means for rotating the eye so that the stimulus is within the area surrounding the null region which is used for tracking. Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027. Consi T R TR Passani M B MB Macagno E R ER eng NS-14946 NS NINDS Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST J Comp Physiol [A] 8413199 IM Animals Behavior, Animal physiology Daphnia physiology Eye Movements Female Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 2328349 1990 05 30 1990 05 30 2003 11 14

0007-4861 44 3 1990 Mar Importance of bioassay volume in toxicity tests using algae and aquatic invertebrates. 420-7 Department of Biology, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Truro, Canada. Stratton G W GW Giles J J eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Pyrethrins 1912-24-9 Atrazine 52645-53-1 Permethrin IM Algae drug effects Animals Atrazine toxicity Biological Assay Chlorella drug effects Daphnia Invertebrates physiology Lethal Dose 50 Motor Activity drug effects Permethrin Photosynthesis drug effects Pyrethrins toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2331155 1990 05 25 1990 05 25 2003 11 14

0090-4341 19 1 1990 Jan-Feb Evaluation of a 14-day static renewal toxicity test with Daphnia magna straus. 72-6 Two replicate 14-day static renewal chronic toxicity tests were conducted with Daphnia magna Straus for each of three test chemicals (boric acid, aniline, and 2,4-dichlorophenol). These tests were conducted at 24 +/- 2 degrees C. The objective of this study was the comparison of the 14-day test results with chronic values derived for the same chemicals from 21-day studies (20 degrees C). It was hypothesized that the comparison of the chronic data resulting from the two test regimes would support the shortening of the standard 21-day exposure period and reduce the cost of these labor intensive studies. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The 14-day test met the 21-day chronic test acceptability criteria in terms of control data associated with the mean number of broods/adult, mean total young/adult, mean brood size and survival. 2. A comparison of the results shows the similarity of the chronic values generated from the 14 and 21-day tests. In all cases, the chemical specific chronic values were within a factor of 2. The chronic values for 2,4-dichlorophenol generated from the two test regimens were virtually identical (i.e., 14-day--1.1 and 1.2 mg/L; 21-day--1.1 mg/L). 3. The comparison of the chronic values resulting from the 14 and 21-day tests supports the use of the 14-day exposure period. A shorter exposure period will help reduce the cost of these labor intensive studies without compromising their scientific integrity. Dow Chemical Company, Health and Environmental Sciences, Midland, Michigan 48674. Gersich F M FM Milazzo D P DP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Boric Acids 0 Chlorophenols 0 Environmental Pollutants 120-83-2 2,4-dichlorophenol IM Aniline Compounds toxicity Animals Boric Acids toxicity Chlorophenols toxicity Daphnia physiology Environmental Pollutants toxicity 2341987 1990 06 26 1990 06 26 2003 11 14

0340-7594 166 5 1990 Mar UV photoreceptors in the compound eye of Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Branchiopoda). A fourth spectral class in single ommatidia. 597-606 The spectral sensitivities of individually stimulated ommatidia in the compound eye of Daphnia magna were measured using a fast spectral scan voltage-clamp technique with extracellular recording. Chromatic adaptation was used to reveal the contributions of individual spectral classes of photoreceptors to the ommatidial sensitivity. Ommatidia in the dorsal and ventral regions of the compound eye were tested. Four spectral classes of photoreceptors were found in each ommatidium, among them a previously undetected class with peak sensitivity in the ultraviolet. The wavelengths of peak sensitivity were at 348, 434, 525, and 608 nm for the dorsal ommatidia. The three longer wavelength classes agreed well with those found previously by intracellular recording (Schehr 1984). Only small differences in wavelength and magnitude of peak sensitivity were found between the four classes in the dorsal versus ventral ommatidia. Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027. Smith K C KC Macagno E R ER eng NS-14946 NS NINDS Journal Article

GERMANY, WEST J Comp Physiol [A] 8413199 IM Animals Daphnia physiology Female In Vitro Membrane Potentials Photic Stimulation Photoreceptors physiology Sensory Thresholds Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Ultraviolet Rays 2637484 1990 07 13 1990 07 13 2003 11 14

0035-7715 40 4-6 1989 [Toxic action of carbendazim on aquatic animals] 326-32 The toxic effect of carbendazim was studied using as biologic indicators, Lebistes reticulatus Peters, Asellus aquaticus Racov and Daphnia magna (Cladocera) in the Laboratory of Human Epidemiology and Ecology in Rzeszów. The experiments were done in crystallizers of from 150 ml capacity for Aselius to 250 ml for young Lebistes and in tubes of 30 ml capacity for Daphnia. Each experiment was done in triplicate with 10 animals in each repetition. The observation of carbendazim toxicity was carried out after 1, 2, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 96 hours and after 5, 6 and 24 days. The method used for this purpose had been evolved by the Institute of Metereology and Hydrology in Wrocław. For all tested aquatic organisms in acute toxicity tests of carbendazim (LC50) confidence intervals were calculated for various concentrations of the solution and time spent by the organisms in toxic environment. The study showed that carbendazim was practically non-toxic for young Lebistes and Asellus. The detailed results are presented in tables I, II and III. Przybylski Z Z Rogoz H H pol Journal Article Badania toksycznego działania karbendazymu na zwierzece organizmy wodne.

POLAND Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 0414756 0 Benzimidazoles 0 Fungicides, Industrial 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 10605-21-7 mecarzole IM Animals Benzimidazoles toxicity Crustacea Daphnia English Abstract Fishes Fungicides, Industrial toxicity Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 2383683 1990 09 18 1990 09 18 2003 11 14

0007-4861 45 1 1990 Jul Bioavailability of benzo(a)pyrene and dehydroabietic acid from a few lake waters containing varying dissolved organic carbon concentrations to Daphnia magna. 54-61 University of Joensuu, Department of Biology, Finland. Oikari A A Kukkonen J J eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Diterpenes 0 Diterpenes, Abietane 0 Hydrocarbons 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1740-19-8 dehydroabietic acid 50-32-8 Benzo(a)pyrene IM Animals Benzo(a)pyrene metabolism Biological Availability Daphnia metabolism Diterpenes metabolism Diterpenes, Abietane Finland Hydrocarbons Support, Non-U.S. Gov't USSR Water Pollutants metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism 2386407 1990 09 20 1990 09 20 2003 11 14

0090-4341 19 4 1990 Jul-Aug The reproducibility of the three brood Ceriodaphnia test using the reference toxicant sodium lauryl sulfate. 513-7 The three brood Ceriodaphnia dubia test was carried out three nonconsecutive times, each period being separated by the previous one by three weeks. The toxicant studied was sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) which bacterially degrades completely by the end of the third day of the test. The mean LC50 based on survival was 41 +/- 3.2 (CV = 7.8%) mg/L for day 3 through day 6. The mean EC50 based on progeny confirmed the LC50 and was 36 +/- 0.49 (CV = 1.4%) mg/L for the ultimate day of the test. The close reproducibility among successive tests is due in part to the use of pure SLS, the use of a mixed algal diet and in part to reducing handling to a minimum. Data failed to indicate any chronic effect exhibited by C. dubia populations since no statistically significant differences were noted between 48 hr (acute) and 144 hr values (chronic). Calculations of brood size for the first four broods clearly indicate a chronic effect of SLS on C. dubia by showing a progressively greater spread between the highest mean brood size and the lowest mean brood size as the brood number increases. It is suggested that calculations of this kind become part of the Ceriodaphnia test methodology so that any chronicity can be better identified. Environment Toxicology and Chemistry Research Laboratory, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674. Cowgill U M UM Milazzo D P DP Landenberger B D BD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 151-21-3 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate IM Animals Daphnia physiology Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate toxicity 2386417 1990 09 20 1990 09 20 2003 11 14

0090-4341 19 4 1990 Jul-Aug Comparative toxicities of selected industrial chemicals to microorganisms and other aquatic organisms. 624-8 Biodegradation rates of 25 narcotic industrial chemicals were determined manometrically using resting cells prepared from preacclimated microorganisms. Chemical concentrations that would reduce maximum rates by 50% (BIC50) were estimated from rate inhibition data. Subsequently, the BIC50 and acute toxicities of chemicals to daphnids, barnacle larvae, copepods and fish (bleak, fathead minnow and golden orfe) were correlated. The r2 and F-statistics for all six linear correlations were significant (alpha = 0.001). This suggests, for chemicals having a non-specific mode of toxic action, the biodegradation inhibition test may be used to estimate concentrations which would be toxic to higher aquatic organisms. A comparison of toxicity data showed microorganisms were less sensitive to test chemicals than the other species. Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Superior 54880. Vaishnav D D DD Korthals E T ET eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Industrial Waste 0 Solvents IM Animals Bacteria drug effects Crustacea Daphnia Fishes Industrial Waste adverse effects Mollusca Solvents toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2400843 1990 10 23 1990 10 23 2003 11 14

0007-4861 45 2 1990 Aug Effects of deltamethrin and ethanol on survival, and mechanical response of Daphnia spinulata. 266-71 Department of Basic Sciences, National University of Luján, Argentina. Alberdi J L JL Santamaría N O NO Hernández D A DA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Insecticides, Botanical 0 Pyrethrins 52820-00-5 decamethrin 64-17-5 Ethanol IM Animals Behavior, Animal drug effects Daphnia physiology Ethanol toxicity Insecticides, Botanical toxicity Physical Stimulation Pyrethrins toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1699381 1990 11 19 1990 11 19 2003 11 14

0065-1281 88 2 1990 A preliminary histochemical study on the labral glands of Daphnia obtusa (Crustacea, Cladocera). 175-81 The gland cells located in the upper lip of the cladoceran Daphnia were studied by histochemical reactions to establish the chemical nature of some substances they synthesize. Neutral polysaccharides were found to be present, but acid glycosaminoglycans absent. Large amounts of proteins and ribonucleoproteins are also present, lipid substances were not detected. Immunohistochemical methods failed to reveal alpha-amylase in the labral gland cells, though the enzyme was detected in the cells of the intestine. The secretion products of the labral gland cells are probably glycoproteins. The results are discussed in terms of the possible roles of these substances in the animal's physiology. Institute of Comparative Anatomy, University of Ferrara, Italy. Zeni C C Franchini A A eng Journal Article

GERMANY Acta Histochem 0370320 0 Glycosaminoglycans 0 Lipids 0 Polysaccharides 0 Proteins 0 Ribonucleoproteins EC 3.2.1.1 alpha-Amylase IM Animals Cytoplasm ultrastructure Daphnia anatomy & histology Exocrine Glands anatomy & histology Female Glycosaminoglycans immunology Histocytochemistry Immunoenzyme Techniques Lipids analysis Polysaccharides analysis immunology Proteins analysis Ribonucleoproteins ultrastructure Staining and Labeling alpha-Amylase immunology 2226243 1990 12 05 1990 12 05 2003 11 14

0147-6513 20 1 1990 Aug Effect of 3,4-dichloroaniline and metavanadate on Daphnia populations. 53-70 Fourteen continuously fed populations of Daphnia magna were exposed to 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) or metavanadate and monitored for 20 (two controls), 14 (six with metavanadate), and 8 (six with 3,4-DCA) weeks. The controls showed a damped oscillation. Low concentrations of either 3,4-DCA or metavanadate stimulated the first population peak. High concentrations of metavanadate rendered population peaks less regular, and at the highest metavanadate concentration, one population perished. High concentrations of 3,4-DCA slightly reduced population size. Four periodically fed populations of D. magna were also monitored. The more they were fed, the larger they grew. In the continuously fed populations, ephippia were formed at and just after the population peaks. No ephippia were noted in the periodically fed populations. Metavanadate promoted the formation of ephippia (NOEC 0.56 mg/liter), and 3,4-DCA depressed sexual reproduction at all concentrations tested (6, 12, and 24 micrograms/liter). The population dynamics of the controls were compared with those predicted by Kooijman's model (1986a, in The Dynamics of Physiologically Structured Populations (J.A.J. Metz and O. Diekmann, Eds.), pp. 266-297, Springer Lecture Notes in Biomathematics; 1986b, J. Math. Biol. 23, 163-185) for growth and reproduction of individual daphnids. In general, there is reasonable agreement between model predictions and observations, but some adjustments to the model may be necessary. Department of Biology, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Delft. van der Hoeven N N eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Vanadates 95-76-1 3,4-dichloroaniline IM Aniline Compounds toxicity Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Population Dynamics Predictive Value of Tests Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vanadates toxicity 2228614 1990 12 27 1990 12 27 2003 11 14

0017-9078 59 6 1990 Dec Short-term bioconcentration studies of Np in freshwater biota. 869-77 Short-term laboratory exposures were conducted to determine the potential accumulation of Np in aquatic organisms. Concentration factors were highest in green algae. Daphnia magna, a filter-feeding crustacean, accumulated Np at levels one order of magnitude greater than the amphipod Gammarus sp., an omnivorous substrate feeder. Accumulation of Np in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was highest in carcass (generally greater than 78% of the total body burden) and lowest in fillets. Recommended concentration factors for Np, based on fresh weight, were 300 for green algae, 100 for filter-feeding invertebrates, for nonfilter-feeding invertebrates, 10 for whole fish, and one for fish flesh. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352. Poston T M TM Klopfer D C DC Simmons M A MA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Health Phys 2985093R 7439-99-8 Neptunium IM Algae metabolism Animals Crustacea metabolism Fishes metabolism Fresh Water Neptunium pharmacokinetics Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2263195 1991 02 07 1991 02 07 2003 11 14

0737-4038 7 5 1990 Sep Hierarchical analysis of population genetic variation in mitochondrial and nuclear genes of Daphnia pulex. 444-58 The geographic structure of Daphnia pulex populations from the central United States is analyzed with respect to isozyme and mitochondrial DNA variation. The species complex consists of cyclic and obligate parthenogens. A hierarchical analysis of population structure in the cyclic parthenogens by using a fixation-index approach indicates that this is one of the most extremely subdivided species yet studied. This genetic structure, much of which accrues within 100 km, is certainly due in part to the limited dispersal ability of Daphnia. However, previous work has shown that fluctuating selection can account for the spatial heterogeneity in isozyme frequencies in these populations. This may explain why the population subdivision for the mitochondrial genome increases approximately three times as rapidly with distance as does that for nuclear genes, which is slower than the neutral expectation. The obligate parthenogens are shown to be polyphyletic in origin, evolutionarily young, and, in some cases, geographically widespread. Department of Biology, University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Crease T J TJ Lynch M M Spitze K K eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Mol Biol Evol 8501455 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 0 Isoenzymes IM Animals DNA, Mitochondrial genetics Daphnia genetics Gene Frequency Haplotypes Illinois Indiana Isoenzymes genetics Parthenogenesis genetics Polymorphism (Genetics) Restriction Mapping Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Variation (Genetics) 2269224 1991 02 21 1991 02 21 2003 11 14

0091-6765 87 1990 Jul Mode of action and the assessment of chemical hazards in the presence of limited data: use of structure-activity relationships (SAR) under TSCA, Section 5. 183-97 Section 5 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) requires that manufacturers and importers of new chemicals must submit a Premanufacture Notification (PMN) to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 90 days before they intend to commence manufacture or import. Certain information such as chemical identity, uses, etc., must be included in the notification. The submission of test data on the new substance, however, is not required, although any available health and environmental information must be provided. Nonetheless, over half of all PMNs submitted to the agency do not contain any test data; because PMN chemicals are new, no test data is generally available in the scientific literature. Given this situation, EPA has had to develop techniques for hazard assessment that can be used in the presence of limited test data. EPA's approach has been termed "structure-activity relationships" (SAR) and involves three major components: the first is critical evaluation and interpretation of available toxicity data on the chemical; the second component involves evaluation of test data available on analogous substances and/or potential metabolites; and the third component involves the use of mathematical expressions for biological activity known as "quantitative structure-activity relationships" (QSARs). At present, the use of QSARs is limited to estimating physical chemical properties, environmental toxicity, and bioconcentration factors. An important overarching element in EPA's approach is the experience and judgment of scientific assessors in interpreting and integrating the available data and information. Examples are provided that illustrate EPA's approach to hazard assessment for PMN chemicals. Health and Environmental Review Division, Office of Toxic Substances, Washington, DC 20460-0001. Auer C M CM Nabholz J V JV Baetcke K P KP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Dyes 0 Hazardous Substances 0 Solvents 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Triazines 0 Water Pollutants 108-78-1 melamine IM Algae drug effects Animals Chemical Industry legislation & jurisprudence Daphnia drug effects Dyes chemistry toxicity Hazardous Substances chemistry classification toxicity Mutagenicity Tests Predictive Value of Tests Solvents chemistry toxicity Structure-Activity Relationship Surface-Active Agents chemistry toxicity Toxicology methods Triazines chemistry toxicity United States United States Environmental Protection Agency Water Pollutants chemistry toxicity 2269228 1991 02 21 1991 02 21 2003 11 14

0091-6765 87 1990 Jul Electrophiles and acute toxicity to fish. 219-25 Effect concentrations in fish LC50 tests with directly acting electrophiles are lower than those of unreactive chemicals that act by narcosis. LC50 values of more hydrophobic reactive chemicals tend to approach those of unreactive chemicals. Quantitative studies to correlate fish LC50 data to physical-chemical properties indicate that LC50 values of reactive chemicals depend on hydrophobicity as well as chemical reactivity. In this paper, several examples will be given of chemical structures that are known as direct electrophiles. This classification might be useful to identify chemicals that are more effective at lower concentrations than unreactive compounds. Chemicals that require bioactivation are not included because almost no information is available on the influence of bioactivation on acute toxic effects in aquatic organisms. Research Institute of Toxicology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. Hermens J L JL eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Alcohols 0 Aldehydes 0 Epoxy Compounds 0 Hydrocarbons, Halogenated 0 Organometallic Compounds 0 Sulfhydryl Compounds 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Alcohols chemistry toxicity Aldehydes chemistry toxicity Alkylation Animals Biotransformation Chemistry, Physical Comparative Study Daphnia Epoxy Compounds chemistry toxicity Fish Diseases chemically induced Fishes Hydrocarbons, Halogenated chemistry toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Molecular Structure Organometallic Compounds chemistry Structure-Activity Relationship Sulfhydryl Compounds chemistry Water Pollutants, Chemical chemistry toxicity 32 2276362 1991 03 05 1991 03 05 2003 11 14

0147-6513 20 2 1990 Oct Acute toxicity of the natural algicide, cyanobacterin, to Daphnia magna. 167-74 Cyanobacterin is a potent, photosynthetic inhibitor produced as a secondary metabolite by the filamentous, freshwater cyanobacterium Scytonema hofmanni. With a spectrum of activity encompassing species of cyanobacteria and eucaryotic algae as well as higher plants, cyanobacterin might be utilized as a commercial algicide for algae waterbloom control. As a component of the preliminary environmental risk/hazard evaluation of this proposed application, the acute toxicity of cyanobacterin to the planktonic crustacean, Daphnia magna, was assessed. Based on five trials, the 48-hr LC50 for D. magna was determined to be approximately 1.37 micrograms/ml (range: 0.78-2.58 micrograms/ml). In addition, a significant percentage of the surviving daphnids were completely immobile at the end of the 48-hr exposure period. These results give strong indication that cyanobacterin and/or its residues exhibit some nontarget organism lethality at projected use-concentration level. Furthermore, estimates of partition coefficients and bioconcentration factor, generated through quantitative structure-activity relationships, suggest that sediment, suspended particulates, and biota may serve as major compartments of cyanobacterin partitioning in an aquatic ecosystem. Before cyanobacterin should be further considered for application as a commercial algicide, a rigorous evaluation of nontarget organism lethality and environmental fate is required. Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455. Klapes N A NA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Herbicides 80902-00-7 cyanobacterin 96-48-0 4-Butyrolactone IM 4-Butyrolactone analogs & derivatives toxicity Animals Daphnia drug effects Herbicides toxicity Structure-Activity Relationship Time Factors 1996914 1991 03 28 1991 03 28 2003 11 14

0090-4341 20 1 1991 Jan Acute toxicity of pure pentachlorophenol and a technical formulation to three species of Daphnia. 73-80 The acute toxicity of a technical formulation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and pure pentachlorophenol to three age classes of Daphnia magna, and adult D. pulex and D. galeata mendotae was determined by static toxicity tests. The influence of a number of factors on toxicity of PCP was also examined. The 48-hr LC50 estimates for adult daphnids of the three species exposed to pure PCP were 1.78, 4.59 and 0.51 mg/L, respectively, while those for the technical formulation were 2.57, 3.66 and 0.33 mg/L, respectively. There was little difference in toxicity between the technical and pure PCP; however, toxicity of both forms of PCP was influenced by duration of exposure, age (and/or size) and species of test organism and pH of the test solution. Pentachlorophenol caused a toxic response over a very narrow range of concentrations, with the greatest response occurring immediately between 0 and 24 hr. Pure PCP was equally toxic to all age classes of D. magna but susceptibility to technical PCP decreased with maturation. D. g. mendotae was ten times more sensitive than D. pulex to PCP. Pure PCP was significantly more toxic to D. magna at pH 5.5 than 7.0 with mean 48-hr LC50 values of 0.082 and 1.78 mg PCP/L, respectively. At 12 degrees C, the toxicity of both forms of PCP to D. g. mendotae and D. pulex did not differ significantly from that at 20 degrees C; however, technical PCP was significantly more toxic to D. magna at 12 degrees C for an exposure duration of 48 hr.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Stephenson G L GL Kaushik N K NK Solomon K R KR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 87-86-5 Pentachlorophenol IM Aging Animals Cold Daphnia drug effects Female Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lethal Dose 50 Pentachlorophenol toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2001485 1991 04 18 1991 04 18 2003 11 14

0007-4861 46 1 1991 Jan Comparison of the effect of metallic copper and copper nitrate (Cu(NO3)2.3H2O) on Ceriodaphnia dubia utilizing the three-brood test. 141-5 Dow Chemical Co., Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Research Laboratory, Midland, Michigan 48674. Cowgill U M UM Milazzo D P DP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 471-34-1 Calcium Carbonate 7440-50-8 Copper IM Animals Calcium Carbonate pharmacology Comparative Study Copper pharmacology toxicity Daphnia physiology Lethal Dose 50 Reproduction drug effects Water Supply analysis 2014998 1991 05 14 1991 05 14 2003 11 14

0090-4341 20 2 1991 Feb Toxicity of microencapsulated permethrin to selected nontarget aquatic invertebrates. 168-76 Microencapsulated permethrin (penncapthrin) was evaluated under laboratory conditions for its toxicity toward several nontarget aquatic invertebrates. Average LC50 estimates for selected lotic invertebrates, based on a one hour dosing regime, were: 2.71 mg/L for Simulium vittatum, 4.59 mg/L for Hydropsyche spp., and 13.41 mg/L for Isonychia bicolor. In acute static tests with Daphnia magna, there was no significant difference (p less than or equal to 0.05) between the toxicity of penncapthrin at 96 h (LC50 range: 6.80-22.5 micrograms/L) and the EC formulation at 72 h (LC50 range: 0.6-21 micrograms/L). Comparatively, the toxicity of microencapsulated methyl parathion (penncap-m) was not significantly different from that of penncapthrin toward D. magna, the former having LC50 estimates ranging form 0.3-12.25 micrograms/L. LC50 estimates associated with Daphnia pulex ranged from 19 to 131 micrograms/L. The toxicity of penncapthrin and penncap-m toward D. pulex was difficult to determine because of frequent control mortality due to food deprivation resulting from the need to run tests for longer than 48 h. In successful tests, LC50 estimates ranged from 19 to 28 micrograms/L for penncapthrin and 0.08 to 25 micrograms/L for penncap-m after 72 h exposure. In long term toxicity tests, 95% of D. magna at 1 microgram/L, 44% at 10 micrograms/L, and 20% at 15 micrograms/L survived after 39 days exposure. Less than 15% of D. pulex survived over the same concentration range following 32 days exposure. Despite same drawbacks, long-term toxicity tests were more appropriate than short-term tests for evaluating microencapsulated pesticides because of reduced variability in LC50 estimates and lower control mortality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Sibley P K PK Kaushik N K NK eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Insecticides, Botanical 0 Pyrethrins 52645-53-1 Permethrin IM Animals Biological Assay Daphnia Drug Compounding Fresh Water Insecticides, Botanical toxicity Insects Permethrin Pyrethrins toxicity Simuliidae Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2015004 1991 05 14 1991 05 14 2003 11 14

0090-4341 20 2 1991 Feb The toxicity of waterborne boron to Daphnia magna and Chironomus decorus and the effects of water hardness and sulfate on boron toxicity. 282-7 The concentrations of many elements, including boron, are increasing in aquatic ecosystems due to anthropogenic activities. Laboratory studies were undertaken to evaluate the toxicity of waterborne boron to two key freshwater macroinvertebrates and to evaluate the effects of water hardness and sulfate on boron toxicity. Acute toxicity evaluations of waterborne sodium tetraborate resulted in 48 h. LC50 values of 141 and 1376 mg B/L for neonate Daphnia magna and fourth instar Chironomus decorus, respectively. Chronic sublethal studies demonstrated a significant decrease in C. decorus growth rate at 20 mg B/L. Further studies showed that increasing water hardness (10.6 to 170 mg/L as CaCO3) and sulfate (10.2 to 325.4 mg SO4(-2)/L) concentrations did not affect boron toxicity to D. magna. These results, in conjunction with a review of the literature, suggest that aquatic macrophytes may be more sensitive to boron than macroinvertebrates and thus would be better choices for aquatic risk assessment evaluations for this element. Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis 95616. Maier K J KJ Knight A W AW eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Sulfates 0 Water Pollutants 471-34-1 Calcium Carbonate 7440-42-8 Boron IM Animals Boron toxicity Calcium Carbonate pharmacology Chironomidae drug effects Daphnia drug effects Sulfates pharmacology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants toxicity 1902128 1991 05 29 1991 05 29 2003 11 14

0007-4861 46 2 1991 Feb Acute toxicity of PCB congeners to Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas. 208-15 U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-6199. Dillon T M TM Burton W D WD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 0 Solvents IM Animals Comparative Study Cyprinidae physiology Daphnia drug effects Environmental Exposure Evaluation Studies Fresh Water Larva drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Polychlorinated Biphenyls toxicity Solvents Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Time Factors 1851647 1991 06 21 1991 06 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 46 3 1991 Mar Influence of sulfate, Ca, and Mg on the acute toxicity of potassium dichromate to Daphnia similis. 461-5 Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Japan. Hosokawa M M Endo G G Kuroda K K Horiguchi S S eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Bicarbonates 0 Sulfates 144-55-8 Sodium Bicarbonate 7439-95-4 Magnesium 7440-23-5 Sodium 7440-70-2 Calcium 7778-50-9 Potassium Dichromate IM Animals Bicarbonates pharmacology Calcium pharmacology Daphnia physiology Fresh Water Magnesium pharmacology Potassium Dichromate toxicity Sodium pharmacology Sodium Bicarbonate Sulfates pharmacology 2060487 1991 08 06 1991 08 06 2003 11 14

0147-6513 21 1 1991 Feb Aquatic toxicity testing for multicomponent compounds with special reference to preparation of test solution. 57-67 An adequate method of determining the toxicity of a compound consisting of multiple components, such as creosote, coal tar, and coal tar pitch, was studied for different test solution preparation methods, i.e., direct dosing without filtration, diluting the stock solution of saturated concentration, and dispersing with acetone. Killifish, Oryzias latipes, as a freshwater fish; red sea bream, Pagrus major, as a saltwater fish; and daphnia, Daphnia magna, as a representative crustacean, were used for testing. The chemical analysis of each preparation of test solution with gas chromatography revealed an entirely different profile of the components. The highest toxicity was obtained with preparation by acetone dispersion. That was followed by the preparations with direct dosing method and with the method of dilution of saturated concentration stock solution. Considering the results obtained, the direct dosing method with a suitable settling time may provide useful information enabling extrapolation of the test results to the natural environment for complex multicomponent compounds. Chemical Biotesting Center, Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Tadokoro H H Maeda M M Kawashima Y Y Kitano M M Hwang D F DF Yoshida T T eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 67-64-1 Acetone 8007-45-2 Coal Tar 8021-39-4 Creosote IM Acetone chemistry Animals Chromatography, Gas Coal Tar toxicity Creosote toxicity Daphnia Fishes Lethal Dose 50 Oryzias Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 2065631 1991 08 12 1991 08 12 2000 12 18

0147-6513 21 2 1991 Apr Ecotoxicological effects assessment: a comparison of several extrapolation procedures. 182-93 In the future, extrapolation procedures will become more and more important for the effect assessment of compounds in aquatic systems. For achieving a reliable method these extrapolation procedures have to be evaluated thoroughly. As a first step three extrapolation procedures are compared by means of two sets of data, consisting of (semi)chronic and acute toxicity test results for 11 aquatic species and 8 compounds. Because of its statistical basis the extrapolation procedure of Van Straalen and Denneman is preferred over the procedures of the EPA and Stephan et al. The results of the calculations showed that lower numbers of toxicity data increase the chance of underestimating the risk of a compound. Therefore it is proposed to extend the OECD guidelines for algae, Daphnia, and fish with chronic (aquatic) toxicity tests for more species of different taxonomic groups. National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Okkerman P C PC vd Plassche E J EJ Slooff W W Van Leeuwen C J CJ Canton J H JH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Comparative Study Lethal Dose 50 Models, Biological Species Specificity United States United States Environmental Protection Agency Water Pollutants, Chemical adverse effects toxicity Water Pollution adverse effects 1868782 1991 09 19 1991 09 19 2003 11 14

0147-6513 21 3 1991 Jun A comparative study of genotype sensitivity to acute toxic stress using clones of Daphnia magna straus. 257-65 The genetic typing of laboratory strains of Daphnia magna revealed that although there are genetic differences between different testing laboratory strains, most laboratories culture single genotypes as clones. A comparative study was made of the performance of five of the more common clones in terms of neonate mortality under acute exposure to nine toxic chemicals. The range in clonal EC50 response was from less than one to more than two orders of magnitude in terms of concentration. Surprisingly, there was little pattern in rank order of response of clones exposed to different toxicants, thus suggesting that genotype-environment interactions were predominating. Nevertheless, it was suggested that specifying the genotype used in D. magna toxicity tests will result in increased test repeatability. Evidence indicating that culture environment may also significantly affect the performance of neonates in acute toxicity tests was also presented. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. Baird D J DJ Barber I I Bradley M M Soares A M AM Calow P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Isoenzymes 0 Metals IM Animals Daphnia drug effects enzymology genetics Genotype Isoenzymes analysis genetics Metals pharmacology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicology methods Variation (Genetics) 1868783 1991 09 19 1991 09 19 2003 11 14

0147-6513 21 3 1991 Jun Piperonyl butoxide as a tool in aquatic toxicological research with organophosphate insecticides. 266-74 Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of piperonyl butoxide, a synthetic methylenedioxyphenyl inhibitor of cytochrome(s) P450, on the toxicity of organophosphate insecticides to three cladoceran test species: Ceriodaphnia dubia. Daphnia magna, and Daphnia pulex. Coadministration of piperonyl butoxide effectively reduced the acute toxicity of four metabolically activated organophosphates (parathion, methyl parathion, diazinon, and malathion) and did not affect the toxicity of three organophosphates not requiring metabolic activation (dichlorvos, chlorfenvinphos, and mevinphos). These results indicate that piperonyl butoxide may be an effective tool in toxicological research focused upon identifying specific compounds responsible for toxicity in complex aqueous mixtures. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota. Ankley G T GT Dierkes J R JR Jensen D A DA Peterson G S GS eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Insecticides, Organophosphate 51-03-6 Piperonyl Butoxide 9035-51-2 Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System IM Animals Crustacea drug effects Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System drug effects Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Insecticides, Organophosphate pharmacology Piperonyl Butoxide pharmacology Species Specificity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Toxicology methods 1868787 1991 09 19 1991 09 19 2003 11 14

0147-6513 21 3 1991 Jun Acute toxicity tests using rotifers. IV. Effects of cyst age, temperature, and salinity on the sensitivity of Brachionus calyciflorus. 308-17 Several aspects of the response to toxicants using a standardized toxicity test with the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus are described. Test animals are obtained by hatching cysts which produce animals of similar age and physiological condition. The acute toxicity of 28 compounds is described with 24-hr LC50's. The LC50's span five orders of magnitude, from silver at 0.008 mg.liter-1 to benzene at more than 1000 mg.liter-1. Control mortality in 84 tests averaged 2% with a standard deviation of 3%, indicating very consistent test sensitivity. Only once in 84 trials did a test fail because of excessive control mortality, yielding a failure rate of 1.2%. Cyst age from 0 to 18 months had no effect on the sensitivity of neonates to reference toxicants. Both high and low temperatures increased rotifer sensitivity to reference toxicants. Copper sensitivity was greater at 10, 25, and 30 degrees C compared with results at 20 degrees C. Likewise, sodium pentachlorophenol toxicity was greater at 10 and 30 degrees C compared with results at 20 degrees C. Survivorship curves at 25 degrees C of neonates under control conditions indicated that mortality begins at about 30 hr. This places a practical limit on toxicant exposure for the assay of 24 hr. B. calyciflorus cysts hatch at salinities up to 5 ppt and acute toxicity tests using pentachlorophenol at this salinity yielded LC50's about one-half those of standard freshwater. B. calyciflorus is preferred over Brachionus plicatilis for toxicity tests in salinities up to 5 ppt because it is consistently more sensitive. Division of Science, University of Tampa, Florida 33606. Snell T W TW Moffat B D BD Janssen C C Persoone G G eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Metals IM Animals Cyprinidae Daphnia drug effects Environmental Pollutants toxicity Environmental Pollution Metals toxicity Osmolar Concentration Rotifera drug effects growth & development physiology Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Temperature 1898106 1991 10 23 1991 10 23 2003 11 14

0090-4341 21 1 1991 Jul The toxicity of chlorothalonil to aquatic fauna and the impact of its operational use on a pond ecosystem. 1-9 Chlorothalonil is a fungicide whose heavy use in eastern Canada gives it the potential for significant aquatic contamination. Laboratory bioassays and field treatments of a pond system were undertaken to determine the toxic effects of chlorothalonil on aquatic fauna. The 96-h LC50 of technical chlorothalonil for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was 76 micrograms/L and was not significantly different (p less than 0.05) from that of the formulated product (Bravo 500). The 96-h LC50 of Bravo 500 for blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and clams (Mya arenaria) was 5.9 mg/L and 35.0 mg/L respectively, while its 48-h LC50 to Daphnia magna was between 130 micrograms/L and 200 micrograms/L. Chlorothalonil exposure of Daphnia to concentrations as low as 32 micrograms/L significantly (p less than 0.05) increased the time to production of first young, but there were no delayed effects on number of young produced or growth at concentrations of 180 micrograms/L or less. Chlorothalonil was initially accumulated by blue mussels to concentrations approximately ten times greater than exposure concentrations; however, tissue concentrations returned to the same level as exposure concentrations within 96 h. Spraying of ponds resulted in mortality of caged water boatmen (Sigara alternata) and threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) which could be related to chlorothalonil exposure, however, caddisfly larvae (Limnephilus sp.), freshwater clams (Psidium sp.), water beetles (Haliplus sp.), scud (Gamarus spp.) and midge larvae (Chironomidae) did not suffer substantial chlorothalonil-induced mortality. Changes in endemic benthic invertebrate abundance after sprays were not remarkable or related to treatment. Faunal impacts in the pond were generally of a smaller magnitude than were predicted by bioassay results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Environmental Protection, Conservation and Protection, Environment Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. Ernst W W Doe K K Jonah P P Young J J Julien G G Hennigar P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Fungicides, Industrial 0 Nitriles 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1897-45-6 tetrachloroisophthalonitrile IM Animals Clams Fishes Fungicides, Industrial toxicity Insects Mussels Nitriles toxicity Trout Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 1914991 1991 11 21 1991 11 21 2003 11 14

0147-6513 22 1 1991 Aug An early life-stage test with Daphnia magna Straus: an alternative to the 21-day chronic test? 1-7 Chronic life-cycle tests using the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna aim to measure the effect of toxic chemicals on adult reproduction, in terms of the number of viable offspring produced. A tacit assumption is made that the primary effect of toxicants in these tests is a sublethal effect on the parent, reducing egg production and hence fecundity. The authors' observations on two chemicals, sodium bromide and 3,4-dichloroaniline, demonstrate that this assumption is at least partly false. In these experiments, the primary toxic effect of these compounds was to kill developing eggs in the brood chamber. Total egg output was unaffected, whereas output of viable eggs was severely impaired--an acute lethal effect. A further experiment demonstrated that the effect was limited to those eggs developing in the brood chamber, with eggs in the ovary remaining unaffected. It was suggested that these observations may provide the basis for the development of a short, sensitive early life-stage test with this species. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. Baird D J DJ Barber I I Soares A M AM Calow P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Bromides 0 Sodium Compounds 7440-23-5 Sodium 7647-15-6 sodium bromide 95-76-1 3,4-dichloroaniline IM Aniline Compounds toxicity Animals Bromides toxicity Daphnia embryology growth & development Embryo, Nonmammalian drug effects Female Ovum drug effects Sodium toxicity Sodium Compounds Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1914992 1991 11 21 1991 11 21 2003 11 14

0147-6513 22 1 1991 Aug A comparison of the sensitivity of three Daphnia magna populations under chronic heavy metal stress. 24-31 The results from chromium, nickel, and zinc bioassays with three populations of Daphnia magna indicate that the investigated strains are differently sensitive. Sublethal concentrations which have a negative effect on survival and reproduction after 21 days of exposure also cause a significant reduction in the body length and brood size of primiparous females. Problems and consequences of the repeatability of such bioassays between laboratories in different countries are discussed. Staatliches Amt für Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft, Herten, Germany. Münzinger A A Monicelli F F eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 7440-02-0 Nickel 7440-47-3 Chromium 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Animals Chromium toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects growth & development Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Female Nickel toxicity Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Zinc toxicity 1920451 1991 11 01 1991 11 01 2003 11 14

0022-2844 33 2 1991 Aug Cloning and characterization of Daphnia mitochondrial DNA. 152-5 The mitochondrial genome of Daphnia pulex (Crustacea, Cladocera) was cloned as a single fragment into the plasmid vector pUC12. The genome size, estimated from restriction endonuclease fragment lengths, is 15,400 +/- 200 base pairs. The GC content, estimated from thermal denaturation studies, is 42%. The positions of 39 cleavage sites were mapped for 14 restriction enzymes. The distribution of these sites within the genome is random (P = 0.44). Heterologous hybridizations with Drosophila sylvestris mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) probes indicate that gene orders within Daphnia and Drosophila mtDNAs are similar. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Canada. Stanton D J DJ Crease T J TJ Hebert P D PD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Mol Evol 0360051 0 DNA, Mitochondrial IM Animals Base Composition Cloning, Molecular DNA, Mitochondrial genetics metabolism Daphnia genetics Drosophila genetics Restriction Mapping Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 1926175 1991 11 21 1991 11 21 2003 11 14

0041-0101 29 6 1991 [Toxicity of the molluscicidal plant, Ambrosia maritima L., to aquatic non-target organisms] 745-50 The toxicity of the molluscicidal plant, Ambrosia maritima L., has been evaluated in fish, crustacea and algae. The LC50 for fries of the guppy, Lebistes reticulatus, was respectively 650 and 450 mg/litre using a powder or an ether-methanol-hexane extract from the leaves of the plant. This concentration is much higher than the molluscicidal concentration (LC90) of 35 to 70 mg/litre, which is used in the field (irrigation canals in Egypt). Preliminary tests showed that juveniles of L. reticulatus and Tilapia aurea were as sensitive as the fries. Using the same extract of A. maritima the LC50 for Daphnia magna was 766 mg/litre and no toxic effects could be observed in algae Selenastrum capricornutum at 1 g/litre. It can be concluded that A. maritima has a very low toxicity to aquatic non-target organisms. It is not toxic when used at the molluscicidal concentration of 35 to 70 mg/litre. Institut de Médecine Tropicale, Département Vétérinaire, Antwerpen, Belgique. Alard F F Geerts S S Triest L L fre Journal Article Toxicite d'Ambrosia maritima L., plante molluscicide, sur les organismes aquatiques non-cibles.

ENGLAND Toxicon 1307333 0 Molluscacides 0 Plant Extracts IM Algae Animals Daphnia English Abstract Lethal Dose 50 Molluscacides toxicity Plant Extracts toxicity Plants, Toxic chemistry Poecilia Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1932868 1991 12 13 1991 12 13 2003 11 14

0007-4861 47 1 1991 Jul Reproductive value and the cost of reproduction in Daphnia carinata and Echinisca triserialis (Crustacea: Cladocera) exposed to food and cadmium stress. 76-83 Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, India. Chandini T T eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Crustacea drug effects physiology Daphnia drug effects physiology Food Deprivation Reproduction drug effects physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1953028 1991 12 10 1991 12 10 2003 11 14

0090-4341 21 3 1991 Sep Chronic toxicity of a pure and technical grade pentachlorophenol to Daphnia magna. 388-94 Chronic toxicity test procedures (static, with renewal) were used to determine the chronic toxicity of sublethal concentrations of a technical formulation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and pure pentachlorophenol to Daphnia magna. Test organisms 48 +/- 12 h old were exposed for their entire lifespan (i.e., until death) to 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mg technical PCP/L and 0.01, 0.087 and 0.1 mg pure PCP/L. Criteria used to assess chronic toxicity were mean time to appearance of the primiparous instar in the brood chamber, mean number of days to release of the first brood, mean number of broods produced per female, mean brood size per female, mean number of reproductive days, mean number of young produced per reproductive day per female and survivorship. Pentachlorophenol differentially affected maturation and reproduction but not survivorship or longevity. Mean number of broods produced per daphnid, length of the reproductive period, longevity and survivorship were insensitive criteria relative to mean time to appearance of the primiparous instar, time to release of first brood, brood size, and number of young produced per daphnid per reproductive day. Generally, there was little difference in toxicity of the three concentrations of pure PCP, for they significantly reduced mean brood size and rate of reproduction of young and significantly but differentially affected maturation. Technical PCP, at the highest concentration of 0.5 mg/L, significantly reduced mean brood size and the rate of production of young, and significantly delayed both time to appearance of the primiparous instar and release of the first brood. When differences in toxicity occurred, generally, pure PCP was more toxic than comparable concentrations of technical PCP. Although enhanced maturation was observed there was no compensatory reproduction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Ecological Services for Planning Ltd., Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Stephenson G L GL Kaushik N K NK Solomon K R KR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 87-86-5 Pentachlorophenol IM Animals Daphnia Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Female Lethal Dose 50 Pentachlorophenol toxicity Reproduction drug effects 1723529 1992 03 09 1992 03 09 2003 11 14

0272-4332 11 4 1991 Dec A study of the shape of dose-response curves for acute lethality at low response: a "megadaphnia study". 633-40 Dose-response curves were developed for the immobilization response in Daphnia magna to four toxicants. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of the form of the model and the number of concentration levels used on the estimates of typical low-dose effective concentrations (1%, 5%, 10%). The generalized four-parameter logistic model was used as the reference. When using 12 concentration levels, one of the logistic family two- or three-parameter models was shown reliably to represent each of these various sets of dose-response data, and to provide adequate estimates of EC01 and EC05, as well as EC10 and EC50. For two of the toxicants, an asymmetric model was required. When reducing the number of concentrations to five, the EC10 and EC50 were well estimated by the probit model, with acceptable results at the EC05 level. Sebaugh's Information Services, Lake Ozark, Missouri 65049. Sebaugh J L JL Wilson J D JD Tucker M W MW Adams W J WJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Risk Anal 8109978 0 Pharmaceutical Preparations 143-50-0 Chlordecone 68-12-2 Dimethylformamide 7440-50-8 Copper 7487-94-7 Mercuric Chloride 7758-98-7 Copper Sulfate IM Animals Chlordecone toxicity Copper toxicity Copper Sulfate Daphnia drug effects Dimethylformamide toxicity Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Drug Toxicity Human Logistic Models Maximum Allowable Concentration Mercuric Chloride toxicity Pharmaceutical Preparations administration & dosage 1781939 1992 03 17 1992 03 17 2003 11 14

0895-3988 4 4 1991 Dec The effects of organic ligands on the survival of Daphnia in Zn solution. 433-40 Bioassays involving zinc alone and in combinations with two organic ligands, namely histidine and EDTA were conducted on Daphnia longispina over a period of 96 h. The percentage of mortality was recorded and the Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) at 96 h estimated. The 96 h LC50 of D. longispina in zinc solution was 91 micrograms/l whereas no values of LC50 were revealed when D. longispina were exposed to histidine or EDTA alone although the organic ligands seemed to exert harmful effects (e.g. The mortality at 96 h was 18% at a concentration of 10 x 10(-5) M histidine and 16% at a concentration of 6 x 10(-6) M EDTA). However, addition of histidine and EDTA effectively reduced the toxicity of zinc to the test animals. The detoxification effect was the most obvious at the concentration of 100 micrograms/l Zn added with 5 x 10(-5) M histidine and 3 x 10(-6) M EDTA where 7-fold and 5-fold reduction in terms of mortality were noted. Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist College, Kowloon. Wong M H MH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Biomed Environ Sci 8909524 0 Ligands 0 Solutions 60-00-4 Edetic Acid 71-00-1 Histidine 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Edetic Acid metabolism Histidine metabolism Ligands Solutions Zinc antagonists & inhibitors metabolism toxicity 1536991 1992 03 31 1992 03 31 2003 11 14

0007-4861 48 2 1992 Feb Effect of the dispersion of oil in freshwater based on time-dependent Daphnia magna toxicity tests. 209-15 Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, French Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Research, CEMAGREF, Lyon. Vindimian E E Vollat B B Garric J J eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Emulsions 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Emulsions Fresh Water Kinetics Petroleum toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 1790859 1992 04 02 1992 04 02 2003 11 14

0016-9900 9 1991 Sep [Biotesting in hygienic assessment of water quality] 13-6 Krasovskiĭ G N GN Alekseeva T V TV Egorova N A NA Zholdakova Z I ZI rus Journal Article Biotestirovanie v gigienicheskoĭ otsenke kachestva vody.

USSR Gig Sanit 0412700 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia Environmental Monitoring Fishes Maximum Allowable Concentration Water Pollutants, Chemical Water Supply analysis standards 1839218 1992 04 20 1992 04 20 2003 11 14

0470-4606 10 1991 [The effect of humic substances on the toxicity of copper and zinc for Daphnia magna] 130-5 The results of laboratory experiments of humic matter influence on toxic resistance of Daphnia magna to zinc and copper using water samples from a few Karelia water bodies are presented. The increasing of humic matter content in water samples has been shown to promote the binding of a part of metals in organic complexes that leads to decrease of their toxicity for hydrobionts. Feoktistov V M VM Morozov A K AK Zalicheva I N IN rus Journal Article Vliianie guminovykh veshchestv na toksichnost' medi i tsinka dlia Daphnia magna.

USSR Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki 0020417 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1415-93-6 Humic Acids 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Animals Copper toxicity Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Drug Interactions Drug Resistance English Abstract Humic Acids pharmacology Lethal Dose 50 Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Zinc toxicity 1552528 1992 04 27 1992 04 27 2003 11 14

0022-2585 29 1 1992 Jan Oviposition attractants and stimulants for the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae). 5-12 Oviposition preferences of Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz & Neiva for surfaces containing frass (colony remains), larval rearing medium, and rabbit feces were investigated in the laboratory. In oviposition choice chambers, significantly more eggs were laid on sites containing frass, larval rearing medium, or rabbit feces than on untreated control sites. Experiments using unwashed and washed materials indicated, for the first time, the presence of chemical oviposition attractants or stimulants or both in larval medium (consisting of equal weight proportions of rabbit feces, potting compost, sand, and Daphnia). In an olfactometer, aroma from rabbit feces strongly attracted ovipositing females, and significantly higher numbers of eggs were laid in the olfactometer test chamber containing the rabbit feces than in the untreated control chamber. In comparisons of oviposition responses to hexane and distilled water extracts of rabbit feces, only the water extract was attractive. Similarly, the distilled water extract of rabbit feces proved to be an oviposition stimulant. Females kept individually with filter papers impregnated with the extract of feces oviposited earlier and survived longer than females kept with untreated papers. Department of Medical Entomology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, U.K. Elnaiem D E DE Ward R D RD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Med Entomol 0375400 0 Culture Media IM Animals Culture Media Feces Female Odors Oviposition Psychodidae physiology Rabbits Smell Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1813095 1992 06 16 1992 06 16 2003 11 14

0007-4861 47 5 1991 Nov Suitability of commercially available spring waters as standard medium for culturing Daphnia magna. 775-82 Water Research Institute, National Council of Research, Brugherio, Milan, Italy. Viganó L L eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Culture Media IM Animals Body Weight physiology Comparative Study Culture Media Daphnia growth & development physiology Female Fresh Water Reproduction 1375017 1992 06 16 1992 06 16 2003 11 14

0090-4341 22 4 1992 May Aquatic hazard assessment of the organophosphate insecticide fonofos. 375-9 This study determined the acute and chronic toxicity of the organophosphate insecticide fonofos to standard freshwater aquatic organisms under laboratory conditions. Fonofos was acutely toxic to bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), Daphnia (D. magna), and midge (Chironomous riparius) at 5.3, 2.7, and 39 micrograms/L, respectively. Three fonofos formulations (technical, 94.8% A.I.; 20G, field granular 20% A.I.; and 4E, field liquid 4#/gal A.I.) exhibited similar acute toxicities to bluegill. Exposure to fonofos delayed reproduction and decreased the intrinsic rate of increase of Daphnia during 21-d chronic exposure at the lowest tested concentration (0.08 micrograms/L). The no observable effect concentration (NOEC) for Daphnia survival was 0.42 micrograms/L; 0% survival occurred at the lowest observable effect concentration (LOEC) of 1.45 micrograms/L. The NOEC for midge emergence was 3.42 micrograms/L; only 34% emergence occurred at the LOEC of 8.24 micrograms/L. Chronic 30-d exposure of juvenile bluegills decreased growth and survival at 5.65 micrograms/L (LOEC), but no effects occurred at 2.33 micrograms/L (NOEC). The relative hazard of fonofos to aquatic life is similar to other carbamate and organophosphate corn insecticides. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Fisheries Contaminant Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Fairchild J F JF Little E E EE Huckins J N JN eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 944-22-9 Fonofos IM Animals Chironomidae Daphnia drug effects Fonofos toxicity Perciformes Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 1815359 1992 06 19 1992 06 19 2003 11 14

0048-9697 109-110 1991 Dec QSAR for organic chemical bioconcentration in Daphnia, algae, and mussels. 387-94 Prediction of the bioconcentration of organic chemicals from water by aquatic organisms has important applications in the management of hazardous chemicals. This study gives a compilation of bioconcentration factors on a wet weight basis (BCFw) of 52 organic chemicals by Daphnia magna from aqueous solution. The bioconcentration factors for the chemicals in Daphnia were successfully correlated with their n-octanol/water partition coefficients (log Kow) using a linear regression analysis. In addition to the ordinary least-square regression technique, the geometric mean regression technique is also used because this takes into account deviations in Kow values. Both results show that the Kow value of a chemical is a good predictor of the BCF in Daphnia. The BCF-Kow relationships between Daphnia, algae (Chlorella), and mussels (Mytilus edulis) are compared with each other. Institut für Okologische Chemie, Gesellschaft für Strahlen- und Umweltforschung, Neuherberg, FRG. Geyer H J HJ Scheunert I I Brüggemann R R Steinberg C C Korte F F Kettrup A A eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Xenobiotics IM Animals Chlorella metabolism Comparative Study Daphnia metabolism Kinetics Mathematics Mussels metabolism Structure-Activity Relationship Xenobiotics chemistry metabolism 1815364 1992 06 19 1992 06 19 2003 11 14

0048-9697 109-110 1991 Dec QSAR studies of comparative toxicity in aquatic organisms. 431-9 This study investigated the relationships between the toxicities of common organic pollutants to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), to Daphnia magna, to Tetrahymena pyriformis and in the Microtox test, which uses the luminescent bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum. The toxicity data were compiled from the literature, with the exception of 40 experimentally determined Microtox data. Encouraging correlations are seen, indicating significant relationships between fish toxicities and those to lower organisms. When the toxicities of individual chemical classes are studied, further improvement is often seen in the correlations. Analysis of significant outliers from the inter-species relationships has led to the suggestion that the fathead minnow may be more susceptible to chemicals that are metabolised to reactive intermediates (such as the aldehydes). The fish may, however, be less susceptible to other chemical classes such as ketones and alcohols. School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Polytechnic, United Kingdom. Cronin M T MT Dearden J C JC Dobbs A J AJ eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Comparative Study Cyprinidae Daphnia Mathematics Photobacterium drug effects Solubility Structure-Activity Relationship Tetrahymena pyriformis drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 1815369 1992 06 19 1992 06 19 2003 11 14

0048-9697 109-110 1991 Dec Regression and cluster analysis of the acute toxicity of 267 chemicals to six species of biota and the octanol/water partition coefficient. 499-514 The acute toxicities of 267 compounds to six aquatic and one terrestrial species were investigated with correlation, principal component and cluster analysis techniques for relationships with each other and with the compounds' octanol/water partition coefficient. Selection of the investigated chemicals was based on the availability of at least three of the following measured parameters: acute (24-h to 96-h) lethal concentrations (LC50) to the fish fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), the fish goldorfe (Leuciscus idus melanotus), the zooplankter Daphnia magna, the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis, and the algae Scenedesmus quadricauda; the (30-min) inhibitory concentrations (EC50) to the luminescent marine bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum (the Microtox test); the acute oral dose (LD50) for the common Norway rat and the octanol/water partition coefficient (log P or log Kow). The results indicate highly significant correlations between the fathead minnow, goldorfe and Daphnia LC50 and the Photobacterium EC50 concentrations. The cluster and principal components analyses did not detect any clearly defined groups of compounds. The toxicities were also highly collinear with the octanol/water partition coefficients for all species except the rat, where two relationships are indicated, with the division at log P = 2.00. Lakes Research Branch, National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Ontario Canada. Kaiser K L KL Esterby S R SR eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Octanols 0 Xenobiotics 7732-18-5 Water IM Algae drug effects Animals Cluster Analysis Comparative Study Cyprinidae Daphnia drug effects Fishes Octanols Photobacterium drug effects Rats Regression Analysis Solubility Species Specificity Structure-Activity Relationship Tetrahymena pyriformis drug effects Water Xenobiotics toxicity 1815374 1992 06 19 1992 06 19 2003 11 14

0048-9697 109-110 1991 Dec QSAR issues in aquatic toxicity of surfactants. 557-68 Acute lethal toxicity data for a range of anionic and non-ionic surfactants are analysed with the aim of determining whether QSARs can be developed relating toxicity to calculated log P (octanol/water) values. Approaches have been developed for dealing with deficiencies in the fragment method for calculation of log P when applied to surfactants, and when these are applied it is found that log P-based QSARs for surfactants can be developed and are very similar to QSARs established for non-surfactant organic compounds with non-specific modes of action. Unilever Research Port Sunlight Laboratory, Wirral, Merseyside, United Kingdom. Roberts D W DW eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Mathematics Poecilia Regression Analysis Structure-Activity Relationship Surface-Active Agents chemistry toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 17 1350959 1992 07 13 1992 07 13 2003 11 14

0742-8413 101 1 1992 Effects of temperature on the anaesthetic potency of halothane, enflurane and ethanol in Daphnia magna (Cladocera: Crustacea). 15-9 1. The effects of temperature on the anesthetic potencies of halothane, enflurane and ethanol have been studied in the water flea Daphnia magna. 2. In the absence of anaesthetics, decreasing temperature resulted in decreased activity by the daphnids. 3. Potencies in the gas phase decreased with increasing temperature for all of the anaesthetics, while aqueous potency decreased for halothane and enflurane but increased for ethanol. 4. Enthalpy calculations suggest that the observed potency changes for the inhalational anaesthetics cannot be accounted for in terms of changing solubility in lipid bilayers but most likely reflect more specific interactions with animal target sites. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, U.K. McKenzie J D JD Calow P P Clyde J J Miles A A Dickinson R R Lieb W R WR Franks N P NP eng GM 41609 GM NIGMS Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C 8310013 13838-16-9 Enflurane 151-67-7 Halothane 64-17-5 Ethanol IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Enflurane pharmacology Ethanol pharmacology Halothane pharmacology Kinetics Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Temperature Thermodynamics 1611244 1992 07 30 1992 07 30 2003 11 14

0007-4861 49 2 1992 Aug Toxicity reduction associated with bioremediation of gasoline-contaminated groundwaters. 224-31 Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, California 92182. Carroquino M J MJ Gersberg R M RM Dawsey W J WJ Bradley M D MD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Biodegradation Chromatography, Gas Daphnia Gasoline analysis toxicity Regression Analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity 1379031 1992 08 26 1992 08 26 2003 11 14

0090-4341 23 1 1992 Jul Fate and effects of the insecticide Dursban 4E in indoor Elodea-dominated and macrophyte-free freshwater model ecosystems: I. Fate and primary effects of the active ingredient chlorpyrifos. 69-84 The fate of the insecticide Dursban 4E (active ingredient chlorpyrifos) and its effect on crustaceans and insects was studied in indoor experimental freshwater ecosystems that intended to mimick drainage ditches. A single dose (simulating aerial drift) was applied to achieve nominal chlorpyrifos concentrations of 5 or 35 micrograms/L. Two experiments were performed, one in which all model ecosystems were dominated by the macrophyte Elodea nuttallii, and one using systems devoid of macrophytes. In macrophyte-dominated systems, Elodea vegetation adsorbed a large proportion of the dose applied and hampered the mixing of the insecticide in the water (at least up till day 8). Only a small proportion became incorporated in the sediment. In open water systems the insecticide was rapidly mixed in the water, and the sediment played a very significant role as sink for chlorpyrifos. In both Elodea-dominated and open water systems 50% of the dose applied had disappeared on day 8 post-treatment. The rate of disappearance of chlorpyrifos was relatively rapid in water and macrophytes, and relatively slow in the sediment. Of the arthropods in the zooplankton Cladocera were more susceptible than Copepoda. Significant effects (p less than or equal to 0.05) on Cladocera occurred relatively late in Elodea-dominated systems (in week 4 post-application) in contrast to open water systems (week 1), which is in accordance with the observed differences in the fate of chlorpyrifos. Daphnia pulex, D. longispina and Simocephalus vetulus recovered in the model ecosystems when chlorpyrifos concentrations were lower than 0.1-0.2 micrograms/L, which is in agreement with results of laboratory protocol tests performed with these cladocerans. Among the macroscopic Arthropoda the apparent order of susceptibility was amphipods greater than insects greater than isopods. The isopod Asellus aquaticus was more sensitive to the application of the insecticide than the closely related species Proasellus coxalis. In treated open water systems the latter even increased significantly in numbers. Cage experiments in the model ecosystems performed with several species of Arthropoda indicate that laboratory protocol tests may give a reasonable prediction of short-term direct effects of chlorpyrifos for the same species inhabiting more complex aquatic systems. DLO the Winand Staring Centre for Integrated Land, Soil and Water Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Brock T C TC Crum S J SJ van Wijngaarden R R Budde B J BJ Tijink J J Zuppelli A A Leeuwangh P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos IM Animals Chlorpyrifos pharmacokinetics toxicity Crustacea drug effects metabolism Ecology Fresh Water chemistry Insects drug effects metabolism Models, Biological Plants metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1354135 1992 09 16 1992 09 16 2003 11 14

0742-8413 101 3 1992 Apr Induction of cadmium tolerance in two clones of Daphnia magna straus. 571-7 1. The abilities of two different genotypes of Daphnia magna to develop cadmium resistance through physiological adaptation, after pre-exposure to sublethal concentrations of Cd, Zn and Cd/Zn mixtures, was investigated. 2. The induced elevation in cadmium tolerance was shown to be associated with an increase in the body concentration of metallothionein-like proteins. 3. The highly significant difference in acute responses to cadmium between the two clones reduced after pre-exposure. 4. Differences in cadmium tolerance were shown to be associated with differences in cadmium uptake. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, U.K. Stuhlbacher A A Bradley M C MC Naylor C C Calow P P eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C 8310013 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-66-6 Zinc 9038-94-2 Metallothionein IM Animals Animals, Newborn metabolism Cadmium metabolism pharmacology Daphnia drug effects genetics Drug Tolerance physiology Genotype Metallothionein biosynthesis Variation (Genetics) genetics Zinc metabolism 1504524 1992 09 18 1992 09 18 2003 11 14

0007-4861 48 5 1992 May Effects of kraft lignin and chlorolignin on the binding and bioavailability of benzo(a)pyrene to Daphnia magna straus. 781-8 University of Joensuu, Department of Biology, Finland. Kukkonen J J Oikari A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 50-32-8 Benzo(a)pyrene 8068-02-8 chlorolignin 8068-05-1 Kraft lignin 9005-53-2 Lignin IM Animals Benzo(a)pyrene metabolism pharmacokinetics Biological Availability Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects metabolism Industrial Waste Kinetics Lignin metabolism pharmacology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1392063 1992 11 25 1992 11 25 2003 11 14

1059-910X 22 4 1992 Sep 1 The aesthetasc concept: structural variations of putative olfactory receptor cell complexes in Crustacea. 325-35 The structure of the aesthetascs has been investigated in the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (larvae and juveniles), the opossum shrimp Neomysis integer, the euphausid Meganyctiphanes, and in the water-fleas Daphnia magna and D. longispina. The aesthetascs, that are thought to represent olfactory receptors, exhibit a considerable structural variation, ranging from the well known aesthetascs of higher crustaceans (lobster, crab, crayfish) to the corresponding sensilla found in the water-fleas and the males of opossum shrimps. The two following morphological characteristics of the aesthetascs are thought to indicate an olfactory function: the shape of the cuticular hair that is long and essentially hose-shaped, and the thin, loosely arranged cuticle of at least the outer part of the cuticular hair. The presence of other structural elements such as sensory cells, cilia, and enveloping cells are vital for the olfactory function, but the development is variable, which makes their use in the morphological definition of aesthetascs problematic. Department of Zoology, University of Lund, Sweden. Hallberg E E Johansson K U KU Elofsson R R eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Microsc Res Tech 9203012 IM Animals Decapoda (Crustacea) ultrastructure Receptors, Sensory ultrastructure Sex Characteristics Smell Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1392317 1992 11 12 1992 11 12 2003 11 14

0007-4861 49 5 1992 Nov Application of the short-term chronic test with Ceriodaphnia dubia in identifying sources of toxicity in industrial wastewaters. 765-71 Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Wareham, Massachusetts 02571. Jop K M KM Askew A M AM Terrio K F KF Simoes A T AT eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Chemistry, Physical Daphnia physiology Female Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 1383312 1992 11 06 1992 11 06 2003 11 14

0360-1234 27 5 1992 Oct Relative sensitivity of Daphnia magna and Brachionus calyciflorus to five pesticides. 511-22 Comparative toxicity of several pesticides, lindane, endosulfan, pentachlorophenol (PCP),3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) and copper sulphate has been tested to determine their lethality in two species of freshwater invertebrates, Daphnia magna and Brachionus calyciflorus. D. magna was more sensitive than B. calyciflorus to all the toxicants tested except to copper sulphate. DCA was the most toxic compound to D. magna and was followed in order of decreasing toxicity by copper sulphate, PCP, endosulfan and lindane. Copper sulphate was the most toxic chemical tested to the rotifer B. calyciflorus and was followed by PCP, endosulfan, lindane and DCA. The 24 hr LC50 values (mg/L) for D. magna and B. calyciflorus, respectively, were: lindane, 1.64 and 22.5; endosulfan, 0.62 and 5.15; DCA, 0.20 and 61.5; PCP, 0.39 and 2.16; copper sulphate, 0.38 and 0.076. Dept. Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Spain. Ferrando M D MD Andreu-Moliner E E Fernández-Casalderrey A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Environ Sci Health B 7607167 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Pesticides 115-29-7 Endosulfan 58-89-9 Lindane 7440-50-8 Copper 7758-98-7 Copper Sulfate 87-86-5 Pentachlorophenol 95-76-1 3,4-dichloroaniline IM Aniline Compounds toxicity Animals Comparative Study Copper toxicity Copper Sulfate Daphnia drug effects Endosulfan toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Lindane toxicity Pentachlorophenol toxicity Pesticides toxicity Rotifera drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1357088 1992 11 23 1992 11 23 2003 11 14

8756-971X 8 3 1992 Sep Factors influencing the activity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis treatments. 285-9 Environmental factors influence the effectiveness of microbial control agents in mosquito control programs. Four of these factors (water temperature, larval density, sunlight and the effect of associated filter feeders) were studied with Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis under laboratory and semifield conditions in Europe using different instars of Aedes vexans, Ae. aegypti and Culex pipiens. Bioassays conducted at a low temperature (5 degrees C) yielded 10-fold higher LC50 and LC90 values compared with those conducted at a high temperature (25 degrees C). The efficacy of B.t.i. decreased in a linear manner with increasing larval density. Sunlight can reduce the effectiveness of B.t.i. by several times. Competition in food intake by filter feeding Daphnia resulted in lower mortality of mosquito larvae after B.t.i. applications. German Mosquito Control Association (KABS), Ludwigshafen, Germany. Becker N N Zgomba M M Ludwig M M Petric D D Rettich F F eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Am Mosq Control Assoc 8511299 IM Aedes Animals Bacillus thuringiensis Culex Culicidae Daphnia Ecology Europe Larva Pest Control, Biological Species Specificity Sunlight Temperature 1421854 1992 12 04 1992 12 04 2003 11 14

0007-4861 49 4 1992 Oct Effects of chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc on survival and feeding of the cladoceran Moina macrocopa. 593-9 Department of Biology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T. Wong C K CK eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Metals 7440-02-0 Nickel 7440-47-3 Chromium 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Animals Chromium toxicity Copper toxicity Crustacea drug effects Daphnia drug effects Eating drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Metals toxicity Nickel toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Zinc toxicity 1421856 1992 12 04 1992 12 04 2003 11 14

0007-4861 49 4 1992 Oct Toxicity of methylmercury to Daphnia pulex. 606-12 Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. Chen T Y TY McNaught D C DC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Methylmercury Compounds IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects growth & development Lethal Dose 50 Life Tables Methylmercury Compounds toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 1385079 1992 12 17 1992 12 17 2003 11 14

0147-6513 24 1 1992 Aug Frozen algae as food for Daphnia magna Straus in toxicity testing. 58-62 As EC validity criteria for the production of Daphnia magna neonates in standard toxicity tests set fecundity minima which must be attained, it is important that culture conditions provide an adequate ration of high quality food. Maintaining a steady supply of fresh algae can be problematical so the possibility of using frozen food was investigated. The performance of three generations of D. magna fed on diets of fresh or frozen Chlorella was compared. There were no significant effects on fecundity due to food type or generation. Cumulative fecundity (over 21 days) on fresh or frozen food exceeded 120 neonates per female and satisfied that EC validity criterion (60 neonates per female). In addition criteria relating to survival and variability were met. We conclude that frozen Chlorella are an acceptable substitute for fresh algae. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. Cox E J EJ Naylor C C Calow P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 IM Animals Chlorella Daphnia drug effects physiology Female Fertility Food Freezing 1427210 1992 12 04 1992 12 04 2003 11 14

0016-9900 3 1992 Mar [The use of biotesting for the hygienic evaluation of the toxicity of the ash and cinder from thermoelectric power stations] 69-70 Priadko A L AL Aleksseva T V TV rus Journal Article Primenenie biotestirovaniia dlia gigienicheskoĭ otsenki toksichnosti zoloshlakov TETs.

RUSSIA Gig Sanit 0412700 0 Industrial Waste IM Algae, Green drug effects Animals Biological Assay methods Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Hordeum drug effects Industrial Waste adverse effects analysis Power Plants Seeds drug effects Tetrahymena pyriformis drug effects 8428114 1993 03 09 1993 03 09 2003 11 14

0007-4861 50 3 1993 Mar Synergistic effect of two- and four-component combinations of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: phenanthrene, anthracene, naphthalene and acenaphthene on Daphnia magna. 363-8 Department of Animal Health, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias y Alimentarias (I.N.I.A.), Madrid, Spain. Muñoz M J MJ Tarazona J V JV eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Acenaphthenes 0 Anthracenes 0 Drug Combinations 0 Naphthalenes 0 Phenanthrenes 120-12-7 anthracene 83-32-9 acenaphthene 85-01-8 phenanthrene 91-20-3 naphthalene IM Acenaphthenes toxicity Animals Anthracenes toxicity Daphnia drug effects physiology Drug Combinations Drug Synergism Lethal Dose 50 Movement drug effects Naphthalenes toxicity Phenanthrenes toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8428116 1993 03 09 1993 03 09 2003 11 14

0007-4861 50 3 1993 Mar Use of life-tables and application factors for evaluating chronic toxicity of kraft mill wastes on Daphnia magna. 377-84 I.P.N., Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, México D.F. Martínez-Jerónimo F F Villaseñor R R Espinosa F F Rios G G eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects physiology Industrial Waste adverse effects Lethal Dose 50 Paper Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7682500 1993 05 17 1993 05 17 2003 11 14

0147-6513 25 2 1993 Apr Freeze-dried Chlorella vulgaris as food for Daphnia magna Straus in toxicity testing. 166-72 The continuous culture of fresh green algae for use as food for Daphnia magna in toxicity tests is labor intensive. The possibility of using freeze-dried Chlorella vulgaris as an off-the-shelf food was investigated. The performance of D. magna provided with freeze-dried food was investigated over several generations and was found to satisfy the current EC validity criteria. However, a number of life-history parameters, for example, fecundity and neonate size, were significantly reduced when compared to animals fed fresh algae. The effect of freeze drying on cell size and availability are investigated and discussed in relation to daphnid performance. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. Naylor C C Bradley M C MC Calow P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 IM Animals Chlorella Comparative Study Daphnia anatomy & histology physiology Diet Fertility Food Preservation Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 7682919 1993 05 27 1993 05 27 2003 11 14

0147-6513 25 1 1993 Feb Chromium toxicity on two linked trophic levels. I. Effects of contaminated algae on Daphnia magna. 64-71 The effects of feeding Daphnia magna on algae (Scenedesmus acutus) pretreated with different concentrations of Cr(VI) were studied. A positive effect on growth and newborn production rate was observed in the daphnids fed on algae exposed to 1 mg/liter Cr(VI). Fecundity and growth were drastically reduced in daphnids fed on algae exposed to 10 mg/liter Cr(VI). Since the algae, cultured in the presence of these two Cr(VI) concentrations, supplied daphnids with similar amounts of chromium, the observed effects on the population dynamics of D. magna were attributed more to alterations of the nutritional value of the algal food, due to the Cr treatment, than to a toxic effect of the metal. Istituto di Ecologia, Università di Parma, Italy. Gorbi G G Corradi M G MG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 7440-47-3 Chromium IM Algae, Green drug effects growth & development Animals Chromium administration & dosage pharmacology toxicity Daphnia drug effects growth & development Reproduction drug effects 8490274 1993 06 16 1993 06 16 2003 11 14

0007-4861 50 5 1993 May Accumulation and transfer of copper by Oocystis pusilla. 689-95 School of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle 98195. Chang C C Sibley T H TH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 7440-50-8 Copper IM Algae, Green drug effects growth & development metabolism Animals Copper pharmacokinetics toxicity Daphnia metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8512961 1993 07 21 1993 07 21 2003 11 14

0006-3029 38 3 1993 May-Jun [A weak low-frequency magnetic field initiates the frequency dependent fluctuations of Daphnia magna heart contraction period] 511-9 The influence of low-frequency (16 Hz) sinusoidal magnetic field on period of Daphnia magna heart beatings was studied. Heart beatings were registered by optical method. Fluctuations of period of heart beatings were analyzed using fast Fourier transform algorithm. It was shown that alternating (16 Hz) magnetic field with magnetic induction of 140 microT combined with direct magnetic field (magnetic induction of 21 microT) causes the appearance of frequency-dependent maxima in the power spectra of heart beating fluctuations. The dynamics of the field effect was studied as the phases of its development, rise and fall, as well as temporal characteristics were determined. It was proposed that sensor of low-frequency magnetic field is incorporated in one of the regulatory pathways, controlling rhythmical beating activity. Chemeris N K NK Safronova V G VG rus Journal Article Slaboe nizkochastotnoe magnitnoe pole initsiruet chastotno-zavisimye fluktuatsii perioda sokrashcheniĭ serdtsa Daphnia magna.

RUSSIA Biofizika 0372666 IM Animals Daphnia physiology English Abstract Fourier Analysis Heart Rate Magnetics 8346220 1993 09 07 1993 09 07 2003 11 14

0027-8424 90 15 1993 Aug 1 Habitat-dependent hybrid parentage and differential introgression between neighboringly sympatric Daphnia species. 7079-83 Allozyme, morphological, and PCR-generated mtDNA markers were used to analyze hybrid parentage and introgression between the neighboringly sympatric crustaceans Daphnia galeata mendotae and Daphnia rosea. mtDNA analysis of D. galeata mendotae from 15 lakes and of D. rosea from 8 lakes revealed species-specific fragment patterns resulting from TaqI and RsaI digestion. No individuals of one parent species possessed the typical mtDNA of the other parent species, suggesting that mtDNA introgression is rare or nonexistent. Hybrids from 18 lakes possessed either the mtDNA patterns of D. rosea or of D. galeata mendotae, indicating that reciprocal hybridization occurs. The mtDNA genome of the dominant parent species in a lake was overrepresented in the hybrids, suggesting that hybridization most often involves females of the common species and males of the rare species. Such a pattern is consistent with the differing importance of density to the environmental induction of males and sexual eggs in Daphnia. For the assessment of nuclear gene flow, eight sympatric populations of each parental taxon and seven allopatric populations of D. galeata were analyzed for allozyme variation at nine polymorphic loci. Our results provided evidence for asymmetric interspecific gene flow involving alleles at six loci that are unlikely to be convergent or symplesiomorphic. This reticulate evolution accounted for much of the genetic divergence between European and North American populations of D. galeata. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada. Taylor D J DJ Hebert P D PD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 7505876 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 0 Oligodeoxyribonucleotides IM Aat-m Aat-s Ao Fum Gpi Ldh Pep-A Pep-D Pgm Animals Base Sequence Chimera DNA, Mitochondrial genetics Daphnia genetics Ecology Female Genes, Structural Genetics, Population Hybridization, Genetic Male Molecular Sequence Data Oligodeoxyribonucleotides chemistry Polymerase Chain Reaction Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) 8346626 1993 09 09 1993 09 09 2003 11 14

0304-4017 48 1-4 1993 Jun Environmental effects of the usage of avermectins in livestock. 109-25 Abamectin (avermectin B1) and ivermectin (22,23-dihydroavermectin B1) are high molecular weight hydrophobic compounds, active against a variety of animal parasites and insects. Numerous environmental fate and effects studies have been carried out in the development of these two compounds as antiparasitic agents and for abamectin as a crop protection chemical. They were found to be immobile in soil (Koc > or = 4000), rapidly photodegraded in water (degradation half-life (t1/2) in the summer 0.5 days or less) and as thin films on surfaces (t1/2 < 1 day), and aerobically degraded in soil (ivermectin in soil/feces mixtures (t1/2) = 7-14 days; avermectin B1a in soils, t1/2 = 2-8 weeks) to less bioactive compounds. Abamectin is not taken up from the soil by plants, nor is it bioconcentrated by fish (calculated steady-state bioconcentration factor of 52, with rapid depuration). Daphnia magna is the fresh water species found to be most sensitive to ivermectin and abamectin (LC50 values of 0.025 and 0.34 ppb respectively); fish (e.g. rainbow trout) are much less sensitive to these compounds (LC50 values of 3.0 ppb and 3.2 ppb, respectively). In the presence of sediment, toxicity toward Daphnia is significantly reduced. The metabolism and degradation of ivermectin and abamectin result in reduced toxicity to Daphnia. Abamectin and ivermectin possess no significant antibacterial and antifungal activity. They display little toxicity to earthworms (LC50 values of 315 ppm and 28 ppm in soil for ivermectin and abamectin, respectively) or avians (abamectin dietary LC50 values for bobwhite quail and mallard duck of 3102 ppm and 383 ppm, respectively), and no phytotoxicity. Residues of the avermectins in feces of livestock affect some dung-associated insects, especially their larval forms. This does not delay degradation of naturally formed cattle pats under field conditions; however, in some cases, delays have been observed with artificially formed pats. Based on usage patterns, the availability of residue-free dung and insect mobility, overall effects on dung-associated insects will be limited. As abamectin and ivermectin undergo rapid degradation in light and soil, and bind tightly to soil and sediment, they will not accumulate and will not undergo translocation in the environment, minimizing any environmental impact on non-target organisms resulting from their use. Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065. Halley B A BA VandenHeuvel W J WJ Wislocki P G PG eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

NETHERLANDS Vet Parasitol 7602745 0 Anthelmintics 0 Insecticides 70288-86-7 Ivermectin 71751-41-2 abamectin IM Animals Animals, Domestic Anthelmintics metabolism toxicity Biodegradation Environmental Pollution Insecticides metabolism toxicity Ivermectin analogs & derivatives metabolism toxicity Soil Microbiology Sunlight 39 8346641 1993 09 09 1993 09 09 2003 11 14

0304-4017 48 1-4 1993 Jun Environmental assessment of avermectins by the US Food and Drug Administration. 281-94 The Center of Veterinary Medicine (CVM) of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is required under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) to include in its decision making, an objective consideration of the potential environmental impacts associated with each contemplated action. As part of the application process for new animal drugs, detailed data must be submitted in order to develop a prediction of the environmental fate and effects of the drug and/or its active metabolites. Ivermectin (22,23-dihydroavermectin B1) is a highly active antiparasitic animal drug utilized in a variety of injectable, oral and topical formulations. Residues of this drug may reach the environment through manufacturing and animal wastes and may potentially have effects on terrestrial and aquatic organisms. A comprehensive data base has been submitted to the FDA in support of the environmental assessments for ivermectin drug products. Detailed information has been submitted on the physical and chemical properties, introduction, fate and effects of the ivermectins in the environment. These data indicate that ivermectin binds tightly to soil and is subject to photodegradation and biotransformation to less active compounds. In contrast, ivermectin is highly toxic to certain aquatic organisms but would not be expected to partition into the aquatic environment. Much lower toxicity has been demonstrated toward bacteria, fungi, earthworms, plants and birds. CVM evaluated ivermectin products based on the use pattern of the product, the metabolism pattern in target animals, calculations of potential ivermectin residue concentrations in the environment and data on persistence, soil sorption and acute toxicity in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Division of Toxicology and Environmental Sciences, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC 20855. Bloom R A RA Matheson J C JC 3rd eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Vet Parasitol 7602745 70288-86-7 Ivermectin IM Animals Biodegradation Cattle Cattle Diseases drug therapy prevention & control Daphnia Environmental Pollution adverse effects legislation & jurisprudence Feces chemistry Ivermectin administration & dosage chemistry therapeutic use toxicity Parasitic Diseases drug therapy prevention & control Parasitic Diseases, Animal Sheep Swine United States United States Environmental Protection Agency United States Food and Drug Administration 1307785 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Eco-toxicologic studies of the effect of boat engine emissions] 165-78 Matthias U U ger Journal Article Okotoxikologische Untersuchungen zur Wirkung von Bootsmotor-Immissionen.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 71-43-2 Benzene IM Algae Animals Benzene analysis toxicity Cell Survival drug effects Daphnia Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Environmental Monitoring methods Fishes Fuel Oils analysis toxicity Photobacterium Ships Species Specificity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Water Pollution, Chemical legislation & jurisprudence prevention & control 1307790 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Biological warning systems for the detection of pollutant incidents of the Rhine river] 203-10 Irmer U U ger Journal Article Biologische Warnsysteme zur Erfassung von Störfällen am Rhein.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae drug effects Animals Astacoidea Daphnia drug effects Environmental Monitoring methods Fishes Human Water Microbiology Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Water Pollution, Chemical prevention & control 1307792 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Measuring emission in the Elbe river at Schnackenburg for monitoring pollution and experiences with biological warning and alarm systems at the Hamburg measuring site] 211-22 Gaumert T T ger Journal Article Immissionsmessungen in der Elbe bei Schnackenburg zur Uberwachung der Vorbelastung und Erfahrungen mit biologischen Warn- und Alarmeinrichtungen in Hamburger Messstationen.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Environmental Monitoring methods Fishes Germany Human Maximum Allowable Concentration Water Microbiology Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Water Pollution, Chemical legislation & jurisprudence prevention & control 1307794 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Employment of continuous biotest systems for monitoring the Rhine river] 233-46 As a part of the work of the German Commission for the Prevention of Pollution of the River Rhine biological test automats are developed and proved in a research project. The joint project "Development, Testing and Implementation of Biotests for the Monitoring of the River Rhine" sponsored by the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology (BMFT) and the Federal Environmental Agency (UBA), aims to provide a scientific and technical basis for an improved Rhine monitoring system. To realize a biological effect monitoring with functional subjects at the trophic levels of producers, primary and secondary consumers and destruents, the test spectrum includes algae, mussels, daphnia, fishes, and bacteria. Moreover, at the suborganismic level a test system with plant protoplasts is tested. Assessment schemes for the evaluation of measuring data and alarm situations, and limit values for releasing alarms are defined by the Working Group "Biotests for the Monitoring of the River Rhine" (WIR). By means of applicability criteria the most suitable biotests are chosen and recommended for the use on the River Rhine. The first results are presented in this paper. Umweltbundesamt, Berlin. Schmitz P P Irmer U U Krebs F F ger Journal Article Einsatz kontinuierlicher Biotestsyteme zur Uberwachung des Rheins.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals English Abstract Environmental Monitoring instrumentation Equipment Failure Germany Human Maximum Allowable Concentration Reproducibility of Results Species Specificity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Water Pollution, Chemical analysis prevention & control 1307804 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [The dynamic daphnia test: experiences from the measuring site for bodies of water] 349-59 Puzicha H H ger Journal Article Der dynamische Daphnientest: Erfahrungen aus dem Messstationsbetrieb am Gewässer.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia Environmental Monitoring instrumentation Equipment Failure Maximum Allowable Concentration Motor Activity drug effects Reference Values Reproducibility of Results Swimming Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Water Pollution, Chemical analysis prevention & control 1307810 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [A biotest program for risk evaluation of sediments] 415-25 Noack U U ger Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial Biotestprogramme zur Risikobewertung von Sedimenten.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae, Green Animals Comparative Study Daphnia Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Environmental Monitoring methods Fishes Maximum Allowable Concentration Photobacterium Soil Pollutants analysis toxicity Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 17 1339172 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Possibilities for using biotests for the assessment of the hazard potential of ground water with hazardous sediments] 451-7 Wegener I I ger Journal Article Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Biotests zur Abschätzung des Gefährdungspotentials von Grundwasser aus dem Altlastenbereich.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae Algae, Green Animals Cells, Cultured drug effects Daphnia Environmental Monitoring methods Hazardous Waste analysis Mutagenicity Tests Photobacterium Rotavirus Soil Pollutants analysis toxicity Tetrahymena Trout Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 1307815 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Easily eliminated substances (photo-degradation, stripping, biodegradation)] 49-51 Gode P P ger Journal Article Untersuchungen leicht eliminierbarer Substanzen (Photoabbau, Stripping, Bioabbau).

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Biodegradation Biological Availability Daphnia metabolism Environmental Monitoring methods Maximum Allowable Concentration Metabolic Clearance Rate physiology Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis pharmacokinetics toxicity 1307816 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Biotest studies for evaluating hazardous waste water with reference to section 7a WHG] 501-22 Hagendorf U U Börnert W W ger Journal Article Biotestuntersuchungen zur Fragestellung gefährlichen Abwassers im Sinne des section 7a WHG.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae Animals Daphnia Environmental Monitoring legislation & jurisprudence Fishes Hazardous Waste legislation & jurisprudence prevention & control Human Industrial Waste legislation & jurisprudence Maximum Allowable Concentration Photobacterium Waste Disposal, Fluid legislation & jurisprudence Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Water Pollution, Chemical legislation & jurisprudence prevention & control 1307817 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Biological test procedures in compliance with AbwAG and WHG] 523-6 Landesamt für Wasser und Abfall Nordrhein Westfalen, Düsseldorf. Knie J J ger Journal Article Biologische Testverfahren in der Vollzugspraxis des AbwAG und WHG.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Industrial Waste IM Algae Animals Cell Division drug effects Comparative Study Daphnia Environmental Monitoring legislation & jurisprudence Fishes Industrial Waste legislation & jurisprudence Maximum Allowable Concentration Oxygen Consumption drug effects Photobacterium Waste Disposal, Fluid legislation & jurisprudence Water Pollution, Chemical legislation & jurisprudence prevention & control 1307818 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Detection of hazardous substances in waste water with reference to biodegradability and toxicity for evaluating the status of the technique exemplified by gas station and automobile repair shop waste water] 527-38 Trénel J J ger Journal Article Feststellung gefährlicher Stoffe im Abwasser hinsichtlich Abbaubarkeit und Toxizität zur Ermittlung des Standes der Technik am Beispiel von Tankstellen- und KFZ-Werkstattabwässern.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Hydrocarbons 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Automobiles Daphnia Environmental Monitoring legislation & jurisprudence Fishes Fuel Oils analysis toxicity Human Hydrocarbons analysis toxicity Industrial Waste legislation & jurisprudence Maximum Allowable Concentration Photobacterium Waste Disposal, Fluid legislation & jurisprudence Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Water Pollution, Chemical legislation & jurisprudence prevention & control 1307819 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Evaluation of insoluble substances in aquatic toxicity tests] 53-66 Steinhäuser K G KG ger Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial Prüfung schwerlöslicher Substanzen in aquatischen Toxizitätstests.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia Environmental Monitoring methods Maximum Allowable Concentration Solubility Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis pharmacokinetics toxicity 18 1307822 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 Cyst-based toxicity tests. VI: Toxkits and Fluotox tests as cost-effective tools for routine toxicity screening. 563-75 During the last two decades microbiotests have been developed which are independent of recruitment, maintenance and/or culturing of live stocks of test organisms. "Culture and maintenance free" microbiotests have been worked out in the Laboratory for Biological Research in Aquatic Pollution at the University of Ghent, with selected aquatic invertebrates. The new approach is based on the use of "resting stages" (cysts) as inert biological material from which live test organisms can be hatched "on demand". The "cyst-based" bioassays have recently been miniaturized in Toxkits. Four cyst-based screening tests have reached the stage of commercialization: two freshwater 24h-LC50 tests (Rotoxkit F and Streptoxkit F) and two estuarine/marine 24h-LC50 bioassays (Rotoxkit M and Artoxkit M), based on cysts of rotifer and crustacean species, respectively. Recently, the same laboratory has also been focusing on the development of a "rapid" (one hour) sublethal bioassays with aquatic invertebrates. The so called "Fluotox" screening test is based on the visual observation of in vivo inhibition of an enzymatic process, using a fluorescent substrate. Besides the advantages of rapidity and cost-effectiveness, the Fluotox assay also appears to have a remarkable predictive potential for mortality, as displayed by the remarkable correlation between the Fluotox 1h-EC50's and conventional 24h-LC50's with the same species. Persoone G G eng Journal Article

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia Decapoda (Crustacea) Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Environmental Monitoring methods Larva Ovum Rotifera Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 1307831 1993 09 16 1993 09 16 2003 11 14

0300-8665 89 1992 [Neutral and zwitterionic detergents: dependence of biological effectiveness on critical micellar concentration] 679-87 The biological activity of various zwitterionic and nonionic detergents was studied as a function of the corresponding critical micellar concentration (CMC-values). The criteria chosen to measure biological activities were inhibition of bioluminescence, lysis and cell-killing of Vibrio fischeri, hemolysis, and inhibition of Daphnia magna. When Zwittergent-detergents were studied in three different bioassays their biological activity increased with decreasing CMC-values. However, the biological activity of various TWEEN-detergents and alkylglucopyranosides depended on CMC-values in a very different way. We therefore conclude that CMC-values, length of alkylgroups and charge are parameters not yet sufficient to predict the potential toxicity of detergents. Hoffmann S S Winkler U U ger Journal Article Neutrale und zwitterionische Detergenzien: Abhängigkeit der biologischen Wirksamkeit von der kritischen Micellenkonzentration.

GERMANY Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 7507514 0 Detergents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Cell Survival drug effects Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Detergents analysis toxicity English Abstract Environmental Monitoring methods Erythrocytes drug effects Human Luminescence Maximum Allowable Concentration Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vibrio drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 8378432 1993 10 21 1993 10 21 2003 11 14

0031-8655 58 1 1993 Jul Phototoxicity of (1H-indenyl)thiophenes. 49-52 The (1H-indenyl)thiophene derivatives 2 and 3 were recently reported to be excellent singlet oxygen sensitizers, comparable to alpha-terthienyl (1). The phototoxicity of these compounds was compared, using human erythrocytes, Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae, Daphnia magna, and fish (fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas). The known ranking of the photooxidation properties was found to be a good predictor of phototoxic properties in erythrocytes and mosquito larvae but not in daphnias. All three compounds photosensitized the cleavage of supercoiled pBR322 DNA to the same extent. Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago 60607. Herrnreiter M M Kagan J J Chen X X Lau K Y KY D'Auria M M Vantaggi A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Photochem Photobiol 0376425 0 DNA, Bacterial 0 Photosensitizing Agents 0 Thiophenes IM Aedes drug effects radiation effects Animals Comparative Study DNA, Bacterial drug effects radiation effects Erythrocytes drug effects radiation effects Fishes Human Photochemistry Photosensitizing Agents chemistry toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Thiophenes chemistry toxicity 7691537 1993 11 09 1993 11 09 2003 11 14

0147-6513 26 1 1993 Aug Toxicity of sediments and sediment pore waters from the Grand Calumet River-Indiana Harbor, Indiana area of concern. 86-112 The assessment of contaminated sediments is a difficult task due to the complex nature of the sediment matrix and the potential for exposure of aquatic organisms to in-place contaminants via several routes. Differential species sensitivity also precludes the completion of a meaningful environmental assessment with only one species. Therefore, a battery of assays approach with the Microtox assay, 48 hr Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia tests and a 10-day Chironomous tentans test was used to evaluate the toxicity of sediment pore waters and whole sediments from the Grand Calumet River-Indiana Harbor, Indiana area of concern. All toxicity tests indicated that the test fractions (pore water, whole sediment) from each study site were toxic to the test species. A toxic units (TU) approach was used to compare measured TU from each assay with calculated TU based on chemical analyses of pore waters and whole sediments and the results of reference toxicant tests. Based on the results of these analyses, ammonia, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, and bicarbonate ion appear to be the major contaminants of environmental significance to benthic invertebrates within the study area. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1222. Hoke R A RA Giesy J P JP Zabik M M Unger M M eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Chironomidae drug effects Daphnia drug effects Fresh Water chemistry Indiana Lethal Dose 50 Photobacterium drug effects Species Specificity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 8406104 1993 10 22 1993 10 22 2003 11 14

0016-9900 6 1993 Jun [The use of biological testing in hygienic assessment of water quality] 75-6 Naboka M V MV rus Journal Article Ob ispolźovaii biotestirovaniia v gigienicheskoĭ otsenke kachestva vody.

RUSSIA Gig Sanit 0412700 0 Pesticides IM Animals Daphnia drug effects microbiology Pesticides adverse effects Water Supply analysis 8224329 1993 12 16 1993 12 16 2003 11 14

0265-203X 10 5 1993 Sep-Oct The use of Daphnia magna for detection of okadaic acid in mussel extracts. 603-8 Okadaic acid (OA), the main toxin responsible for diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) has toxicity for Daphnia magna (EC50 = 15 +/- 1.8 micrograms/l). A Daphnia bioassay was developed and used to analyse okadaic acid in mussel extracts. A linear correlation was found between OA concentration determined by the Daphnia bioassay and by HPLC assay (r = 0.85; p < 0.001). The Daphnia bioassay can measure OA levels 10 times below the threshold of the mouse bioassay method. It is an inexpensive sensitive tool which can be used in replacement of mouse bioassay for the screening of OA and some co-extracting toxins in mussel extracts. Laboratoire de Physiologie, Cellulaire et Moléculaire-Université de Caen Esplanade de la Paix, France. Vernoux J P JP Le Baut C C Masselin P P Marais C C Baron B B Choumiloff R R Proniewski F F Nizard G G Bohec M M eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Food Addit Contam 8500474 0 Ethers, Cyclic 0 Ionophores 78111-17-8 Okadaic Acid IM Animals Biological Assay methods Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Comparative Study Daphnia Ethers, Cyclic analysis Food Contamination analysis Ionophores analysis Okadaic Acid Shellfish analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8241620 1994 01 03 1994 01 03 2003 11 14

0007-4861 51 5 1993 Nov Pollution studies in the Río Santiago Basin, tributary of the Río de la Plata Estuary: preliminary risk assessment evaluation. 657-64 Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Argentina. Ronco A E AE Sobrero M C MC Rossini G G GG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons IM Animals Argentina Artemia Daphnia Industrial Waste Lethal Dose 50 Photometry Polycyclic Hydrocarbons analysis toxicity Risk Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollution adverse effects analysis 8241625 1994 01 03 1994 01 03 2003 11 14

0007-4861 51 5 1993 Nov Acute toxicity of several pesticides, organic compounds, and a wastewater effluent to the freshwater mussel, Anodonta imbecilis, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Pimephales promelas. 696-702 St. Johns River Water Management District, Palatka, Florida 32178-1429. Keller A E AE eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 0 Pesticides 0 Water Pollutants 12789-03-6 Chlordan 8001-35-2 Toxaphene IM Animals Chlordan analysis toxicity Chromatography, Gas Daphnia physiology Fishes physiology Industrial Waste adverse effects analysis Lethal Dose 50 Mussels physiology Pesticides analysis toxicity Toxaphene analysis toxicity Water Pollutants analysis toxicity 8244001 1994 01 06 1994 01 06 2003 11 14

0016-6731 135 2 1993 Oct Population structure in Daphnia obtusa: quantitative genetic and allozymic variation. 367-74 Quantitative genetic analyses for body size and for life history characters within and among populations of Daphnia obtusa reveal substantial genetic variance at both hierarchical levels for all traits measured. Simultaneous allozymic analysis on the same population samples indicate a moderate degree of differentiation: GST = 0.28. No associations between electrophoretic genotype and phenotypic characters were found, providing support for the null hypothesis that the allozymic variants are effectively neutral. Therefore, GST can be used as the null hypothesis that neutral phenotypic evolution within populations led to the observed differentiation for the quantitative traits, which I call QST. The results of this study provide evidence that natural selection has promoted diversification for body size among populations, and has impeded diversification for relative fitness. Analyses of population differentiation for clutch size, age at reproduction, and growth rate indicate that neutral phenotypic evolution cannot be excluded as the cause. Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124. Spitze K K eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Genetics 0374636 0 Isoenzymes IM Analysis of Variance Animals Comparative Study Daphnia genetics Electrophoresis, Starch Gel Gene Frequency Genotype Isoenzymes analysis genetics Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Variation (Genetics) 8245949 1994 01 03 1994 01 03 2003 11 14

8756-971X 9 3 1993 Sep Predation by a cyprinodontid fish, Aphanius mento, on Culex pipiens: effects of alternative prey and vegetation. 356-8 We assessed the effects of an alternative prey species (Daphnia magna) and a submergent plant (Ceratophyllum demersum) on the efficiency of the fish, Aphanius mento, to prey on mosquito (Culex pipiens) larvae in the laboratory. Aphanius mento is an untested biological control candidate of mosquitoes. When D. magna was introduced with equal numbers of Cx. pipiens larvae, there was a 50.7% reduction in predation by A. mento on the mosquito larvae. However, the more D. magna a fish ate, the more Cx. pipiens it consumed. Ceratophyllum demersum did not affect predation rates on Cx. pipiens larvae. Laboratory for Community Ecology, University of Haifa, Israel. Blaustein L L Byard R R eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Am Mosq Control Assoc 8511299 IM Animals Culex Cyprinodontiformes Larva Pest Control, Biological Population Dynamics Predatory Behavior 8257820 1994 01 19 1994 01 19 2003 11 14

0007-4861 51 6 1993 Dec Predictive ability of the Daphnia magna IQ Toxicity Test for ten diverse water treatment additives. 909-13 Aqua Survey Inc., Flemington, New Jersey 08822. Hayes K R KR Douglas W S WS Terrell Y Y Fischer J J Lyons L A LA Briggs L J LJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Predictive Value of Tests Time Factors Toxicology methods Water Supply analysis 7916723 1994 01 25 1994 01 25 2003 11 14

0378-1119 134 2 1993 Dec 8 Sequence of the intergenic spacer between the 28S and 18S rRNA-encoding genes of the crustacean, Daphnia pulex. 245-9 The intergenic spacer (IGS) of the ribosomal DNA of the crustacean, Daphnia pulex, is 4819 bp in length, and contains two non-repetitive regions separated by two repetitive regions. The larger repetitive region contains three complete and one truncated copy of a 330-bp sub-repeat. Each sub-repeat contains the sequence, 5'-TATATAGGGAAG, which is very similar to the promoter sequences found in repeated elements in the IGS of other organisms. The 3' non-repetitive region, which separates the repeat elements containing the putative transcription promoter sites from the 18S coding region, is large (2689 bp) compared to those described for other arthropods. A putative transcription start point (tsp) has been identified 1280 bp upstream from the 18S coding region, suggesting that the external transcribed spacer is also large compared to that in other arthropods. The 3' non-repetitive region contains two poly(GT) tracts of 18 and 20 bp. Such sequences, which are capable of forming Z-DNA in vitro, have been found upstream from the transcription units of rRNA and protein-coding genes in human, mouse and rat, and are thought to have a functional role in gene expression. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Ont., Canada. Crease T J TJ eng GENBANK L07948 L24529 X70030 Z14103 Z14104 Z14105 Z14106 Z14107 Z15047 Z15048 Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Gene 7706761 0 DNA, Ribosomal 0 RNA, Ribosomal, 18S 0 RNA, Ribosomal, 28S 9007-49-2 DNA IM Animals Base Sequence DNA DNA, Ribosomal Daphnia genetics Introns Molecular Sequence Data RNA, Ribosomal, 18S genetics RNA, Ribosomal, 28S genetics Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid Restriction Mapping Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8277855 1994 02 04 1994 02 04 2003 11 14

0737-4038 10 6 1993 Nov Interspecific hybridization in Daphnia: distinction and origin of hybrid matrilines. 1289-302 Three coexisting Daphnia species belonging to the D. longispina group (D. galeata, D. hyalina, and D. cucullata) form species-hybrid complexes by producing interspecific hybrids in several lakes in Germany and The Netherlands. To evaluate the genetic consequences of interspecific hybridization, I studied the patterns of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation. The directionality of interspecific hybridization and divergence of hybrids from parental species was tested, using the DNA sequences of a segment of mtDNA. Via the polymerase chain reaction, it was possible to investigate single animals and even single resting eggs. A species-specific marker was established, using restriction patterns of amplified cytochrome b segments. mtDNA genotypes of hybrids revealed unidirectional mitochondrial gene flow for two hybrids, which were investigated by using multiple clones. No evidence for introgression of mtDNA was found. On the basis of a phylogenetic analysis, the species exhibit considerable distinctness, whereas differences between clones within species and between hybrids and maternal species tend to be very low. These results indicate a recent origin of hybrids and suggest that the radiation of the D. longispina group occurred > 5 Mya. Zoologisches Institut, J. W. Goethe-Universität. Schwenk K K eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Mol Biol Evol 8501455 0 Cytochrome b Group 0 DNA Primers 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 0 Isoenzymes IM Amino Acid Sequence Animals Base Sequence Comparative Study Conserved Sequence Cytochrome b Group genetics DNA Primers DNA, Mitochondrial analysis chemistry genetics Daphnia genetics Evolution Human Hybridization, Genetic Isoenzymes analysis genetics Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Polymerase Chain Reaction Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid Species Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) 1342642 1994 02 16 1994 02 16 2003 11 14

0253-2662 25 4 1992 Nov [Evaluation of biological toxicity of livestock fecal deordoring microbial agents] 252-63 Eight commercial livestock microbial agents were selected for the evaluation of biological toxicity. The general physical, chemical and microbial analyses of these microbial agents were performed and the acute toxicity of mice, aquatic living organisms and the germinated inhibition of vegetable seeds by these microbial agents were also estimated for the evaluation of biological toxicity. The results have shown that all livestock microbial agents have no pathogenic Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus been detected. However, the acute biological toxicity test of water extractant of these microbial agents indicated that microbial agent A, B, C, D and M appeared various toxicity to the mice. The dosage of LC50 (48 hr) to the mice was 3 mg/ml for microbial agent A (150 mg/kg mouse, high toxicity), 90 mg/ml for microbial agent B (4.5 g/kg mouse, low-medium toxicity), 92 mg/ml for microbial agent C (4.6 g/kg mouse, low-medium toxicity), 118 mg/ml for microbial agent D (5.9 g/kg mouse, low toxicity) and nontoxicity for microbial agent M, respectively. In addition, the dosage of LC50 to aquatic organisms Daphina similis and Lemna minor, was < 0.01 mg/ml and 0.13 mg/ml for microbial agent A, 1.73 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml for microbial B, 3 mg/ml and > 20 mg/ml for microbial C, 0.56 mg/ml and 14 mg/ml for microbial agent D, respectively. All microbial agents also show various inhibitory effects to the seed germination and root extension of vegetable crops. The study has demonstrated that the biological toxicity of livestock microbial agents was following such order: microbial A > B, C > D > M. The animal has shown more sensitive than plant to the microbial agents. Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C. Kao M M MM Cheng L H LH chi Journal Article

TAIWAN Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 8008067 IM Animals Animals, Domestic Bacteria pathogenicity Daphnia English Abstract Feces microbiology Medical Waste Disposal Mice Odors prevention & control Seeds physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vegetables growth & development Yeasts pathogenicity 7507817 1994 03 07 1994 03 07 2003 11 14

0147-6513 26 3 1993 Dec Monitoring the response of microcontaminants by dynamic Daphnia magna and Leuciscus idus assays in the Rhine Delta: biological early warning as a useful supplement. 265-79 Following some severe upstream calamities in the eighties, biological early warning systems with fish and waterfleas were installed at monitoring stations in the Rhine and the Meuse. Laboratory tests suggest that these whole-organism monitors are likely to respond at concentrations close to lethal levels. Current average and peak concentrations of compounds that can be identified and of which information on toxicity is available are often below these levels. Nevertheless, several alerts were registered in recent years. This may be attributed to the combined effect of known and unknown compounds under prevailing field conditions. Results are compared to experiences at other locations and some prospects on development in the future are given. Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, Lelystad, The Netherlands. Hendriks A J AJ Stouten M D MD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Environmental Monitoring methods Fishes Fresh Water chemistry Lethal Dose 50 Netherlands Sensitivity and Specificity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 8301409 1994 03 08 1994 03 08 2003 11 14

1011-1344 21 2-3 1993 Dec DNA cleavage, antiviral and cytotoxic reactions photosensitized by simple enediyne compounds. 135-42 Very potent antibiotic antitumor natural products contain a enediyne moiety which, upon thermal activation, is capable of abstracting hydrogens from DNA. 1,6-Diphenyl-3-hexene-1,5-diyne was selected as a candidate for inducing DNA strand breaks photochemically. Easily interconverted with light, both geometric isomers 1 and 2 were expected to be phototoxic. As anticipated, they photosensitized the production of strand breaks in double-stranded supercoiled pBR322, and in single-stranded M13 DNA. The DNA cleavage reactions were favored by the presence of oxygen and were inhibited by ethanol. Preliminary experiments with the (Z)-isomer indicated moderate light-dependent antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Sindbis virus, and mouse cytomegalovirus. The enediynes were cytotoxic to Escherichia coli, a gram-negative organism, to Streptococcus faecalis, a gram-positive organism, to Daphnia magna and to fish (Pimephales promelas), but only in the presence of light. The production of o-terphenyl, the expected product of Bergman cyclization of 1, could not be confirmed. However, both 1 and 2 photosensitized the formation of singlet oxygen and of superoxide anion radical, and photodynamic reactions could have been responsible for some of the phototoxic reactions observed. Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago 60607-7061. Kagan J J Wang X X Chen X X Lau K Y KY Batac I V IV Tuveson R W RW Hudson J B JB eng Journal Article

SWITZERLAND J Photochem Photobiol B 8804966 0 Alkynes 0 DNA, Viral 0 Photosensitizing Agents 0 Plasmids 11062-77-4 Superoxides 17778-80-2 Singlet Oxygen 27370-85-0 1,6-diphenyl-3-hexene-1,5,-diyne 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM X 3T3 Cells Alkynes chemistry toxicity Animals Bacteriophage M13 DNA Damage DNA, Viral drug effects Daphnia drug effects Enterococcus faecalis drug effects Escherichia coli drug effects Fishes Isomerism Mice Oxygen analysis Photochemistry Photosensitizing Agents toxicity Plasmids drug effects Singlet Oxygen Spectrophotometry Superoxides analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 7510153 1994 04 12 1994 04 12 2003 11 14

0007-4861 52 2 1994 Feb Lethal and sub-lethal toxicity of lindane to Pimephales promelas and Ceriodaphnia dubia. 298-304 Environmental Protection, Environment Canada, Edmonton, Alberta. Constable M M Orr P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 58-89-9 Lindane IM Animals Arthropods drug effects Comparative Study Cyprinidae physiology Daphnia physiology Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Female Lethal Dose 50 Lindane toxicity Male Reproduction drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 8132177 1994 04 19 1994 04 19 2003 11 14

0278-6915 32 2 1994 Feb Human acute toxicity prediction of the first 50 MEIC chemicals by a battery of ecotoxicological tests and physicochemical properties. 173-87 Five acute bioassays consisting of three cyst-based tests (with Artemia salina, Streptocephalus proboscideus and Brachionus calyciflorus), the Daphnia magna test and the bacterial luminescence inhibition test (Photobacterium phosphoreum) are used to determine the acute toxicity of the 50 priority chemicals of the Multicentre Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity (MEIC) programme. These tests and five physiocochemical properties (n-octanol-water partition coefficient, molecular weight, melting point, boiling point and density) are evaluated either singly or in combination to predict human acute toxicity. Acute toxicity in human is expressed both as oral lethal doses (HLD) and as lethal concentrations (HLC) derived from clinical cases. A comparison has also been made between the individual tests and the conventional rodent tests, as well as between rodent tests and the batteries resulting from partial least squares (PLS), with regard to their predictive power for acute toxicity in humans. Results from univariate regression show that the predictive potential of bioassays (both ecotoxicological and rodent tests) is generally superior to that of individual physicochemical properties for HLD. For HLC prediction, however, no consistent trend could be discerned that indicated whether bioassays are better estimators than physicochemical parameters. Generally, the batteries resulting from PLS regression seem to be more predictive than rodent tests or any of the individual tests. Prediction of HLD appears to be dependent on the phylogeny of the test species: cructaceans, for example, appear to be more important components in the test battery than rotifers and bacteria. For HLC prediction, one anostracan and one cladoceran crustacean are considered to be important. When considering both ecotoxicological tests and physicochemical properties, the battery based on the molecular weight and the cladoceran crustacean predicts HLC substantially better than any other combination. Laboratory for Biological Research in Aquatic Pollution, University of Ghent, Belgium. Calleja M C MC Persoone G G Geladi P P eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Food Chem Toxicol 8207483 0 Pharmaceutical Preparations IM Animal Testing Alternatives Animals Biological Assay Comparative Study Drug Toxicity Human Invertebrates Least-Squares Analysis Lethal Dose 50 Mice Models, Biological Molecular Weight Pharmaceutical Preparations chemistry Photobacterium drug effects Predictive Value of Tests Rats Regression Analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicology methods 8158101 1994 05 13 1994 05 13 2003 11 14

0022-104X 268 5 1994 Apr 1 Patterns of DNA synthesis and mitotic activity during the intermoult of Daphnia. 400-9 Among insects, the epidermal cell cycle pattern is related to the type of ontogenetic development. In taxa undergoing complete metamorphosis, cells are commonly maintained in the G2 stage of interphase between bouts of cell division. In crustaceans, as in insects exhibiting incomplete metamorphosis, it is believed that cells ordinarily remain in G1 for much of the intermoult, with DNA replication occurring late in the moult cycle followed closely by cell division. The present study reveals a differing pattern of epidermal cell division in two distantly related members of the cladoceran crustacean genus Daphnia. Cell cycle kinetics were examined in the last juvenile instar of each species using DNA content determinations and estimates of mitotic frequency. These analyses confirm that each epidermal cell possessed the diploid DNA amount, completed a single cell cycle, and remained in G1 for the majority of the instar. However, DNA replication occurred shortly after moulting and was followed by intense mitotic activity so that cell proliferation was restricted to a short period soon after ecdysis. Cell densities during the instar increased by approximately 60 and 100% for D. pulex and D. magna, respectively. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Beaton M J MJ Hebert P D PD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Exp Zool 0375365 9007-49-2 DNA IM Animals Cell Division DNA biosynthesis Daphnia genetics growth & development Epidermis cytology Larva Metamorphosis, Biological genetics Mitosis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8167457 1994 06 01 1994 06 01 2003 11 14

0007-4861 52 4 1994 Apr Toxicity to aquatic organisms of pond water contaminated by fenitrothion during forest spraying. 612-8 Environmental Protection, Conservation and Protection, Environment Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. Ernst W W Wade S S Hennigar P P Julien G G eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Insecticides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 122-14-5 Fenitrothion IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Fenitrothion analysis toxicity Fresh Water analysis Insecticides Lethal Dose 50 Oncorhynchus mykiss Trees Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 8178506 1994 06 08 1994 06 08 2003 11 14

0026-9050 1 1994 Jan [The information value of biotesting and chemiluminescence methods in evaluating drinking water quality] 52-4, 80 The article studies the informative value of test objects for the evaluation of potable water which contains toxic substances. A number of test objects is proposed by the authors to estimate the chemical harmlessness of water: tetrachimens, Daphnia and peroxide ferment system. The data obtained with the help of test-objects possess a sufficient selective sensibility as far as maximum allowable concentration of various toxic substances is concerned. The authors stress that these methods of biological testing may complement or precede the traditional methods of water evaluation. Kutsenko S A SA Terent'ev L P LP Tkachuk S M SM rus Journal Article Informativnost' metodik biotestirovaniia i khemiliuminestsentsii v otsenke kachestva pit'evoĭ vody.

RUSSIA Voen Med Zh 2984871R IM Algae, Green Animals Biological Assay methods Chemiluminescence Daphnia English Abstract Military Hygiene methods Paramecium Russia Tetrahymena pyriformis Water Pollution, Chemical analysis Water Supply analysis standards 7516286 1994 07 21 1994 07 21 2003 11 14

0147-6513 27 2 1994 Mar Toxicity of metals on Daphnia magna and Tubifex tubifex. 210-3 The toxicity of Hg2+ [HgCl2], Cr6+(1) [(NH4)2CrO4], Cr6+(2) [CrO3], Cd2+ [CdCl2.2,5H2O], Pb2+ [Pb(CH3COO)2.3H2O], and As5+ [Na2HAsO4.7H2O] on the sensitivity and survival of Daphnia magna and Tubifex tubifex has been studied. All test metals were dissolved and determined under standardized conditions (dilution water, Bringmann and Kühn, 1982) and 96 hr LC50 for T. tubifex and 48 hr LC50 for D. magna were compared in rank orders toxicity. For D. magna rank order toxicity was Hg2+ > Cr6+(2) > Cd2+ = Cr6+(1) > Pb2+ > As5+ and for T. tubifex it was Hg2+ > Cd2+ > Cr6+(2) > Cr6(1) > Pb2+ > As5+. D. magna was a more sensitive organism than T. tubifex and its LC50 values for all metals were several times lower than LC50 values for T. tubifex. Correlation between toxicity of various metals and biological subjects may be useful in predicting toxicity to various biologically important organisms connected with food chains. Slovak Technical University, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia. Fargasová A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Metals 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development Lethal Dose 50 Metals toxicity Oligochaeta drug effects growth & development Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7912261 1994 07 28 1994 07 28 2003 11 14

8756-971X 10 1 1994 Mar Efficacy of Clostridium bifermentans serovar Malaysia on target and nontarget organisms. 51-5 Clostridium bifermentans serovar malaysia (C.b.m.) is highly toxic to mosquito larvae. In this study, the following aquatic nontarget invertebrates were treated with high C.b.m. concentrations (up to 1,600-fold the toxic concentration for Anopheles stephensi) to study their susceptibility towards the bacterial toxin: Planorbis planorbis (Pulmonata); Asellus aquaticus (Isopoda); Daphnia pulex (Cladocera); Cloeon dipterum (Ephemeroptera); Plea leachi (Heteroptera); and Eristalis sp., Chaoborus crystallinus, Chironomus thummi, and Psychoda alternata (Diptera). In addition, bioassays were performed with mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex pipiens). Psychoda alternata larvae were very susceptible, with LC50/LC90 values comparable to those of mosquito larvae (about 10(3)-10(5) spores/ml). The tests with Chaoborus crystallinus larvae showed significant mortality rates at high concentrations, but generally not before 4 or 5 days after treatment. The remaining nontarget organisms did not show any susceptibility. The investigation confirms the specificity of C.b.m. to nematocerous Diptera. German Mosquito Control Association, Waldsee. Yiallouros M M Storch V V Thiery I I Becker N N eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Am Mosq Control Assoc 8511299 IM Aedes parasitology Animals Anopheles parasitology Arthropods parasitology Clostridium physiology Culex parasitology Culicidae parasitology Ecology Host-Parasite Relations Larva Pest Control, Biological methods Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8024319 1994 08 04 1994 08 04 2003 11 14

0090-4341 27 1 1994 Jul Evaluation of a microplate assay specific for heavy metal toxicity. 25-8 A rapid, quantitative microbial assay, which is specific for heavy metal toxicity, has been developed. The assay (MetPLATE) is in a 96-well microtitration plate format and is suitable for determining toxicity characteristics such as median inhibitory concentrations. The sensitivity of MetPLATE to heavy metals [Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr(III)] was generally higher than Microtox and was of the same order as or better than Daphnia and fish bioassay. MetPLATE was insensitive to organic compounds at concentrations higher than those found in the environment. Six out of 10 industrial wastewaters or process waters surveyed were toxic. Heavy metal analysis of these waters confirmed the presence of heavy metals in the toxic samples. MetPLATE can be run concurrently with other assays for general toxicity to help determine the nature of chemicals causing toxicity. Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611. Bitton G G Jung K K Koopman B B eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Metals IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Escherichia coli drug effects Metals toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Toxicology methods Trout 8044634 1994 09 01 1994 09 01 2003 11 14

0045-6535 29 1 1994 Jul Toxicity identification evaluations for the investigation of fish kills: a case study. 55-61 A large fish-kill was observed in the river Tajo during the Spring-Summer of 1991. The mortality was first detected between Aranjuez and Toledo, affecting several fish species. Then it was slowly going downstream, affecting only carp (Cyprinus carpio), reaching the Spanish-Portuguese border several months later. Short-term toxicity tests on Daphnia magna and in vitro cytotoxicity tests on RTG-2 cells were used as toxicity monitoring systems in water samples and different water fractions. The fish kill was associated to the outbreak of infectious diseases, spring viremia of carp and saprolegniosis, related to an increase in the fish's susceptibility due to the presence of a toxic chemical. Bioassay-directed sample fractionations allowed to detect a toxic chemical. HPLC-MS identified the compound as dehydroabietic acid, a resin acid previously described immunotoxic. Division of Environmental Toxicology, Madrid, Spain. Muñoz M J MJ Castaño A A Blazquez T T Vega M M Carbonell G G Ortiz J A JA Carballo M M Tarazona J V JV eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Diterpenes 0 Diterpenes, Abietane 0 Water Pollutants 1740-19-8 dehydroabietic acid IM Animals Carps Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Communicable Diseases immunology mortality veterinary Daphnia drug effects Disease Susceptibility Diterpenes analysis toxicity Diterpenes, Abietane Fish Diseases chemically induced immunology mortality Mycoses immunology mortality veterinary Oomycetes Spain Viremia immunology mortality veterinary Water Pollutants analysis toxicity 8069081 1994 09 26 1994 09 26 2003 11 14

0007-4861 53 1 1994 Jul Toxicity identification evaluation using a short-term chronic test with Ceriodaphnia dubia. 91-7 Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Wareham, Massachusetts 02571. Jop K M KM Askew A M AM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Electrolytes 0 Metals 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Daphnia Electrolytes analysis toxicity Female Metals analysis toxicity Reproduction drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 8082168 1994 10 11 1994 10 11 2003 11 14

0172-8083 25 1 1994 Jan Partial mitochondrial DNA sequence of the crustacean Daphnia pulex. 66-72 A 3667-base pair (bp) fragment of the mitochondrial genome of the crustacean Daphnia pulex has been sequenced and found to contain the complete genes for the small subunit ribosomal RNA, ND2, seven tRNAs and the control region. This organization is identical to that found in Drosophila yakuba mtDNA yet D. pulex mtDNA exhibits several unique features when compared to other mitochondrial sequences. The sequenced fragment is only 62.6% A + T which is much lower than that of any other arthropod mtDNA sequenced to date. D. pulex mtDNA also exhibits length conservation having shorter coding and non-coding regions. The putative control region is 689 bp in length and includes a sequence that has the potential to fold into a hairpin structure with a perfect 20-bp pair stem and a 22-base loop. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Van Raay T J TJ Crease T J TJ eng GENBANK Z15015 Journal Article

UNITED STATES Curr Genet 8004904 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 9014-25-9 RNA, Transfer IM ND2 Amino Acid Sequence Animals Base Sequence Comparative Study DNA, Mitochondrial chemistry genetics Daphnia genetics Human Molecular Sequence Data Nucleic Acid Conformation RNA, Transfer genetics Sequence Homology, Amino Acid Species Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8086718 1994 10 20 1994 10 20 2003 11 14

0007-4861 53 2 1994 Aug Comparative toxicity of five metals on various biological subjects. 317-24 Slovak Technical University, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Bratislava. Fargasová A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Metals IM Algae, Green Animals Comparative Study Daphnia Lethal Dose 50 Metals toxicity Mustard Plant Oligochaeta Plants, Medicinal Seeds drug effects Species Specificity 8090989 1994 10 19 1994 10 19 2003 11 14

0923-2508 145 1 1994 Jan The use of biosensors for environmental monitoring. 67-74 Flemish Institute for Technological Research, VITO, Mol, Belgium. van der Lelie D D Corbisier P P Baeyens W W Wuertz S S Diels L L Mergeay M M eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

FRANCE Res Microbiol 8907468 0 Metals 0 Xenobiotics IM Animals Bacteria genetics metabolism Biosensing Techniques Daphnia Environmental Monitoring Fishes In Vitro Metals isolation & purification Mussels Mutagenicity Tests Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Xenobiotics isolation & purification 61 7922149 1994 11 18 1994 11 18 2003 11 14

0045-6535 29 2 1994 Jul Ecotox-evaluation strategy for soil bioremediation exemplified for a PAH-contaminated site. 371-90 During a bioremediation of a PAH-contaminated site chemical and biological analyses were carried out. The biological investigations included ecotoxicological analyses in the aqueous extract, (Pseudomonas putida, Photobacterium phosphoreum, daphnids, algae, fish) and analyses in the soil with introduced organisms (plants, earthworms) and natural soil organisms (nematodes, microorganisms). In all test systems a correspondence between decreasing toxicity and degradation of the easily biodegradable PAHs was found. From investigations with aqueous extracts therefore not only conclusions on potential risks for groundwater can be drawn, but these tests also seem to allow risk assessments for soil inhabitants. Furthermore with these tests comprising dilution series the extent of toxicity for soil organisms can be quantified more precisely than with terrestrial investigations. Of all aquatic test systems a constant remaining toxicity was found only in the Microtox text. The test with Daphnia magna indicated the intermediate formation of organism specific toxic metabolites. Therefore useful information may be obtained with biological analyses which complement chemical analyses. For an extensive assessment of a contaminated site a test battery is advisable. Fraunhofer-Institut für Umweltchemie und Okotoxikologie, Schmallenberg. Hund K K Traunspurger W W eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons 0 Soil Pollutants IM Animals Comparative Study Oligochaeta Plants Polycyclic Hydrocarbons analysis toxicity Soil Microbiology Soil Pollutants analysis toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests 7523069 1994 11 10 1994 11 10 2003 11 14

0147-6513 28 1 1994 Jun Fate of a volatile chlorinated solvent in indoor aquatic microcosms: sublethal and static exposure to [14C]dichloromethane. Groupe pour l'Etude du Devenir de Xénobiotiques dans l'Environnement (GEDEXE). 71-81 The goal of this work was to study the fate of dichloromethane in indoor aquatic microcosms after a sublethal and static exposure to simulate the accidental contamination of a lenitic ecosystem such as littoral lake zone or a pond. This kind of ecosystem is characterized by high productive capacity and rich biocoenose, and are usually first affected by acute or chronic pollution. Microcosms containing immersed bryophytes (Fontinalis antipyretica), macrophytes (Lemna minor, Groenlendia densa, Elodea canadensis), molluscs (Physa fontinalis), crustaceans (Daphnia magna), and unicellular green algae (Scenedesmus subspicatus) were contaminated with sublethal concentrations of dichloromethane or [14C]dichloromethane. The initial mean concentration was 9.9 +/- 3.7 microM. The mean concentration exposure for organisms was 4.5 +/- 1.5 microM. The fate of 14C radioactivity was monitored by measuring the radioactivity of the sediment, water, macro- and microorganism, and atmospheric compartments. Radioactivity in the water disappeared quickly from the microcosms, most likely as [14C]dichloromethane (t1/2 = 5.31 +/- 0.41 days). At the end of the experiments, radioactivity was mainly located in the atmosphere, with traces remaining in the biomass. Under static conditions, the bioaccumulation of 14C radioactivity from the radiolabeled dichloromethane was negligible. Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Université J. Fourier, La Tronche. Thiébaud H H Merlin G G Capovilla M P MP Blake G G eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 75-09-2 Methylene Chloride IM Algae metabolism Animals Bacteria metabolism Crustacea metabolism Ecosystem Fresh Water Methylene Chloride pharmacokinetics Models, Biological Mollusca metabolism Plants metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical pharmacokinetics 7952330 1994 12 22 1994 12 22 2003 11 14

0962-1083 3 5 1994 Oct Molecular biogeography of clonal lineages in a high-arctic apomictic Daphnia complex. 497-506 An electrophoretic survey of 81 populations of arctic Daphnia pulex from around the Svalbard archipelago revealed the presence of 49 unique allozyme clones (N = 3357). Two closely related clones accounted for 66% of the total sample, and were widespread across the archipelago. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of a 2.1-kb fragment of mtDNA (NADH-4 and NADH-5 subunits), amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), revealed the presence of eight mtDNA haplotypes. One haplotype was particularly widespread, and the two most abundant allozyme clones shared this haplotype. Nonrandom distribution patterns of clones were observed, and are most likely the result of historical events (i.e. founder effects) related to the past glacial history of the archipelago. The data are discussed with reference to past glaciation events, and attempts are made to discern the colonization history of this apomictic complex. Abteilung Okophysiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Limnologie, Plön, Germany. Weider L J LJ Hobaek A A eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Mol Ecol 9214478 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 0 Isoenzymes IM Animals Arctic Regions Base Sequence DNA, Mitochondrial genetics Daphnia classification genetics Evolution Founder Effect Genotype Geography Haplotypes Isoenzymes genetics Molecular Sequence Data Parthenogenesis Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Svalbard Variation (Genetics) genetics 7525201 1994 11 28 1994 11 28 2003 11 14

0147-6513 27 1 1994 Feb Phototoxicology. 1. Light-enhanced toxicity of TNT and some related compounds to Daphnia magna and Lytechinus variagatus embryos. 14-22 Many environmental pollutants interact with solar near-ultraviolet (nuv) light in a manner which greatly increases their toxic effects. The phenomenon of light-mediated toxicity (phototoxicity) is only now becoming generally recognized to any significant degree. Manufacture of, and loading munitions with, the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in past decades caused contamination of soils and sediments at levels exceeding 1000 ppm and of waters at levels near saturation (100 ppm). Manufacture of TNT produces numerous nitrated by-products, and most of these compounds, including TNT, can be metabolized by many species, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and mammals. This study investigated the phototoxicity of TNT, and 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,6-, and 3,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) and -diaminotoluene (DAT), and the major metabolites 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2A) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4A), to Daphnia magna (acute toxicity) and Lytechinus variagatus (sea urchin) embryos (subacute, developmental toxicity). Most of the compounds were weakly toxic or nontoxic in the dark. All were phototoxic to sea urchins. In D. magna, 2,3- and 3,4-DNT/DAT and 4A were not toxic but were phototoxic, and 2A was toxic and phototoxic; the other isomers were not toxic or phototoxic to this species. School of Life Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801. Davenport R R Johnson L R LR Schaeffer D J DJ Balbach H H eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 118-96-7 Trinitrotoluene IM Animals Daphnia physiology Embryo, Nonmammalian Light Risk Assessment Sea Urchins physiology Trinitrotoluene analogs & derivatives toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7525203 1994 11 28 1994 11 28 2003 11 14

0147-6513 27 1 1994 Feb Phototoxicology. 3. Comparative toxicity of trinitrotoluene and aminodinitrotoluenes to Daphnia magna, Dugesia dorotocephala, and sheep erythrocytes. 34-49 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and compounds associated with its production are toxic and phototoxic to a wide range of biota. The planarian Dugesia dorotocephala, but not Daphnia magna, metabolized TNT (1 mg/liter) to 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4A; 0.4 mg/liter) and 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2A; 0.2 mg/liter). Coexposure to near-ultraviolet (nuv) light enhanced the toxicity of 2A more than that of TNT and 4A. The toxicities of TNT, 4A, and 2A to Du. dorotocephala were all decreased by glutathione (GSH) conjugation. This suggests that all had mechanisms of toxic action involving formation of quinone-GSH conjugates. Dark and light mechanisms for TNT and 2A depended on GSH conjugation, but the specific mechanisms may be different for each compound. The dark and light mechanisms of toxic action for 4A appeared to be fundamentally different in that the dark toxic mechanism of action was less dependent on GSH conjugation. Hemolysis studies using sheep erythrocytes showed that the light-enhanced toxic mechanism of action for TNT, 2A, and/or 4A did not involve cellular membrane damage in response to nuv-induced anions. Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801. Johnson L R LR Davenport R R Balbach H H Schaeffer D J DJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Carcinogens 0 Teratogens 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 118-96-7 Trinitrotoluene 19406-51-0 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene 35572-78-2 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene IM Abnormalities, Drug-Induced pathology Aniline Compounds toxicity Animals Carcinogens toxicity Cell Membrane chemistry drug effects radiation effects Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects radiation effects Erythrocytes drug effects radiation effects Lethal Dose 50 Light Planarians drug effects growth & development radiation effects Sheep Teratogens toxicity Trinitrotoluene chemistry metabolism toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis metabolism toxicity 7525207 1994 11 28 1994 11 28 2003 11 14

0147-6513 27 1 1994 Feb Effect of sublethal concentrations of pesticides on the feeding behavior of Daphnia magna. 82-9 Daphnia magna was exposed to sublethal levels (1/4, 1/2, and 2/3 LC50 and LC50) of endosulfan and diazinon to determine the effect of these pesticides on filtration and ingestion rates. The experiments were performed with the unicellular algae Nannochloris oculata in a density of 5 x 10(5) cells/ml. Prior to these experiments, the acute toxicity of both pesticides was evaluated to calculate the LC50s. The 24-hr LC50 values were 0.62 mg/liter and 0.9 microgram/liter for endosulfan and diazinon, respectively. Rates of filtration and ingestion declined with increasing toxicant concentrations after a short exposure of 5 hr. The effective concentration at which feeding rates were reduced to 50% of those in controls (EC50) was calculated for both pesticides. These values were 0.44 and 0.61 mg/liter for filtration and ingestion rates, respectively, in the case of endosulfan and 0.47 and 0.60 microgram/liter, respectively, in the case of diazinon. Department of Animal Biology (Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Spain. Fernández-Casalderrey A A Ferrando M D MD Andreu-Moliner E E eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Pesticides 115-29-7 Endosulfan 333-41-5 Diazinon IM Algae Animals Daphnia drug effects Diazinon toxicity Endosulfan toxicity Feeding Behavior drug effects Filtration Lethal Dose 50 Pesticides toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 7525226 1994 12 29 1994 12 29 2003 11 14

0147-6513 28 3 1994 Aug The environmental risks of industrial waste disposal: an experimental approach including acute and chronic toxicity studies. 317-28 The toxicity of 15 leachates of various solid industrial wastes accepted in an engineered landfill has been studied. A cost-effective battery of tests allowing evaluation of acute and chronic toxicity, as well as genotoxicity, and investigations on different trophic levels in the aquatic environment has been used. Acute toxicity was tested on bacteria (Microtox assay with Photobacterium phosphoreum) and microcrustaceans (Daphnia magna immobilization assay). A growth inhibition test of microalgae was carried out on Raphidocelis subcapitata. A 28-day chronic test with Daphnia magna was used to detect effects on reproduction. Genotoxicity was evaluated by means of the Ames test conducted on the crude aqueous phase and also on the concentrated fractions of water-extractable micropollutants (liquid-liquid and freeze-dried extracts). Chemical analyses of leachates were carried out simultaneously. The toxicity varied greatly between the different wastes. Toxic effects were observed in the short and/or in the long term. Four samples were potentially genotoxic. In most cases, toxicity registered could not be correlated with results of the chemical analyses. This study demonstrates the usefulness of associating a toxicological monitoring with chemical analyses in waste management. Centre des Sciences de l'Environnement, Metz, France. Lambolez L L Vasseur P P Ferard J F JF Gisbert T T eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Industrial Waste IM Algae drug effects growth & development Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development Industrial Waste adverse effects analysis Metallurgy Mutagenicity Tests Paint Risk Assessment Toxicity Tests Waste Management 7994121 1995 01 17 1995 01 17 2003 11 14

69 1994 The evolutionary ecology of Daphnia. 495-508 In order to generate genetic markers from both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, we used three PCR-based techniques (RAPD, mtDNA-RFLPs, and sequencing of an amplified mtDNA fragment) to illuminate various aspects of the population genetics of large-lake Daphnia species. Estimations of genetic diversity at different taxonomic levels integrated with ecological data revealed insights into the genetic components of the evolutionary process of interspecific hybridization in these Daphnia species, which had previously been documented with allozyme markers. Our new molecular data suggest the occurrence of recent hybridization and backcrossing events, and allow the identification of the maternal species of hybrid clones. Molecular Ecology Division, J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Schierwater B B Ender A A Schwenk K K Spaak P P Streit B B eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

SWITZERLAND EXS 9204529 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 0 Genetic Markers 0 Isoenzymes IM Animals DNA, Mitochondrial genetics Daphnia genetics Ecology Evolution Female Genetic Markers genetics Genotype Hybridization, Genetic genetics Isoenzymes genetics Male Polymerase Chain Reaction Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 84 7806894 1995 01 30 1995 01 30 2003 11 14

0022-2011 64 3 1994 Nov Aquatic safety of Lagenidium giganteum: effects on freshwater fish and invertebrates. 228-33 Eleven freshwater species were exposed to a zoosporeproducing fungus, Lagenidium giganteum, with the goal of determining species sensitivity with standard and new test procedures. The tests included standard, 4-day acute exposures of cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia pulex, and D. magna) and the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Standard 7-day chronic exposures of C. dubia and a 7-day embryo-larval exposure of P. promelas were also conducted. New, 4-day acute, methods were developed for mosquitos (Aedes aegypti), chironomids (Chironomus sp.), oligochaetes (Lumbriculus sp.), cyclopoid copepods, snails (Physa sp.), hydrozoans (Hydra sp.), and ostracods. To assess L. giganteum zoospore (z) infectivity, each test included daily bioassays with the mosquito (A. aegypti), a target organism. Four-day A. aegypti LC50s ranged from 81 to 516 z/ml. Ceriodaphnia dubia acute test LC50s were as low as 6700 z/ml and the 96-hr LC50 from the chronic test was near 6250 z/ml with reproductive impairment at 12,500 z/ml. Daphnia sp. were also susceptible, with LC50s near 7700 z/ml for D. pulex and 9400 z/ml for D. magna. Chironomus tentans was infected at concentrations of > or = 5000 z/ml, but mortality was low and an LC50 could not be calculated even after exposures to 50,000 z/ml. The 7-day, early life stage test with P. promelas produced reduced larva growth in most treatments. Several species (Hydra sp., L. variegatus, ostracoda, copepoda, Physa sp., and P. promelas) were not affected in acute tests at exposures of 50,000 z/ml. The data show, contrary to many reports, that L. giganteum may affect some nontarget aquatic species. The key to successful laboratory tests is monitoring and maintaining the zoospores infection capacity. Lake Superior Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Superior 54880. Nestrud L B LB Anderson R L RL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Invertebr Pathol 0014067 IM Aedes microbiology Animals Fishes microbiology Fresh Water Invertebrates microbiology Oomycetes pathogenicity Pest Control, Biological methods Spores, Fungal pathogenicity 7810258 1995 02 01 1995 02 01 2003 11 14

0044-4529 30 3 1994 May-Jun [Gas-exchange intensity in Daphnia in water polluted by different copper salts] 332-7 Studies have been made on the survival rate and oxygen consumption in Daphnia kept in solutions of four copper salts. The significance of anionic groups in total toxicity of the salts was demonstrated. Mechanisms of their action are discussed. Kniazeva N I NI rus Journal Article Intensivnost' gazoobmena dafniĭ v vode, zagriaznennoĭ razlichnymi soliami medi.

RUSSIA Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol 21820250R 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 124-38-9 Carbon Dioxide 7440-50-8 Copper 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Carbon Dioxide physiology Comparative Study Copper pharmacology Daphnia drug effects physiology Dose-Response Relationship, Drug English Abstract Oxygen physiology Oxygen Consumption drug effects Time Factors Water Pollutants, Chemical pharmacology 7813902 1995 02 09 1995 02 09 2003 11 14

0016-6723 64 2 1994 Oct Selection on reaction norms, genetic correlations and constraints. 115-25 Two approaches to the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in heterogeneous environments have recently been put forward. The first focuses on selection on the character expression within each environment; plasticity is seen as a by-product of local selection in various habitats. The second approach focuses on selection on the parameters of the response function of genotypes, and selection is thought to change the frequencies of 'plasticity' genes that affect the function. This paper discusses the relationship between the two approaches, with emphasis on applications. A method is described that allows switching from one approach to the other. It is argued that character state and reaction norm approaches, while to a large extent interchangeable, usually differ in the response function chosen. This choice, however, may strongly affect the biological interpretation. The methods outlined in this paper permit one to look at the data from different perspectives in order to avoid this danger. Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Centre for Terrestrial Ecology, Heteren. Van Tienderen P H PH Koelewijn H P HP eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Genet Res 0370741 IM Animals Daphnia genetics Genotype Mathematics Models, Genetic Phenotype Selection (Genetics) 7817649 1995 02 08 1995 02 08 2003 11 14

0044-4529 30 1 1994 Jan-Feb [The characteristics of the action on hydrobionts of the insecticide Valexon] 72-7 The effect of organophosphorus insecticide, valexon, has been investigated on hydrobionts from different taxonomic groups. Survival, locomotor activity, oxygen consumption and free radical spectra were determined. High sensitivity to the effect of the insecticide was found in Daphnia, due to the specific action of it on locomotor and respiratory functions, which are closely related in crustaceans. Kniazeva N I NI rus Journal Article Osobennosti vozdeĭstviia na nekotorykh gidrobiontov insektitsida valekson.

RUSSIA Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol 21820250R 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 0 Organothiophosphorus Compounds 14816-18-3 phoxim IM Animals Chlorella drug effects Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy English Abstract Insecticides, Organothiophosphate pharmacology Locomotion drug effects Organothiophosphorus Compounds pharmacology Oxygen Consumption drug effects Plankton drug effects Poecilia 7833606 1995 02 28 1995 02 28 2003 11 14

0007-4861 53 5 1994 Nov Observations on fungal infection of the ovary of laboratory-cultured Daphnia magna. 699-703 Laboratory of Comparative Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, National Health Institute, Rome, Italy. Stazi A V AV Mantovani A A Fuglieni F F Dojmi di Delupis G L GL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Culture Media 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Culture Media Daphnia microbiology Female Oomycetes growth & development Ovary microbiology Water Pollutants toxicity 7866667 1995 03 30 1995 03 30 2003 11 14

1056-9014 2 5 1994 Studies on the detection of okadaic acid in mussels: preliminary comparison of bioassays. 312-7 Diarrheic toxins, especially okadaic acid, are detected nearly every year in mussels on French coasts. The monitoring network determines the toxicity of these shellfish by using a mouse test now considered unsatisfactory from an ethical point of view. Two alternative methods have been investigated: the daphnia test, for which there is a standardized method used routinely in ecotoxicology, and a cytotoxicity test on the KB cell line developed for this study. Using the same samples, the results of these two tests were compared with those obtained by chemical analysis (HPLC okadaic acid assay) or the mouse test. Linear regression studies showed that results for the two bioassays were well correlated with those for HPLC or the mouse test. URM 11, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer. Marcaillou-Le Baut C C Amzil Z Z Vernoux J P JP Pouchus Y F YF Bohec M M Simon J F JF eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Nat Toxins 9212382 0 Anthracenes 0 Ethers, Cyclic 0 Fluorescent Dyes 10401-59-9 9-diazomethylanthracene 78111-17-8 Okadaic Acid IM Animals Anthracenes chemistry Biological Assay Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Cell Survival drug effects Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Comparative Study Daphnia Ethers, Cyclic analysis metabolism toxicity Fluorescent Dyes chemistry Food Poisoning France Human Linear Models Male Mice Mussels chemistry metabolism Okadaic Acid Reference Standards Tumor Cells, Cultured 7881210 1995 04 07 1995 04 07 2003 11 14

0007-4861 53 6 1994 Dec Impact of chemigation on selected non-target aquatic organisms in cranberry bogs of British Columbia. 828-35 Wan M T MT Watts R G RG Moul D J DJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Pesticide Residues 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 56-38-2 Parathion 86-50-0 Azinphosmethyl IM Animals Azinphosmethyl metabolism toxicity British Columbia Daphnia Fishes Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Insect Control methods Oncorhynchus mykiss Parathion metabolism toxicity Pesticide Residues analysis metabolism toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity 7534692 1995 04 25 1995 04 25 2003 11 14

0147-6513 29 3 1994 Dec Comparative study of plant growth hormone (herbicide) toxicity in various biological subjects. 359-64 Due to their widespread distribution and toxic nature, herbicides may have a serious impact on the environment and exert adverse effects on associated organisms. The present study was conducted to determine the acute toxicological effects of some plant growth hormones used as herbicides on four biological subjects and compare the subjects' sensitivity to individual testing substances. The herbicides 4-(indol-3-yl)acetic acid C10H9O2N (IAA), N6-(beta 2-isopentenyl)adenosine (pi-indolylpropionic acid) C11H11O2N (IPA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid C8H6O3Cl2 (2,4-D), 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid C9H9O3Cl (MCPA), and 1,napthylacetic acid C12H10O2 (NAA) were tested and the following biological subjects were used: Daphnia magna, Tubifex tubifex, Scenedesmus quadricauda, and seeds of Sinapis alba. For S. alba, the influence of herbicides on seed germination (G) and root growth inhibition (I) was observed. For T. tubifex, the tests lasted 96 hr, for D. magna 48 hr, for S. quadricauda 20 days, and for S. alba 72 hr. The rank order of toxicity of herbicides used for T. tubifex was NAA > IAA > IPA > 2,4-D > MCPA; for D. magna. NAA > IAA > IPA > MCPA > 2,4-D; for S. quadricauda, IAA > IPA > NAA > MCPA > 2,4-D; for S. alba seed germination, NAA > IPA > 2,4-D > MCPA > IAA; and for root growth inhibition. NAA > 2,4-D > MCPA > IAA > IPA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Slovak Technical University, Radlinského. Fargasová A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Auxins 0 Herbicides 0 Indoleacetic Acids 0 Plant Growth Regulators 7724-76-7 Isopentenyladenosine IM S Algae, Green drug effects physiology Animals Auxins toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia physiology Germination drug effects Herbicides toxicity Indoleacetic Acids toxicity Isopentenyladenosine toxicity Mustard Plant physiology Oligochaeta physiology Plant Growth Regulators toxicity Plants, Medicinal Seeds drug effects physiology Time Factors 7713024 1995 05 17 1995 05 17 2003 11 14

0091-6765 102 Suppl 12 1994 Dec Genotypic toxicity: implications for individuals and populations. 101-4 The goals of genetic ecotoxicology are discussed and redefined. New directions in which genotoxicity "effect" studies might be pursued are outlined. Recognition of the genotoxic disease syndrome in lower animals suggests that more attention should be given to exploring the relationships between DNA damage (adduct formation, gene mutations, etc.) and its manifestation at the level of individuals. Within a given population, not all individuals are equally susceptible to pollutant toxicity (including genotoxicity). It is proposed therefore, that more attention be paid to identifying the factors underlying interindividual variability in susceptibility. Examples are provided of specific cases in which differences in susceptibility to pollutants have been directly related to genotypic predisposition. This approach is also advocated for investigating the individual and population level consequences of genotoxic damage. The possibility of using phenotypic traits to recognise subsets of individuals within populations possessing similar genotypes is discussed. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, England. Depledge M H MH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 DNA Adducts 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Mutagens IM Animals Brachyura DNA Adducts adverse effects DNA Damage drug effects Daphnia Drosophila Environmental Monitoring Environmental Pollutants adverse effects Genetics, Population drug effects Genotype Mutagens adverse effects Phenotype 7721136 1995 05 22 1995 05 22 2003 11 14

0016-9900 9 1994 Nov-Dec [Hygienic express-diagnosis of the toxicity of drinking water disinfectants using biotests] 3-4 Toxicity of water treated by two disinfectants, AOKh-K and gaseous chlorine, was studied by biotesting on Daphnia magna, Tetrahymena pyriformis (TP) and renal epithelium of porcine embryo (REPE). The study showed that AOKh-K preparation is nontoxic and chlorine toxic for TP and REPE in concentrations 2 and 3 mg/l. Zakharchenko M P MP Tkachuk S M SM Iakovleva L E LE Gaĭdamaka V V VV Romanov P G PG Borodin V S VS rus Journal Article Gigienicheskaia ékspress-diagnostika toksichnosti dezinfektantov pit'evoĭ vody s pomoshch'iu biotestirovaniia.

RUSSIA Gig Sanit 0412700 0 Disinfectants 7782-50-5 Chlorine IM Animals Chlorine toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia Disinfectants toxicity Embryo drug effects English Abstract Environmental Monitoring Epithelium drug effects Kidney drug effects Swine Tetrahymena pyriformis Water Supply 8529016 1996 02 01 1996 02 01 2003 11 14

1096-4940 109 3 1994 Nov The occurrence of artemocyanin in Branchiopoda (Crustacea). 773-9 Artemocyanin, the extracellular hemolymph biliprotein of Artemia, is demonstrated in the fairy shrimp Streptocephalus, the clam shrimp Leptestheria and the water flea Daphnia. Artemocyanins can be purified from hemolymph as intact polypeptides (Mr 170-190,000), but are degraded upon homogenization of the whole animal by partial proteolysis to polypeptides with Mr 102,000 and 85,000. The aminoterminal sequence of the intact artemocyanin polypeptide was determined, but no clear-cut relationships with arthropod biliproteins or other protein families could be demonstrated. Department of Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium. Peeters K K Brendonck L L Moens L L eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 9516062 0 Glycoproteins 0 artemocyanin IM Amino Acid Sequence Animals Body Fluids chemistry Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Daphnia metabolism Decapoda (Crustacea) metabolism Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel Glycoproteins chemistry metabolism Hemolymph metabolism Molecular Sequence Data Molecular Weight Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 9296700 1997 09 17 1997 09 17 2003 11 14

0365-9615 117 5 1994 May [Comparative pharmacological analysis of M-cholinoreceptors in Daphnia and rats] 497-9 Tonkopiĭ V D VD Kosmachev A B AB Zagrebin A O AO rus Journal Article Sravnitel'nyĭ farmakologicheskiĭ analiz M-kholinoretseptorov dafniĭ i krys.

RUSSIA Biull Eksp Biol Med 0370627 0 Cholinergic Agents 0 Muscarinic Antagonists 0 Receptors, Muscarinic IM Animals Cholinergic Agents toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Male Muscarinic Antagonists pharmacology Rats Receptors, Muscarinic drug effects 10541682 1999 12 02 1999 12 02 2003 11 14

0007-4861 63 5 1999 Nov Toxicity identification evaluation of wet and dry weather runoff from the Tijuana River. 625-32 Environmental Toxicology Program, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Riveles K K Gersberg R M RM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals California Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects physiology Female Male No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Reproduction drug effects Soil Pollutants toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Survival Rate Toxicity Tests Water chemistry Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Weather 10576102 2000 01 27 2000 01 27 2003 11 14

0045-6535 39 13 1999 Dec Biodegradation in laboratory activated sludge plants and aquatic toxicity of herbicides. 2313-23 The biodegradation and the aquatic toxicity of four herbicides (isoproturon, terbuthylazine, mecoprop, metamitron) were investigated. Laboratory activated sludge plants were used for biodegradation experiments. The biodegradation of mecoprop reached nearly 100%, the other herbicides were not eliminated by biodegradation. The acute Daphnia magna 24-h assay, the algal 72-h inhibition test, and the recently developed lemna growth inhibition 7-d test were applied to evaluate the biological effects of herbicides as original substances. EC 50 and EC 10 values were determined. Algal and lemna test show that isoproturon and terbuthylazine are both much more toxic than mecoprop and metamitron. Daphnids are generally less sensitive against herbicides than plants. Biodegradation and toxicity test were coupled for mecoprop to assess biological long-term effects of possible biodegradation products of this herbicide. The effluents of the laboratory activated sludge units were used in toxicity tests (Daphnia magna 21-d reproduction test, lemna growth inhibition 7-d test). No inhibiting effect on the tested organisms was observed. Bavarian State Office for Water Resources, Institute for Water Research, Munich, Germany. Nitschke L L Wilk A A Schüssler W W Metzner G G Lind G G eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Herbicides 29757-24-2 nitroaniline 93-65-2 mecoprop 94-74-6 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid IM S 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid analogs & derivatives chemistry pharmacokinetics toxicity Aerobiosis Algae drug effects growth & development Angiosperms drug effects growth & development Aniline Compounds metabolism Animals Biodegradation Daphnia drug effects growth & development Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Herbicides chemistry pharmacokinetics toxicity Sewage Toxicity Tests methods 10580499 1999 12 10 1999 12 10 2003 11 14

0028-0836 402 6759 1999 Nov 18 Use of behavioural stochastic resonance by paddle fish for feeding. 291-4 Stochastic resonance is the phenomenon whereby the addition of an optimal level of noise to a weak information-carrying input to certain nonlinear systems can enhance the information content at their outputs. Computer analysis of spike trains has been needed to reveal stochastic resonance in the responses of sensory receptors except for one study on human psychophysics. But is an animal aware of, and can it make use of, the enhanced sensory information from stochastic resonance? Here, we show that stochastic resonance enhances the normal feeding behaviour of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), which use passive electroreceptors to detect electrical signals from planktonic prey. We demonstrate significant broadening of the spatial range for the detection of plankton when a noisy electric field of optimal amplitude is applied in the water. We also show that swarms of Daphnia plankton are a natural source of electrical noise. Our demonstration of stochastic resonance at the level of a vital animal behaviour, feeding, which has probably evolved for functional success, provides evidence that stochastic resonance in sensory nervous systems is an evolutionary adaptation. Center for Neurodynamics, University of Missouri at St. Louis, 63121, USA. drussell@admiral.umsl.edu Russell D F DF Wilkens L A LA Moss F F eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Nature 0410462 IM Nature. 1999 Nov 18;402(6759):241-2 10580489 Animals Daphnia Electrophysiology Feeding Behavior physiology Fishes physiology Plankton Receptors, Sensory physiology Stochastic Processes Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Videotape Recording 10581121 2000 01 05 2000 01 05 2003 11 14

0147-6513 44 3 1999 Nov UV-B-Induced acute toxicity of pyrene to the waterflea Daphnia magna in natural freshwaters. 271-9 The effects of various water characteristics in natural freshwaters on the acute toxicity of one polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), pyrene, to a pelagic invertebrate Daphnia magna was studied under ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation and in the dark. Pyrene was photoactivated and was more toxic to D. magna in the presence of UV-B radiation. Dissolved organic material (DOM), measured as dissolved organic carbon (DOC), significantly reduced the photoenhanced toxicity of pyrene. Under UV-B radiation the EC(50) values were lower and in relation to the amount of DOM, ranging from 3.0 to 30.0 microg/L pyrene, whereas in the dark they were between 29.2 and 54.8 microg/L and not related to the amount of DOM in the waters. Although the condition and mortality of the daphnids in the control groups were not affected by UV-B irradiation, the increased toxicity was considered to be either an additive or a synergistic effect of both the photomodified pyrene and the stressing light conditions of UV-B. The measured binding of pyrene to DOM was low, although it was related to the amount of DOC. Despite the relatively high intensity of UV-B used, humic substances in the waters remained undegraded. It was thus concluded that with their brownish-yellowish color, waters rich in humic substances decreased the photomodification of the freely dissolved parent compound simply by diminishing the light penetration in these waters and, by implication, contact with the intact compound. These results suggest that DOM in surface waters plays an important role in protecting against the photoinduced toxicity of PAHs. Copyright 1999 Academic Press. Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FIN-40351, Finland. annikkil@cc.jyu.fi Nikkilä A A Penttinen S S Kukkonen J V JV eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Organic Chemicals 0 Pyrenes IM Animals Daphnia drug effects physiology Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Fresh Water Organic Chemicals pharmacokinetics Pyrenes toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Ultraviolet Rays 10594150 2000 01 12 2000 01 12 2003 11 14

0007-4861 63 6 1999 Dec Interactions between dibutyl phthalate and aquatic organisms. 759-65 College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China. Huang G L GL Sun H W HW Song Z H ZH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 1415-93-6 Humic Acids 84-74-2 Dibutyl Phthalate IM Algae, Green growth & development metabolism physiology Algorithms Animals Biodegradation Daphnia metabolism physiology Dibutyl Phthalate metabolism toxicity Feeding Behavior drug effects Humic Acids pharmacology Larva drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Reproduction drug effects Temperature 10594178 2000 01 06 2000 01 06 2003 11 14

0022-2844 49 6 1999 Dec Gene conversion and evolution of daphniid hemoglobins (Crustacea, cladocera). 769-79 The extracellular hemoglobins of cladocerans derive from the aggregation of 12 two-domain globin subunits that are apparently encoded by four genes. This study establishes that at least some of these genes occur as a tandem array in both Daphnia magna and Daphnia exilis. The genes share a uniform structure; a bridge intron separates two globin domains which each include three exons and two introns. Introns are small, averaging just 77 bp, but a longer sequence (2.2-3.2 kb) separates adjacent globin genes. A survey of structural diversity in globin genes from other daphniids revealed three independent cases of intron loss, but exon lengths were identical, excepting a 3-bp insertion in exon 5 of Simocephalus. Heterogeneity in the extent of nucleotide divergence was marked among exons, largely as a result of the pronounced diversification of the terminal exon. This variation reflected, in part, varying exposure to concerted evolution. Conversion events were frequent in exons 1-4 but were absent from exons 5 and 6. Because of this difference, the results of phylogenetic analyses were strongly affected by the sequences employed in this construction. Phylogenies based on total nucleotide divergence in exons 1-4 revealed affinities among all genes isolated from a single species, reflecting the impact of gene conversion events. In contrast, phylogenies based on total nucleotide divergence in exons 5 and 6 revealed affinities among orthologous genes from different taxa. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada. phebert@uoguelph.ca Hebert P D PD Um Y M YM Prokopowich C D CD Taylor D J DJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Mol Evol 0360051 0 Codon 0 Hemoglobins IM Amino Acid Substitution genetics Animals Base Sequence Codon genetics Daphnia classification genetics Evolution, Molecular Exons genetics Gene Conversion genetics Hemoglobins genetics Introns genetics Molecular Sequence Data Multigene Family genetics Phylogeny Sequence Alignment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) genetics 10603072 2000 01 24 2000 01 24 2003 11 14

0948-6143 112 5 1999 Nov Epipodite and fat cells as sites of hemoglobin synthesis in the branchiopod crustacean Daphnia magna. 335-9 In contrast to the malacostracan crustaceans that use hemocyanin as the oxygen carrier, a number of branchiopod crustaceans, such as the water flea Daphnia magna, utilize hemoglobin (Hb) as the respiratory protein. By means of in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques with subsequent signal amplification using catalyzed reporter deposition, sites of Hb synthesis were localized in Daphnia magna. Based on a previously reported Hb-cDNA sequence, a specific ISH probe was designed and hybridized with the Hb-mRNA in histological sections of adult D. magna. The detection of Hb-mRNA was tissue specific and revealed that Hb is synthesized in fat cells, which play a role in fat and glycogen metabolism, and in epithelial cells of the epipodites, which are involved in osmoregulation. Sites of Hb synthesis have been identified in several invertebrate phyla, including Annelida and Nematoda. However, this is the first example in the class Crustacea, and only the second in the phylum Arthropoda. Klinische und Experimentelle Pathologie, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Germany. Goldmann T T Becher B B Wiedorn K H KH Pirow R R Deutschbein M E ME Vollmer E E Paul R J RJ eng GENBANK AF255951 Journal Article

GERMANY Histochem Cell Biol 9506663 0 DNA Probes 0 Hemoglobins 0 RNA, Messenger IM Adipocytes metabolism Adipose Tissue metabolism Animals Base Sequence DNA Probes Daphnia metabolism Hemoglobins biosynthesis In Situ Hybridization Molecular Sequence Data RNA, Messenger biosynthesis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Transcription, Genetic Water-Electrolyte Balance 10606700 2000 02 17 2000 02 17 2003 11 14

0007-4861 64 1 2000 Jan Toxicity testing of municipal solid waste leachates with CerioFAST. 100-6 Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. Ward M M Bitton G G Townsend T T eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 0 Soil Pollutants IM Animals Animals, Newborn Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects physiology Eating drug effects Environmental Monitoring Hazardous Waste Industrial Waste analysis Lethal Dose 50 Sensitivity and Specificity Soil Pollutants toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Survival Rate Toxicity Tests methods Urban Health Waste Disposal, Fluid 10606704 2000 02 17 2000 02 17 2003 11 14

0007-4861 64 1 2000 Jan Survival time of Ceriodaphnia dubia in acid waters with metal contamination. 130-6 Instituto do Ambiente e Vida, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal. Ribeiro R R Lopes I I Pereira A M AM Gonçalves F F Soares A M AM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7758-98-7 Copper Sulfate IM Animals Copper Sulfate toxicity Daphnia drug effects physiology Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Models, Biological No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Sensitivity and Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Survival Rate Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 10630704 2000 01 24 2000 01 24 2003 11 14

0378-4274 111 1-2 1999 Dec 20 Environmental risk assessment for the polycyclic musks, AHTN and HHCB. II. Effect assessment and risk characterisation. 81-94 Reports of the polycyclic musks AHTN and HHCB in surface water and fish, primarily in Europe, have prompted studies of their environmental effects. These effects then are used, along with the predicted environmental concentrations in a risk assessment according to the approach developed under European Union Regulation 793/93, in line with the Technical Guidance Document for risk assessment of new and existing chemicals. In 72-h studies with algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), NOECs were 0.374 mg/l (AHTN) and 0.201 mg/l (HHCB). In 21-day reproductive tests with daphnia (Daphnia magna) NOECs were 0.196 (AHTN) and 0.111 mg/l (HHCB). In 21-day growth tests with bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), NOECs were 0.067 (AHTN) and 0.068 mg/l (HHCB). And, finally 35-day early life stage tests with fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) resulted in NOECs of 0.035 (AHTN) and 0.068 mg/l (HHCB). These results lead to Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNEC) of 3.5 microg/l (AHTN) and 6.8 microg/l (HHCB) for aquatic organisms. For the soil compartment, 8-week studies with earthworms (Eisenia fetida) resulted in NOECs of 105 (AHTN) and 45 mg/kg (HHCB) and 4-week studies with springtails (Folsomia candida) resulted in a NOECs of 45 mg/kg for both substances. These values lead to a PNEC of 0.32 mg/kg dw for both materials. Using mammalian studies, PNECs for fish or worm eating predators of 10 mg/kg fw (AHTN) and 100 mg/kg fw (HHCB) can be derived. For sediment dwelling organisms, PNECs were derived by equilibrium partitioning using the aquatic PNECs. Comparing PNECs with the measured or predicted environmental exposures leads to risk characterisation ratios as follows: aquatic species: AHTN 0.086, HHCB 0.074; sediment organisms: AHTN 0.44, HHCB 0.064; soil organisms: AHTN 0.091, HHCB 0.10; fish eating predators: AHTN 0.012, HHCB 0.001; worm eating predators: AHTN 0.007, HHCB 0.001. HASKONING Consulting Engineers and Architects, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. fba@haskoning.nl Balk F F Ford R A RA eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Toxicol Lett 7709027 0 Benzopyrans 0 Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated 0 Naphthalenes 0 Perfume 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 123-69-3 musk IM Algae drug effects Animals Benzopyrans toxicity Daphnia drug effects Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated toxicity Fishes metabolism Naphthalenes toxicity No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Oligochaeta drug effects Perfume toxicity Risk Assessment Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 10629278 2000 02 18 2000 02 18 2003 11 14

0090-4341 38 2 2000 Feb Evaluation of acute toxicity and genotoxicity of liquid products from pyrolysis of Eucalyptus grandis wood. 169-75 Slow pyrolysis of Eucalyptus grandis wood was performed in an oven laboratory, and smoke was trapped and condensed to yield liquid products. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenolic fractions were isolated from the former liquid products using adsorption column chromatography (ACC) and identified by GC/MS. Concentrations of PAH and phenolic fractions in total pyrolysis liquids were respectively 48.9 microg/g and 8.59% (w/w). Acute toxicity of total samples of pyrolysis liquids and the phenolic fraction was evaluated by means of two bioassays, namely, 24-h immobilization bioassay with Daphnia magna and Microtox bioassays, the latter employing the luminescent bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum. Total pyrolysis liquids and the PAH fraction were evaluated for genotoxicity by the Microtox bioassay conducted using rehydrated freeze-dried dark mutant of the luminescent bacteria Vibrio fisheri strain M169. Total pyrolysis liquids and the phenolic fraction, respectively, in concentrations of 170 and 68 mg/L were able to immobilize 50% (EC(50)) of the D. magna population following 24-h exposure. Concentrations of 19 and 6 mg/L, respectively, for total pyrolysis liquids and phenolic fraction were the effective concentrations that resulted in a 50% (EC(50)) reduction in light produced by bacteria in the Microtox bioassay. Accordingly, the Microtox bioassay was more sensitive to toxic effects of both kind of samples than the D. magna bioassay, particularly for the phenolic fraction. Regarding to the genotoxicity evaluation, the results achieved by Microtox bioassay showed that total pyrolysis liquids had no genotoxic effects with and without exogenous metabolic activation using rat liver homogenate (S9). However, the PAH fraction showed toxic effects with rat liver activation and had a dose-response number (DRN) equal to 1.6, being in this way suspected genotoxic. The lowest detected concentration (LDC) of the PAH fraction able to cause genotoxic effects was 375 microg/L. Department of Forestry Engineering, Laboratory of Wood Energy and Technology, Federal University of Viçosa, Campus Universitário, 36571-000, Viçosa (MG), Brazil. Pimenta A S AS Bayona J M JM García M T MT Solanas A M AM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Phenols 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic IM Animals Biological Assay Daphnia drug effects Enzyme Activation Eucalyptus chemistry Heat Liver drug effects enzymology Mass Fragmentography Molecular Structure Mutagenicity Tests Phenols chemistry toxicity Plants, Medicinal Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic toxicity Rats Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vibrio drug effects Wood 10635593 2000 02 04 2000 02 04 2003 11 14

0048-9697 243-244 1999 Dec 15 Assessment of toxicity hazards of dredged lake sediment contaminated by creosote. 97-105 In order to predict the potential toxicity hazards of sediment remediation by dredging, an experimental laboratory simulation was made by investigating seven ratios of creosote-contaminated sediment (Lake Jämsänvesi, central Finland) and artificial lake water mixtures. Sediment was suspended in water at the ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, 1:64, 1:128 v/v. The elutriates were analysed for the acute toxicity by photoluminescence bacterial and waterflea (Daphnia magna Straus) tests. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are determined by gas chromatography (GC/FID). The elutriate of ratio 1:2 was most toxic to bacteria (EC50 = 4.5%), whereas the ratio 1:4 was most toxic to waterfleas (EC50 = 21%). The elutriate of 1:1 contained the highest total PAH-concentration (1.67 mg/l) and total organic carbon (TOC) content (39.4 mg/l). When compared to the 1:1 ratio, taken as unity, the relative toxic emission yield (RTE) for bacteria was 307 for the ratio 1:128, so the high mixing ratio may cause a considerable ecotoxicological hazard. The highest amounts of PAHs were desorbed from sediment to water layer when the sediment was mixed with water at the ratios 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 (v/v). It is assumed that dredging of creosote-contaminated sediment can potentially cause an ecotoxicological risk for a lake system at wide range of suspension ratios. We recommended that basic knowledge for these risks can be produced by simple laboratory simulation. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland. Hyötyläinen T T Oikari A A eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 8021-39-4 Creosote IM Animals Chromatography, Gas Creosote analysis toxicity Daphnia Environmental Monitoring methods Finland Fresh Water Geologic Sediments Luminescence Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vibrio drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 10638754 2000 01 27 2000 01 27 2003 11 14

0028-0836 403 6765 2000 Jan 6 A highly unsaturated fatty acid predicts carbon transfer between primary producers and consumers. 74-7 The factors that regulate energy transfer between primary producers and consumers in aquatic ecosystems have been investigated for more than 50 years. Among all levels of the food web (plants, herbivores, carnivores), the plant-animal interface is the most variable and least predictable link. In hypereutrophic lakes, for example, biomass and energy transfer is often inhibited at the phytoplankton-zooplankton link, resulting in an accumulation of phytoplankton biomass instead of sustaining production at higher trophic levels, such as fish. Accumulation of phytoplankton (especially cyanobacteria) results in severe deterioration of water quality, with detrimental effects on the health of humans and domestic animals, and diminished recreational value of water bodies. We show here that low transfer efficiencies between primary producers and consumers during cyanobacteria bloom conditions are related to low relative eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5omega3) content of the primary producer community. Zooplankton growth and egg production were strongly related to the primary producer 20:5omega3 to carbon ratio. This indicates that limitation of zooplankton production by this essential fatty acid is of central importance at the pelagic producer-consumer interface. Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis 95616, USA. dcnavarra@ucdavis.edu Müller-Navarra D C DC Brett M T MT Liston A M AM Goldman C R CR eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Nature 0410462 0 Fatty Acids, Unsaturated 7440-44-0 Carbon IM Animals Carbon chemistry metabolism Cyanobacteria metabolism Daphnia growth & development metabolism Ecosystem Energy Transfer Fatty Acids, Unsaturated chemistry metabolism Food Chain Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Zooplankton growth & development metabolism 10649769 2000 02 15 2000 02 15 2003 11 14

0736-6205 28 1 2000 Jan Optimized RAPD analysis generates high-quality genomic DNA profiles at high annealing temperature. 52-4 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, England, UK. fatienzar@plymouth.ac.uk Atienzar F F Evenden A A Jha A A Savva D D Depledge M M eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Biotechniques 8306785 9007-49-2 DNA IM Biotechniques 2000 Dec;29(6):1195 Animals DNA analysis Daphnia Escherichia coli Genome Human Nucleic Acid Hybridization Polymerase Chain Reaction Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Temperature 10650521 2000 02 18 2000 02 18 2003 11 14

0869-2092 62 6 1999 Nov-Dec [The possibility of using Daphnia magna as an alternative test object for evaluating the receptor selectivity of cholinotropic substances] 23-5 The results of study of the selectivity of the effects of cholinonegative and cholinopositive agents obtained on Daphnia magna hydrobionts were compared with the results of investigations on rats. This allowed Daphnia to be recommended as an alternative test object for studying the selectivity of the effect of cholinotropic agents in relation to some subtypes of muscarine receptors in an intact organism. Institute of Science of the Lakes, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Tonkopiĭ V D VD Kosmachev A B AB Zagrebin A O AO Fil'ko O A OA rus Journal Article Vozmozhnost' izpol'zovaniia Daphnia magna v kachestve al'ternativnogo test-ob''ekta dlia otsenki retseptornoĭ izbiratel'nosti kholinotropnykh veshchestv.

RUSSIA Eksp Klin Farmakol 9215981 0 2,4,6-trifluorine clopheline 0 Cholinergic Agonists 0 Cholinergic Antagonists 0 Receptors, Muscarinic 4205-90-7 Clonidine IM Animals Cholinergic Agonists pharmacology Cholinergic Antagonists pharmacology Clonidine analogs & derivatives pharmacology Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug English Abstract Rats Receptors, Muscarinic drug effects 10656887 2000 02 29 2000 02 29 2003 11 14

0007-4861 64 2 2000 Feb Validation of the acute toxicity of inorganic chloramines to the fresh water invertebrate Daphnia magna. 213-20 Environmental Protection Branch, Environment Canada, Pacific and Yukon Region, 224 West Esplanade, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V7M 3H7. Wan M T MT Van Aggelen G G Cheng W W Buday C C eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Chloramines IM Animals Chloramines analysis toxicity Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Fresh Water Lethal Dose 50 Reproducibility of Results Survival Analysis Time Factors Toxicity Tests 10661716 2000 03 14 2000 03 14 2003 11 14

1367-8280 124 3 1999 Nov Assessment of the toxicity of a pesticide with a two-generation reproduction test using Daphnia magna. 247-52 Daphnia magna (F0 generation) were exposed during 21 days to different diazinon concentrations. Offspring (animals from the first and third brood: F1 (1st) and F1 (3rd), respectively) were transferred to a free pesticide medium during a 21-day recovery period. The algae Nannochloris oculata (5x10(5) cells/ml) were used as food. In this recovery study, survival, growth and reproduction (mean total young per female, mean brood size, onset of reproduction and mean number broods per female) were assessed as individual parameters, and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) as population parameter for F1 (1st and 3rd broods) daphnids. Reproduction as well as survival was still reduced in F1 (1st) generation daphnids from parentals (F0) exposed to the highest diazinon concentration. However, F1 (1st) and F1 (3rd) individuals from parentals exposed to pesticide concentrations below 0.5 ng/l were able to restore reproduction and survival when a recovery period of 21 days was allowed. Department of Animal Biology (Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Spain. Sánchez M M Ferrando M D MD Sancho E E Andreu E E eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 9516060 0 Culture Media 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 333-41-5 Diazinon IM Animals Culture Media Daphnia drug effects physiology Diazinon toxicity Insecticides, Organothiophosphate toxicity Reproduction drug effects Toxicity Tests 10665416 2000 02 17 2000 02 17 2003 11 14

0045-6535 40 3 2000 Feb Evaluation of PNEC values: extrapolation from Microtox, algae, daphnid, and fish data to HC5. 267-73 In order to evaluate the risk to the environment from long term exposure of any discharged substance, toxicity thresholds are estimated, and particularly the Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC). This concentration can be estimated by the classic assessment factor approach or by statistical methods. These are more scientifically sound but they require several (at least 5-6) chronic ecotoxicity data, implying greater cost and time. New extrapolation methods derived from the statistical concept but requiring less data have been studied. Results show that methods based on chronic data are more reliable than methods based on acute data but the improvement is quite small. Considering the costs of chronic tests compared to acute tests, approaches based on acute data are an attractive alternative. A simple regression on the mean of the acute data gives the best results. Rhône Poulenc Industrialisation, Décines, France. Garay V V Roman G G Isnard P P eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Environmental Pollutants IM Algae drug effects growth & development physiology Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development physiology Environmental Pollutants administration & dosage toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Oryzias growth & development physiology Regression Analysis Reproduction drug effects Risk Factors Sensitivity and Specificity Toxicity Tests Vibrio drug effects physiology 10665442 2000 02 25 2000 02 25 2003 11 14

0045-6535 40 1 2000 Jan Determination of selected fate and aquatic toxicity characteristics of acrylic acid and a series of acrylic esters. 29-38 Acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and butyl acrylate are commercially important and widely used materials. This paper reports the results of a series of fate and aquatic toxicity studies. The mobility in soil of acrylic acid and its esters ranged from 'medium' to 'very high'. Calculated bioconcentration factors ranged from 1 to 37, suggesting a low bioconcentration potential. Acrylic acid and methyl acrylate showed limited biodegradability in the five day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) test, while ethyl acrylate and butyl acrylate were degraded easily (77% and 56%, respectively). Using the OECD method 301D 28-d closed bottle test, degradability for acrylic acid was 81% at 28 days, while the acrylic esters ranged from 57% to 60%. Acrylic acid degraded rapidly to carbon dioxide in soil (t1/2 < 1 day). Toxicity tests were conducted using freshwater and marine fish, invertebrates, and algae. Acrylic acid effect concentrations for fish and invertebrates ranged from 27 to 236 mg/l. Effect concentrations (LC50 or EC50) for fish and invertebrates using methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and butyl acrylate ranged from 1.1 to 8.2 mg/l. The chronic MATC for acrylic acid with Daphnia magna was 27 mg/l based on length and young produced per adult reproduction day and for ethyl acrylate was 0.29 mg/l based on both the reproductive and growth endpoints. Overall these studies show that acrylic acid and the acrylic esters studied can rapidly biodegrade, have a low potential for persistence or bioaccumulation in the environment, and have low to moderate toxicity. Assessment Technologies, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA. Staples C A CA Murphy S R SR McLaughlin J E JE Leung H W HW Cascieri T C TC Farr C H CH eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Acrylates 0 Mutagens 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 140-88-5 ethyl acrylate 141-32-2 n-butyl acrylate 79-10-7 acrylic acid 96-33-3 methyl acrylate IM Acrylates analysis toxicity Animals Biodegradation Cyprinidae Daphnia Decapoda (Crustacea) Mutagens analysis toxicity Oncorhynchus mykiss Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 10667927 2000 03 23 2000 03 23 2003 11 14

0090-4341 38 3 2000 Apr Relative acute toxicity of acid mine drainage water column and sediments to Daphnia magna in the Puckett's Creek Watershed, Virginia, USA. 305-10 Acid mine drainage (AMD) is produced when pyrite (FeS(2)) is oxidized on exposure to oxygen and water to form ferric hydroxides and sulfuric acid. If produced in sufficient quantity, iron precipitate, heavy metals (depending on soil mineralogy), and sulfuric acid may contaminate surface and ground water. A previous study of an AMD impacted watershed (Puckett's Creek, Powell River drainage, southwestern Virginia, USA) conducted by these researchers indicated that both water column and sediment toxicity were significantly correlated with benthic macroinvertebrate community impacts. Sites that had toxic water or sediment samples had significantly reduced macroinvertebrate taxon richness. The present study was designed to investigate the relative acute toxicity of acid mine drainage (AMD) water column and sediments to a single test organism (Daphnia magna) and to determine which abiotic factors were the best indicators of toxicity in this system. Nine sampling stations were selected based on proximity to major AMD inputs in the watershed. In 48-h exposures, sediment samples from three stations were acutely toxic to D. magna, causing 64-100% mortality, whereas water samples from five stations caused 100% mortality of test organisms. Forty-eight-hour LC50 values ranged from 35 to 63% for sediment samples and 27 to 69% for water column samples. Sediment iron concentration and several water chemistry parameters were the best predictors of sediment toxicity, and water column pH was the best predictor of water toxicity. Based on these correlations and on the fact that toxic sediments had high percent water content, water chemistry appears to be a more important adverse influence in this system than sediment chemistry. Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2119 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA. Soucek D J DJ Cherry D S DS Trent G C GC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia physiology Geologic Sediments Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lethal Dose 50 Mining Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 10677269 2000 03 02 2000 03 02 2003 11 14

0147-6513 45 1 2000 Jan Application of quantitative structure--activity relationships for assessing the aquatic toxicity of phthalate esters. 61-78 Phthalate esters (PEs) are an important class of industrial chemicals for which an extensive aquatic toxicity database is available. The objectives of this study were to use these data to develop quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) that describe aquatic toxicity for different freshwater and marine species, gain insights into toxicity mechanisms, and calculate PE water quality criteria using statistical extrapolation procedures. Results for low-molecular-weight PEs with log Kow<6 indicate that toxicity data conform to a simple log Kow-dependent QSAR. Fish were found to be more sensitive than algae while invertebrates spanned a wide range in toxicological response. Freshwater and marine species demonstrated a similar distribution of sensitivities. Comparison of species-dependent QSARs supports the hypothesis that biotransformation plays an important role in explaining toxicity differences observed between species. Estimated critical body residues (CBRs) for parent PE in fish were in the range reported for other polar organic chemicals while CBRs for parent PE plus associated metabolites were in the range reported for nonpolar narcotics (i.e., baseline toxicity) suggesting a possible putative role of PE metabolites. Depending on extrapolation procedure and assumptions, predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and butybenzyl phthalate ranged from 3109 to 4780, 865 to 1173, 43 to 62, and 38 to 60 microg l(-1), respectively. PNECs derived using this approach provide a transparent technical basis to support aquatic risk assessment for low-molecular-weight PEs. Results for high-molecular-weight PEs (log Kow>6) indicate that these chemicals are not acutely or chronically toxic to freshwater or marine organisms due to the combined role of low water solubility and limited bioconcentration potential which precludes attainment of internal concentrations that are required to elicit adverse effects. It is concluded that attempts to establish aquatic PNECs for high-molecular-weight PEs are not scientifically defensible. Exxon Chemical Europe, Machelen, Belgium. thomas.f.parketon@esso.com Parkerton T F TF Konkel W J WJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Phthalic Acids 117-81-7 Diethylhexyl Phthalate 88-99-3 phthalic acid IM Algae drug effects Animals Body Burden Daphnia drug effects Decapoda (Crustacea) Diethylhexyl Phthalate Fishes Invertebrates drug effects Phthalic Acids metabolism toxicity Structure-Activity Relationship Tetrahymena 10702342 2000 04 12 2000 04 12 2003 11 14

0147-6513 45 3 2000 Mar Use of bioassays for assessment of water-extractable ecotoxic potential of soils. 240-6 The characterization of contaminated soils is based on heterogeneous strategies considering chemical analyses or bioassays. In the report Bioassays for soils, test methods which are at an advanced state of development and standardization are recommended by the German DECHEMA (German Society for Chemical Apparatus, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology e.V.). Following this report six soil samples contaminated with different organic and inorganic substances are applied to bioassays using the following organisms: Scenedesmus subspicatus, Daphnia magna, Vibrio fischeri, and Pseudomonas putida. Additionally, they are chemically analyzed. The test results demonstrate that toxic contaminants are present and bioavailable in water elutriates from two soils, indicating the necessity of bioassays and chemical analyses to predict potential risks from contaminated soils. Furthermore it is demonstrated that the described qualitative approach for the assessment of test results is not sufficient to quantify the risk potential of contaminated soils. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. RWTH Aachen, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, D-52057, Germany. Gudrun.Maxam@post.rwth-aachen.de Maxam G G Rila J P JP Dott W W Eisentraeger A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Soil Pollutants 7732-18-5 Water IM Algae, Green drug effects Animals Biological Assay methods Biological Availability Cell Division drug effects Daphnia drug effects Ecosystem Evaluation Studies Luminescence Predictive Value of Tests Pseudomonas putida drug effects Risk Assessment Soil Pollutants analysis pharmacokinetics toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vibrio drug effects Water chemistry 10702344 2000 04 12 2000 04 12 2003 11 14

0147-6513 45 3 2000 Mar Toxicity of sodium molybdate and sodium dichromate to Daphnia magna straus evaluated in acute, chronic, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition tests. 253-9 As a result of a widespread application in numerous industrial processes, chromium is a contaminant of many environmental systems. Chromium and their compounds are toxic to both invertebrates and vertebrates and, for this reason, there has been a search for suitable and less toxic alternatives. Molybdenum compounds have been studied as alternative to chromium compounds for some industrial applications. The toxicity of chromium is well known but the effects of molybdenum and molybdenum mining on natural populations and communities of freshwater invertebrates have not often been studied. However, chromium, and molybdenum (and their compounds) are included in the same list (List II) of European Union dangerous substances. In this study, the acute and chronic effects of sodium molybdate and sodium dichromate to Daphnia magna Straus were evaluated. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo effects of these two metals on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of D. magna Straus were investigated. LC(50) values determined at 48 h were 0.29 and 2847.5 mg L(-1) for chromium (as sodium dichromate) and molybdenum (as sodium molybdate), respectively. No significant in vitro effects of both metals on AChE were found. However, both toxicants inhibited AChE in vivo at concentrations under the respective 48-h LC(50) values. Both sodium dichromate and sodium molybdate inhibited the reproduction and growth of D. magna, but the concentrations inducing significant effects were different for the two chemicals. Sodium molybdate had significant lower toxicity to D. magna Straus than sodium dichromate. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. Instituto do Ambiente e Vida, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, 3000, Portugal. teresa.diamantino@mail.ineti.pt Diamantino T C TC Guilhermino L L Almeida E E Soares A M AM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Cholinesterase Inhibitors 0 Chromates 10588-01-9 sodium bichromate 7439-98-7 Molybdenum 7631-95-0 sodium molybdate(VI) 7782-44-7 Oxygen EC 3.1.1.7 Acetylcholinesterase IM Acetylcholinesterase drug effects metabolism Animals Biological Assay Cholinesterase Inhibitors toxicity Chromates toxicity Daphnia drug effects enzymology growth & development Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Lethal Dose 50 Molybdenum toxicity Oxygen metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors 10702350 2000 04 12 2000 04 12 2003 11 14

0147-6513 45 3 2000 Mar Changes in the metabolic elimination profile of testosterone following exposure of the crustacean Daphnia magna to tributyltin. 296-303 The biocide tributyltin has been found to cause the development of pseudohermaphroditic conditions in some neogastropod species. These abnormalities of the reproductive system have adversely affected the fecundity of some field populations of gastropods, resulting in local population declines. Current evidence suggests that tributyltin elicits these effects by interfering with the biotransformation of testosterone to other steroid derivatives, resulting in an elevation in endogenous testosterone or some of its bioactive derivatives. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether tributyltin altered testosterone metabolism in daphnids (Daphnia magna), a species commonly used in ecotoxicology testing. Exposure of daphnids to 1.2 microg (tin)/L caused a general increase in the rate of elimination of oxido-reduced, hydroxylated, and glucose-conjugated derivatives of testosterone. However, tributyltin exposure had no significant effect on the rate of elimination of the glucose-conjugated forms of the various oxido-reduced and hydroxylated derivatives of testosterone. As a result, the percentage of the oxido-reduced and hydroxylated metabolites of testosterone eliminated as glucose conjugates decreased with increasing tributyltin exposure levels. These results demonstrate that tributyltin causes alterations in testosterone metabolism in daphnids that would result in an increase in the production of oxido-reduced derivatives. These products are preferentially retained in the tissues of daphnids and are variously androgenic in vertebrates. The increased production of oxido-reduced derivatives of testosterone may be mechanically responsible for the masculinizing effects of tributyltin in some species and suggests that daphnids may be a suitable surrogate for evaluating the potential of chemicals to elicit this form of toxicity. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. Department of Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7633, USA. ga_leblanc@ncsu.edu LeBlanc G A GA McLachlan J B JB eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Hydroxytestosterones 0 Trialkyltin Compounds 25126-76-5 Androstane-3,17-diol 50-99-7 Glucose 521-18-6 Dihydrotestosterone 58-22-0 Testosterone 63-05-8 Androstenedione 688-73-3 tributyltin IM Androstane-3,17-diol analogs & derivatives analysis metabolism Androstenedione analysis metabolism Animals Daphnia drug effects metabolism Dihydrotestosterone analysis metabolism Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Female Glucose metabolism Hydroxytestosterones analysis metabolism Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Testosterone metabolism Trialkyltin Compounds toxicity 10705550 2000 04 11 2000 04 11 2003 11 14

0045-6535 40 7 2000 Apr Acute and chronic toxicity of veterinary antibiotics to Daphnia magna. 723-30 The acute and chronic toxicity of nine antibiotics used both therapeutically and as growth promoters in intensive farming was investigated on the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna. The effect of the antibiotics metronidazole (M), olaquindox (OL), oxolinic acid (OA), oxytetracycline (OTC), streptomycin (ST), sulfadiazine (SU), tetracycline (TC), tiamulin (TI) and tylosin (TY) was tested in accordance to the ISO (1989) and OECD (1996) standard procedures. The acute toxicities (48-h EC50 value, mg/l) in decreasing order were OA (4.6), TI (40), SU (221), ST (487), TY (680) and OTC (approximately 1000). NOECs were 340 mg/l for TC and 1000 mg/l for M and OL. Toxic effect on reproduction occurred generally at concentrations, which were one order of magnitude below the acute toxic levels. The chronic toxicity (EC50 values, mg/l) in the D. magna reproduction test in decreasing order were TI (5.4), SU (13.7), TC (44.8) and OTC (46.2). The NOECs (mg/l) obtained in the reproduction test with OA, ST, TY and M were 0.38 for OA, 32 for ST, 45 for TY and 250 for M. The observed toxicity of OA to D. magna indicates that this substance, which is a commonly used feed additive in fish farms, has a potential to cause adverse effects on the aquatic environment. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark. Wollenberger L L Halling-Sørensen B B Kusk K O KO eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Anti-Bacterial Agents 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Veterinary Drugs IM Animals Anti-Bacterial Agents toxicity Daphnia drug effects physiology Environmental Pollutants toxicity Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Veterinary Drugs toxicity 10715609 2000 04 21 2000 04 21 2003 11 14

0260-437X 20 2 2000 Mar-Apr Defining the baseline for inhibition concentration calculations for hormetic hazards. 121-5 The use of endpoint estimates based on modeling inhibition of test organism response relative to a baseline response is an important tool in the testing and evaluation of aquatic hazards. In the presence of a hormetic hazard, the definition of the baseline response is not clear because non-zero levels of the hazard stimulate an enhanced response prior to inhibition. In the present study, the methodology and implications of how one defines a baseline response for inhibition concentration estimation in aquatic toxicity tests was evaluated. Three possible baselines were considered: the control response level; the pooling of responses, including controls and all concentration conditions with responses enhanced relative to controls; and, finally, the maximal response. The statistical methods associated with estimating inhibition relative to the first two baseline definitions were described and a method for estimating inhibition relative to the third baseline definition was derived. These methods were illustrated with data from a standard aquatic zooplankton reproductive toxicity test in which the number of young produced in three broods of a cladoceran exposed to effluent was modeled as a function of effluent concentration. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Department of Maths and Statistics, Center for Environmental Toxicology and Statistics, Miami University, OH 45045, USA. Bailer A J AJ Oris J T JT eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

ENGLAND J Appl Toxicol 8109495 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Adaptation, Physiological drug effects Animals Daphnia Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Female Models, Biological Reproduction drug effects Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 13 10736770 2000 05 09 2000 05 09 2003 11 14

0360-1234 35 2 2000 Mar Population dynamics in Daphnia magna as modified by chronic tetradifon stress. 211-27 Two Daphnia magna offsprings (animals from the first and third brood) whose parentals (F0-generation) were exposed during 21 days to different tetradifon (4-chlorophenyl 2,4,5-trichlophenyl sulfone) concentrations, were transferred to a pesticide free medium during 21 days (recovery period). The algae Nannochloris oculata (5 x 10(5) cells/mL) was used as food. In this recovery study, survival, growth and reproduction (mean total young per female, mean brood size, onset of reproduction and mean number broods per female) were assessed as individual parameters and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) as population parameter, for F1 generation (1st and 3rd broods). Reproduction was still reduced in F1 (1st and 3rd broods) generation daphnids from parentals (F0) exposed to 0.18 mg/L tetradifon and higher concentrations even after 21 days in clean water. However, survival was not significantly different (p > 0.05) in those F1 offsprings from parentals pre-exposed to the acaricide. Growth was still reduced in F1 daphnids from parentals pre-exposed to 0.10-0.44 mg/L tetradifon. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) was still affected in F1 generation daphnids, specially in those from the third brood. Therefore, F1 generation D. magna offsprings from a parental generation (F0) previously exposed to the acaricide tetradifon were not able to recuperate completely when a recovery period of 21 days was allowed. Department of Animal Biology (Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain. Villarroel M J MJ Ferrando M D MD Sancho E E Andreu E E eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Environ Sci Health B 7607167 0 Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 116-29-0 tetradifon IM Animals Daphnia Female Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated toxicity Insecticides, Organochlorine toxicity Population Dynamics Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Survival Analysis 10739118 2000 06 13 2000 06 13 2003 11 14

0022-1503 91 1 2000 Jan-Feb Genetic differentiation among Oregon lake populations of the Daphnia pulex species complex. 8-17 Gene flow among invertebrate populations inhabiting bodies of nonflowing freshwater such as ponds or lakes must at some stage involve transport across habitat unsuitable for adult stages. Consequently the potential for interpopulational differentiation is high in these species, yet empirical studies of lake populations of Cladocerans such as Daphnia have failed to reveal high levels of genetic distinctiveness among populations and have led to much speculation about how these populations exchange genes and remain cohesive evolutionary units. In this study we surveyed 42 Oregon lake populations of Daphnia from the D. pulex species complex for genetic variation within the mitochondrial DNA control region. We have used this data to test the relative abilities of various ecological factors to explain the observed patterns in genetic differentiation among lakes. Despite limited genetic variation detected among our samples--11 very similar RFLP-defined mtDNA genotypes from 388 individuals--analyses of nucleotide variance using analogs to Wright's F statistics indicate that when multilake populations are defined in terms of the river drainage basin to which they belong, strong and significant amounts of among-population genetic variation can be detected at this locus (F(ST) estimates between 0.5 and 0.6). In contrast, we fail to detect consistent significant among-population variation when populations are defined on the basis of regional physical geography, bird migratory flyways, or lake trophic status. The manner in which the data are compiled, that is, whether RFLPs or nucleotide sequences are used, has little effect on the overall conclusions, yet it is clear that nucleotide sequence data would lower the standard errors of F(ST) estimates. We propose that periodic widescale flooding during the late Pleistocene may be an important mechanism to homogenize genetic differences among lake Daphnia continent-wide south of the southern-most extent of Pleistocene glaciation. Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, USA. Straughan D J DJ Lehman N N eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Hered 0375373 0 DNA, Mitochondrial IM Animals DNA, Mitochondrial genetics Daphnia genetics Fresh Water Genotype Oregon Polymerase Chain Reaction Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length Population Dynamics Sequence Analysis, DNA Variation (Genetics) 10786033 2000 06 13 2000 06 13 2003 11 14

0253-5890 30 1 2000 Apr Toxicity of a Neem (Azadirachta indica) insecticide to certain aquatic organisms. 221-31 Neem based insecticides are likely to show a large increase in use in the near future. In the present work, the toxicity of a neem insecticide, Neem-Azal-T/S, was tested against the mosquito larvae, as well as against certain non target organisms occurring in a polluted pond and a shallow stream, located in a cultivated area in Giza, Egypt. Samples of water containing the experimental animals were collected from this area, and toxicity tests were conducted in the laboratory by exposing them to a series of concentrations of the botanical insecticide, using the water of the pond and stream at room temperature (28-31 degrees C). The compound was more or less toxic to all the tested species. The LC50S and mortality rates were determined. The order of tolerance of the organisms to different concentrations of the insecticide was: larvae of Bufo regularis (Amphibia) > Aedes caspius. (Insecta) > Gambusia affinis (Poeciliidae) > Cyclops sp. > Daphnia magna (Crustacea). At a concentration of 20 ppm, all the tadpoles died within 9 days, while all other individuals died within 5 to 8 days after exposure to a concentration of 10 ppm of Neem Azal insecticide. Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. el-Shazly M M MM el-Sharnoubi E D ED eng Journal Article

EGYPT J Egypt Soc Parasitol 8102141 0 Insecticides, Botanical 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Aedes drug effects Animals Biological Assay Bufonidae Crustacea drug effects Daphnia drug effects Fishes Insecticides, Botanical toxicity Larva drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 10699362 2000 06 20 2000 06 20 2003 11 14

0887-2333 14 1 2000 Feb The acute toxicity of surfactants on fish cells, Daphnia magna and fish-a comparative study. 61-8 There is a need to replace acute toxicity tests on fish (LC(50)) with more cost effective assays. The main objective of this study was to explore whether gill epithelial cells, hepatocytes and Daphnia magna could be used to predict acute toxicity of surfactants on fish. The acute toxicity of 10 synthetic surfactants (anionic, cationic, nonionic and zwitterionic) and two resin acids were determined on hepatocytes and gill epithelial cells from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), on Daphnia magna and on fish. Cell viability was measured with the fluorescent viability probe calcein-AM, immobilization was determined for Daphnia and 24-hr LC(50) for rainbow trout. The EC(50) values for the cellular tests were clearly higher than the corresponding values for Daphnia and fish, indicating that the cellular tests with the endpoint used are less sensitive than whole organisms. A combination of the EC(50) values for Daphnia and freshly isolated gill epithelial cells in suspension showed, however, a good correlation with acute toxicity on fish (r(2)=0.91 and slope=1.09). The combination seems to be a promising in vitro alternative to acute toxicity tests on fish (LC(50)), but a more exhaustive comparison, including a broad spectrum of chemicals should be made before the predictive value of the combined in vitro test can be evaluated. Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, BioCity, Artillerig. 6, FIN-20520, Turku/Abo, Finland. msandbac@abo.fi Sandbacka M M Christianson I I Isomaa B B eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Toxicol In Vitro 8712158 0 Surface-Active Agents IM Animal Testing Alternatives Animals Cells, Cultured Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Epithelial Cells drug effects Gills cytology drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Liver cytology Oncorhynchus mykiss physiology Structure-Activity Relationship Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Surface-Active Agents toxicity 10803542 2000 06 19 2000 06 19 2003 11 14

0048-9697 247 2-3 2000 Mar 20 In vitro and in vivo inhibition of Daphnia magna acetylcholinesterase by surfactant agents: possible implications for contamination biomonitoring. 137-41 This study was designed to investigate the effect of two surfactants, dodecyl benzyl sulfonate (DBS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and of a domestic detergent (Y) on the AChE activity of the crustacean cladoceran Daphnia magna. All the chemicals significantly inhibit the activity of the enzyme, both in vitro and in vivo conditions. In vitro lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) values ranged from 12.5 to 100 mg/l and correspondent IC50 (50% inhibition concentration) values ranged from 6.6 to 58.5 mg/l. In vivo LOEC values ranged from 2 to 11.9 mg/l, while EC50 (50% effect concentration) values ranged from 11.4 to 56.7 mg/l. AChE inhibition by environmental contaminants such as surfactants, detergents and metals may lead to false diagnostics and even wrong conclusions in biomonitoring studies based on the use of AChE as a specific biomarker for organophosphorous and carbamate compounds. Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Departamento de Estudos de Populações, Centro de Innes, Tigaçáo Marinhae Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Portugal. lguilher@ICBAS.up.pr Guilhermino L L Lacerda M N MN Nogueira A J AJ Soares A M AM eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Benzene Derivatives 0 Biological Markers 0 Cholinesterase Inhibitors 0 Detergents 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Surface-Active Agents 151-21-3 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate EC 3.1.1.7 Acetylcholinesterase IM Acetylcholinesterase metabolism Animals Benzene Derivatives toxicity Biological Markers Cholinesterase Inhibitors toxicity Daphnia drug effects enzymology Detergents toxicity Environmental Monitoring Environmental Pollutants toxicity Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Surface-Active Agents toxicity 10801393 2000 07 06 2000 07 06 2003 11 14

1522-2152 73 2 2000 Mar-Apr The influence of haemoglobin on behavioural thermoregulation and oxygen consumption in Daphnia carinata. 153-60 When placed in a temperature gradient, most ectotherms have a strict thermal preference that is lowered on exposure to hypoxia. Branchiopods, small aquatic crustaceans, are known to synthesise haemoglobin (Hb) when exposed to hypoxia; hypoxia can occur diurnally and seasonally in ponds. The effect of Hb on behavioural thermoregulation in the branchiopod Daphnia carinata following exposure to both normoxia and hypoxia was examined. Control animals raised in normoxia (Po2=150 mmHg, [Hb]=0.026+/-0.007 mg g dry wt-1) and Hb-rich animals raised in hypoxia (Po2=70 mmHg, [Hb]=0.080+/-0.017 mg g dry wt-1) were placed (N=30) in a tube (length=500 mm, diameter=8 mm) filled with pond water. In the absence of a thermal gradient, control and Hb-rich animals in normoxic water were uniformly distributed along the tube. The presence of a thermal gradient (13 degrees -28 degrees C) elicited clustering at a preferred temperature, T approximately 23 degrees C for both groups. Exposure to hypoxic water in a thermal gradient resulted in a behavioural shift: T approximately 16 degrees C for controls and T approximately 19 degrees C for Hb-rich animals. Measurements of oxygen consumption (V&d2;o2) at fixed temperatures revealed that Hb is associated with a metabolic acclimation to hypoxia. Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia. Wiggins P R PR Frappell P B PB eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Physiol Biochem Zool 100883369 0 Hemoglobins IM S Animals Anoxia physiopathology veterinary Behavior, Animal physiology Body Temperature Regulation physiology Colorimetry veterinary Daphnia physiology Fresh Water Hemoglobins physiology Oxygen Consumption physiology Statistics, Nonparametric Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 10805998 2000 06 08 2000 06 08 2003 11 14

0147-6513 46 1 2000 May Physiological perturbations in several generations of Daphnia magna straus exposed to diazinon. 87-94 Daphnia magna was exposed to sublethal diazinon concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 ng/L) for 21 days. The algae Nannochloris oculata (5x10(5) cells/mL) was used to feed the daphnids. Chronic toxicity tests were carried out using neonates of F(1) (first brood) and F(1) (third brood) offspring generations from parentals (F(0)) preexposed to the organophosphate. The effect of diazinon on survival, reproduction, and growth was monitored for the selected daphnid generations. The parameters used to evaluate pesticide effect on reproduction were mean total young per female, mean brood size, time to first reproduction, mean number broods per female, and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r). Survival and growth (body length) were also determined after 21 days of exposure to the pesticide. Reproduction as well as survival was significantly reduced when diazinon concentration increased in the medium. This effect was greater in F(1) (first) and F(1) (third) offspring compared to the parental generation (F(0)) daphnids. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) decreased with increasing concentrations of diazinon, especially in those animals from the first and third brood. However, the growth of the exposed organisms decreased in the same order of magnitude in all generations tested. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) was calculated for F(0), F(1) (first), and F(1) (third) generations of D. magna exposed to the pesticide using as parameter of evaluation the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r). The interpolation of these results gave MATC values of 0.62 and 0.07 ng/L pesticide for F(0)-F(1) (first) generations and F(1) (third) generation, respectively. Therefore, F(1) (third) generation seems to be more sensitive to diazinon than generations F(0) and F(1) (first). The EC(50) values have been derived for some selected parameters on the generations of D. magna exposed to diazinon. EC(50) values decreased in F(1) (first) and F(1) (third) generations compared to the parental generation F(0). Expanding the reproduction tests to several generations revealed important information on chronic toxicity that could add to an increased cost-effectiveness in the protection of aquatic environments. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Animal Biology (Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner, 50, Burjassot, Valencia, E-46100, Spain. Sánchez M M Ferrando M D MD Sancho E E Andreu E E eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 333-41-5 Diazinon IM Animals Daphnia drug effects physiology Diazinon toxicity Female Insecticides, Organothiophosphate toxicity Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 10833653 2000 09 25 2000 09 25 2003 11 14

0012-4966 371 1-6 2000 Mar-Apr The microalgal food spectrum of Daphnia longispina during the algal bloom of an eutrophic water body. 179-81 Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia. Gladyshev M I MI Kolmakov V I VI Dubovskaya O P OP Ivanova E A EA eng Journal Article

RUSSIA Dokl Biol Sci 7505459 IM Algae growth & development Animals Biomass Daphnia growth & development Ecosystem Food Chain Plankton growth & development Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Microbiology Zooplankton growth & development 10836541 2000 10 17 2000 10 17 2003 11 14

1011-1344 54 2-3 2000 Feb Oxidative stress and defence mechanisms of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia longispina exposed to UV radiation. 121-5 The aim of the present study is to evaluate the occurrence of oxidative stress in the cladoceran Daphnia longispina exposed to UV-A and UV-B radiation. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation markers is investigated and the protective action of ascorbic acid determined. Results show differences in the lethality radioinduced by UV-A and UV-B. Both UV-A and UV-B exposure cause an important increase in malonaldehyde (MDA) concentration and catalase activity. Ascorbic acid addition reduces the MDA concentration, indicating that the oxidative stress caused by either UV-A or UV-B radiation can be controlled by antioxidants. The increase of the antioxidant enzymes may be a response mechanism to oxidative stress. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Dpto. Radiobiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina. pamavega@cnea.gov.ar Vega M P MP Pizarro R A RA eng Journal Article

SWITZERLAND J Photochem Photobiol B 8804966 0 Antioxidants 0 Culture Media 50-81-7 Ascorbic Acid IM Animals Antioxidants pharmacology Ascorbic Acid pharmacology Culture Media Daphnia drug effects radiation effects Fresh Water Lipid Peroxidation Oxidative Stress Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Ultraviolet Rays 10871415 2000 08 17 2000 08 17 2003 11 14

0090-4341 39 2 2000 Aug Experimental kinetic rates of food-chain and waterborne radionuclide transfer to freshwater fish: a basis for the construction of fish contamination charts. 133-44 A standardized procedure is proposed to obtain from laboratory experiments the kinetic accumulation and release rates necessary to calibrate dynamic models to quantify radionuclide direct and trophic transfer in fish. The model takes into account the food-chain effect, the feeding rate, and the growth of organisms. It takes as examples (54)Mn, (60)Co, and (137)Cs transfer dynamics through a simple pelagic food-chain (phytoplankton, zooplankton, prey fish, and predator fish). The estimated kinetic rates used in quantifying all the transfers of the three radioactive pollutants through the pelagic food chain are compared from the radioecological point of view. For fish, comparison was based on the calculation of concentration factors referring to direct transfer from water and trophic transfer factors. For the prey fish and the predator fish, direct transfer gave the following order for accumulation (60)Co < (137)Cs < (54)Mn. Values reached at equilibrium in L/kg WW were respectively for the prey fish and the predator fish: 8.7 < 27.4 < 107 and 4.14 < 6.59 < 13.4. For the trophic route, (137)Cs is the most accumulated (TTF(eq) = 0.485 in 291 days for the prey fish and TTF(eq) = 1.45 in 17 years for the predator fish). A sensitivity analysis adapted to the case of a chronic contamination scenario of a watercourse was run. It showed that the phytoplankton biomass, the contact time of these drifting particles from a release point to the station where they are ingested and the feeding rates of the fish are the most influential parameter with regard to the concentration in fish, whatever the trophic level. Contamination charts are constructed for the predator fish to illustrate the relationship between the most influential ecological parameters and the radionuclide concentration in fish for simple contamination scenarios. They are shown to be effective tools for helping in the choice of the most relevant value of aggregated concentration factors (ACFs: radionuclide concentration ratio between the organism and the water, referred to steady-state and to all possible transfer pathways) for a given key ecological situation in a given ecosystem. An example is given of a simple chronic release scenario of 1 Bq/L and a phytoplanktonic bloom period. For (137)Cs, the ACF increases with increasing contact time and increasing feeding rate, to nearly 550 L/kg WW at equilibrium. For (54)Mn, ACF reaches 65 L/kg WW. For (60)Co, the general pattern of the relationship is due to the rapid kinetic rates governing the distribution of the radionuclide between dissolved and solid (phytoplankton) phases with a maximum value for ACF of 7.2 L/kg WW for the case study. Analysis of these charts provides a basis for overall guidelines for chronic releases in a given watercourse. Institut de Protection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Département de Protection de l'Environnement, Laboratoire de Radioécologie Expérimentale, centre de Cadarache, Bt 180, BP 1, 13108 Saint Paul lez Durance Cédex, France. Garnier-Laplace J J Adam C C Baudin J P JP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Cesium Radioisotopes 0 Cobalt Radioisotopes 0 Water Pollutants, Radioactive 7439-96-5 Manganese IM Algae, Green metabolism Animals Carps metabolism Cesium Radioisotopes analysis pharmacokinetics Cobalt Radioisotopes analysis pharmacokinetics Daphnia metabolism Food Chain Fresh Water Manganese analysis pharmacokinetics Models, Biological Oncorhynchus mykiss metabolism Water Pollutants, Radioactive analysis pharmacokinetics 10874748 2000 10 27 2000 10 27 2003 11 14

0962-8452 267 1447 2000 May 22 Avoiding the cost of males in obligately asexual Daphnia pulex (Leydig). 991-7 Asexual organisms are thought to gain an advantage by avoiding the cost of producing males. In the cladoceran Daphnia pulex (Leydig), male production is determined by the environment and is independent of the origin of the asexual obligate parthenogens from the sexual cyclical parthenogens. If there is a cost to producing males, successful obligate parthenogens should have reduced or eliminated male production. Field and laboratory observations showed that obligate parthenogens have much-reduced male production compared to cyclical parthenogens. Although the reduction or elimination of males in the obligate parthenogens suggests that the cost of males is avoided, the coexistence of sexual and asexual forms of D. pulex may be partially explained by cyclical parthenogens compensating for the cost of males by having greater fecundity. In addition, the absence of a mating constraint for the obligate parthenogens may favour an increased allocation to asexual diapausing eggs earlier in the season compared to the cyclical parthenogens which require mating with males to produce sexual diapausing eggs. No difference in the production of diapausing eggs was observed, probably because males were abundant in populations of cyclical parthenogens and do not appear to limit the production of sexual diapausing eggs. D. pulex is a useful system for determining the ecological consequences of abandoning sexual reproduction and explaining the coexistence of sexual and asexual forms of a species. Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Canada. Innes D J DJ Fox C J CJ Winsor G L GL eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 7505889 IM Animals Daphnia physiology Male Parthenogenesis physiology Photoperiod Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 10879818 2000 12 05 2000 12 05 2003 11 14

0045-6535 41 7 2000 Oct Algal growth inhibition: effect of the choice of growth rate or biomass as endpoint on the classification and labelling of new substances notified in the EU. 1007-10 From the complete base set notifications of new substances currently available, we have investigated what effects the choice of using growth rate or biomass in the algal growth inhibition test has on the relative sensitivity of the three aquatic toxicity tests. Both parameters derived from the algal test were more sensitive than either fish or Daphnia tests. Changes in the classification of substances after the removal of either algae, Daphnia or fish data from the base set, when applying current legal practice, occur in 22.9%, 6.6% and 4.8% of the notifications, respectively. When always using growth rate as a parameter, these numbers change to 15.4%, 9.2% and 7.2%, respectively. European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Unit: Toxicology and Chemical Substances, European Chemicals Bureau, Ispra, Italy. arnd.weyers@jrc.it Weyers A A Vollmer G G eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Water Pollutants IM Algae drug effects growth & development Animals Biomass Daphnia drug effects growth & development Environmental Monitoring methods Europe Reference Values Sensitivity and Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants adverse effects 10885989 2000 08 31 2000 08 31 2003 11 14

0007-4861 65 2 2000 Aug Automated beta galactosidase activity bioassay for adult Daphnia magna versus classic immobilization test. 139-46 Environmental Toxicology, VITO, Boeretang 200, B-2400 MOL, Belgium. Weltens R R Vanderplaetse F F Vangenechten C C Verhulst T T eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Enzyme Inhibitors 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical EC 3.2.1.23 beta-Galactosidase IM Animals Biological Assay methods Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects enzymology physiology Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Enzyme Inhibitors toxicity Fluorescence Lethal Dose 50 Toxicity Tests methods Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity beta-Galactosidase antagonists & inhibitors 10885990 2000 08 31 2000 08 31 2003 11 14

0007-4861 65 2 2000 Aug Acute toxicity of inorganic chloramines to Daphnia magna in two types of dilution water. 147-52 Environmental Protection Branch, Environment Canada, Pacific and Yukon Region, 224 West Esplanade, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V7M 3H7. Wan M T MT Watts R G RG Cheng W W eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Chloramines 0 Solvents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7726-95-6 Bromine 7782-41-4 Fluorine IM Animals Bromine analysis deficiency toxicity Chloramines analysis toxicity Daphnia drug effects Drug Interactions Fluorine analysis deficiency toxicity Fresh Water Lethal Dose 50 Solvents chemistry Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Water Supply analysis 10885995 2000 08 31 2000 08 31 2003 11 14

0007-4861 65 2 2000 Aug Ecotoxicological assessment of two pulp mill effluent, Biobio River Basin, Chile. 183-9 Laboratory of Bioassays, Department of Zoology, Box 160-C, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile. Gaete H H Larrain A A Bay-Schmith E E Baeza J J Rodriguez J J eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae drug effects metabolism Animals Chile Chironomidae drug effects metabolism Daphnia drug effects metabolism Environmental Monitoring methods Fresh Water analysis Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated analysis Industrial Waste adverse effects analysis Industry Lethal Dose 50 Oxygen Consumption drug effects Paper Photobacterium drug effects metabolism Species Specificity Toxicity Tests methods Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 10901659 2000 08 16 2000 08 16 2003 11 14

0045-6535 38 2 1999 Jan An experimental design to probe the interactions of dissolved organic matter and xenobiotics: bioavailability of pyrene and 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl to Daphnia magna. 335-50 Experiments were conducted to probe the interactions between natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) and two xenobiotics, and to determine how DOM influences their bioavailability. The experimental set-up, using dialysis bags, was designed to expose test organisms to the same constant concentration of free dissolved chemical, while increasing the concentration of the bound-to-DOM fraction. Daphnia magna S. were exposed to pyrene or 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl in the presence of 0, 1, 2, 5, 10 or 20 mg L(-1) of a reference riverine humic acid (Suwannee River Humic Acid). The physico-chemical parameters were well constrained in the microcosm, demonstrating its potential usefulness. However bioaccumulation by D. magna showed important variability between replicate treatments, sufficient to mask any trends as a function of DOM concentration. The organic-carbon-normalised partition coefficients (K(OC)) ranged from 52000 to 92000 L kg(-1) for pyrene and from 8200 to 89000 L kg(-1) for 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, with a marked "concentration effect" for the latter compound. Université du Québec, INRS-Eau, Sainte-Foy, Canada. Granier L K LK Lafrance P P Campbell P G PG eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Carcinogens 0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 0 Pyrenes 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 0 Xenobiotics 1415-93-6 Humic Acids 35693-99-3 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl IM Animals Biological Availability Carcinogens chemistry pharmacokinetics Chemistry, Physical Daphnia chemistry metabolism Humic Acids pharmacology Polychlorinated Biphenyls chemistry pharmacokinetics Pyrenes chemistry pharmacokinetics Research Design Solubility Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis pharmacokinetics Xenobiotics chemistry pharmacokinetics 10903361 2000 09 25 2000 09 25 2003 11 14

0007-4861 65 3 2000 Sep Quantitative structure-toxicity relationships for derivates of benzanilides to Daphnia magna. 366-74 State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Dai J J Wang L L eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Anilides 93-98-1 benzanilide IM Anilides chemistry toxicity Animals Daphnia drug effects metabolism Lethal Dose 50 Models, Chemical Molecular Structure Structure-Activity Relationship Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 10903365 2000 09 25 2000 09 25 2003 11 14

0007-4861 65 3 2000 Sep Interspecies modeling of narcotics toxicity to aquatic animals. 399-406 Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, Bourgas University "Assen Zlatarov," Bulgaria. Dimitrov S D SD Mekenyan O G OG Schultz T W TW eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Narcotics IM Animals Comparative Study Cyprinidae physiology Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Human Lethal Dose 50 Models, Biological Narcotics chemistry toxicity Regression Analysis Solubility Species Specificity Structure-Activity Relationship Tetrahymena drug effects 10903832 2000 09 01 2000 09 01 2003 11 14

0147-6513 46 3 2000 Jul Toxicity of Euphorbia milii latex and niclosamide to snails and nontarget aquatic species. 342-50 The toxicity of Euphorbia milii molluscicidal latex and niclosamide (NCL) to target snails (Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria tenagophila) and nontarget aquatic organisms is evaluated. Planorbidae snails were killed by very low concentrations of lyophilized latex (48-h LC(50), mg/L: B. glabrata, 0.12; B. tenagophila, 0.09; Helisoma duryi, 0.10). Latex was less toxic (48-h LC(50) or EC(50), mg/L) to oligochaeta (Tubifex tubifex, 0.31), planktonic crustacea (Daphnia similis, 0.38; C. dubia, 1.07; Artemia sp., 0.93), and fishes (Danio rerio, 0.96; Poecilia reticulata, 1. 39), and considerably less toxic to Ampullariidae snails (Pomacea sp. , 10.55) and frog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana, 7.50). Latex (up to 100 mg/L) was not toxic to bacteria (P. putida and V. fischeri), algae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Chlorella vulgaris), and mosquito larvae (Anopheles albitarsis, Aedes aegypti, Aedes fluviatilis). NCL was very toxic (48-h LC(50) or EC(50), mg/L) to Planorbidae snails (B. glabrata, 0.15, B. tenagophila, 0.13; H. duryi, 0.10), T. tubifex (0.11), crustacea (D. similis, 0.19; Ceriodaphnia dubia, 0.47; Artemia sp. 0.18), fishes (D. rerio, 0.25; P. reticulata, 0.29), R. catesbeiana (0.16), and Pomacea sp. (0.76). NCL was toxic to bacteria, algae (96-h IC(50), mg/L: S. capricornutum, 0.34; C. vulgaris, 1.23) and slightly toxic to mosquito larvae. In conclusion, E. milii latex, as compared with the reference molluscicide niclosamide, presents a higher degree of selectivity toward snails which are intermediate hosts of Schistosoma trematodes. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, The National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil. Oliveira-Filho E C EC Paumgartten F J FJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Latex 0 Molluscacides 50-65-7 Niclosamide IM Algae drug effects Animals Bacteria drug effects Biomphalaria drug effects Crustacea drug effects Culicidae drug effects Euphorbiaceae Latex toxicity Molluscacides toxicity Niclosamide toxicity Oligochaeta drug effects Rana catesbeiana Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 10903834 2000 09 01 2000 09 01 2003 11 14

0147-6513 46 3 2000 Jul Acute toxicity test with Daphnia magna: an alternative to mammals in the prescreening of chemical toxicity? 357-62 In this study, the association between the acute toxicity of 15 compounds to Daphnia magna, expressed as 24- and 48-h LC(50) values, and the corresponding oral LD(50) values for the rat was tested. Since there was evidence of a strong relationship between the two species, the sample was extended to 54 cases by including the values for acute toxicity to D. magna and rat of more chemicals published by other authors. Thus, a total of 54 data points were further used to ascertain the relationship between the acute toxicity of chemical compounds to D. magna and that to the rat. To summarize its validity, the D. magna test is more specific than sensitive as an indicator of toxicity to the rat. When it is used with a chemical that has a high probability of being very toxic to D. magna (LC(50)< 0.22 mg/L), the test provides considerable information if it is positive, virtually giving evidence of toxicity to the rat (with a probability of 0.83). On the other hand, a negative test (D. magna LC(50)>0.22 mg/L) has a probability of correctly assigning nontoxicity to the rat equal to 0.74. This study and results published by other authors provide good evidence of the applicability of using invertebrate tests as prescreening methods, thus considerably reducing the number of mammals required in toxicity testing. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Departamento de Estudos de Populações, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 2, 4050 Porto, Portugal. lguilher@ICBAS.up.pt Guilhermino L L Diamantino T T Silva M C MC Soares A M AM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Rats Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicology methods 10943470 2000 11 27 2000 12 28 2003 11 14

1210-7778 8 Suppl 2000 Jul Analytical and biological data to the environmental-toxicological behaviour of Verbutin pesticide. 61-2 Ecotoxicological characteristics of a new insecticide synergist, MBB-599 (proposed common name: Verbutin) was investigated. The studies included the determination of the hydrolysis, the biodegradability, the adsorption and desorption characteristics in soil and the effects on living systems (bacterium, alga, Daphnia, and fish) as well. Toxicological Research Center, Veszprém Szabadságpuszta, Hungary. Halász-Laky V V Szamosi-Hernádi D D Oláh B B Pap L L Gaál Z Z Károly G G Gáty S S eng Journal Article

CZECH REPUBLIC Cent Eur J Public Health 9417324 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Pesticides IM Algae drug effects growth & development Animals Bacteria drug effects growth & development Biodegradation Daphnia drug effects Environmental Pollutants Fishes Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Pesticides toxicity Rats 10943471 2000 11 27 2000 12 28 2003 11 14

1210-7778 8 Suppl 2000 Jul Evaluation of a Hungarian acaricide original molecule based on its environmental toxicological studies. 62-4 The results of the environmental toxicological investigations and their results of a new hungarian acaricide molecule (SZI-121) developed by the CHINOIN were summarized. The toxicological effects of the test item on different ecotoxicological test systems were investigated in the following tests: Bacterium, alga, and plant growth inhibition tests, acute immobilization and 21 days reproduction tests on Daphnia magna, acute fish test, closed bottle test, mobility, aerob degradation and adsorption/desorption tests on three different soils. No toxic effect was found in the bacterium, alga, plant growth inhibition and acute fish tests in the highest concentrations used. In the Daphnia immobilization test 0.14 mg/l LC50 value was established in the concentration range of 0.0128-40 mg/l applied. The test item showed similar characteristics as the reference item during the mobility test in soils, the adsorption/desorption study and the degradation investigations. In order to determine the environmental degradation rate further degradation investigations, as well as the nitrogen mineralization test and the model of concentration change in natural waters were performed. Toxicological Research Centre Ltd., Veszprém, Szabadságpuszta, Hungary. Szamosi D D Oláh B B Hirka G G Pap L L Gáty S S eng Journal Article

CZECH REPUBLIC Cent Eur J Public Health 9417324 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Heterocyclic Compounds 0 Insecticides 0 flufenzine IM Acari drug effects Animals Bacteria drug effects growth & development Biodegradation Daphnia drug effects Environmental Pollutants metabolism toxicity Evaluation Studies Fishes Heterocyclic Compounds metabolism toxicity Hungary Insecticides metabolism toxicity Plants drug effects growth & development 10943492 2000 11 27 2000 12 28

1210-7778 8 Suppl 2000 Jul Ecotoxicological experiences on Lemna minor test system. 96-7 Are plants generally less sensitive to toxicity than aquatic animals as indicated by some authors (1)? The use of phytotoxicity (higher plant) tests as a part of ecotoxicology is relatively underdeveloped. The objective of this study was to compare the results of the OECD Lemna Growth Inhibition Test with other mainly used test systems. Three toxicants were tested applying the Alga Growth Inhibition Test (Seleneastrum capricornutum), the Daphnia Immobilization Test (Daphnia magna) and the MICROTOX-test (Photobacterium phosphoreum). Duckweed plants were found to be sensitive to the chemicals tested, with nearly 100% inhibition of frond production occurring in the highest concentrations. The plants in some samples showed lesions (break up of the colony structure) and loss of green pigments (chlorosis), others showed localized dead tissues (necrosis). In addition to the morphological deviations (appearance) there is a wide range of characteristics to be observed on the test plants: number of fronds, number of plants, biomass, dry weight, mortality, CO2 and O2 exchange, concentration of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. It is consistent that the number of fronds is slightly more sensitive than or the same as the number of plants and that the biomass tend to be somewhat more tolerant than those for the number of plants (2). Applying the simplest way of observation, changes in the frond number were recorded. As Lemna minor show a characteristical sensitivity to the different kind of chemicals, it is a promising indicator of aquatic toxicity. Toxicological Research Center Ltd., Veszprém, Hungary. Szamosi-Hernádi D D Oláh B B Gáty S S Pap L L eng Journal Article

CZECH REPUBLIC Cent Eur J Public Health 9417324 0 Pesticides IM Comparative Study Environmental Monitoring methods Pesticides toxicity Plants drug effects growth & development Toxicity Tests methods 10943493 2000 11 27 2000 12 28 2003 11 14

1210-7778 8 Suppl 2000 Jul Utilization of microbiotests to assess the contamination of water-bases. 97-9 In the present study 4 hazardous wastes originated from 4 different typical industrial activities (leachates of waste oil, waste stockpiles of aluminium factory, sewage of leather industry and of the chemical industry) were examined with several Toxkit microbiotests: the Algaltoxkit, the Protoxkit, the Daphtoxkit and the Thamnotoxkit. The data obtained with the microbiotests were compared to those obtained with the standard conventional acute toxicity tests. The goal of the study was to try out the reproducibility of the tests on the same samples, prepared in the same laboratory and provided to all the participants of the interlaboratory exercise. The first reproducibility evaluation of the tests was made with the reference toxicant potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). The outcome was that the lowest coefficients of variation were found at the Thamnotoxkit and highest with Algaltoxkit. The same findings were observed with the industrial waste samples. Different responses were obtained depending on the preparation and the character of the waste. For example, whereas a strong (and highest) toxic effect was found with the Thamnotoxkit, the algal cells in the Algaltoxkit test grew better than in the controls, when exposed to the same waste sample. The sensitivity of the Protoxkit ciliates was the lowest for all the wastes examined. In conclusion of this study, the experience gained and data obtained indicate that the Toxkit microbiotests are suited for routine monitoring after modification of some technical aspects. National Institute for Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary. Törökné A A Oláh B B Reskóné M M Báskay I I Bérciné J J eng Journal Article

CZECH REPUBLIC Cent Eur J Public Health 9417324 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae drug effects growth & development Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development Environmental Monitoring methods Larva drug effects growth & development Reproducibility of Results Tetrahymena drug effects growth & development Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 10944722 2000 11 21 2001 01 11 2003 11 14

0012-4966 372 1-6 2000 May-Jun Regulation of population dynamics by pheromones in an opportunistic population of Daphnia magna (Cladocera) at a high ambient temperature. 276-8 Institute of Ecology of Natural Systems, Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan, Kazan, Russia. Gainutdinov M Kh MKh Krasnoperova I A IA Loboda V I VI Yargunov V G VG Gainutdinov T M TM eng Journal Article

RUSSIA Dokl Biol Sci 7505459 0 Pheromones IM Acclimatization Animals Daphnia physiology Female Heat Pheromones physiology Population Dynamics 10948281 2000 10 19 2000 10 19 2003 11 14

0090-4341 39 3 2000 Oct Ecotoxicity of contaminated suspended solids for filter feeders (Daphnia magna). 315-23 It is generally assumed that the dissolved fraction of a toxic substance in surface water is mainly responsible for toxicity to aquatic organisms. However, toxic compounds are often adsorbed or chemically bound to suspended particles in the water column, depending upon the physico-chemical conditions. In the present study potential adverse effects to filter feeding organisms by metal contaminated particles were investigated. In our hypotheses the adsorbed metals might desorb in the gastrointestinal tract-due to different physico-chemical conditions-and exert toxic effects. Clay and sand particles, algae and organic material (peat) were artificially contaminated with cadmium and zinc. The contaminated materials were resuspended in standard conditions and toxicity was measured for the water flea Daphnia magna (mortality at 48 hours). As a reference, supernatant solutions were used containing the same concentration of dissolved metal as the suspensions. It was also established that the test concentrations of solid material (250 and 500 mg/l uncontaminated particles) did not cause any mortality within 48 hours. Daphnids are filter feeders: they filtrate large amounts of surrounding water, redrawing particles as a food source. Results strongly indicate that contaminated particles threaten the health of these particle-feeding organisms. Compared to the reference severe acute toxic effects were seen and cadmium accumulation was increased when contaminated solid material was present. Results were essentially the same for the different materials used in the experiments, except for sand contaminated with cadmium. This shows that mineral as well as organic materials can contribute to the particle bound toxicity. Different results were obtained when a static set up was used instead of a flow through set up, illustrating that the route of administration is important to make particles available and thus to evaluate their toxicity. Contaminated particles clearly have toxic potency, not only because they are a continuous source of dissolved xenobiotics, but also because the particle bound fraction can become available within the body of particle feeding organisms. This could lead to unexpected high tissue concentrations. More insight is needed to predict the bioavailability of adsorbed pollutants. Results of this study already indicate that suspended solids should be considered as a separate compartment in risk evaluation of chemicals, effluents or natural surface waters. VITO-Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Boeretang 200, B2400 MOL, Belgium. Weltens R R Goossens R R Van Puymbroeck S S eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Metals 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Algae chemistry Animals Cadmium metabolism toxicity Daphnia physiology Lethal Dose 50 Metals metabolism toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity Zinc metabolism toxicity 10948282 2000 10 19 2000 10 19 2003 11 14

0090-4341 39 3 2000 Oct Evaluating mosquito control pesticides for effect on target and nontarget organisms. 324-8 Recent requirements for biomonitoring of urban stormwater runoff have raised the issue of toxic contributions from mosquito control products. A comparison of seven pesticides for their toxicity to target and nontarget organisms was conducted in field and laboratory trials to determine relative impacts in and around Craighead County, Arkansas. Twenty-four and forty-eight-hour acute toxicity tests using Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulex, and Pimephales promelas were employed with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) suggested procedures as standard test organisms. Additional tests with resident mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis, and mosquito larvae, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, included ditch-receiving waters to compare the somewhat sterile laboratory exposures to actual field conditions. Exposure to as much as 31.4 microg/L of the pesticides Dursban(R), malathion, Permanone(R), Abate(R), Scourge(R), B.t.i, and Biomist(R) were required for effective control of An. quadrimaculatus, whereas as little as 2.7 microg/L resulted in substantial mortality of some nontarget organisms. These data suggest that prevailing application rates for effective mosquito control not only affect nontarget organisms but may also confound stormwater and nonpoint toxicity evaluations that utilize sensitive indicator species. Department of Biological Sciences and Ecotoxicology Research Facility, Arkansas State University, State University, Arkansas 72467, USA. Milam C D CD Farris J L JL Wilhide J D JD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Insecticides IM Animals Anopheles physiology Cyprinidae Cyprinodontiformes Daphnia Insecticides toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Mosquito Control Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 10948283 2000 10 19 2000 10 19 2003 11 14

0090-4341 39 3 2000 Oct The toxicity of a neem insecticide to populations of culicidae and other aquatic invertebrates as assessed in in situ microcosms. 329-36 Microcosm trials were conducted with the botanical insecticide Margosan-O(R) to assess the potential hazards of the product to aquatic organisms. Laboratory chronic bioassays with water from the treated microcosms were conducted to provide an estimate of the residual effect of Margosan-O. Results from chronic tests showed Margosan-O toxicity to be greater in the laboratory exposures than in situ with Culicidae larvae exposed to the same concentrations. Residue analyses of the active ingredient, azadirachtin, determined that it had a half-life of 36 to 48 h in water exposed to natural sunlight. Two applications of Margosan-O at the recommended application rate for pests did not harm aquatic invertebrates that are categorized as planktonic and filter feeding (Culex sp. and Daphnia sp.). However, the benthic invertebrate (Chironomus riparius) was affected by multiple applications of neem. These results show that the use of Margosan-O and possibly other neem extracts in or near aquatic environments could lead to disturbances in benthic populations and may cause decreases in numbers of organisms that are important in food web and nutrient cycling processes. Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada. Scott I M IM Kaushik N K NK eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Glycerides 0 Insect Repellents 0 Insecticides, Botanical 0 Pesticide Residues 0 Terpenes 0 Water Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 8002-65-1 neem oil IM Animals Chironomidae Culicidae growth & development physiology Glycerides analysis toxicity Insect Repellents analysis toxicity Insecticides, Botanical analysis toxicity Invertebrates physiology Larva Pesticide Residues analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Terpenes analysis toxicity Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 10963859 2000 10 05 2000 10 05 2003 11 14

0300-483X 149 1 2000 Aug 14 The role of time in toxicology or Haber's c x t product. 35-42 It happened exactly 100 years ago that Warren established for the first time a quantitative link between dose and time while studying the toxicity of sodium chloride in Daphnia magna (Straus). During this century many toxicologists in different contexts returned to this idea, which has become known as Haber's rule of inhalation toxicology. Most attempts to explore this relationship ended in frustration because of the supposed occurrence of exceptions. Thus, toxicologists concentrated on the quantitative relationship between dose and effect under mostly isotemporal conditions while time took a back seat and was assigned such arbitrary, semiquantitative designations as acute, subacute, subchronic and chronic. Time itself as a quantifiable variable of toxicity was seldom studied and when it was studied, it was often not under isodosic (steady state) conditions as required by theory. A recent analysis of toxicological time indicated the impact of three independent time scales (toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic, exposure frequency/duration) in toxicological studies, which interact with dose and effect to yield the enormous complexity known to every toxicologist. Based on prototypical examples when toxicokinetic (dioxins), toxicodynamic (nitrosamines, benzene) or exposure frequency (methylene chloride, chloroacetic acid, HgCl(2), CdCl(2), etc.) represent the critical time scale, the general validity of the c x t=k concept will be discussed as a starting point for a theory of toxicology. As endpoints of toxicity, (delayed) acute toxicity, blood dyscrasias and cancer will be used to illustrate the critical conditions needed to demonstrate the validity of this theory. Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160-7417, USA. krozman@kumc.edu Rozman K K KK eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

IRELAND Toxicology 0361055 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Hazardous Substances 1746-01-6 Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin 35822-46-9 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzodioxin IM Animals Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Environmental Pollutants pharmacokinetics toxicity Hazardous Substances pharmacokinetics toxicity Models, Biological Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin analogs & derivatives pharmacokinetics toxicity Time Factors Toxicology methods 19 10964227 2000 12 07 2000 12 07 2003 11 14

0962-1083 9 8 2000 Aug Microsatellite variation in Daphnia pulex from both sides of the Baltic Sea. 1075-88 Despite large genetic differentiation among neighbouring populations of many freshwater zooplankton species, a macrogeographical homogeneity of allozyme variation is generally observed. A study on breeding systems in Scandinavian populations of Daphnia pulex suggested a latitudinally related cline in breeding system with both diploid cyclic parthenogens and diploid obligate parthenogens at the latitude of 60-61 degrees N. Variation at neutral markers may be more affected by selection at linked loci in such species than in strictly sexual species. In this paper I present a study of variation at five microsatellite loci in a total of 34 populations from small ponds and rockpools on both sides of the Baltic Sea at 60-61 degrees N. Two major groups, which may represent different species of the D. pulex complex, are defined with the microsatellites. Neighbouring populations show both similar and well differentiated genetic composition. Populations separated by larger geographical distances show only a large differentiation and a macrogeographic pattern. The large differentiation observed at small distances can be explained with small effective population size: variation at the microsatellite loci has been shaped by population bottlenecks followed with expansion in size, and possibly by selection. No conclusive evidence is found for obligative parthenogenesis. Department of Conservation Biology and Genetics, EBC, Uppsala University, Sweden. Snaebjorn.Palsson@ebc.uu.se Pálsson S S eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Mol Ecol 9214478 IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia genetics Finland Linkage Disequilibrium Microsatellite Repeats Oceans and Seas Parthenogenesis Probability Reproduction Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Sweden Time Factors Variation (Genetics) 10985547 2000 12 11 2000 12 28 2003 11 14

889 1-2 2000 Aug 11 Fractionation and toxicity evaluation of waste waters. 149-54 Several toxicity-based procedures have been proposed for waste water risk assessment but the toxic agents could never be identified in these very complex mixtures. A procedure was adopted using disposable solid-phase extraction cartridges to extract organic chemicals and preparative HPLC to fractionate them in relation of their hydrophobicity. Acute toxicity of whole samples and their fractions was measured on Daphnia magna, using a commercially available biokit. The procedure was applied to leachate from an industrial landfill and a textile effluent. In both cases the toxic effects due to xenobiotics were highest in the most hydrophobic HPLC fraction. The compounds responsible for the observed toxicity were identified and quantified by GC-MS. Reconstructed mixtures were analysed to assess their fitting with GC profiles and tested for toxicity to compare the responses of individual chemicals and mixtures. University of Milan-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Milan, Italy. silvana.galassi@unimib.it Galassi S S Benfenati E E eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS J Chromatogr A 9318488 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid methods Daphnia drug effects Sewage analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Textile Industry Water analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 10990793 2000 10 26 2000 10 26 2003 11 14

0031-9007 84 20 2000 May 15 Stochastic resonance enhances the electrosensory information available to paddlefish for prey capture. 4773-6 Recent behavior experiments have demonstrated that paddlefish can make use of stochastic resonance while feeding on Daphnia plankton. Here we calculate the information content of the noisy Daphnia signal at the paddlefish rostrum using an exact statistical treatment of threshold stochastic resonance as a minimal neural model. These calculations compare well with experimentally obtained data on paddlefish strikes at Daphnia prey. Department of Mathematics, Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Greenwood P E PE Ward L M LM Russell D F DF Neiman A A Moss F F eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Phys Rev Lett 0401141 IM Animals Daphnia Electric Organ physiology Electromagnetic Fields Fishes physiology Models, Neurological Predatory Behavior physiology Stochastic Processes Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11012729 2000 11 13 2000 12 07 2003 11 14

0018-067X 85 Pt 3 2000 Sep Sex, linkage disequilibrium and patterns of parasitism in three species of cyclically parthenogenetic Daphnia (Cladocera: Crustacea). 257-65 To gain insight into genetic variation for resistance to parasites, this study assayed clonal variation in cyclically parthenogenetic Daphnia magna with respect to parasitic infection. Samples were collected from natural populations, and the allozyme phenotypes of infected hosts were compared to those of uninfected hosts. Differences between the clonal composition of the infected and uninfected class were evident in only two of 16 populations examined. This result stands in contrast to a study of species in the D. pulex and D. longispina species complexes, where clonal variation for infection was found in 12 of 25 populations (Little & Ebert, 1999). Considering all populations from both studies, associations between host genotype and infection were typically evident only in populations that showed low genotypic diversity and evidence of genetic disequilibria, with D. magna showing the least amount of disequilibria. This pattern is compatible with at least two possibly overlapping hypotheses. First, it may be that those populations lacking clonal variation for infection experienced weaker parasite-mediated selection. We can not rule out variation in selection pressure as an explanation, but found no evidence that the prevalence or intensity of parasitism differed either among species, or between those populations which showed clonal variation for infection and those that did not. Second, it could be that some populations, especially those of D. magna, have more frequent sexual recruitment than others. Sexual recombination breaks up gene combinations which are in linkage disequilibrium, and our method to detect clonal variation for resistance relies on linkage between genetic markers (allozymes) and resistance loci. Past work on Daphnia has shown that the level of sexual recruitment (which is in turn mediated by habitat permanency) is indeed commonly linked to the occurrence of genetic disequilibria. Our results may thus underestimate the prevalence of clonal variation for infection (especially for D. magna), because most of the populations analysed appeared to have high levels of sexual recruitment and therefore lacked the linkage disequilibrium that underlies associations between allozymes and susceptibility. Institut für Zoologie, Universität Basel, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland. tom.little@ed.ac.uk Little T J TJ Ebert D D eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Heredity 0373007 IM Animals Daphnia genetics parasitology Evolution, Molecular Genotype Linkage (Genetics) Linkage Disequilibrium Phenotype Reproduction Sex Factors Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) 11014837 2000 11 13 2000 11 13 2003 11 14

0007-4861 65 5 2000 Nov Simple and rapid method for the detection of early signs of toxicity in Daphnia magna straus. 553-9 University of Baghdad, College of Education for Women, Jadiriah, Post Office Box 47281, Baghdad, Iraq. Al-Omar M A MA Hassan N A NA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Herbicides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Herbicides toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11021309 2000 10 16 2000 10 16 2003 11 14

0034-7744 47 4 1999 Dec [Toxic effect of DDT, chlordane and water from the Ignacio Ramírez dam (Mexico), on Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Daphnidae)] 681-90 Chlorodiphenylnitrichloroethane (DDT) and chlordane (CLO) are currently used in Mexico to control malaria and termites. From 1990 to 1996 a total of 27 ton of DDT and 508 of CLO were imported. We establish a methodology to determine their environmental impact in a Mexican dam (Ignacio Ramírez). The toxic effect of DDT and CLO were evaluated on the o-demethylase (OD) and acethycholinesterase activities (AchA) of the cladoceran Daphnia magna exposed to different concentrations of the insecticides solved in water from three sites. Their effect on the AchA and OD activities, and so the CL50 were used as exposure bioindicators to determine the more polluted sites. The physicochemical characteristics of water and the biodiversity of the dam test sites were considered. The station near the floodgate has toxicity potential because enzymatic activities were modified. We suggest the use of AchA and OD activities measure in the cladoceran to evaluate the toxicity of a water body polluted by organochlorate insecticides. Depto de Toxicología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, México, D.F. ltabche@bios.encb.ipn.mx Martínez-Tabche L L Romero Solís M M López López E E Galar Martínez M M spa Journal Article Efecto tóxico del DDT, clordano y agua de la presa Ignacio Ramírez (México), sobre Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Daphnidae).

COSTA RICA Rev Biol Trop 0404267 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 12789-03-6 Chlordan 50-29-3 DDT EC 1.- Oxidoreductases, O-Demethylating EC 3.1.1.7 Acetylcholinesterase IM Acetylcholinesterase metabolism Animals Chlordan toxicity DDT toxicity Daphnia drug effects enzymology English Abstract Fresh Water Insecticides, Organochlorine toxicity Mexico Oxidoreductases, O-Demethylating metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11023697 2000 12 12 2000 12 12 2003 11 14

0147-6513 47 2 2000 Oct Comparison of four chronic toxicity tests using algae, bacteria, and invertebrates assessed with sixteen chemicals. 186-94 The performances of four chronic toxicity tests, comprising the Daphnia magna 21-day (d) (crustacean), Brachionus calyciflorus 2-d (rotifer), Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata 72-h (green algae), and the Microtox chronic 22-h (bacteria) tests, were compared. Sixteen chemicals with toxicity covering 6 orders of magnitude were studied. Very high correlations were found between the NOEC/EC(10) Pseudokirchneriella 72-h, NOEC/EC(10) Brachionus 2-d, and the NOEC Daphnia 21-d tests. The toxicological response of rotifers and microalgae were within the same order of magnitude as the response of Daphnia in 80% of cases (13/16 chemicals). The Microtox chronic test also anticipated the overall results of the Daphnia 21-d test, but the prediction was rather imprecise, compared with microalgae and rotifers. The test measuring the algal growth inhibition of P. subcapitata after 72h was the most sensitive bioassay. Toxicity on microalgae after 72h could be estimated after 5h by measuring either the direct fluorescence of either photosynthetic pigments or fluorescein diacetate in 56 and 43% of cases, respectively. The median value of the ratio between EC(10) and EC(50) was 3.75, 2, and 1.5 with the algae, the rotifers, and the bacteria, respectively. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. Centre des Sciences de l' Environnement, UFR Sciences, EBSE rue Delestraint, Metz, 57070, France. Radix P P Léonard M M Papantoniou C C Roman G G Saouter E E Gallotti-Schmitt S S Thiébaud H H Vasseur P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 IM Algae, Green drug effects Algorithms Animals Bacteria drug effects Cell Division drug effects Comparative Study Daphnia physiology Invertebrates physiology Lethal Dose 50 Luminescence Rotifera Species Specificity Toxicity Tests Vibrio physiology 11031304 2000 11 20 2000 12 07 2003 11 14

0090-4341 39 4 2000 Nov Toxicity and bioavailability of copper herbicides (Clearigate, Cutrine-Plus, and copper sulfate) to freshwater animals. 445-51 In designing aquatic herbicides containing copper, an important goal is to maximize efficacy for target species while minimizing risks for nontarget species. To have a margin of safety for nontarget species, the concentration, duration of exposure (i.e., uptake), and form (i.e., species) of copper used for herbicidal properties should not elicit adverse effects on populations of nontarget species. To determine the potential for risk or adverse effects (conversely the margin of safety), data regarding the comparative toxicity of copper-containing herbicides are crucial. A series of comparative toxicity experiments was conducted, including baseline estimates of toxicity (LC50s, LOECs), sensitive species relationships (thresholds and exposure-response slopes), and bioavailability of toxic concentrations and forms of copper 7 days after initial herbicide application. Aqueous 48-h toxicity experiments were performed to contrast responses of Daphnia magna Strauss, Hyalella azteca Saussure, Chironomus tentans Fabricius, and Pimephales promelas Rafinesque to copper herbicides: Clearigate(R), Cutrine(R)-Plus, and copper sulfate. D. magna was the most sensitive aquatic animal tested for all three herbicides; 48-h LC50s for organisms exposed to Clearigate, Cutrine-Plus, and copper sulfate were 29.4, 11.3, and 18. 9 microg Cu/L, respectively. In terms of potency (calculated from the linearized portion of the exposure-response curves, which included 50% mortality), D. magna was the most sensitive animal tested. Organisms exposed to Clearigate, Cutrine-Plus, and copper sulfate had exposure-response slopes of 2.55, 8.61, and 5.07% mortality/microg Cu/L, respectively. Bioavailability of Clearigate and Cutrine-Plus was determined by comparing survival data (LC50s) of test organisms exposed to herbicide concentrations during the first and last 48-h of a 7-day exposure period. Even in these relatively simplified water-only exposures, a transformation of copper to less bioavailable species over time was observed with a 100-200% decrease in toxicity (i.e., an increase in 48-h LC50s) for all four test animals. This series of laboratory experiments provides a worst-case scenario for determining the risk associated with the manufacturer's recommended application rates of Clearigate (100-1,000 microg Cu/L), Cutrine-Plus (200-1,000 microg Cu/L), and copper sulfate (100-500 microg Cu/L) in natural waters for four nontarget freshwater animals. Department of Environmental Toxicology, P.O. Box 709, 509 Westinghouse Road, Clemson University, Pendleton, South Carolina 29670, USA. Mastin B J BJ Rodgers J H JH Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Amino Alcohols 0 Clearigate 0 Ethanolamines 0 Herbicides 0 Organometallic Compounds 141-43-5 Ethanolamine 66555-33-7 cutrine-plus 7758-98-7 Copper Sulfate IM Amino Alcohols pharmacokinetics toxicity Animals Biological Availability Chironomidae drug effects metabolism Comparative Study Copper Sulfate pharmacokinetics toxicity Cyprinidae metabolism Daphnia drug effects metabolism Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Ethanolamine pharmacokinetics toxicity Ethanolamines Fresh Water Herbicides pharmacokinetics toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Organometallic Compounds pharmacokinetics toxicity 11052533 2001 02 02 2001 05 03 2003 11 14

0962-8452 267 1455 2000 Sep 22 Molecular systematics of European Hyalodaphnia: the role of contemporary hybridization in ancient species. 1833-42 We examined phylogenetic relationships among Daphnia using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from the small subunit ribosomal RNA (12S), cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and nuclear DNA sequences from the first and second internal transcribed spacer representing 1612 base positions. Phylogenetic analyses using several species of the three main Daphnia subgenera, Ctenodaphnia, Hyalodaphnia and Daphnia, revealed that the Hyalodaphnia are a monophyletic sister group of the Daphnia. Most Hyalodaphnia species occur on one continent, whereas only three are found in North America and Europe. Endemicity of species is associated with variation in thermal tolerance and habitat differentiation. Although many species of the Hyalodaphnia are known to hybridize in nature, mtDNA divergence is relatively high ca. 9%) compared to other hybridizing arthropods (ca. 3%). Reproductive isolation in Daphnia seems to evolve significantly slower than genetic isolation. We related these findings to what is known about the ecology and genetics of Daphnia in order to better understand the evolutionary diversification of lineages. The relationship of these data to phylogenetic patterns is discussed in the context of speciation processes in Daphnia. Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Centre for Limnology, Vieuwersluis. k.schwenk@zoology.uni-frankfurt.de Schwenk K K Posada D D Hebert P D PD eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 7505889 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 0 DNA, Ribosomal Spacer 0 RNA, Ribosomal 0 RNA, ribosomal, 12S EC 1.9.3.1 Electron Transport Complex IV IM Animals Base Sequence DNA, Mitochondrial genetics DNA, Ribosomal Spacer genetics Daphnia classification genetics physiology Electron Transport Complex IV genetics Hybridization, Genetic Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Ribosomal genetics Sequence Analysis, DNA Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) 11057688 2000 11 02 2000 11 09 2003 11 14

0045-6535 41 10 2000 Nov Toxicity and detoxification of Swedish detergents and softener products. 1611-20 Detergents and softeners are used in large quantities and some of their ingredients are highly toxic to aquatic organisms. In the present study the acute toxicity to Daphnia magna was determined for 26 detergents and five softener Swedish products. Only one of the detergents had a 48-h EC50 > 100 mg/l. The 48-h EC50 for the other 25 detergents ranged from 4 to 85 mg/l. The 48-h EC50 for the five softeners ranged from 15 to 166 mg/l. Detoxification tests, with and without inoculum of sewage organisms, showed that all tested products were detoxified to some extent after 16 days and that the rate of detoxification was considerably higher with addition of sewage organisms. Toxicity to D. magna of the detergents and softeners, and the biotic detoxification rate was correlated with the concentration of surfactants used in formulating the products (more surfactants increased toxicity and a slower rate of detoxification). These results emphasize the importance of biological purification of domestic wastewater containing detergents and a suggested development of less toxic and more easily degradable surfactants. Department of Applied Environmental Science, University of Göteborg, Sweden. Pettersson A A Adamsson M M Dave G G eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Detergents 0 Surface-Active Agents IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Detergents administration & dosage toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Metabolic Detoxication, Drug Sewage microbiology Surface-Active Agents toxicity Sweden 11057690 2000 11 02 2000 11 09 2003 11 14

0045-6535 41 10 2000 Nov Ecotoxicological evaluation of pig slurry. 1629-35 Swine sewage could be source of nutrients and pollutants. This work estimates the environmental risk in nine samples from different farm treatment systems based on the evaluation of their effects in Daphnia magna acute test, and on the assessment of Cu, Zn and ammonia as main contributors. NH3 and Cu were responsible for LC50 results (1-5% of dilution). Organic compounds were quantified through several extraction methods (SPMDs, SPE and solvent extraction). A more exhaustive extraction was performed in an additional sample, which showed indole and phenol recoveries much higher than the previous ones. This method also includes PCBs (430 ppb) and fatty acids (approximately =150 ppm) quantification. CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos Madrid, Spain. torre@inia.es De la Torre A I AI Jiménez J A JA Carballo M M Fernandez C C Roset J J Muñoz M J MJ eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Indoles 0 Phenols 0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-66-6 Zinc 7664-41-7 Ammonia IM Ammonia analysis toxicity Animals Copper analysis toxicity Daphnia drug effects Environmental Pollutants analysis toxicity Indoles analysis toxicity Phenols analysis toxicity Polychlorinated Biphenyls analysis toxicity Sewage chemistry Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Swine Zinc analysis toxicity 11057695 2000 11 02 2000 11 09 2003 11 14

0045-6535 41 10 2000 Nov The acute and chronic toxicity of lanthanum to Daphnia carinata. 1669-74 The rare earth elements (REEs) are increasingly being used as trace supplements in agriculture. This study measured the acute and chronic toxicity of one REE, lanthanum (La), to Daphnia carinata. The 48-h EC50 of La to Daphnia was measured in three media of differing composition and hardness. Lanthanum was most toxic to Daphnia in soft tap water (TW) with an acute 48-h EC50 of 43 microg/l compared with 1180 microg/l in ASTM hard water (ASTM). In the third daphnid growth medium (DW), based on diluted sea water, the acute 48-h EC50 was 49 microg La/l, however, there was significant precipitation of La in this media. The chronic toxicity of La to Daphnia was measured in the DW and ASTM media. Nominal exposure concentrations were 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 microg La/l. Mortality was a more sensitive endpoint than growth or reproduction in both chronic experiments. Very little La was detected in either media after 24 h and the measured concentrations below were estimated by logarithmic mean of nominal and measured values. There was 100% mortality at concentrations > or = 80 microg La/l (400 microg/l nominal) by day six of the experiment using DW media, but no effect on survival growth or reproduction at lower concentrations. In the ASTM media, La caused significant mortality to Daphnia at concentrations > or = 39 microg/l (200 microg/l nominal), however, at least one animal survived to the end of the study at each of the tested concentrations. There was no effect of La on growth of surviving daphnids at concentrations < or = 57 microg/l (400 g/l), however, second brood clutch sizes were significantly increased at 30, 39, and 57 microg/l (100, 200, 400 g/l nominal) compared with controls. Lanthanum also caused a delayed maturation in Daphnia. Key Centre for Applied and Nutritional Toxicology, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. michael.barry@vu.edu.au Barry M J MJ Meehan B J BJ eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Soil Pollutants 7439-91-0 Lanthanum IM Animals Daphnia drug effects physiology Lanthanum administration & dosage toxicity Soil Pollutants toxicity Time Factors 11075442 2001 02 06 2001 02 15 2003 11 14

0044-4529 36 3 2000 May-Jun [Coding of the chemosensory information by the nervous system in Daphnia magna and Enchytraeus albidus in the medium with high temperature] 214-8 Gaĭnutdinov M Kh MKh Iargunov V G VG Krasnoperova I A IA Varlamov V E VE Kalinnikova T B TB Loboda V I VI Petrova P B PB Gaĭnutdinov T M TM rus Journal Article Kodirovanie khemosensornoĭ informatsii nervnoĭ sistemoĭ Daphnia magna i Enchytraeus albidus v usloviiakh deĭstviia vysokoĭ temperatury sredy.

RUSSIA Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol 21820250R 56-40-6 Glycine 56-86-0 Glutamic Acid 60-92-4 Cyclic AMP 61-19-8 Adenosine Monophosphate IM Adenosine Monophosphate pharmacology Animals Annelida physiology Chemoreceptors physiology Cyclic AMP pharmacology Daphnia physiology Environment Glutamic Acid pharmacology Glycine pharmacology Heat Nervous System Physiology 11083030 2001 02 12 2001 03 01 2003 11 14

1532-0456 127 2 2000 Sep Purification of vitellin from grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio, generation of monoclonal antibodies, and validation for the detection of lipovitellin in Crustacea. 199-207 Much effort has been put into developing vitellogenin antibodies against a wide variety of aquatic vertebrate species to study potential estrogen or anti-estrogen endocrine disrupters. Little work has been done on endocrine disruption in aquatic invertebrates. Although some antibodies have been produced against blue crab and penaeid shrimp lipovitellin, they have only poor cross-reactivity with the important estuarine grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Vitellin was purified from eggs, monoclonal antibodies were produced using standard techniques, and hybridoma supernatants were screened by ELISA. Western blots were done using extracts from male and female grass shrimp to verify specificity of the monoclonal antibodies. Two low molecular mass bands in the range of 68-85 kD and two high molecular mass bands in the range of 190-221 kD were found. In addition to grass shrimp, several other crustacean species were screened and cross-reactivity found, including blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), mud crab (Rhithropanopeus harrisii), red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii ) and Daphnia magna. To further investigate the use of the antibody, we performed a chronic 6-week pyrene exposure study. We found that vitellin was upregulated in females after 6 weeks and that this may be a protective measure against lipophilic xenobiotics. Department of Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton, SC 29670, USA. eoberdo@clemson.edu Oberdörster E E Rice C D CD Irwin L K LK eng Journal Article Validation Studies

UNITED STATES Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 100959500 0 Antibodies, Monoclonal 0 Egg Proteins 0 Egg Proteins, Dietary 0 Pyrenes 129-00-0 pyrene 9088-43-1 lipovitellin IM Animals Antibodies, Monoclonal biosynthesis immunology Antibody Specificity Blotting, Western Comparative Study Cross Reactions Decapoda (Crustacea) embryology immunology Egg Proteins immunology isolation & purification metabolism Egg Proteins, Dietary analysis immunology Embryo, Nonmammalian drug effects Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Female Hybridomas immunology Male Mice Mice, Inbred Strains Ovary drug effects Pyrenes toxicity Species Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Up-Regulation 11091309 2000 12 01 2001 01 18 2003 11 14

0962-1083 9 11 2000 Nov Multi-locus genetic evidence for rapid ecologically based speciation in Daphnia. 1717-35 The process of speciation involves the divergence of two or more subpopulations of a parent species into independent evolutionary trajectories. To study this process in natural populations requires a detailed knowledge of the genetic and ecological characteristics of the parent species and an understanding of how its populations can lose evolutionary cohesion. The cosmopolitan and speciose genus Daphnia provides many of these features by existing in multiple freshwater habitat types, particularly permanent lakes and temporary ponds, each of which presents distinct ecological challenges. We assayed the genetic composition of 20 temporary pond populations of members of the Daphnia pulex species complex in north-western Oregon and compared them to published data on related lake and pond populations. We collected molecular genetic data from 13 allozyme loci, from six microsatellite loci, and from the control region of the mitochondrial DNA. By assaying over 400 individual Daphnia for these data, we were able to compile composite genotypes not only of individual Daphnia but of each pond population as a whole. In these ponds, we discovered two distinct genotypic constellations, one which bears resemblance to the lake-dwelling taxon D. pulicaria, and one which bears resemblance to the pond-dwelling taxon, D. pulex. Using published genetic data from these and other species as a frame of reference, we characterized 13 of these ponds as being 'pond-like', three as being 'lake-like', and four as being 'mixed'. Unlike studies performed elsewhere, however, these ponds do not exhibit high probabilities of interspecific hybridization. Over 95% of all individuals have either a lake-like or a pond-like genotype at all three genetic systems, suggesting the two forms do not represent hybridized vs. nonhybridized genotypes. Because both types can be found in the same ponds at the same time in gametic disequilibrium, we also discount the possibility that they are two extremes of a single species that is highly genetically subdivided. With these genetic data, and with supporting life-history and ecological data previously gathered on these pond populations, we conclude that the most likely description of this system is of a taxon caught in the act of speciating, with new pond-adapted populations periodically stemming from lake-adapted sources during river flooding events. Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA. Pfrender M E ME Spitze K K Lehman N N eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Mol Ecol 9214478 0 DNA, Mitochondrial IM Alleles Animals Base Sequence DNA, Mitochondrial genetics Daphnia classification enzymology genetics Ecosystem Evolution, Molecular Gene Frequency Genetics, Population Hybridization, Genetic Microsatellite Repeats Models, Genetic Oregon Phylogeny Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length Species Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 11108579 2001 03 08 2001 05 31 2003 11 14

0014-3820 54 5 2000 Oct Quantitative genetic variation in Daphnia: temporal changes in genetic architecture. 1502-9 Nonadditive genetic variation and genetic disequilibrium are two important factors that influence the evolutionary trajectory of natural populations. We assayed quantitative genetic variation in a temporary-pond-dwelling population of Daphnia pulex over a full season to examine the role of nonadditive genetic variation and genetic disequilibrium in determining the short-term evolutionary trajectory of a cyclic parthenogen. Quantitative traits were influenced by three factors: (1) clonal selection significantly changed the population mean phenotype during the course of the growing season; (2) sexual reproduction and recombination led to significant changes in life-history trait means and the levels of expressed genetic variation, implying the presence of substantial nonadditive genetic variation and genetic disequilibrium; and (3) Egg-bank effects were found to be an important component of the realized year-to-year change. Additionally, we examined the impact of genetic disequilibria induced by clonal selection on the genetic (co)variance structure with a common principal components model. Clonal selection caused significant changes in the (co)variance structure that were eliminated by a single bout of random mating, suggesting that a build-up of disequilibria was the primary source of changes in the (co)variance structure. The results of this study highlight the complexity of natural selection operating on populations that undergo alternating phases of sexual and asexual reproduction. Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403, USA. pfrendem@bcc.orst.edu Pfrender M E ME Lynch M M eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Evolution Int J Org Evolution 0373224 IM Animals Daphnia classification genetics growth & development Evolution Female Linkage Disequilibrium Male Recombination, Genetic Regression Analysis Reproduction Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Variation (Genetics) 11107851 2001 02 15 2001 02 15 2003 11 14

0031-8655 72 5 2000 Nov Influence of UV radiation on four freshwater invertebrates. 652-9 Laboratory tests confirmed a negative and variable response of the following four species to artificial UV radiation: Cypridopsis vidua, an ostracode; Chironomus riparius, a midge larvae; Hyalella azteca, an amphipod; and Daphnia magna, a daphnid. Severe damage occurred at UV-B irradiance ranging from 50 to 80% of incident summer values. Under constant exposure to UV and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) the acute lethal response was recorded at 0.3, 0.8, 0.8 and 4.9 W m-2 UV-B for D. magna, H. azteca, C. riparius and C. vidua, respectively. Sublethal UV-B damage to invertebrates included impaired movement, partial paralysis, changes in pigmentation and altered water balance (bloating). A series of UV-B, UV-A and PAR treatments, applied separately and in combination, revealed a positive role for both UV-A and PAR in slowing down UV-B damage. Mean lethal concentration values of the species typically more tolerant to UV and PAR (Cypridopsis, Chironomus) decreased conspicuously when both UV-A and PAR were eliminated. For UV-B-sensitive species (Hyalella, Daphnia) these differences were notably smaller. We suggest that this gradation of sensitivity among the tested species demonstrates potential differences in repairing mechanisms which seem to work more efficiently for ostracodes and chironomids than for amphipods and daphnids. Manipulations with a cellulose acetate filter showed that lower range UV-B (280-290 nm), produced by FS-40 lamps, may cause excessive UV damage to invertebrates. Department of Biology and Microbiology, California State University, Los Angeles, USA. Cywinska A A Crump D D Lean D D eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Photochem Photobiol 0376425 IM Animals Chironomidae radiation effects Crustacea radiation effects Daphnia radiation effects Decapoda (Crustacea) radiation effects Fresh Water Invertebrates radiation effects Photobiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Ultraviolet Rays adverse effects 11110205 2001 02 02 2001 02 02 2003 11 14

0272-4332 20 5 2000 Oct Ecological risks of diazinon from agricultural use in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Basins, California. 545-72 A probabilistic risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the likelihood and ecological significance of potential toxic effects of diazinon in the Sacramento-San Joaquin system. Diazinon, an organophosphorus insecticide, is used in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Basin as a dormant spray on almonds and other tree crops, as well as for other agricultural and urban applications. Diazinon and other pesticides have been detected in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and their tributaries. Diazinon exposure was characterized based on monitoring programs conducted in 1991-94. Diazinon effects were characterized using laboratory toxicity data for 63 species, supplemented by results from field mesocosm and microcosm studies. The assessment addressed the possibility that reductions in invertebrate populations could lead to impacts on species of fish that feed on those invertebrates. The risk assessment concluded that fish in these rivers are not at risk from the direct effects of diazinon in the water. Invertebrates are at greater risk, especially in agriculturally dominated streams and drainage channels during January and February. Cladocerans--including Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia, two common bioassay species--are especially sensitive to diazinon and other organophosphates and are likely to be subject to acute toxic effects in some locations at some times. Any ecological damage that may occur, however, is brief and limited to cladocerans. None of the fish species of concern depend on cladocerans as critical components of their diet. Invertebrates that are not affected by observed concentrations of diazinon (copepods, mysids, amphipods, rotifers, and insects) are preferred foods for fish in the Sacramento-San Joaquin system. Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Wareham, MA 02571, USA. jgiddings@compuserve.com Giddings J M JM Hall L W LW Jr Solomon K R KR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Risk Anal 8109978 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 333-41-5 Diazinon IM Animals California Diazinon toxicity Ecosystem Fishes Insecticides, Organothiophosphate toxicity Invertebrates drug effects Risk Assessment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11133392 2001 01 29 2001 02 08 2003 11 14

0091-6765 108 12 2000 Dec Embryotoxicity of the alkylphenol degradation product 4-nonylphenol to the crustacean Daphnia magna. 1133-8 Laboratory studies have suggested that some alkylphenols and pesticides elicit developmental toxicity to crustaceans. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the possibility that the alkylphenol degradation product 4-nonylphenol is embryotoxic to the crustacean Daphnia magna through its known ability to interfere with the metabolic elimination of testosterone. Direct exposure of maternal daphnids to testosterone caused developmental abnormalities in neonates that consisted of partial arrest of early embryonic development and abnormalities in shell spine and first antennae development. Exposure of maternal daphnids to concentrations of 4-nonylphenol also produced developmental abnormalities though the profile of abnormalities was distinct from that observed throughout the testosterone concentration-response curve. Thus, 4-nonylphenol is a developmental toxicant in daphnids, but its toxicity is not consistent with that elicited by elevated testosterone accumulation. Further experiments demonstrated that testosterone was directly toxic to developing embryos, and the maternal organism can serve as the vector for this toxicity. In contrast, neither direct embryo exposure nor early maternal exposure to 4-nonylphenol elicited embryotoxicity consistent with that observed during continuous maternal and gestational exposure. Thus, 4-nonylphenol is not directly embryotoxic at these exposure levels, but rather toxicity is mediated by maternal influences during gestation. The threshold concentration for the occurrence of developmental abnormalities ( approximately 44 microg/L) indicates that typical environmental concentrations of 4-nonylphenol pose no imminent hazard with respect to developmental toxicity. However, these effects do occur at sufficiently low levels to warrant evaluation of the relative susceptibility of other crustacean species to this previously uncharacterized mode of toxicity. Department of Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7633, USA. GA_LeBlanc@ncsu.edu LeBlanc G A GA Mu X X Rider C V CV eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Phenols 104-40-5 4-nonylphenol IM Abnormalities, Multiple chemically induced Animals Daphnia drug effects embryology Female Larva growth & development Phenols toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Toxicity Tests 11127512 2000 12 13 2001 03 01 2003 11 14

0092-8240 62 6 2000 Nov Stochastic development of individual members of a population: a Brownian motion approach. 1003-34 The paper looks at a formulation of physiologically structured population models within which individual development is affected by a special form of demographic stochasticity, accounting for random success or failure at exploiting available resources. This frees models from the requirement that individual development is uniquely determined by physiology and environmental conditions. An expression is derived which describes the motion of cohorts through individual state space, and the results are applied to an idealized model of Daphnia feeding on algae. Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K. Clother D R DR Brindley J J eng Journal Article

United States Bull Math Biol 0401404 IM Algae growth & development Algorithms Animals Birth Rate Cohort Effect Cohort Studies Daphnia physiology Feeding Behavior Models, Biological Mortality Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted Poisson Distribution Population Dynamics Stochastic Processes Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11129378 2000 12 20 2001 03 01 2003 11 14

0177-5103 43 1 2000 Oct 25 Flavobacterium psychrophilum, invasion into and shedding by rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. 27-38 The infection route of Flavobacterium psychrophilum into rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was studied using bath and cohabitation challenges as well as oral challenge with live feed as a vector. Additionally, the number of bacterial cells shed by infected fish into the surrounding water was determined in the cohabitation experiment and in challenge experiments at 3 different water temperatures. The experiments showed that skin and skin mucus abrasion dramatically enhanced the invasion of F. psychrophilum into the affected fish in bath and cohabitation challenges. Disruption of the skin is discussed as an important invasion route for F. psychrophilum into the fish. The shedding rate of F. psychrophilum by infected fish was associated with water temperature and the mortality of the infected fish. High numbers of F. psychrophilum cells were released into the water by dead rainbow trout during a long time period compared to the numbers of cells shed by live fish. The results emphasise the importance of removing dead and moribund fish from rearing tanks in order to diminish the infection pressure against uninfected fish in commercial fish farms. In immunohistochemical examinations of organs and tissues of orally infected fish, F. psychrophilum cells were detected in only 1 fish out of 31 studied. Mortality of the orally challenged fish was not observed in the experiment. Institute of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Finland. jari.madetoja@abo.fi Madetoja J J Nyman P P Wiklund T T eng Journal Article

Germany Dis Aquat Organ 8807037 0 Antibodies, Bacterial IM Animals Antibodies, Bacterial chemistry Daphnia virology Disease Transmission, Horizontal veterinary Fish Diseases pathology transmission virology Flavobacterium pathogenicity Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections microbiology pathology transmission veterinary Immunohistochemistry Microscopy, Fluorescence Mucus virology Oncorhynchus mykiss Skin pathology virology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Microbiology 11133029 2000 12 29 2001 03 15 2003 11 14

0962-8452 267 1460 2000 Dec 7 Profitability of prey determines the response of population abundances to enrichment. 2397-401 Theoretical and empirical evidence in a one-predator two-prey system consistently indicates a regular trend that the less profitable (therefore, less vulnerable) prey increases in abundance with enrichment. The response in the abundance of the more profitable (more vulnerable) prey to enrichment has, however, remained unclear. Previous theoretical models have assumed the less profitable prey as inedible, though its actual profitability is unknown. Here, relaxing this assumption, we show that the response of the more profitable prey abundance to enrichment depends critically on the profitability of the less profitable prey. Specifically, the more profitable prey increases in abundance with enrichment if the profitability of the less profitable prey is lower than a critical value so that it cannot support the predator population by itself even at high densities (in this case, the prey is referred to as 'unpalatable') and decreases otherwise. This establishes a more general rule which unifies the previous works and resolves the indeterminacy on the response of the more profitable prey. Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto Univervity, Otsu, Shiga, Japan. genkai@ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp Genkai-Kato M M Yamamura N N eng Journal Article

England Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 7505889 IM Algae Animals Daphnia physiology Ecosystem Models, Biological Population Dynamics Predatory Behavior Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11139176 2001 01 02 2001 02 08 2003 11 14

0147-6513 47 3 2000 Nov Screening of organophosphate insecticide pollution in water by using Daphnia magna. 239-45 A simple and rapid screening method using Daphnia magna Straus (water fleas) on the basis of their immobilization was developed for detecting pesticide pollution. The laboratory testing of the toxicity of 11 organophosphate insecticides to D. magna determined 50% inhibition concentration of mobility at 48 h of exposure (48-h EC50) of 0.19 to 2.6 microg/L. The mobility of D. magna was inhibited in several river and stream waters sampled from May 1995 to February 1998 in Tokyo. Chemical analysis of the waters revealed that they were polluted by sub-ppb or ppb level of organophosphate insecticides. A significant relationship was observed between the immobilization of D. magna and the pollution level of the river and stream waters. The D. magna test could be used as a low-cost preliminary screening method for insecticide pollution. Basic Research Division, The Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection, Japan. Kikuchi M M Sasaki Y Y Wakabayashi M M eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Insecticides, Organophosphate 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Biological Assay methods Daphnia physiology Environmental Monitoring methods Insecticides, Organophosphate analysis toxicity Movement Sensitivity and Specificity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 11139179 2001 01 02 2001 02 08 2003 11 14

0147-6513 47 3 2000 Nov Effect of sublethal doses of cadmium on the phototactic behavior of Daphnia magna. 261-5 The effect of a sublethal concentration of cadmium (0.06 mg/ L) was tested on the phototactic behavior of a positively phototactic Daphnia magna clone. In experiments lasting 10 min, using animals that had been exposed to cadmium for 1 to 6 h, it was observed that the animals became significantly less positively phototactic after 4 h of exposure to 0.06 mg/L cadmium compared to control animals that had not been exposed to cadmium. In flow-through experiments that lasted for 6 h and during which there were repeated measurements, there was again a significant effect of cadmium exposure on the phototactic behavior of the animals. Irrespective of treatment, time had a significant effect. Results suggest that phototactic behavior can be used to detect sublethal concentrations of pollutant within a few hours, in short-term as well as in longer-lasting experiments with continuous flow-through and repeated stimulation of the animals. Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, K.U. Leuven, Belgium. erik.michels@bio.kuleuven.ac.be Michels E E Semsari S S Bin C C De Meester L L eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Cadmium adverse effects Daphnia Environmental Monitoring methods Light Locomotion drug effects Time Factors 11139187 2001 01 02 2001 02 08 2003 11 14

0147-6513 47 3 2000 Nov Toxicity of vegetable tannins on crustacea associated with alpine mosquito breeding sites. 323-32 The impact of tannins from the environmental vegetation naturally polluting Alpine mosquito breeding sites was experimentally investigated by studying the toxicity of tannic acid, a natural hydrolyzable tannin, on the nontarget crustacean fauna associated with culicine populations. Bioassays indicate that exposure to tannic acid at concentrations from 0.06 to 2.0 mM is more deleterious to Chydorus sphaericus, Diaptomus castor, and Eucypris fuscata, than to Daphnia pulex, Acanthocyclops robustus, and Eucypris virens. Histopathological investigations after treatment with tannic acid at concentrations from 0.125 to 0.500 mM reveal sequential degenerative patterns of the midgut epithelium depending on the taxon, duration of the treatment, and concentrations assayed. These differential toxic effects on Crustacea are compared with those previously observed in larval Diptera, in order to evaluate the plant tannins as potentially useful products in integrated mosquito management programs. Ecosystèmes et Changements Environnmentaux, Centre de Biologie Alpine, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France. Pautou M P MP Rey D D David J P JP Meyran J C JC eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Tannic Acid 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Crustacea Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Mosquito Control Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Tannic Acid toxicity Vegetables Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11195283 2001 01 18 2001 03 08 2003 11 14

0340-7594 186 11 2000 Nov Wavelength-dependent polarization orientation in Daphnia. 1073-87 The ability to detect and use the polarization of light for orientation is widespread among invertebrates. Among terrestrial insects, the retinula cells that are responsible for polarization detection contain a single visual pigment, either ultraviolet or short (blue) wavelength sensitive. With the exception of a few aquatic insects, the visual pigments underlying polarization sensitivity in aquatic invertebrates have yet to be determined. Here we report that polarotaxis in Daphnia pulex, a freshwater crustacean, is wavelength dependent and most likely mediated by two visual pigments with absorbance maxima in the middle (green) and long wavelength (red) parts of the spectrum. This contrasts with the response of a closely related species, D. magna, in which polarotaxis is wavelength independent and based on a single middle wavelength visual pigment. The visual systems in Daphnia are the first among crustaceans shown to utilize a middle wavelength pigment for polarization detection and, in the case of D. pulex, the first shown to use more than one visual pigment for such a purpose. Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Aquaculture Research Station, Storebø, Norway. inovales@hotmail.com Novales Flamarique I I Browman H I HI eng Journal Article

Germany J Comp Physiol [A] 8413199 0 Retinal Pigments IM Animals Crustacea physiology Light Motor Activity physiology radiation effects Orientation physiology Retinal Pigments physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Swimming 11080342 2001 01 26 2001 05 21 2003 11 14

0007-4861 66 1 2001 Jan Acute and sublethal toxicity of thallium to aquatic organisms. 94-101 BC Research Inc., 3650 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6S 2L2. Pickard J J Yang R R Duncan B B McDevitt C A CA Eickhoff C C eng Journal Article

United States Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-28-0 Thallium IM Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2003 Feb;70(2):408 12545378 Animals Biological Assay methods Daphnia drug effects physiology Lethal Dose 50 Oncorhynchus mykiss physiology Reproduction drug effects Survival Analysis Thallium administration & dosage toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11202742 2001 02 01 2001 03 01 2003 11 14

0269-7491 111 3 2001 An integrative assessment of a watershed impacted by abandoned mined land discharges. 377-88 The Ely Creek watershed in Lee County, VA, USA, contains an abundance of abandoned mined land areas with acid mine drainage (AMD) that contaminate the majority of the creek and its confluence into Stone Creek. Acidic pH measurements ranged from 2.73 to 5.2 at several stations throughout the watershed. Sediments had high concentrations of iron (approximately 10,000 mg kg-1), aluminum (approximately 1,500 mg kg-1), magnesium (approximately 400 mg kg-1) and manganese (approximately 150 mg kg-1), and habitat was partially to non-supporting at half of the stations due to sedimentation. Benthic macroinvertebrate surveys at six of 20 stations sampled in the watershed yielded no macroinvertebrates, while eight others had total abundances of only one to nine organisms. Four reference stations contained > or = 100 organisms and at least 13 different taxa. Asian clam in situ toxicity testing supported field survey results. Laboratory, 10-day survival/impairment sediments tests with Daphnia magna and Chironomus tentans and 48-h water column bioassays with Ceriodaphnia dubia indicated environmental stress to a lesser degree. Ten parameters that were directly influenced by AMD through physical, chemical, ecological and toxicological endpoints were assimilated into an ecotoxicological rating (ETR) to form a score of 0-100 points for the 20 sampling stations, and the lower the score the greater the AMD stress. Twelve of the 15 sampling stations influenced by AMD received an ETR score of 13.75-57.5, which were categorized as severely stressed (i.e. comprised the < 60 percentile category) and worthy of the highest priority for future ecological restoration activities in the watershed. Biology Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. dcherry@vt.edu Cherry D S DS Currie R J RJ Soucek D J DJ Latimer H A HA Trent G C GC eng Journal Article

England Environ Pollut 8804476 0 Acids 0 Metals, Heavy 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Acids analysis toxicity Animals Chironomidae drug effects growth & development Clams drug effects growth & development Daphnia drug effects growth & development Ecosystem Environment Environmental Monitoring methods Invertebrates drug effects growth & development Metals, Heavy analysis toxicity Mining Sensitivity and Specificity Soil Pollutants analysis Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Survival Analysis Virginia Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 11202502 2001 02 01 2001 04 12 2003 11 14

0869-2092 63 6 2000 Nov-Dec [Characteristics of effects of acetylene amino alcohols M-cholinoreceptor blockers on the dopaminergic system in Daphnia magna] 15-7 Haloperidol and dimethpromide exhibit the properties of dopamine antagonists in the experiments on Daphnia magna Straus (Crustaceae family). Haloperidol, in contrast to dimethpromide, does not significantly influence the toxic effect of apomorphine. It is suggested that acetylene aminoalcohol derivatives are selective ligands for one of the subtypes of dopamine receptors. Institute of Toxicology, Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, ul. Bekhtereva 1, St. Petersburg, 193019 Russia. Kosmachev A B AB Tonkopiĭ V D VD Podosinovikova N P NP Zagrebin A O AO Evdokimova E A EA Libman N M NM Petrov V V VV Dolgo-Saburov V B VB rus Journal Article Osobennosti mekhanizma deĭstviia m-kholinoblokatorov iz gruppy atsetilenovykh aminospirtov na dofaminergicheskuiu sistemu Daphnia magna.

Russia Eksp Klin Farmakol 9215981 0 Amino Alcohols 0 Dopamine Antagonists 0 Ligands 0 Muscarinic Antagonists 51-61-6 Dopamine 52-86-8 Haloperidol 58-00-4 Apomorphine 63-75-2 Arecoline 74-86-2 Acetylene IM Acetylene analogs & derivatives pharmacology Amino Alcohols pharmacology Animals Apomorphine toxicity Arecoline toxicity Daphnia Dopamine metabolism toxicity Dopamine Antagonists toxicity Drug Antagonism English Abstract Haloperidol toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Ligands Muscarinic Antagonists pharmacology 11202711 2001 02 02 2001 06 28 2003 11 14

0269-7491 111 1 2001 Fate and effect of monoalkyl quaternary ammonium surfactants in the aquatic environment. 169-75 The effect of the alkyl chain of quaternary ammonium-based surfactants on their aquatic toxicity and aerobic biodegradability has been studied. Two families of monoalkylquats surfactants were selected: alkyl trimethyl ammonium and alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium halides. Acute toxicity tests on Daphnia magna and Photobacterium phosphoreum were carried out and EC50 values in the range of 0.1-1 mg/l were obtained for the two series of cationic surfactants. Although the substitution of a benzyl group for a methyl group increases the toxicity, an incremental difference in toxicity between homologs of different chain length were not observed. Biodegradability of the different homologs was determined not only in standard conditions but also in coastal water, both tests yielding similar results. An increase in the alkyl chain length or the substitution of a benzyl group for a methyl group reduces the biodegradation rate. The degradation of these compounds in coastal waters was associated with an increase in bacterioplankton density, suggesting that the degradation takes place because the compound is used as a growth substrate. Department of Surfactant Technology, IIQAB (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain. mtgbet@iiqab.csic.es García M T MT Ribosa I I Guindulain T T Sánchez-Leal J J Vives-Rego J J eng Journal Article

England Environ Pollut 8804476 0 Cations 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Biodegradation Cations Daphnia drug effects Environmental Pollution prevention & control Flow Cytometry Photobacterium drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Surface-Active Agents chemistry toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11217217 2001 02 19 2001 05 24 2003 11 14

1081-1710 25 2 2000 Dec Influence of nymphal Anax imperator (Odonata: Aeshnidae) on oviposition by the mosquito Culiseta longiareolata (Diptera: Culicidae) and community structure in temporary pools. 190-202 We assessed the overall (consumptive plus non-consumptive) and non-consumptive effects of nymphal Anax imperator (Aeshnidae: Odonata) on experimental pool communities by comparing three treatments: (1) control (no Anax); (2) free Anax (Anax was not constrained); and (3) caged Anax (Anax, enclosed within a cage, could not consume prey outside the cages, but could possibly influence them via perceived risk of predation). Fewer egg rafts of the mosquito Culiseta longiareolata were found in the free Anax treatment compared to the other two treatments. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of egg rafts between control and caged Anax pools. Thus, while Culiseta females apparently oviposit fewer egg rafts in the presence of unconstrained Anax, they did not respond to predation risk from the caged Anax. Larval Culiseta densities were drastically reduced by free Anax; there was nearly a 100% reduction in the number reaching metamorphosis (pupae) and a 100% reduction in emergence (pupal exuviae). There were no significant treatment effects on densities of crustaceans, Daphnia magna and Heterocypris sp., or on chironomid pupal exuviae. Ceratopogonid pupal abundance was higher in free Anax pools than in the other two treatments toward the end of the experiment. Free Anax caused a trophic cascade, presumably by strongly reducing the dominant periphyton grazer, Culiseta larvae; periphyton mass was greater in the free Anax treatment than in the control. However, there was no behavioral trophic cascade, i.e., no difference in periphyton abundance between the control and caged Anax treatment. Center of Biological Control, Department of Biology, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105 Israel. Stav G G Blaustein L L Margalit Y Y eng Journal Article

United States J Vector Ecol 9512496 IM Animals Culicidae physiology Insects physiology Nymph physiology Oviposition Predatory Behavior Risk Factors Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 11178654 2001 02 22 2001 05 17 2003 11 14

0007-4861 66 3 2001 Mar Acute and chronic toxicity of Potassium Chloride (KCl) and Potassium Acetate (KC(2)H(3)O(2)) to Daphnia similis and Ceriodaphnia dubia (Crustacea; Cladocera). 379-85 Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Utz L R LR Bohrer M B MB eng Journal Article

United States Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 127-08-2 Potassium Acetate 7447-40-7 Potassium Chloride IM Animals Crustacea Daphnia Lethal Dose 50 Potassium Acetate toxicity Potassium Chloride toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11161678 2001 02 22 2001 04 12 2003 11 14

0147-6513 48 1 2001 Jan Determination of wastewater LC50 of the different process stages of the textile industry. 56-61 Textile plants are very important sources of toxic discharges. The purpose of the research described in this paper was to use bioassays with daphnids to determine the LC50 values of textile wastewater samples taken from different stages of the finishing textile industry. Toxicity due to dyeing, chlorination, and the absence of adequate physicochemical conditions for daphnid survival were considered. Wastewater samples corresponding to each process stage were collected at five finishing textile industries and assayed according to previously published procedures. The sensitivity of daphnids to chemicals was assayed using sodium dodecyl sulfate and was similar to other reports (14.6+/-6.8 vs 14.5+/-2.3 mg/L). All effluents from the five company samples were toxic in terms of LC50 and exhibited very high toxicity with acute toxicity unit (ATU) levels between 2.2 and 960, indicating that the five textile industries produced toxic water. The sensory characteristics indicated that the dyes contributed to overall sample toxicity at all process stages. The most toxic contaminant seemed to be ClO- at levels between 0.2 and 6.8 mg/L, suggesting that further research is needed on the economic costs of stage-by-stage and total effluent treatments. Laboratorio de Toxicología, IMSS, Puebla Pue, México. avillega@puebla.podernet.com.mx Villegas-Navarro A A Ramírez-M Y Y Salvador-S M S MS Gallardo J M JM eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Dyes 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7782-50-5 Chlorine IM Animals Chlorine toxicity Daphnia drug effects physiology Dyes toxicity Environmental Monitoring methods Lethal Dose 50 Textile Industry Toxicity Tests Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11161680 2001 02 22 2001 04 12 2003 11 14

0147-6513 48 1 2001 Jan Acute toxicity of locust insecticides to two indigenous invertebrates from Sahelian temporary ponds. 66-75 During desert locust plagues large amounts of insecticides are used for control operations. Drift from these treatments and accidental overspraying may contaminate small surface waters such as temporary ponds. The present study describes methods for static acute toxicity tests with two abundant organisms that occur in temporary ponds in the African Sahel region: the fairy shrimp Streptocephalus sudanicus Daday (Branchiopoda, Anostraca, Streptocephalidae) and the backswimmer Anisops sardeus Herrich-Schåffer (Hemiptera, Notonectidae). The organisms were captured in the field and 48-h static toxicity tests were conducted in the laboratory. The assays were used to screen the toxicity of 11 formulated synthetic insecticides used in desert locust control and of spores of the mycopesticide Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum. Most of the synthetic insecticides tested were highly toxic to both organisms (LC50 or EC50<1 mg/L). Exceptions were the toxicity of diflubenzuron to A. sardeus (moderately toxic: 1<LC50<10 mg/L), and that of fenitrothion (moderately toxic) and malathion (slightly toxic: 10<EC50<100 mg/L) to S. sudanicus. M. anisopliae var. acridum was moderately toxic to S. sudanicus and only slightly toxic to A. sardeus. EC50 values of the insecticides for S. sudanicus were not significantly correlated with L(E)C50 values for Daphnia magna collected from the literature. For A. sardeus a significant correlation with D. magna was found, but even in this data set the two species had widely differing sensitivities to some insecticides. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Project GCP/SEN/041/NET (LOCUSTOX), Dakar, Senegal. joost.lahr@wxs.nl Lahr J J Badji A A Marquenie S S Schuiling E E Ndour K B KB Diallo A O AO Everts J W JW eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Insecticides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Decapoda (Crustacea) drug effects physiology Environmental Exposure Hemiptera drug effects physiology Insect Control Insecticides toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Population Dynamics Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11180270 2001 02 22 2001 04 12 2003 11 14

0260-437X 20 6 2000 Nov-Dec Development of batch injection analysis for electrochemical measurements of trace metal ions in ecotoxicological test media. 477-81 Batch injection analysis with square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry has been developed as a powerful and rapid technique for obtaining data on the concentration of the fraction of labile metal ions present in media used in ecotoxicological tests. Microlitre samples of solution, without pretreatment, are injected directly over a detector electrode, the surface of which is protected by a thin Nafion polymer coating against irreversible adsorption by organic components. Examples are given showing the effect of adding vitamins and organic extract, singly and together, to the ASTM medium employed for tests using Daphnia magna and with lead and cadmium test ions. Such a methodology can be extended to other electroactive species present in these and similar media. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Departamento de Química, Instituto do Ambiente e Vida, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal. brett@ci.uc.pt Brett C M CM Morgado J M JM eng Journal Article

England J Appl Toxicol 8109495 0 Culture Media 0 Metals, Heavy 7439-92-1 Lead 7439-97-6 Mercury 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Culture Media Daphnia drug effects growth & development Electrochemistry instrumentation methods Flow Injection Analysis instrumentation methods Lead analysis toxicity Mercury analysis toxicity Metals, Heavy analysis toxicity Oxygen analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests methods 11171305 2001 02 22 2001 06 28 2003 11 14

0022-0949 204 Pt 3 2001 Feb Prey-capture behavior in gymnotid electric fish: motion analysis and effects of water conductivity. 543-57 Animals can actively influence the content and quality of sensory information they acquire from the environment through the positioning of peripheral sensory surfaces. This study investigated receptor surface positioning during prey-capture behavior in weakly electric gymnotiform fish of the genus Apteronotus. Infrared video techniques and three-dimensional model-based tracking methods were used to provide quantitative information on body position and conformation as black ghost (A. albifrons) and brown ghost (A. leptorhynchus) knifefish hunted for prey (Daphnia magna) in the dark. We found that detection distance depends on the electrical conductivity of the surrounding water. Best performance was observed at low water conductivity (2.8 cm mean detection distance and 2 % miss rate at 35 microS cm(-)(1), A. albifrons) and poorest performance at high conductivity (1.5 cm mean detection distance and 11 % miss rate at 600 microS cm(-)(1), A. albifrons). The observed conductivity-dependence implies that nonvisual prey detection in Apteronotus is likely to be dominated by the electrosense over the range of water conductivities experienced by the animal in its natural environment. This result provides the first evidence for the involvement of electrosensory cues in the prey-capture behavior of gymnotids, but it leaves open the possibility that both the high-frequency (tuberous) and low-frequency (ampullary) electroreceptors may contribute. We describe an electrosensory orienting response to prey, whereby the fish rolls its body following detection to bring the prey above the dorsum. This orienting response and the spatial distribution of prey at the time of detection highlight the importance of the dorsal surface of the trunk for electrosensory signal acquisition. Finally, quantitative analysis of fish motion demonstrates that Apteronotus can adapt its trajectory to account for post-detection motion of the prey, suggesting that it uses a closed-loop adaptive tracking strategy, rather than an open-loop ballistic strike strategy, to intercept the prey. The Neuroscience Program, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. MacIver M A MA Sharabash N M NM Nelson M E ME eng R01MH49242 MH NIMH Journal Article

England J Exp Biol 0243705 IM Animals Behavior, Animal physiology Electrostatics Locomotion physiology Receptors, Sensory physiology Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 11181890 2001 02 22 2001 03 15 2003 11 14

0022-3565 296 3 2001 Mar The role of time as a quantifiable variable of toxicity and the experimental conditions when Haber's c x t product can be observed: implications for therapeutics. 663-8 One hundred years ago, Warren established for the first time a quantitative link between dose and time while studying the toxicity of sodium chloride in Daphnia magna (Straus). During this century, many toxicologists in different contexts returned to this idea, which has become known as Haber's Rule of inhalation toxicology. Most attempts to explore this relationship ended in frustration because of the observed deviations from it, which were unfortunately called exceptions. Thus, toxicologists concentrated on the quantitative relationship between dose and effect under mostly isotemporal conditions, while time was assigned such arbitrary, semiquantitative designations as acute, subacute, subchronic, and chronic. Time itself as a quantifiable variable of toxicity was seldom studied and when it was examined, it was often not done under isodosic (steady-state) conditions. A recent analysis of time as a variable of toxicity indicated the existence of at least three independent time scales (toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic, exposure frequency/duration) in toxicological studies, which interact with dose and effect to yield the enormous complexity known to every toxicologist. Based on prototypical examples when toxicokinetic (dioxins, chloroacetic acid), toxicodynamic (nitrosamines, soman, sarin, tabun), exposure frequency (methylene chloride), or other experimental design-related conditions (HgCl(2), CdCl(2)) represent the critical time scale, the general validity of the c x t = k concept will be discussed as a starting point for a theory of toxicology. As endpoints of toxicity, (delayed) acute toxicity, blood dyscrasias, and cancer will be used to illustrate the critical conditions needed to demonstrate the validity of this theory. The relevance of this theory to the pharmacologic action of chemicals and its implication for the therapeutic index are also discussed. Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-7417, USA. krozman@kumc.edu Rozman K K KK Doull J J eng Journal Article

United States J Pharmacol Exp Ther 0376362 0 Acetic Acids 0 Teratogens 1746-01-6 Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin 35822-46-9 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzodioxin 75-09-2 Methylene Chloride 79-11-8 chloroacetic acid IM Acetic Acids toxicity Administration, Inhalation Animals Half-Life Human Inhalation Exposure adverse effects Kinetics Male Methylene Chloride toxicity Models, Biological Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Teratogens toxicity Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin analogs & derivatives toxicity Time Factors Toxicology methods 11158717 2001 02 22 2001 04 12 2003 11 14

1096-6080 59 2 2001 Feb Fitness parameters and DNA effects are sensitive indicators of copper-induced toxicity in Daphnia magna. 241-50 This study compared the effects occurring at molecular and population levels in Daphnia magna exposed to copper concentrations in the range of 15-120 microg/l. The qualitative and quantitative modifications arising in random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles as a measure of DNA effects were compared with a number of key ecological fitness parameters, namely, the age-specific survival, age-specific fecundity, net reproductive rate, and intrinsic rate of population increase. Results suggested that growth, reproduction, and most of the fitness parameters as well as genomic template stability (a qualitative measure reflecting changes in RAPD profiles) were significantly affected at copper concentrations of 90 and 120 microg/l. Among the fitness parameters, the age-specific fecundity and net reproductive rate were the most sensitive parameters of toxicity. Changes in RAPD patterns generally occurred at copper concentrations of 90 and 120 microg/l, but with one primer, changes significantly arose at all copper concentrations. Overall, molecular and population parameters compared well and represented a sensitive means to measure toxicity induced by copper in Daphnia magna. In conclusion, the measurement of parameters at both molecular and population levels is valuable for investigating the specific effects of agents interacting with DNA. Ultimately, this methodology may allow the ecotoxicological examination of the link between molecular alterations and measurable adverse effects at higher levels of biological organization. Department of Biological Sciences, Plymouth Environmental Research Centre (PERC), University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK. fatienzar@free.fr Atienzar F A FA Cheung V V VV Jha A N AN Depledge M H MH eng Journal Article

United States Toxicol Sci 9805461 7440-50-8 Copper 9007-49-2 DNA IM Animals Comparative Study Copper toxicity DNA analysis drug effects Daphnia drug effects genetics growth & development Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Genomics Lethal Dose 50 Population Dynamics Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11272912 2001 03 01 2001 05 17

0045-6535 42 8 2001 Mar Prediction of partition coefficient and toxicity for benzaldehyde compounds by their capacity factors and various molecular descriptors. 899-907 The log Kow and log Sw values of 14 substituted benzaldehyde compounds were determined by the shake-flask method. Acute toxicities of 14 substituted benzaldehyde compounds to Daphnia magna were recorded. Their capacity factors (k') were determined by reversed phased high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) on C18 column and methanol-water eluent. Molecular connectivity indices, the linear solvation energy relationships (LSER) parameters, and quantum chemical parameters were calculated for the tested chemicals and used to develop quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) and quantitative structure-property/activity relationship (QSPR/QSAR). Results demonstrated that the molecular connectivity indices, LSER parameters, and quantum chemical parameters could be used to predict the k' for compounds studied, LSER method was more accurate. The results also show that chromatographic retention data, log k', can be used to predict log Kow and log Sw for tested compounds. The log k'w can be directly utilized as hydrophobic descriptors to predict the toxicity to D. Magna for benzaldehyde compounds. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. jiayindai@online.sh.cn Dai J J Jin L L Yao S S Wang L L eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Benzaldehydes 0 Xenobiotics IM Benzaldehydes chemistry toxicity Forecasting Models, Theoretical Quantum Theory Structure-Activity Relationship Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Xenobiotics chemistry toxicity 11222031 2001 03 06 2001 05 03 2003 11 14

0147-6513 48 3 2001 Mar The use of biomarkers in Daphnia magna toxicity testing V. In vivo alterations in the carbohydrate metabolism of Daphnia magna exposed to sublethal concentrations of mercury and lindane. 223-34 Aspects of the carbohydrate metabolism of Daphnia magna exposed for 48 and 96 h to sublethal concentrations of mercury and lindane were investigated. General as well as toxicant-specific perturbations in the intermediary metabolism were observed. Both model toxicants caused an increase in glycolytic and hexose-monophosphate shunt activity. Mercury exposure increased lactate dehydrogenase and isocitrate activity (only after 96 h), while lindane exposure, on the contrary, inhibited the cellular lactate formation and increased the Krebs' cycle activity (only after 48 h). Daphnids exposed to sublethal mercury concentrations clearly exhibited increased glycogenolytic activity, while in lindane-exposed organisms mainly glycogen phosphorylase inhibition was detected. The short-term enzyme-based effect levels (48--96 h LOEC and EC(10) values) were compared with the effects on the population dynamics. This evaluation for both model toxicants suggests that threshold levels (LOEC or EC(10) values) based on pyruvate kinase activity after 48 and 96 h of exposure could be potential early warning signals for long-term effects. A set of enzymatic endpoints, based on the intermediary metabolism, is suggested to characterize the metabolic state of the daphnids. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. Laboratory for Biological Research in Aquatic Pollution, University of Ghent, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. decoen@ruca.ua.ac.be De Coen W M WM Janssen C R CR Segner H H eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Biological Markers 0 Carbohydrates 0 Pesticides 58-89-9 Lindane 7487-94-7 Mercuric Chloride IM Animals Biological Markers Carbohydrates metabolism Citric Acid Cycle drug effects Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects enzymology growth & development Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Energy Metabolism drug effects Glycolysis drug effects Lindane toxicity Mercuric Chloride toxicity Pentosephosphate Pathway drug effects Pesticides toxicity Population Dynamics Toxicity Tests 11222039 2001 03 06 2001 05 03 2003 11 14

0147-6513 48 3 2001 Mar Long-term toxic impact of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the reproduction, sexual differentiation, and development of different life stages of Gobiocypris rarus and Daphnia magna. 293-300 The sexual ratio of Gobiocypris rarus exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and 17 beta-estradiol from embryo to sexually mature revealed feminization and overdevelopment of connective tissue in male fish gonad in 2--30 pg/L TCDD concentration range. Daphnia magna was not sensitive to the high dose of TCDD (0.1--1000 ng/ml), but the reproduction of D. magna treated with TCDD decreased after the 8th day. 7-Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities in newly fertilized eggs of G. rarus exposed to TCDD dosage groups (1000--100,000 pg/L) were significantly induced and increased with TCDD concentrations at the early life stage, while no difference was found between low TCDD dosage groups (<100 pg/L), but a good relationship between the EROD activity and the TCDD concentration was observed during a long-term developmental stage. There was a pericardial edema formed in a 2-week yolk-sac at the concentration of 1000 pg/L TCDD. But in the exposure group (2 pg/L TCDD for 120 days), the cell nuclei of hepatocytes was far from the center and packed toward the cell membrane; the cristae of most mitochondria in the cell dropped and collapsed; the rough endoplasmic reticulum broke into fragments; and numerous lipid droplets formed in the cell. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China. wuwz@ihb.ac.cn Wu W Z WZ Li W W Xu Y Y Wang J W JW eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Environmental Pollutants 1746-01-6 Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin 50-28-2 Estradiol EC 1.14.14.1 Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 IM Animals Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 biosynthesis Daphnia drug effects metabolism Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Embryo, Nonmammalian drug effects embryology Environmental Pollutants toxicity Enzyme Induction Estradiol toxicity Female Fishes Hepatocytes drug effects ultrastructure Life Cycle Stages drug effects Male Reproduction drug effects Sex Differentiation drug effects Sex Ratio Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Testis drug effects pathology Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin pharmacokinetics toxicity 11241962 2001 03 12 2001 12 20 2003 11 14

1519-6984 60 4 2000 Nov New record of planktonic cladoceran to the upper Paraná River, Brazil: Bosmina huaroensis Delachaux, 1918. 633-6 In this paper we register the first occurrence of Bosmina huaroensis Delachaux, 1918 in the upper Paraná River basin, which is probably the first record to Brazil. Illustrations and an updated description of the species are given. Department of Biology/Nupelia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil. felipe@nupelia.uem.br Velho L F LF Lansac-Tôha F A FA Bonecker C C CC eng Journal Article

Brazil Braz J Biol 101129542 IM Animals Brazil Daphnia anatomy & histology classification Female Fresh Water Plankton 11273800 2001 03 29 2001 08 23 2003 11 14

0022-0949 204 Pt 8 2001 Apr Prey detection in selective plankton feeding by the paddlefish: is the electric sense sufficient? 1381-9 The long rostrum of the paddlefish Polyodon spathula supports an extensive array of ampullary electroreceptors and has been proposed to function as an antenna for detecting planktonic prey. Evidence in support of this hypothesis is presented in experiments that preclude the use of other sensory mechanisms for plankton detection. Paddlefish swimming in a recirculating observation chamber are shown to feed normally in the dark when prey-related chemical and hydrodynamic sensory cues are masked or attenuated. Specifically, we demonstrate that the spatial distribution of plankton captured by paddlefish is little changed when the plankton are individually encapsulated in agarose, when a high background concentration of plankton extract is added to the chamber, when the nares are plugged and under turbulent water flow conditions. Paddlefish also discriminate between encapsulated plankton and 'empty' agarose particles of the same size. Although capture distributions differed somewhat under certain conditions, the general pattern and effectiveness of prey capture were not disrupted by these procedures. These results support the conclusion that paddlefish, as zooplanktivores, rely on their passive electric sense for prey detection. Center for Neurodynamics and Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, MO 63121-4499, USA. lon_wilkens@umsl.edu Wilkens L A LA Wettring B B Wagner E E Wojtenek W W Russell D D eng Journal Article

England J Exp Biol 0243705 IM Animals Chemoreceptors physiology Daphnia Electricity Feeding Behavior Fishes physiology Mechanoreceptors physiology Plankton Predatory Behavior Receptors, Sensory physiology Regression Analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 11273801 2001 03 29 2001 08 23 2003 11 14

0022-0949 204 Pt 8 2001 Apr Paddlefish strike at artificial dipoles simulating the weak electric fields of planktonic prey. 1391-9 The freshwater paddlefish Polyodon spathula (Polyodontidae) feeds primarily on the water flea (Daphnia sp.), and previous studies suggest that these fish detect their planktonic prey using their rostral electrosensory system. Zooplankton produce direct-current and oscillating alternating-current electric fields containing multiple frequencies and amplitudes. We asked whether an inanimate electric field is sufficient to elicit paddlefish strikes equivalent to their feeding behavior. Juvenile paddlefish respond to artificial dipole stimuli by investigating the electric field and striking at the dipole electrode tips. These behavioral responses, scored as strikes, exhibit a bandpass characteristic with a maximum response between 5 and 15 Hz. Responses were less frequent at higher (20, 30, 40, 50 Hz) and lower (0.1, 0.5, 1 Hz) test frequencies, with a steep drop-off below 5 Hz. Strike rates also varied with stimulus intensity. Response frequency was greatest at 0.25 microA peak-to-peak amplitude, with reduced responses at lower and higher amplitudes (0.125 and 1.25 microA). Striking behavior was also influenced by water conductivity: strike rate was reduced at higher water conductivity. Dipole-elicited strikes exhibit behavioral plasticity. Fish habituate to repetitive dipole stimuli that are not reinforced by prey capture, and they dishabituate after food reinforcement. These experiments characterize paddlefish feeding strikes towards dipole electrodes at signal frequencies and intensities simulating the electric fields of zooplankton, their natural prey, and demonstrate that electric fields are sufficient to elicit feeding behavior. The results support the conclusion that paddlefish use their passive electrosensory system for planktivorous feeding. Center for Neurodynamics and Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, MO 63121-4499, USA. Wojtenek W W Pei X X Wilkens L A LA eng Journal Article

England J Exp Biol 0243705 IM Animals Daphnia Data Interpretation, Statistical Electric Stimulation Feeding Behavior Fishes physiology Predatory Behavior Receptors, Sensory physiology Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Video Recording Zooplankton 11281255 2001 04 02 2001 05 24 2003 11 14

0360-1234 36 1 2001 Jan Effects of thiobencarb herbicide to an alga (Nannochloris oculata) and the cladoceran (Daphnia magna). 55-65 Chronic toxicity studies were conducted with an algae (Nannochloris oculata) and the cladoceran (Daphnia magna) to determine their relative sensitivities to the thiocarbamate herbicide thiobencarb (S-4-chlorobenzyl diethylthiocarbamate). Most of the algal populations were initially affected by exposure to the herbicide. Thiobencarb concentrations higher than 0.5 mg/L significantly reduced algal densities after 24-h exposure. The 24-h static EC50 in D. magna was 3.01 mg/L. The sublethal effects of 0.3, 0.37, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.5 mg/L of thiobencarb concentrations on the survival, reproduction, and growth of D. magna were monitored for 21 days. The parameters used to determined the effect of the herbicide on D. magna were mean total young per female; mean brood size; days to first brood; intrinsic rate of natural increase (r); growth; and survival. Reproduction was significantly reduced at thiobencarb concentrations of 0.30 mg/L and higher while survival was affected after exposure to 0.75 and 1.5 mg/L of the pesticide. The r value decreased with increasing concentrations of thiobencarb. Growth, as measured by body length, was depressed significantly after exposure to all herbicide concentrations tested. Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Spain. Sancho E E Sánchez M M Ferrando M D MD Andreu-Moliner E E eng Journal Article

United States J Environ Sci Health B 7607167 0 Herbicides, Carbamate 0 Thiocarbamates 28249-77-6 benthiocarb IM Algae, Green drug effects growth & development Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Fertility drug effects Herbicides, Carbamate toxicity Population Density Random Allocation Sensitivity and Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Survival Analysis Thiocarbamates toxicity Time Factors 11281256 2001 04 02 2001 05 24 2003 11 14

0360-1234 36 1 2001 Jan Chronic toxicity tests with Daphnia magna for examination of river water quality. 67-74 Chronic toxicity tests with Daphnia magna were applied for examination of river water quality. Water was sampled from the Maioka River in Yokohama City on May 14, 20, and 27, 1999, and used for the test after solid-phase extraction. The chronic test was carried out according to the OECD method. The duration was 21 days and the total number of live offspring produced per parent animal was counted. The results of the tests showed, survival rates of 100% using river water sampled on May 14 and 20 and the total numbers of live offspring produced per parent animal did not differ from the control. However, the survival rate of the sample collected on May 27 was 0% and the pesticides, fenitrothion, and thiobencarb were detected in the water. In addition to the river water samples, reconstituted water (Elendt M7) with additions of fenitrothion and thiobencarb was prepared to investigate mortality. When the reconstituted water with thiobencarb was applied to the test, the total number of live offspring produced per parent animal did not differ from the control. In contrast, when reconstituted water with fenitrothion was applied to the test, most parents were alive, but the total number of live offspring produced per parent animal was apparently different. The results of the above tests indicate that D. magna was affected not only by fenitrothion in the river water collected on May 27, but also by other factors that were not clarified in this study. Yokohama Environmental Research Institute, Takigashira, Isogo, Japan. Sakai M M eng Journal Article

United States J Environ Sci Health B 7607167 0 Herbicides, Carbamate 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 0 Pesticide Residues 0 Thiocarbamates 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 122-14-5 Fenitrothion 28249-77-6 benthiocarb IM Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development Fenitrothion analysis toxicity Fresh Water chemistry Herbicides, Carbamate analysis toxicity Insecticides, Organothiophosphate analysis toxicity Pesticide Residues analysis toxicity Reproduction drug effects Survival Analysis Thiocarbamates analysis toxicity Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 11286495 2001 04 05 2001 07 26 2003 11 14

1055-7903 19 1 2001 Apr The phylogenetic relationships of "predatory water-fleas" (Cladocera: Onychopoda, Haplopoda) inferred from 12S rDNA. 105-13 Within the Cladocera, the water-fleas, four major taxa can be distinguished: Anomopoda, Ctenopoda, Haplopoda, and Onychopoda. Haplopoda and Onychopoda are called "predatory water-fleas." The Haplopoda is monotypic; its only representative, Leptodora kindtii, is common in palearctic and nearctic freshwater bodies. The Onychopoda show a remarkable geographic distribution. Most of the described species are restricted to the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, and peripheral areas of the Black Sea, including the Sea of Azov--all remnants of the Eastern Paratethys. The remaining onychopods are either freshwater inhabitants or marine animals, widespread in the world oceans. We present molecular evidence for a sister group relationship between Haplopoda and Onychopoda within the Cladocera. The Onychopoda and its three families are monophyletic. We suggest an independent invasion into the Ponto-Caspian basin at least three times, twice originating in the palearctic freshwater bodies and once starting from the world oceans. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. Vergleichende Zoologie, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany. Richter S S Braband A A Aladin N N Scholtz G G eng GENBANK AY009488 AY009489 AY009490 AY009491 AY009492 AY009493 AY009494 AY009495 AY009496 AY009497 AY009498 AY009499 AY009500 AY009501 AY009502 AY009503 Journal Article

United States Mol Phylogenet Evol 9304400 0 RNA, Ribosomal 0 RNA, ribosomal, 12S 9007-49-2 DNA IM Animals Base Sequence DNA chemistry genetics Daphnia classification genetics Evolution, Molecular Geography Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny RNA, Ribosomal genetics Sequence Analysis, DNA Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11291742 2001 04 06 2001 06 21 2003 11 14

0960-3271 19 12 2000 Dec Detecting hormesis using a non-parametric rank test. 703-8 When a dose-response experiment is conducted, the enhanced responses can be observed at low doses. This phenomenon is often called hormesis. The enhanced responses at low doses does not necessarily mean the existence of hormesis. It is important to conduct statistical analyses to determine whether a departure from monotonic relationships is significantly different from the chance occurrence. This paper introduces a non-parametric rank test to detect hormesis. To illustrate the use of this method, we apply it to the data from a Whole Effluent Toxicity test. We demonstrate that the occurrence of hormesis can be statistically evaluated by using this non-parametric rank test. Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio 45267-0056, USA. Deng C C Zhao Q Q Shukla R R eng Journal Article

England Hum Exp Toxicol 9004560 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 0 Xenobiotics 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Reproduction drug effects Sewage analysis Statistics, Nonparametric Toxicity Tests Water analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Xenobiotics toxicity 11311385 2001 04 20 2001 07 19 2003 11 14

0166-445X 53 2 2001 Jul Alterations of physiological energetics, growth and reproduction of Daphnia magna under toxicant stress. 79-90 The study investigates the relationship between changes in physiological energetics of organisms and alterations of growth, development and reproduction of Daphnia magna. Groups of primiparous daphnids were subjected to 8-day exposures to the heavy metals cadmium and copper or to the cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Energetic alterations were estimated from the measurement of oxygen consumption and feeding activity which was performed during the last 3 days of the exposure period and from the calculation of simplified carbon balances. The physiological effects were compared to effects on organismal growth and reproduction as obtained from 17-day exposure experiments. Toxicant exposure reduced weight and body length of daphnids indicating an impaired growth rate, but effects on total metabolic costs measured as weight-specific oxygen consumption could not be detected. Net carbon gain of individuals decreased in a concentration-dependent way for the tested chemicals reflecting effects on biomass of daphnids. In the case of cadmium and copper, reproduction ( summation operatormx: number of offspring per female of age x born during the time interval x-1 to x, summarised over the entire exposure period) and the estimate for the intrinsic rate of natural increase, derived from the 17-day exposure-experiment, were affected at concentrations comparable to the effect levels as observed for growth. In the case of copper, the concentrations affecting growth and reproduction were close to the 17-day LC(50) value. CTAB caused a reduction in body length of primiparous daphnids whereas a decrease in the reproductive performance was not apparent. In conclusion, the chemicals did not change metabolic costs of exposed daphnids as it would be expected as a consequence of resistance or repair mechanisms, however, they induced alterations of SFG, growth, reproduction and intrinsic rate of natural increase. These alterations were chemical-specific. The fact that toxicant-related effects on growth and reproduction could not be linked to an elevated metabolic rate of daphnids may indicate that demand side effects occurred early during exposure - before the start of respirometric measurements - or that effects on growth were caused by an altered energy uptake. The results illustrate the importance of trade-off processes in regulating the distribution of energy among growth and reproduction of daphnids. Department of Chemical Ecotoxicology, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany. Knops M M Altenburger R R Segner H H eng Journal Article

Netherlands Aquat Toxicol 8500246 0 Cetrimonium Compounds 6899-10-1 cetrimonium 7440-50-8 Copper IM Animals Body Weight drug effects Cadmium Poisoning Cetrimonium Compounds poisoning Copper poisoning Daphnia drug effects growth & development physiology Energy Intake drug effects Energy Metabolism drug effects Female Male Oxygen Consumption drug effects Reproduction drug effects 11317888 2001 04 24 2001 08 23 2003 11 14

0043-1354 35 6 2001 Apr Assessment of toxicity reduction after metal removal in bioleached sewage sludge. 1415-24 Sewage sludge can be applied to land to supply and recycle organic matter and nutrients. Trace elements in sludge, however, may accumulate in the soil with repeated sludge applications. Reducing metal content may therefore reduce the adverse effects of sludge application. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of bioleaching technology in reducing metal content and toxicity as measured by a battery of terrestrial and liquid-phase bioassays. Sludge-soil mixtures simulating the application of sludge to land were tested by means of terrestrial bioassays, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seed germination (5 d) and sprout growth (14 d), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seed germination (5 d), and worm (Eisenia andrei) mortality (14 d). Liquid-phase bioassays, Microtox (Vibrio fischeri, 15 min), lettuce root elongation (L. sativa, 5 d), cladoceran mortality (Daphnia magna, 48 h), and SOS Chromotest (Escherichia coli) were used after elutriation of the sludge. Comparison of the bioassay results (except for D. magna) before and after treatment demonstrated that this bioleaching process reduced both sludge toxicity and metal content. In addition, lower Cu and Zn concentrations found in barley sprouts following treatment supported the assumption that the bioleaching process, by decreasing metal content and bioavailability, reduced sewage sludge toxicity. This study also emphasized the interest of using ecotoxicological bioassays for testing biosolids. In particular, the terrestrial bioassays after simulation of land application and the Microtox test after sludge elutriation proved to be the most appropriate procedures. Biotechnology Research Institute, NRCC, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Que, Canada H4P 2R2. agnes.renoux@nrc.ca Renoux A Y AY Tyagi R D RD Samson R R eng Evaluation Studies Journal Article

England Water Res 0105072 0 Metals IM Animals Germination drug effects Metals isolation & purification toxicity Oligochaeta drug effects Plants drug effects growth & development Sewage chemistry Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests 11339713 2001 05 07 2001 07 19 2003 11 14

1520-4081 16 2 2001 Toxicity evaluation of metal plating wastewater employing the Microtox assay: a comparison with cladocerans and fish. 136-41 The relative sensitivity of the Microtox assay is closely related to the type of toxicant, and hence its utility in biomonitoring effluents is better evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The Microtox assay, employing the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri, was evaluated for its applicability in monitoring metal plating wastewater for toxicity. The results of the Microtox assay after 5, 15, and 30 min of exposure, were compared with data obtained from conventional whole effluent toxicity testing (WET) methods that employed Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). The Microtox assay produced notably comparable EC50 values to the LC50 values of the acute fathead minnow toxicity test (< 0.5 order of difference). The Spearman's rank correlation analyses showed that the bacterial assay, regardless of exposure duration, correlated better with the acute fish than the daphnid results (p < 0.05). These observations were consistent to other studies conducted with inorganic contaminants. The relative sensitivity of the 30-min Microtox assay was within the range of the two frequently used acute daphnid/fish toxicity tests. In conclusion, the Microtox assay correlated well with the acute fathead minnow data and is well suited for toxicity monitoring for these types of industrial wastes. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA. kyungho@umich.edu Choi K K Meier P G PG eng Evaluation Studies Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 0 Metals, Heavy 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Biological Assay standards Comparative Study Crustacea Environmental Monitoring standards Fishes Metals, Heavy analysis Sensitivity and Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vibrio Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 11339714 2001 05 07 2001 07 19 2003 11 14

1520-4081 16 2 2001 Acute toxicity of sodium selenate to two daphnids and three amphipods. 142-50 This study evaluated the acute toxicity of sodium selenate to two daphnid and three gammarid amphipod species. The daphnids, Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia pulex, were evaluated in 48-hour static tests and the amphipods, Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, Gammarus lacustris, and Hyalella azteca, were evaluated in 96-hour static and flow-through tests. Tests resulted in mean LC50's of 1.92, 9.12, 1.82, 3.05, and 1.95 mg/L selenium for C. dubia, D. pulex, G. pseudolimnaeus, G. lacustris, and H. azteca, respectively. The LC50's for the G. pseudolimnaeus tests are more than 30-fold higher than previously reported LC50's for the same or similar species. The explanation for these differing results appears to be partially, but not entirely, explained by differences in ambient pH between the new studies and previous ones. Depending on how the new data are included in U.S. EPA's selenium freshwater quality criterion data set, the selenate acute water quality criterion (i.e., Criterion Maximum Concentration) increases from 12.8 to as high as 583 microg/L selenium. EcoTox, North Bend, Washington 98045, USA. Brix K V KV Henderson D G DG Adams W J WJ Reash R J RJ Carlton R G RG McIntyre D O DO eng Evaluation Studies Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 0 Selenium Compounds 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 13410-01-0 sodium selenate IM Animals Crustacea drug effects Environmental Monitoring standards Fresh Water Selenium Compounds toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11337862 2001 05 07 2001 10 25 2003 11 14

0730-7268 20 5 2001 May Atrazine uptake, elimination, and bioconcentration by periphyton communities and Daphnia magna: effects of dissolved organic carbon. 1003-11 The bioconcentration and toxicokinetics of atrazine in three different periphyton communities and in laboratory reared Daphnia magna were studied in natural and artificial waters with different dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and qualities. The exposure concentrations were similar to those short-lived peak concentrations found in contaminated waters. Atrazine uptake and elimination were very fast, and the bioconcentration was low both in periphyton and D. magna. The bioconcentration factors in D. magna were approx. 16% of those in periphyton. The uptake and elimination rates were also higher in periphyton than in Daphnia. The periphyton properties affected the bioconcentration of atrazine more than the DOC concentration and water quality. A steady state was reached within a few hours of uptake by the periphyton and within 24 h by D. magna. A residue of atrazine was left in the periphyton and D. magna after an 8-h biphasic depuration with clearly distinct fast and slow phases. In D. magna, atrazine may be eliminated during the normal life span of the organism. These results suggest that DOC has a minor influence on the toxicokinetics of atrazine. Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40351 Jyväskylä, Finland. annikkil@cc.jyu.fi Nikkilä A A Paulsson M M Almgren K K Blanck H H Kukkonen J V JV eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Herbicides, Triazine 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1912-24-9 Atrazine 7440-44-0 Carbon IM Animals Atrazine pharmacokinetics toxicity Carbon chemistry Daphnia metabolism Herbicides, Triazine pharmacokinetics toxicity Solubility Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical pharmacokinetics toxicity 11337866 2001 05 07 2001 10 25 2003 11 14

0730-7268 20 5 2001 May Effects of sulfate on the acute toxicity of selenate to freshwater organisms. 1037-45 This study evaluated the relationship between ambient sulfate concentrations and acute selenate toxicity to freshwater aquatic life. Previous studies indicated that increasing sulfate concentrations reduced selenate bioconcentration and toxicity. However, these studies generally were not conducted in a manner that was conducive to their use in deriving a water quality criterion. We compiled results from previous studies and generated additional data to help define a selenate-sulfate relationship for acute toxicity. Selenate toxicity was determined in standardized test waters with varying sulfate concentrations using Ceriodaphnia dubia, Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, Hyalella azteca, and Pimephales promelas as the test organisms. Analysis of test results indicated that a significant relationship does exist between acute selenate toxicity and ambient sulfate concentrations. Data from these tests and previous studies were combined to develop a statistical relationship sufficiently robust to derive a sulfate-dependent water quality criterion for selenate. The relationship is similar to those commonly derived between divalent metals and hardness to adjust water quality criteria. EcoTox, 625 Pickett Avenue NE, North Bend, Washington 98045, USA. kevinbrix@aol.com Brix K V KV Volosin J S JS Adams W J WJ Reash R J RJ Carlton R G RG McIntyre D O DO eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Selenium Compounds 0 Sulfates 7783-08-6 selenic acid IM Animals Crustacea drug effects Daphnia drug effects Fishes Selenium Compounds toxicity Sulfates pharmacology 11337874 2001 05 07 2001 10 25 2003 11 14

0730-7268 20 5 2001 May Phototactic behavior of Daphnia and the continuous monitoring of water quality: interference of fish kairomones and food quality. 1098-103 We carried out a laboratory study to evaluate the sensitivity of phototactic behavior of Daphnia magna to sublethal concentrations of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and copper. More specifically, we determined whether the sensitivity of a D. magna clone to those pollutants is influenced by food quality and the presence of fish kairomones. Test animals were fed either unicellular green algae (Scenedesmus acutus) or fresh baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and were cultured in the presence or absence of fish kairomones. Four concentrations of PCP (0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 mg/L PCP) and one concentration of copper (0.02 mg/L Cu2+) in International Standards Organisation (ISO, Geneva, Switzerland) standard medium were applied in the experiments. Animals were exposed for 3 h to the pollutants prior to the experiments. In the absence of fish kairomones, a strong negative relationship between the phototactic index and nominal sublethal concentrations of PCP was found in animals fed either algae or yeast. The sensitivity of the Daphnia clone to sublethal concentrations of PCP was, however, less clear cut in animals fed yeast than in animals fed algae. The detection limit was 0.4 mg/L PCP with algae as food but was as high as 1.2 mg/L PCP when yeast was used as food. The ability to detect sublethal concentrations of copper and PCP using phototactic behavior was lost when the clones were cultured in the presence of fish kairomones. At a concentration of 0.02 mg/L Cu2+ and in the absence of fish kairomones, the D. magna clone tested became significantly less positively phototactic than in the control treatment regardless of the quality of the food used to culture the test animals. These results suggest that assays using the phototactic behavior of Daphnia to monitor water quality should use genetically stable (clonal) material, positively phototactic, and insensitive to the presence of fish kairomones. Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, K.U. Leuven, Ch. de Bériotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. Kieu N D ND Michels E E De Meester L L eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Pheromones 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animal Feed Animals Daphnia physiology Environmental Monitoring Pheromones physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 11337878 2001 05 07 2001 10 25

0730-7268 20 5 2001 May Development of a freshwater aquatic toxicity database for ambient water quality criteria for methyl tertiary-butyl ether. 1125-32 The detection of methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) in groundwater and surface water in recent years has drawn attention to its potential effects in aquatic ecosystems. To address concerns regarding MTBE environmental effects and to establish safe concentrations in surface waters, a collaborative effort was initiated in 1997 to develop aquatic toxicity databases sufficient to derive ambient water quality criteria for MTBE consistent with United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) requirements. Acute toxicity data for six species, chronic toxicity data for a fish and an invertebrate, and plant toxicity data were developed in order to complete the freshwater database. The toxicity tests followed U.S. EPA and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, USA) procedures and were conducted in accordance with U.S. EPA Good Laboratory Practice guidelines. Based on measured exposure concentrations, acute toxicity endpoints ranged from 472 to 1742 mg MTBE/L, while chronic endpoints (IC25) were 57 to 308 mg MTBE/L. Aquatic invertebrates were generally more sensitive than fish to MTBE in both acute and chronic exposures. Acute-to-chronic ratios for fathead minnows and Daphnia magna were 3.4 and 11.3, respectively. The measured acute and chronic toxicity were within a 10-fold factor of toxicity predicted from quantitative structure-activity relationships for baseline toxicity or nonpolar narcosis typical of ether compounds. The data developed in this study were consistent with existing data and showed that MTBE has low acute and chronic toxicity to freshwater organisms. Reported environmental concentrations of MTBE are several orders of magnitude lower than concentrations observed to cause effects in freshwater organisms. Equilon Enterprises, LLC, 3333 Highway 6 South, Houston, Texas 77082, USA. dclwong@equilontech.com Wong D C DC Arnold W R WR Rausina G A GA Mancini E R ER Steen A E AE eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Methyl Ethers 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1634-04-4 methyl tert-butyl ether IM Database Management Systems Fresh Water Methyl Ethers toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11345461 2001 05 09 2001 08 02 2003 11 14

0730-7268 20 4 2001 Apr Toxicity-based criteria for the evaluation of textile wastewater treatment efficiency. 839-45 Brazilian textile mills import wastewater treatment technologies, performances of which are generally evaluated only on a physicochemical basis. Thus, a battery of bioassays was used to evaluate the performance of an ozonation system to treat textile effluents. Comparative toxicological profiles for bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), algae (Scenedesmus subspicatus), daphnia (Daphnia magna), fish (Poecilia reticulata), and plants (soybean--Glycine max, rice--Oryza sativa, and wheat--Triticum aestivum), as well as genotoxic effects (Vicia faba micronucleus assay), are presented for both raw and ozonated textile effluents. The relative sensitivity of bioassays (or end points) to textile effluents found in this study in decreasing order was plant enzymes > bacteria > algae daphnids approximately = plant biomass approximately = germination rate > fish. No significant genotoxic effect was found. We have concluded that ozonation was relatively effective in reducing toxicity of textile effluents. Bioassays used in this study proved to be sensitive and reliable tools for determining the toxicity of industrial effluents, and thus they can be used to evaluate emerging technology efficiency. Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil. Cordova Rosa E V EV Simionatto E L EL de Souza Sierra M M MM Bertoli S L SL Radetski C M CM eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 10028-15-6 Ozone IM Algae, Green drug effects Animals Biological Assay Brazil Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Environmental Monitoring methods standards Fabaceae drug effects genetics Industrial Waste analysis Micronucleus Tests Oryza sativa drug effects Ozone Plants drug effects Plants, Medicinal Poecilia physiology Soybeans drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Textile Industry standards Triticum drug effects Vibrio drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Water Purification methods 11346040 2001 05 10 2001 05 24

0048-9697 271 1-3 2001 Apr 23 Toxicity assessment of total dissolved solids in effluent of Alaskan mines using 22-h chronic Microtox and Selenastrum capricornutum assays. 49-59 In order to overcome limitations associated with the Daphnia assay, we have explored two alternative assays, the 22-h chronic Microtox test and the 3-day S. capricornutum test, as substitutes. During this study, we compared the two assays using both a simple TDS standard solution and field water samples from two Alaskan mines. Using EC20 values, our results suggest that simple TDS standard solutions are not representative of environmental water samples of equivalent TDS concentrations. When comparing assays, our results showed that the 22-h Microtox assay was more reproducible and sensitive to effluent waters than the algal assay. Principle component analysis indicated that the 22-h Microtox test was generally more sensitive to nickel, ammonia and chloride while the S. capricornutum growth test appeared sensitive to cadmium levels. Institute of Arctic Biology and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 99775, USA. LeBlond J B JB Duffy L K LK eng Evaluation Studies Journal Article

Netherlands Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Metals, Heavy 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae, Green drug effects physiology Bacteria drug effects Biological Assay methods Comparative Study Luminescence Metals, Heavy toxicity Mining Sensitivity and Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11349850 2001 05 14 2001 06 07 2003 11 14

0730-7268 20 3 2001 Mar The fungicide propiconazole interferes with embryonic development of the crustacean Daphnia magna. 502-9 Propiconazole is a fungicide used in a variety of agricultural applications. Preliminary studies had suggested that embryos of the crustacean Daphnia magna are particularly susceptible to the toxicity of this chemical. The goals of the present study were to define endpoints of daphnid embryonic development that could be routinely used to assess the embryo toxicity of chemicals and to characterize definitively the embryo toxicity of propiconazole to daphnids. Daphnid embryonic development was characterized into six readily distinguishable stages based on the degree of tissue differentiation. Embryonic development could be monitored either in the brood chamber of the maternal organism or using embryos removed from the brood chamber and incubated ex vivo. Standard toxicity assessment revealed that propiconazole elicited no significant adverse effects on daphnid survival or fecundity during a 21-d exposure to concentrations as high as 0.25 mg/L. Exposure to 0.25 mg/L propiconazole, however, caused a significant incidence of developmental abnormalities and embryonic death. Abnormalities were consistent with developmental arrest at later stages of embryonic maturation. Propiconazole elicited a steep concentration-response curve with respect to embryo toxicity, with a 10% and a 90% incidence of embryo toxicity measured at 0.50 and 0.82 mg/L, respectively. Direct exposure of embryos to propiconazole resulted in toxicity, though the incidence and characteristics of developmental abnormalities were not consistent with that observed during chronic exposures. However, maternal exposure to propiconazole followed by transfer of early embryos to propiconazole-free media resulted in embryo toxicity consistent with that observed during chronic exposure. These results indicate that propiconazole interferes with the later stages of daphnid embryonic development, and that this toxicity is manifested largely via maternal exposure to the fungicide. Department of Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7633, USA. Kast-Hutcheson K K Rider C V CV LeBlanc G A GA eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Fungicides, Industrial 0 Triazoles 60207-90-1 propiconazole IM Animals Daphnia drug effects embryology growth & development Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Female Fungicides, Industrial toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Triazoles toxicity 11349853 2001 05 14 2001 06 07 2003 11 14

0730-7268 20 3 2001 Mar Effectiveness of the sulfur(IV) compound, sodium bisulfite, in reducing chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and chlorite toxicity to Daphnia magna in well water and pond water. 530-6 Flow-through toxicity tests were conducted with Daphnia magna to determine the residual toxicity of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and chlorite after treatment with the sulfur(IV) compound sodium bisulfite. Daphnids were exposed separately to 0.5-mg/L concentrations of each of the three compounds without the addition of sodium bisulfite, with a low stoichiometric dose of sodium bisulfite, and with a high stoichiometric dose of sodium bisulfite. Tests were performed in well water with a low total organic carbon (TOC) content and pond water with a high TOC content. Analysis of results indicated that sodium bisulfite did not eliminate the toxicity of chlorine dioxide or chlorite to D. magna. Total residual oxidant (TRO) concentrations were reduced and survival times were extended, but acute toxicity persisted even with a S(IV) concentration 10.0 times the stoichiometric ratio of oxidant. Mortality occurred in chlorine dioxide treatments in which no TRO was detected, indicating that standard analytical (amperometric) techniques may be inadequate to detect toxicity. Sodium bisulfite did succeed in eliminating chlorine toxicity except in pond water receiving a low (3.0x) sodium bisulfite dose. Oxidant reactions with organic substrates may have produced chlorinated residuals that were resistant to S(IV) dechlorination. University of Maryland, Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown 21658, USA. ly11@umail.umd.edu Yonkos L T LT Fisher D J DJ Burton D T DT Whitekettle W K WK Peterille J C JC eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Chlorides 0 Chlorine Compounds 0 Oxides 0 Sulfites 10049-04-4 chlorine dioxide 1318-59-8 chlorite 7631-90-5 sodium bisulfite 7782-50-5 Chlorine IM Animals Chlorides chemistry toxicity Chlorine chemistry toxicity Chlorine Compounds chemistry toxicity Daphnia drug effects growth & development Fresh Water chemistry Oxides chemistry toxicity Sulfites chemistry Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Purification methods 11349860 2001 05 14 2001 06 07 2003 11 14

0730-7268 20 3 2001 Mar Methoprene and 20-OH-ecdysone affect male production in Daphnia pulex. 582-8 Exposure of Daphnia pulex to the insecticide and juvenile hormone-mimic methoprene resulted in a decrease in the incidence of all-male broods and an increase in the incidence of all-female broods compared with controls. These effects were observed at nominal concentrations of 10 and 100 microg/L, within the upper range of concentrations at which methoprene is applied in the environment. Because methoprene has been found to bind to the mammalian retinoid X receptor, we also tested the effects of retinoic acid on Daphnia reproduction. Neither 9-cis-retinoic acid nor all-trans-retinoic acid had any observable effect. Because juvenile hormone and ecdysteroids interact in many insect systems, we also exposed Daphnia to 20-OH-ecdysone. Exposure to the crustacean hormone 20-OH-ecdysone at levels of 1 and 10 microg/L resulted in an increase in all-male broods and a decrease in all-female broods, but 100 microg/L 20-OH-ecdysone resulted in a decrease in all-male broods and an increase in all-female broods. Our results suggest that juvenile hormone and ecdysteroids might play a role in the Daphnia sex determination system. Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706-1381, USA. Peterson J K JK Kashian D R DR Dodson S I SI eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 302-79-4 Tretinoin 40596-69-8 Methoprene 5289-74-7 Ecdysterone 5300-03-8 alitretinoin IM Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development Ecdysterone pharmacology Female Male Methoprene pharmacology Random Allocation Sex Ratio Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Tretinoin pharmacology 11351444 2001 05 15 2001 06 14 2003 11 14

0730-7268 20 2 2001 Feb Modeling acute toxicity of chemicals to Daphnia magna: a probabilistic neural network approach. 420-31 A methodology based on probabilistic neural networks (PNNs) is applied to model the acute toxicity (48-h LC50) of a set of 700 highly diverse chemicals to Daphnia magna. First, cross-validation experiments confirming the potential use of the PNN as modeling tool for the problem at hand were performed. Next, various approaches to construct-improved models are presented. The resulting four models are then validated using an external test set of 76 additional compounds. Input to the PNNs is derived solely from simple molecular descriptors and structural fragments and excludes bulk property parameters, such as the water solubility or the octanol/water partition coefficient. National Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada. klaus.kaiser@cciw.ca Kaiser K L KL Niculescu S P SP eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 IM Animals Daphnia Models, Biological Neural Networks (Computer) Toxicity Tests 11353872 2001 05 24 2001 07 19 2003 11 14

0027-8424 98 11 2001 May 22 Rapid, local adaptation of zooplankton behavior to changes in predation pressure in the absence of neutral genetic changes. 6256-60 Organisms producing resting stages provide unique opportunities for reconstructing the genetic history of natural populations. Diapausing seeds and eggs often are preserved in large numbers, representing entire populations captured in an evolutionary inert state for decades and even centuries. Starting from a natural resting egg bank of the waterflea Daphnia, we compare the evolutionary rates of change in an adaptive quantitative trait with those in selectively neutral DNA markers, thus effectively testing whether the observed genetic changes in the quantitative trait are driven by natural selection. The population studied experienced variable and well documented levels of fish predation over the past 30 years and shows correlated genetic changes in phototactic behavior, a predator-avoidance trait that is related to diel vertical migration. The changes mainly involve an increased plasticity response upon exposure to predator kairomone, the direction of the changes being in agreement with the hypothesis of adaptive evolution. Genetic differentiation through time was an order of magnitude higher for the studied behavioral trait than for neutral markers (DNA microsatellites), providing strong evidence that natural selection was the driving force behind the observed, rapid, evolutionary changes. Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ch. De Beriotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. Cousyn C C De Meester L L Colbourne J K JK Brendonck L L Verschuren D D Volckaert F F eng Journal Article 2001 05 15

United States Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 7505876 IM Adaptation, Physiological genetics Alleles Animals Daphnia genetics physiology Escape Reaction Fishes metabolism Gene Frequency Microsatellite Repeats Photic Stimulation Population Density Predatory Behavior physiology Selection (Genetics) Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors 11376860 2001 05 29 2001 06 28 2003 11 14

0300-483X 163 1 2001 May 28 Tumourigenic studies on deltamethrin in Swiss albino mice. 1-9 Deltamethrin, an alpha-cyano type II synthetic pyrethroid insecticide is used to control a wide range of insects on a variety of crops. Deltamethrin is reported to cause many adverse effects on non-target species. Deltamethrin is reported to cause DNA damage and micronuclei induction in human lymphocytes. It is highly toxic for other organisms such as aquatic invertebrates, fish and Daphnia. About the tumorigenic risk (both tumour initiating and promoting) associated with deltamethrin exposure, very few reports are available in literature. In the present set of investigations, deltamethrin has been evaluated for its tumorigenic and co-carcinogenic (tumour initiating and tumour promoting) potential following long term dermal exposure in Swiss albino mice. The results revealed that deltamethrin has only tumour initiating potential in both the sexes of Swiss albino mice, initiated with deltamethrin and promoted by standard tumour promoter, 12-O-tetra decanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). In the single dose initiated mice (deltamethrin 4 mg/kg body weight, once only), 44% males and 43% females developed benign skin tumours. A much higher incidence of tumorigenesis was recorded in multiple dose initiated animals (deltamethrin 4 mg/kg body weight, three times per week for 3 weeks), where 71% male and 75% female mice developed tumours at the site of application of deltamethrin. Deltamethrin exposure failed to show any tumour promoting and complete tumorigenic potential at all the three tested dose levels. Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, M.G. Marg, P.O. Box 80, 226001, Lucknow, India. shukla@hotmail.com Shukla Y Y Arora A A Singh A A eng Journal Article

Ireland Toxicology 0361055 0 Carcinogens 0 Insecticides 0 Pyrethrins 16561-29-8 Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 50-32-8 Benzo(a)pyrene 52820-00-5 decamethrin 57-97-6 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene IM 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene toxicity Administration, Topical Animals Benzo(a)pyrene toxicity Carcinogenicity Tests Carcinogens toxicity Cocarcinogenesis Female Insecticides toxicity Male Mice Pyrethrins toxicity Skin Neoplasms chemically induced Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate toxicity 11380166 2001 05 29 2001 06 21 2003 11 14

0273-1223 43 2 2001 Increased toxicity of textile effluents by a chlorination process using sodium hypochlorite. 1-8 Chlorinated textile effluents were tested for their toxicity using different bioassays. These assays were the Microtox assay, daphnia (Daphnia similis) 48-hr survival test, medaka embryo 14-day and juvenile 96-hr survival tests, and tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) juvenile 96-hr survival test. By comparing the results of toxicity tests on water samples collected at the instream prior to the chlorination process and at the outlet of the wastewater treatment facility, we found that wastewater toxicity was obviously increased by chlorination using NaOCl as the oxidant, as evidenced by the different bioassays used. Because no significant difference was observed in water chemistry, such as pH, DO, and conductivity, the induced-toxicity may be partially attributable to residue chlorine or other chlorinated compounds generated by chlorination. Future studies are warranted to identify the cause of the increase in the textile wastewater toxicity. Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Chia-Nan College of Pharmacy and Science, 60 Sec. 1, Er-Jen Rd., Jen-Der, Tainan, Taiwan. Chen C M CM Shih M L ML Lee S Z SZ Wang J S JS eng Journal Article

England Water Sci Technol 9879497 0 Chlorine Compounds 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Biological Assay methods Chlorine Compounds Daphnia Embryo, Nonmammalian Fishes Lethal Dose 50 Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Textile Industry Toxicity Tests Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11386729 2001 06 01 2001 08 02 2003 11 14

0147-6513 49 2 2001 Jun Biochemical factors contributing to response variation among resistant and sensitive clones of Daphnia magna Ssraus exposed to ethyl parathion. 155-63 Biochemical factors contributing to response variation in five clones of Daphnia magna exposed to ethyl parathion were studied. Differences in sensitivities to ethyl parathion between sensitive and resistant clones varied between four- and ninefold. Acute toxicity and in vivo acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition responses to ethyl parathion were similar, whereas in vitro AChE sensitivities to paraoxon were higher. Thus indicating that, in vivo, not all ethyl parathion present is converted by Daphnia juveniles to active metabolite, or if so, only a proportion of the paraoxon produced is in direct contact with its target. Comparison of AChE activities obtained during in vitro and in vivo exposures with acute responses revealed clonal concordance only between in vivo AChE sensitivities and acute toxicity. This latter finding indicates that clonal differences in ethyl parathion metabolism rather than differences in AChE sensitivities are the most likely explanations of the observed genetic differences in tolerance. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal Barata C C Baird D J DJ Soares A M AM Guilhermino L L eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Cholinesterase Inhibitors 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 311-45-5 Paraoxon 56-38-2 Parathion IM Animals Animals, Newborn genetics metabolism Cholinesterase Inhibitors toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects genetics Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Drug Tolerance genetics Female Genotype In Vitro Insecticides, Organothiophosphate toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Male Paraoxon toxicity Parathion toxicity Species Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) genetics 11392144 2001 06 05 2001 10 18 2003 11 14

0730-7268 20 6 2001 Jun Effects of eight polycyclic aromatic compounds on the survival and reproduction of the springtail Folsomia fimetaria L. (Collembola, isotomidae). 1332-8 The effects of eight polycyclic aromatic compounds on the survival and reproduction of the collembolan Folsomia fimetaria L. were investigated in a well-characterized Danish agricultural soil. With the exception of acridine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and neutral N-, S-, and O-monosubstituted analogues showed similar toxicities to soil collembolans when the results were expressed in relation to total soil concentrations (mg/kg). The estimated concentrations resulting in a 10% reduction of reproductive output (EC10 values) were based on measured initial concentrations and were for acridine 290 mg/kg, carbazole 10 mg/kg, dibenzofuran 19 mg/kg, dibenzothiophene 7.8 mg/kg, fluoranthene 37 mg/kg, fluorene 7.7 mg/kg, phenantrene 23 mg/kg, and pyrene 10 mg/kg. When the EC10 values were converted to soil pore-water concentrations, they showed a highly significant correlation (r2 = 0.71, p < 0.01) to no-observed-effect concentrations for the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna, as estimated by a quantitative structure activity relation (QSAR) for baseline toxicity (nonpolar narcosis). Only carbazole and acridine were more than two times more toxic (4.9 and 3.1, respectively) than expected from the Daphnia QSAR data. The latter result indicates that the toxicity of the tested substances is close to that expected for compounds with nonpolar narcosis as the mode of action. However, the relatively large uncertainties in the extrapolation method prevent final conclusions from being drawn. Aquateam-Norwegian Water Technology Centre, P.O. Box 6875 Rodeløkka, N-0504 Oslo, Norway. line.sverdrup@aquateam.no Sverdrup L E LE Kelley A E AE Krogh P H PH Nielsen T T Jensen J J Scott-Fordsmand J J JJ Stenersen J J eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Carbazoles 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Arthropods physiology Carbazoles toxicity Daphnia physiology Denmark Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Fertility drug effects Kinetics Larva Necrosis No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic toxicity Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Reproduction drug effects Soil Pollutants toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Survival Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11394775 2001 06 07 2001 10 25 2003 11 14

0043-1354 35 10 2001 Jul Toxicity characterisation of organic contaminants in stormwaters from an agricultural headwater stream in south east England. 2411-6 The transient movement of pesticides at biologically active concentrations during storm events is considered to be a cause of biological impoverishment in some headwater streams. The programme of work described sought to identify compounds that are the cause of toxic effects during such events. Along with targeted pesticide analysis, toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedures were used to identify compounds with a demonstrated toxic effect. These procedures were specifically directed towards isolating and attributing toxicity to classes of organic contaminants in samples collected from an English headwater stream during a storm event. The organic load was isolated by means of solid-phase extraction (SPE). Bioassay of the SPE extract at x 100 whole water concentrations confirmed that the samples contained substances toxic to Daphnia magna, although the raw samples were not toxic. Targeted pesticide analysis identified simazine and diuron as the major pesticides present and, using a toxicity unit (TU) approach. were shown to be responsible for a significant amount of the observed concentrate toxicity during a runoff event. However, they were not present in sufficient quantities to be totally responsible for a more toxic later event. By simplification of the SPE isolate using reverse-phase HPLC, fractions from which were tested for toxicity, the cause of concentrate toxicity in the later event was isolated to two discrete fractions. GC-MS analysis of these fractions identified nonylphenol. endosulfan sulphate and pendimethalin as present, with the majority of toxicity attributed to nonylphenol (NP). The main advantage of the TIE approach is that it allows biological active compounds with a demonstrated effect to be identified that may not be selected by more traditional techniques. Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, CEFAS Burnham Laboratory, Burnham on Crouch, Essex, UK. k.v.thomas@cefas.co.uk Thomas K V KV Hurst M R MR Matthiessen P P Sheahan D D Williams R J RJ eng Journal Article

England Water Res 0105072 0 Pesticides 0 Phenols 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 25154-52-3 nonylphenol IM Acute Toxicity Tests Agriculture Animals Biological Assay Daphnia drug effects growth & development England Pesticides analysis toxicity Phenols toxicity Rain Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 11409193 2001 06 18 2001 10 25 2003 11 14

1520-4081 16 3 2001 Jun Toxicity tests to assess pollutants removal during wastewater treatment and the quality of receiving waters in Argentina. 217-24 In Argentina, legislation to control adverse impacts of effluent discharges and the quality of receiving waters is scant and relies mainly on the physicochemical characteristics of the effluents and receiving waters. Objectives of this study were to use standardized acute toxicity tests to assess treatment of petrochemical industry effluents and the toxicity of various treated industrial effluents in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area and their receiving waters. Tests for the first objective used Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia; those for the second used D. magna, Spirillum volutans, and Scenedesmus spinosus. Chemical analyses demonstrated that the removal of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, styrene, and naphthalene) from the petrochemical effluents ranged between 77 and 93%, but toxicity removal was significantly lower: untreated effluents were very toxic and treated effluents were very toxic to toxic [acute toxicity units (TUa) > 3]. Physicochemical parameters measured according to current Argentinian regulations indicated that industrial effluents (e.g., from textile and paper industries) were within established guidelines, but 25% of the samples were moderately to highly toxic (TUa > 1.33). However, for the receiving waters, toxicity tests were moderate to very toxic. The results show the need of including tests for toxicity of discharged effluents, and their effects on receiving waters of Argentina, especially for regulatory purposes. Instituto Nacional del Agua y el Ambiente, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Gómez C E CE Contento L L Carsen A E AE eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic IM Algae, Green Animals Daphnia Environmental Monitoring methods Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic toxicity Quality Control Spirillum Toxicity Tests Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Supply 11410147 2001 06 18 2001 09 20 2003 11 14

0962-8452 268 1473 2001 Jun 22 Multiple dynamics in a single predator-prey system: experimental effects of food quality. 1223-30 Recent work with the freshwater zooplankton Daphnia has suggested that the quality of its algal prey can have a significant effect on its demographic rates and life-history patterns. Predator-prey theory linking food quantity and food quality predicts that a single system should be able to display two distinct patterns of population dynamics. One pattern is predicted to have high herbivore and low algal biomass dynamics (high HBD), whereas the other is predicted to have low herbivore and high algal biomass dynamics (low HBD). Despite these predictions and the stoichiometric evidence that many phytoplankton communities may have poor access to food of quality, there have been few tests of whether a dynamic predator-prey system can display both of these distinct patterns. Here we report, to the authors' knowledge, the first evidence for two dynamical patterns, as predicted by theory, in a single predator-prey system. We show that the high HBD is a result of food quantity effects and that the low HBD is a result of food quality effects, which are maintained by phosphorus limitation in the predator. These results provide an important link between the known effects of nutrient limitation in herbivores and the significance of prey quality in predator-prey population dynamics in natural zooplankton communities. Department of Biological Sciences, Ecology Division, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4. wanelson@ucalgary.ca Nelson W A WA McCauley E E Wrona F J FJ eng Journal Article

England Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 7505889 1406-65-1 Chlorophyll 479-61-8 chlorophyll a IM Algae, Green Animals Biomass Chlorophyll metabolism Daphnia growth & development physiology Female Food Chain Models, Biological Ovum growth & development Population Dynamics Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11416906 2001 06 21 2001 07 26 2003 11 14

0962-8452 267 1457 2000 Oct 22 The cause of parasitic infection in natural populations of Daphnia (Crustacea: Cladocera): the role of host genetics. 2037-42 Disease patterns in nature may be determined by genetic variation for resistance or by factors, genetic or environmental, which influence the host-parasite encounter rate. Elucidating the cause of natural infection patterns has been a major pursuit of parasitologists, but it also matters for evolutionary biologists because host resistance genes must influence the expression of disease if parasite-mediated selection is to occur. We used a model system in order to disentangle the strict genetic component from other causes of infection in the wild. Using the crustacean Daphnia magna and its sterilizing bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa, we tested whether genetic variation for resistance, as determined under controlled conditions, accounted for the distribution of infections within natural populations. Specifically, we compared whether the clonally produced great-granddaughters of those individuals that were infected in field samples (but were subsequently 'cured' with antibiotics) were more susceptible than were the great-granddaughters of those individuals that were healthy in field samples. High doses of parasite spores led to increased infection in all four study populations, indicating the importance of encounter rate. Host genetics appeared to be irrelevant to natural infection patterns in one population. However, in three other populations hosts that were healthy in the field had greater genetic-based resistance than hosts that were infected in the field, unambiguously showing the effect of host genetic factors on the expression of disease in the wild. Institut für Zoologie, Universität Basel, Rheinsprung 9, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland. tom.little@ed.ac.uk Little T J TJ Ebert D D eng Journal Article

England Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 7505889 IM Animals Bacteria pathogenicity Bacterial Infections genetics Daphnia genetics microbiology Female Genetics, Population Spores, Bacterial Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11425745 2001 06 26 2001 09 20 2003 11 14

0099-2240 67 7 2001 Jul The mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin of Vibrio cholerae promotes adherence to zooplankton. 3220-5 The bacterium Vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of cholera, is often found attached to plankton, a property that is thought to contribute to its environmental persistence in aquatic habitats. The V. cholerae O1 El Tor biotype and V. cholerae O139 strains produce a surface pilus termed the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (MSHA), whereas V. cholerae O1 classical biotype strains do not. Although V. cholerae O1 classical does not elaborate MSHA, the gene is present and expressed at a level comparable to that of the other strains. Since V. cholerae O1 El Tor and V. cholerae O139 have displaced V. cholerae O1 classical as the major epidemic strains over the last fifteen years, we investigated the potential role of MSHA in mediating adherence to plankton. We found that mutation of mshA in V. cholerae O1 El Tor significantly diminished, but did not eliminate, adherence to exoskeletons of the planktonic crustacean Daphnia pulex. The effect of the mutation was more pronounced for V. cholerae O139, essentially eliminating adherence. Adherence of the V. cholerae O1 classical mshA mutant was unaffected. The results suggest that MSHA is a factor contributing to the ability of V. cholerae to adhere to plankton. The results also showed that both biotypes of V. cholerae O1 utilize factors in addition to MSHA for zooplankton adherence. The expression of MSHA and these additional, yet to be defined, adherence factors differ in a serogroup- and biotype-specific manner. Department of Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA. Chiavelli D A DA Marsh J W JW Taylor R K RK eng AI-07519 AI NIAID AI-25096 AI NIAID ES07373 ES NIEHS Journal Article

United States Appl Environ Microbiol 7605801 0 Bacterial Proteins 0 Culture Media 0 Hemagglutinins 0 MshA protein, Vibrio cholerae 147680-16-8 Fimbriae Proteins IM Animals Bacterial Adhesion Bacterial Proteins genetics metabolism Culture Media Daphnia microbiology Fimbriae Proteins Hemagglutinins genetics metabolism Mutation Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Vibrio cholerae physiology 11429777 2001 06 28 2001 09 20 2003 11 14

0196-4763 44 3 2001 Jul 1 Flow cytometry of cell proliferation through the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine as an index of growth rate in the water flea, Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Cladocera). 264-71 BACKGROUND: In this paper, we used a small crustacean as a model to develop a method for quantifying growth rates through the measurement of a cell proliferation marker. This was done in order to study the feasibility of this assay for estimating zooplankton production in the ocean. Flow cytometry immunodetection of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was performed to detect and quantify the cycling nuclei of Daphnia magna. METHODS: A combination of mechanical dissociation and cell enucleation procedures proved to be the most convenient method for preparing nuclear suspensions from whole organisms. Up to three populations of nuclei with different ploidy were observed. The relative abundance of these nuclear populations changed with the size of the flea. RESULTS: The staining technique has been optimized. The time and concentration for the maximum detection of BrdU-labeled nuclei were 3 h at 300 microM BrdU. Whole organisms can be frozen (-20 degrees C) after incubation with no changes in the final results. The method was used in different physiological conditions under controlled food and temperature in order to test the inverse relationship between physiological rates and size of organisms at several developmental stages. The quantification of BrdU-labeled nuclei in 1-6 day-old larvae showed the highest labeling index, with a mean of 95 +/- 1% (n = 22). In contrast, young animals (0.8-1.2 mm) had 25 +/- 4% (n =16, P < 0.001) and adults (>1.4mm) had 14 +/- 3% (n = 4, P < 0.001). The results obtained show an expected tendency, suggesting that a direct relationship exists between the labeling index and the instantaneous growth rate. CONCLUSIONS: Certain features of our method, such as the short times required for labeling and the possibility of preserving the samples during field experiments and under different conditions (including natural concentrations and types of food), are advantageous to the study of processes governing energy fluxes in pelagic ecosystems. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Oceanografía Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain. Gomez M M Mayo I I Torres S S eng Journal Article

United States Cytometry 8102328 59-14-3 Bromodeoxyuridine 9007-49-2 DNA IM Animals Bromodeoxyuridine Cell Cycle Cell Division Cell Nucleus metabolism DNA Daphnia genetics growth & development metabolism Flow Cytometry methods 11434283 2001 07 03 2001 11 01 2003 11 14

0730-7268 20 7 2001 Jul The use of acute and chronic bioassays to determine the ecological risk and bioremediation efficiency of oil-polluted soils. 1438-49 To compare the effectiveness of acute and chronic bioassays for the ecological risk assessment of polluted soils, soil samples from a site with an historical mineral oil contamination (< 50-3,300 mg oil/kg dry soil) at the Petroleum Harbour in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, were screened for ecological effects using acute and chronic bioassays. A two-step 0.001 M Ca(NO3)2 extraction at a final solution-to-soil ratio of 1:1 was used to prepare extracts for the acute bioassays. Acute bioassays (< or = 5 d) applied to the 0.001 M Ca(NO3)2 extracts from the polluted and reference soils included growth tests with bacteria (Bacillus sp.), algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata), and plants (Lactuca sativa), immobility tests with nematodes (Plectus acuminatus), springtails (Folsomia candida), and cladocerans (Daphnia magna), and the Microtox test (Vibrio fischeri). Chronic bioassays (four weeks) performed on the same soil samples included tests with L. sativa, F. candida, and earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and the bait-lamina test (substrate consumption). The acute bioassays on Microtox showed a response that corresponded with the level of oil pollution. All other acute bioassays did not show such a consistent response, probably because pollutant levels were too low to cause acute effects. All chronic bioassays showed sublethal responses according to the contaminant levels (oil and in some soils also metals). This shows that chronic bioassays on soil samples are more sensitive in assessing the toxicity of mineral oil contamination in soil than acute bioassays on soil extracts. A pilot scale bioremediation study on soils taken from the two most polluted sites and a control site showed a rapid decline of oil concentrations to reach a stable level within eight weeks. Acute bioassays applied to the soils, using Microtox, algae, and D. magna, and chronic bioassays, using plants, Collembola, earthworms, and bait-lamina consumption, in all cases showed a rapid reduction of toxicity, which could be attributed to the degradation of light oil fractions. Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087 HV, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. gestel@bio.vu.nl van Gestel C A CA van der Waarde J J JJ Derksen J G JG van der Hoek E E EE Veul M F MF Bouwens S S Rusch B B Kronenburg R R Stokman G N GN eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Soil Pollutants IM Animals Bacteria Biodegradation Endpoint Determination Invertebrates Petroleum toxicity Risk Assessment Soil Pollutants toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Vibrio 11434299 2001 07 03 2001 11 01 2003 11 14

0730-7268 20 7 2001 Jul Incomplete ecdysis is an indicator of ecdysteroid exposure in Daphnia magna. 1564-9 Daphnia magna were exposed for 21 d to the ecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E), the accepted molting hormone, and ponasterone A (PoA), an ecdysteroid found in some crustaceans and many plants. Daphnids were monitored for alterations in molting, fecundity, and survival time. The 20-E elicited no significant effects on molting frequency, and its significant effects on reproduction were only at concentrations (260 nM) associated with premature death caused by incomplete ecdysis. We also examined PoA, which has been reported to have 10x higher affinity for the ecdysone receptor than 20-E. Ponasterone A elicited effects similar to those of 20-E at approximately 10x lower concentrations. This suggests that affinity for the receptor is the major parameter determining activity in vitro and in vivo and that differences in metabolism and elimination in vivo were not significant. The effects of PoA on daphnids mimicked those of 20-E except PoA reduced fecundity in the second generation and 20-E had no effect. Last, both exogenous 20-E and PoA show similar effects, including premature death associated with incomplete ecdysis, and the overall difference in toxicity is mostly likely due to receptor affinity. Biology Department, Anderson College, Anderson, South Carolina 29621, USA. baldwin@clemson.edu Baldwin W S WS Bailey R R Long K E KE Klaine S S eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 13408-56-5 ponasterone A 5289-74-7 Ecdysterone IM Animals Daphnia physiology Ecdysterone analogs & derivatives pharmacology Environmental Exposure Fertility drug effects Molting drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11440473 2001 07 06 2001 09 13 2003 11 14

0147-6513 49 3 2001 Jul QSAR and chemometric approaches for setting water quality objectives for dangerous chemicals. 206-20 In order to evaluate environmentally safe levels of dangerous chemicals, there is the need for a set of toxicological data on organisms representative of the ecosystems, which is often unavailable or inadequate. In this article, a predictive approach was applied to a set of 125 chemicals (derived from the European priority list in compliance with Directive 76/464/EEC), for which water quality objectives were available. Toxicological data on organisms representative of the aquatic environment (algae, Daphnia, and fish) were taken from the literature or predicted by means of quantitative structure--activity relationships. This provided toxicological data on all three organisms for 97 of 125 chemicals and on at least two organisms (Daphnia and fish) for the whole data set. Principal Component Analysis was applied in order to perform an a priori classification of chemicals based on toxicity data. Then several classification models, based on traditional and nontraditional molecular descriptors, were applied. Classification models gave results in agreement with the a priori classification as well as with the original water quality objectives classification. The behavior of some outliers was explained. The approach described appears to be a useful tool for the preliminary classification of chemicals that are dangerous to the aquatic environment for which toxicological data are inadequate. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. Ecotoxicological Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, I-20126 Milano, Italy. macro.vighi@unimib.it Vighi M M Gramatica P P Consolaro F F Todeschini R R eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Hazardous Substances 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae drug effects growth & development Animals Daphnia drug effects Environmental Monitoring methods standards Fishes Hazardous Substances analysis classification standards toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis classification standards toxicity 11443363 2001 07 09 2001 07 26 2003 11 14

0090-4341 40 3 2001 Apr Effects of dissolved organic material on binding and toxicokinetics of pyrene in the waterflea Daphnia magna. 333-8 The binding and bioavailability of pyrene was studied in the laboratory in two humic fresh waters and in a reference water without dissolved organic material (DOM), measured as dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The uptake of pyrene by Daphnia magna in short-term (24 h) accumulation experiments was fitted to a first-order rate-kinetic equation to calculate simultaneous uptake and elimination rates. The partition coefficients of pyrene to DOC (KDOC) were 37.1 x 103 in Pielisjoki River (9.4 mg DOC L(-1)), and 34.9 x 103 in Lake Kontiolampi (17.4 mg DOC L(-1)) waters, indicating similar binding affinities of pyrene for both humic waters. The uptake clearance of pyrene (ku) in the DOC-rich Lake Kontiolampi water was 290.4 ml g wet weight(-1) h(-1), which was lower than those in Pielisjoki River and DOC-free waters (395.8 and 346.0 ml g wet weight(-1) h(-1), respectively). Pyrene elimination (ke) was in average 0.2 h(-1) with no significant differences between the waters. The observed bioconcentration factors of pyrene in Pielisjoki River and Lake Kontiolampi waters were 84% and 46% of that in the DOC-free reference water, respectively, thus indicating that a high concentration of DOC is needed to decrease the bioavailability of waterborne pyrene to D. magna. Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40351 Jyväskylä, Finland. annikkil@dodo.juyu.fi Nikkilä A A Kukkonen J V JV eng Journal Article

United States Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Fluorescent Dyes 0 Organic Chemicals 0 Pyrenes 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 129-00-0 pyrene IM Animals Biological Availability Daphnia Fluorescent Dyes chemistry pharmacokinetics toxicity Organic Chemicals Pyrenes chemistry pharmacokinetics toxicity Solubility Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Tissue Distribution Water Pollutants, Chemical pharmacokinetics toxicity 11444294 2001 07 10 2001 12 04 2003 11 14

0045-6535 44 2 2001 Jul Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a QSPR study. Quantitative structure-property relationships. 125-46 This work deals with 48 substances composed exclusively of unsubstituted six-membered fused aromatic rings. In the first step, physicochemical properties which are relevant in environmental studies such as the boiling temperature (Tb), the retention index (RI), n-octanol/water partition coefficient (KOW) and solubility (S) are related with a series of electronic, geometric and topological descriptors. Among them are: electron affinity, the difference between electron affinity and ionization potential (GAP), Wiener, and connectivity indexes, volume, surface area, length-to-breadth ratio and enthalpy of formation. In a second step, these properties were incorporated into the descriptor matrix to build several quantitative structure-property relationships and to obtain prediction rules for the log KOC, log KOA, bioconcentration factor (BCF) and Henry's law constant (H). Finally, the photo-induced toxicity of freshwater organism Daphinia-Magna is modeled using the following transformed electronic descriptors: electron affinity, ionization potential and Gap. UNICAMP Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brazil. marcia@iqm.unicamp.br Ferreira M M MM eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Chemistry, Physical Daphnia Models, Theoretical Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic chemistry toxicity Structure-Activity Relationship Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 11444297 2001 07 10 2001 12 04 2003 11 14

0045-6535 44 2 2001 Jul No enhancement in bioconcentration of organic contaminants by low levels of DOM. 165-71 The aim of the present work was to systematically study the effect of low concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the bioconcentration of organic contaminants, in order to show whether the phenomenon of enhanced bioconcentration factors (BCFs), that has been reported in the literature, is generally found at low levels of DOM or if BCF enhancements are more likely due to a random scatter in the experimental data. The first part of the study tested the hypothesis that low levels of DOM affect the uptake kinetics of organic contaminants, leading to transient enhancements of BCFs, relative to DOM-free controls, which could have been reported as BCF enhancements in short-term studies. We found that the presence of low concentrations of two different types of DOM consistently decreased the bioconcentration of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in the water flea Daphnia magna at all exposure times (1-24 h), and that no transient BCF enhancements occurred. The second part of the study systematically investigated if low concentrations of DOM from a wide range of different aquatic systems can cause enhancements in the bioconcentration of organic contaminants. Water fleas were exposed to combinations of four different organic contaminants (BaP, tetrachlorobiphenyl, pentachlorophenol and naphthalene) with low concentrations of 12 different types of DOM that had been collected from various regions throughout Europe. In several of the DOM treatments, we found mean BCFs being higher than mean BCFs in the controls (especially for naphthalene). This shows that the experimental setup used in this study (and similarly in previous studies) can produce seeming BCF enhancements at low concentrations of DOM. However, statistical analyses showed that treatment means were not significantly different from control means. Thus, this systematic study suggests that the BCF enhancements that have been reported in the literature are more likely the result of random, experimental variations than the result of a systematic enhancement of bioconcentration. Department of Limnology, Institute of Zoology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany. mhaitzer@usgs.gov Haitzer M M Akkanen J J Steinberg C C Kukkonen J V JV eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Organic Chemicals 0 Phenols 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 50-32-8 Benzo(a)pyrene IM Animals Benzo(a)pyrene pharmacokinetics Biological Availability Daphnia Environmental Exposure Kinetics Organic Chemicals Phenols pharmacokinetics Solubility Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Tissue Distribution Water Pollutants, Chemical pharmacokinetics 11444312 2001 07 10 2001 12 04 2003 11 14

0045-6535 44 2 2001 Jul Biodegradation of aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters: evaluation of the final biodegradability and ecotoxicological impact of degradation intermediates. 289-99 The biological degradation behaviour of the aliphatic-aromatic copolyester Ecoflex was investigated with regard to the degree of degradation and the intermediates formed during the degradation process. The individual thermophilic strain Thermomonospora fusca, isolated from compost material, was used for the degradation experiments in a defined synthetic medium at 55 degrees C. After 22 days of degradation more than 99.9% of the polymer had depolymerized and with regard to the degradation of the diacid and diol components of Ecoflex only the monomers of the copolyesters (1,4-butanediol, terephthalate and adipate) could be detected by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) measurements in the medium. In interrupted degradation experiments predominantly the monoesters of adipic acid and terephthalic acid with 1,4-butanediol were observed in addition to the monomers. In toxicological tests with Daphnia magna and Photobacterium phosphoreum no significant toxicological effect was observed, neither for the monomeric intermediates nor for the oligomeric intermediates. From a risk assessment it can be concluded that there is no indication for an environmental risk when aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters of the Ecoflex-type are introduced into composting processes. BASF AG, Polymer Laboratory, Ludwigshafen, Germany. Witt U U Einig T T Yamamoto M M Kleeberg I I Deckwer W D WD Müller R J RJ eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Polyesters IM Animals Biodegradation Daphnia drug effects Mass Fragmentography Photobacterium drug effects Polyesters adverse effects metabolism Risk Assessment Soil Microbiology Temperature Toxicity Tests 11452307 2001 07 13 2001 07 26 2003 11 14

0028-0836 412 6842 2001 Jul 5 The impact of ultraviolet radiation on the vertical distribution of zooplankton of the genus Daphnia. 69-72 The vertical migration of zooplankton into lower and darker water strata by day is generally explained by the avoidance of visually orienting predators, mainly fish; however, it is unclear why daily zooplankton migration has been maintained in fishless areas. In addition to predation, ultraviolet radiation-a hazardous factor for zooplankton in the surface layers of marine and freshwater environments-has been suspected as a possible cause of daytime downward migration. Here we test this hypothesis by studying several Daphnia species, both in a controlled laboratory system and under natural sunlight in an outdoor system. We selected Daphnia species that differed in their pigmentation as both melanin and carotenoids have been shown to protect Daphnia from ultraviolet light. All Daphnia species escaped into significantly deeper water layers under ultraviolet radiation. The extent to which the daphnids responded to this radiation was inversely linked to their pigmentation, which reduced ultraviolet transmission. These results suggest that ultraviolet avoidance is an additional factor in explaining daytime downward migration. Synergistic benefits might have shaped the evolution of this complex behaviour. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Ecology, Zoological Institute, Germany. Rhode S C SC Pawlowski M M Tollrian R R eng Journal Article

England Nature 0410462 0 Melanins IM Animals Daphnia physiology radiation effects Marine Biology Melanins physiology Ultraviolet Rays Zooplankton physiology radiation effects 11452139 2001 07 13 2001 09 27 2003 11 14

1096-6080 62 2 2001 Aug Low exposure concentration effects of methoprene on endocrine-regulated processes in the crustacean Daphnia magna. 268-73 Methoprene is a growth-regulating insecticide that manifests its toxicity to target organisms by acting as a juvenile hormone agonist. Methoprene similarly may exert toxicity to crustaceans by mimicking or interfering with methyl farnesoate, a crustacean juvenoid. We hypothesized that methoprene interferes with endocrine-regulated processes in crustaceans by several mechanisms involving agonism or antagonism of juvenoid receptor complexes. In the present study, we evaluated this hypothesis, in part, by characterizing and comparing the concentration-response curves for methoprene and several endpoints related to development and reproduction of the crustacean Daphnia magna. Our results demonstrate that methoprene has multiple mechanisms of toxicity and low-exposure concentration effects. Methoprene reduced the growth rate of daphnids with evidence of only a single concentration-response line, having a threshold of 12.6 nM. Molt frequency was reduced by methoprene in a concentration-dependent manner, with a response curve corresponding to a 2-segmented line and thresholds at 4.2 and 0.21 nM. An endpoint related to reproductive maturation, the time of first brood deposition, was also affected by methoprene, with a clear concentration-dependent response and a NOEC of 32 nM. Methoprene reduced fecundity according to a 2-segmented line, with thresholds of 24 and < or =0.18 nM. These results demonstrate that methoprene elicits significant toxicity to endocrine-related processes in the 5-50 nM concentration range. Furthermore, molting and reproduction were impacted at significantly lower methoprene concentrations, with a distinct concentration response and a threshold of < or =0.2 nM. The different concentration-dependent response from that of methoprene could involve agonism or antagonism of various juvenoid receptor configurations. Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7633, USA. Olmstead A W AW LeBlanc G L GL eng Journal Article

United States Toxicol Sci 9805461 0 Juvenile Hormones 40596-69-8 Methoprene IM Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development physiology Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Endocrine Glands drug effects physiology Fertility Juvenile Hormones toxicity Methoprene toxicity Reproduction Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 11459146 2001 07 18 2001 12 04 2003 11 14

0045-6535 44 3 2001 Jul Prediction of the Daphnia acute toxicity from heterogeneous data. 407-22 Two descriptors (log(P(ow)), 'hardness') were selected to predict the Daphnia acute toxicity of a training set of heterogeneous chemical compounds. The data were extracted from 523 notification files about new chemicals stored at the French Department of Environment. The selection of the descriptors was carried out using a statistical method coupling ordinary least square (OLS) regression and genetic algorithm (GA). The validity limits for the final equation are discussed by comparing the actual and predicted activities of several compounds. The study points out the interest of the 'hardness' parameter for quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) with a heterogeneous data set. UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, Université de Caen, France. Faucon J C JC Bureau R R Faisant J J Briens F F Rault S S eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals DNA Damage Daphnia Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Forecasting Models, Genetic Models, Theoretical Reference Values Regression Analysis Risk Assessment Structure-Activity Relationship Toxicity Tests statistics & numerical data Water chemistry Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11460742 2001 07 19 2001 08 30 2003 11 14

0141-1136 50 1-5 2000 Jul-Dec Relation between responses in the neutral red retention test and the comet assay and life history parameters of Daphnia magna. 513-6 Responses of the neutral red retention (NRR) assay as test for lysosomal stability and the comet assay as test for DNA integrity were measured in the water flea, Daphnia magna, and compared with mortality and effects on population growth rate during short- or long-term exposure to seven different toxicants. The NRR test and the comet assay were performed with fresh preparations of pieces of tissue from the digestive tract or with cell preparations from whole daphnias. Five toxicants caused responses of the NRR test or the comet assay after short-term exposure at concentrations below the acute toxicity level. Preliminary results of long-term exposure experiments suggest that these biomarker responses can be related to chronic effects on survival and/or reproduction of D. magna. This type of research should provide the basis for future use of the NRR test and the comet assay as early warning biomarkers for effects of toxicants on Daphnia populations. Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment (RIZA), Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, PO Box 17, 8200 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands. p.dbesten@riza.rws.minvenw.nl den Besten P J PJ Tuk C W CW eng Journal Article

England Mar Environ Res 9882895 0 Indicators and Reagents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 553-24-2 Neutral Red IM Animals Comet Assay veterinary Daphnia drug effects Indicators and Reagents Lysosomes drug effects Neutral Red Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11469513 2001 07 25 2002 01 10 2003 11 14

0165-7380 25 5 2001 Jul The use of a Daphnia magna bioassay for rapid screening of acute intoxications with insecticides in dogs and cats. 421-7 Sudden death due to acute insecticide intoxications occurs frequently in dogs and cats. The absence of characteristic lesions at autopsy often renders post-mortem diagnosis dependent on the analysis of samples taken from the carcase at autopsy. In the present study, a bioassay utilizing Daphnia magna was proposed and tested as a rapid screening method for acute intoxications in dogs and cats. The bioassay was shown to be highly sensitive for detecting carbamate and organophosphate insecticides in the stomach contents. Generally. the mean survival time of the waterfleas in the control group was 5.17 h (SD = 1.24) and in the intoxicated group 1.32 h (SD = 1.49). during a 6 h observation period. If a cut-off is set at 4 h, this Daphnia bioassay gave 5.5% false negative results and 18.2% false positive results. using the results of toxicological analyses as a gold standard. Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium. hendrik.debosschere@rug.ac.be De Bosschere H H Baert K K Ducatelle R R De Backer P P eng Journal Article

Netherlands Vet Res Commun 8100520 0 Insecticides, Carbamate 0 Insecticides, Organophosphate IM Animals Biological Assay methods veterinary Cat Diseases chemically induced diagnosis Cats Daphnia drug effects growth & development Dog Diseases chemically induced diagnosis Dogs Gastrointestinal Contents chemistry Insecticides, Carbamate analysis poisoning Insecticides, Organophosphate analysis poisoning Poisoning diagnosis veterinary 11471144 2001 07 25 2001 08 09 2003 11 14

0022-104X 290 2 2001 Jul 1 Temporal and quantitative changes in sexual reproductive cycling of the cladoceran Daphnia magna by a juvenile hormone analog. 148-55 Cyclic parthenogens, such as the cladoceran, Daphnia magna, utilize both asexual (parthenogenetic) and sexual reproduction in order to maximize population fitness in variable environments. Parthenogenetic reproduction is the default strategy among D. magna, while various environmental cues trigger cycles of sexual reproduction. Experiments were conducted with the juvenile hormone analog methoprene to test the hypothesis that members of the insect juvenile hormone/vertebrate retinoic acid family of transcription factors are involved in the regulation of sexual reproduction in daphnids. Neither methoprene, food reduction, or crowding independently stimulated entry into the sexual reproductive phase of the daphnids. However, the combination of food deprivation and crowding stimulated entry into the sexual reproductive phase characterized by an initial high production of males and the subsequent intermittent production of haploid egg-containing ephippia. Exposure to 160 nM methoprene along with food deprivation and crowding caused a significant reduction in the percentage of males produced during the early phase of the sexual cycle and significantly increased the percentage of males produced during the later stages of the cycle. Methoprene concentrations as low as 6.4 nM significantly reduced the number of resting eggs produced and proportionately increased the production of parthenogenetically-produced neonates. These experiments demonstrate that methoprene uncouples the coordinate production of males and resting eggs during the sexual reproductive period of D. magna. Methoprene stimulates male offspring production and defers their production to latter stages of the sexual reproductive period, while inhibiting the production of resting eggs and promoting the continuance of parthenogenetic reproduction. J. Exp. Zool. 290:148-155, 2001. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7633, USA. Olmstead A W AW LeBlanc G A GA eng Journal Article

United States J Exp Zool 0375365 0 Juvenile Hormones 40596-69-8 Methoprene IM Animals Daphnia physiology Female Juvenile Hormones physiology Male Methoprene pharmacology Parthenogenesis Reproduction Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 11472928 2001 07 26 2001 10 25 2003 11 14

0099-2240 67 8 2001 Aug Effects of cell-bound microcystins on survival and feeding of Daphnia spp. 3523-9 The influence of cell-bound microcystins on the survival time and feeding rates of six Daphnia clones belonging to five common species was studied. To do this, the effects of the microcystin-producing Microcystis strain PCC7806 and its mutant, which has been genetically engineered to knock out microcystin synthesis, were compared. Additionally, the relationship between microcystin ingestion rate by the Daphnia clones and Daphnia survival time was analyzed. Microcystins ingested with Microcystis cells were poisonous to all Daphnia clones tested. The median survival time of the animals was closely correlated to their microcystin ingestion rate. It was therefore suggested that differences in survival among Daphnia clones were due to variations in microcystin intake rather than due to differences in susceptibility to the toxins. The correlation between median survival time and microcystin ingestion rate could be described by a reciprocal power function. Feeding experiments showed that, independent of the occurrence of microcystins, cells of wild-type PCC7806 and its mutant are able to inhibit the feeding activity of Daphnia. Both variants of PCC7806 were thus ingested at low rates. In summary, our findings strongly suggest that (i) sensitivity to the toxic effect of cell-bound microcystins is typical for Daphnia spp., (ii) Daphnia spp. and clones may have a comparable sensitivity to microcystins ingested with food particles, (iii) Daphnia spp. may be unable to distinguish between microcystin-producing and -lacking cells, and (iv) the strength of the toxic effect can be predicted from the microcystin ingestion rate of the animals. Freshwater Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark. TRohrlack@zi.ku.dk Rohrlack T T Dittmann E E Börner T T Christoffersen K K eng Journal Article

United States Appl Environ Microbiol 7605801 0 Peptides, Cyclic 77238-39-2 microcystin IM Animals Cyanobacteria genetics metabolism Daphnia drug effects physiology Feeding Behavior drug effects Mutation Peptides, Cyclic genetics metabolism pharmacology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11475049 2001 07 27 2002 01 02 2003 11 14

0014-3820 55 6 2001 Jun Genetic variation in a host-parasite association: potential for coevolution and frequency-dependent selection. 1136-45 Models of host-parasite coevolution assume the presence of genetic variation for host resistance and parasite infectivity, as well as genotype-specific interactions. We used the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna and its bacterial microparasite Pasteuria ramosa to study genetic variation for host susceptibility and parasite infectivity within each of two populations. We sought to answer the following questions: Do host clones differ in their susceptibility to parasite isolates? Do parasite isolates differ in their ability to infect different host clones? Are there host clone-parasite isolate interactions? The analysis revealed considerable variation in both host resistance and parasite infectivity. There were significant host clone-parasite isolate interactions, such that there was no single host clone that was superior to all other clones in the resistance to every parasite isolate. Likewise, there was no parasite isolate that was superior to all other isolates in infectivity to every host clone. This form of host clone-parasite isolate interaction indicates the potential for coevolution based on frequency-dependent selection. Infection success of original host clone-parasite isolate combinations (i.e., those combinations that were isolated together) was significantly higher than infection success of novel host clone-parasite isolate combinations (i.e., those combinations that were created in the laboratory). This finding is consistent with the idea that parasites track specific host genotypes under natural conditions. In addition, correspondence analysis revealed that some host clones, although distinguishable with neutral genetic markers, were susceptible to the same set of parasite isolates and thus probably shared resistance genes. Zoologisches Institut, Universität Basel, Switzerland. achim.carius@epost.de Carius H J HJ Little T J TJ Ebert D D eng Journal Article

United States Evolution Int J Org Evolution 0373224 IM Animals Daphnia genetics microbiology Evolution Germany Gram-Positive Bacteria isolation & purification physiology Host-Parasite Relations genetics Reproduction Russia Selection (Genetics) Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) 11475050 2001 07 27 2002 01 02 2003 11 14

0014-3820 55 6 2001 Jun Temporal patterns of genetic variation for resistance and infectivity in a Daphnia-microparasite system. 1146-52 Theoretical studies have indicated that the population genetics of host-parasite interactions may be highly dynamic. with parasites perpetually adapting to common host genotypes and hosts evolving resistance to common parasite genotypes. The present study examined temporal variation in resistance of hosts and infectivity of parasites within three populations of Daphnia magna infected with the sterilizing bacterium Pasteuria ramosa. Parasite isolates and host clones were collected in each of two years (1997, 1998) from one population; in two other populations, hosts were collected from both years, but parasites from only the first year. We then performed infection experiments (separately for each population) that exposed hosts to parasites from the same year or made combinations involving hosts and parasites from different years. In two populations, patterns were consistent with the evolution of host resistance: either infectivity or the speed with which parasites sterilized hosts declined from 1997 to 1998. In another population, infectivity, virulence, and parasite spore production did not vary among host-year or parasite-year. For this population, we also detected strong within-population genetic variation for resistance. Thus, in this case, genetic variability for fitness-related traits apparently did not translate into evolutionary change. We discuss a number of reasons why genetic change may not occur as expected in parasite-host systems, including negative correlations between resistance and other traits, gene flow, or that the dynamic process itself may obscure the detection of gene frequency changes. Institut für Zoologie, Universität Basel, Switzerland. little@holyrood.ed.ac.uk Little T J TJ Ebert D D eng Journal Article

United States Evolution Int J Org Evolution 0373224 IM Animals Daphnia genetics microbiology Female Fertility Gram-Positive Bacteria isolation & purification pathogenicity physiology Immunity, Natural genetics Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) 11479665 2001 07 31 2001 09 20 2003 11 14

0007-4861 67 3 2001 Sep Rank ordering of macroinvertebrate species sensitivity to toxic compounds by comparison with that of Daphnia magna. 360-7 Institute for Zoology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Fasanenstrasse 3, D-38092 Braunschweig, Germany. Wogram J J Liess M M eng Journal Article

United States Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Xenobiotics IM Animals Biological Assay Comparative Study Daphnia physiology Environmental Exposure Invertebrates physiology Lethal Dose 50 Models, Theoretical Reference Values Sensitivity and Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Xenobiotics toxicity 11483359 2001 08 02 2001 09 27 2003 11 14

0378-1119 273 1 2001 Jul 25 Two-domain hemoglobin gene of the water flea Moina macrocopa: duplication in the ancestral Cladocera, diversification, and loss of a bridge intron. 41-50 Two cDNAs encoding the two-domain hemoglobin (Hb) chains of a crustacean Cladocera, Moina macrocopa, were cloned and their nucleotide (nt) sequences were determined. The amino acid (aa) sequences of both the gene products deduced from the nt sequences consisted of 348 residues and showed 98% identity with each other. These sequences together with the NH(2)-terminal aa sequences of the Hb chains determined after separation by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that the Hb chains are synthesized as a secretory precursor with a signal peptide of 17 aa residues. The aa sequences of M. macrocopa Hb chains shared the following features with those of Daphnia Hb chains. Firstly, the signal peptide is followed by an NH(2)-terminal extension containing a threonine-rich sequence that might play a role in the multimerization of subunit chains. Secondly, the identity between the aa sequences of the first and second domains is exceptionally low. These facts suggest that duplication of the cladoceran Hb gene occurred before the divergence of families Moinidae and Daphniidae. Analysis of genomic DNA showed that the M. macrocopa Hb genes consist of two large repeated regions, encoding the first and second domains of Hb chains, respectively. The intron-exon organization of the first region of the M. macrocopa Hb genes was similar to that found in the Daphnia Hb genes, having the three-exon, two-intron structure characteristic of animal Hb genes. However, the intron bridging the two regions and the most downstream intron in the second region were missing in the Moina genes, providing a new example of intron loss. The following elements in the 5' flanking region were conserved in the Moina and Daphnia genes: (1) TATAAA, a typical TATA box sequence accompanied by a downstream sequence, GAAXAGCATCAGTT (the fourth residue X was G or A in Daphnia and absent in Moina); (2) CCAAT boxes, located upstream of the TATA box; (3) the binding sites for HIF-1 and GATA-1, also located upstream of the TATA box, that may be responsible for up-regulation of the cladoceran Hb genes under hypoxia. Laboratory of Environmental and Molecular Biology, Environmental Science Division, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan. Kato K K Tokishita S S Mandokoro Y Y Kimura S S Ohta T T Kobayashi M M Yamagata H H eng Journal Article

Netherlands Gene 7706761 0 Hemoglobins IM Amino Acid Sequence Animals Base Sequence Conserved Sequence Crustacea genetics Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional Evolution, Molecular Gene Duplication Hemoglobins genetics Introns Phylogeny Protein Structure, Tertiary Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid Sequence Homology 11491568 2001 08 08 2001 12 11 2003 11 14

0730-7268 20 8 2001 Aug Toxicity evaluation of natural and synthetic phenanthrenes in aquatic systems. 1824-30 Seven natural 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes were isolated from the common reed Juncus effusus by means of chromatographic processes and identified by spectroscopic means. Furthermore, mimics of natural isolated compounds were synthesized to try to evaluate the influence of functional groups on the dihydrophenanthrene skeleton. Syntheses of compounds were based on the cross-coupling of 1-(2-iodo-5-methoxy)phenyl-ethanol with variously substituted iodobenzenes by zerovalent nickel. All the chemicals were tested to evaluate their effects on freshwater organisms from different trophic levels. Toxicity tests were performed on reducers (the bacterium Escherichia coli); producers (the alga Raphidocelis subcapitata, previously known as Selenastrum capricornutum); and consumers including a rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus), a cladoceran (Daphnia pulex), and an anostracan (Thamnocephalus platyurus). Results suggested no one organism was uniquely sensitive to the chemicals tested. Toxicity depended on the kind and position of substituents on the aromatic skeleton. Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biologica, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy. marina.isidori@unina2.it DellaGreca M M Fiorentino A A Isidori M M Zarrelli A A eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Phenanthrenes 0 Plant Extracts IM Algae Animals Crustacea Daphnia Escherichia coli Food Chain Phenanthrenes chemical synthesis chemistry toxicity Plant Extracts chemical synthesis chemistry toxicity Plants chemistry Rotifera Toxicity Tests 11495023 2001 08 09 2002 03 21 2003 11 14

0360-1234 36 4 2001 Jul Population-level effects of the neem insecticide, Neemix, on Daphnia pulex. 457-65 Although natural insecticides from the neem tree are generally perceived as less harmful to the environment than synthetic insecticides, new evidence indicates that these products may pose a risk to certain nontarget organisms. In this paper, acute and chronic effects of commercial neem insecticides on the aquatic invertebrate, Daphnia pulex were examined. The acute toxicity of two commercial neem insecticides, Neemix, Azatin and the experimental insecticide, RH-9999 to D. pulex was investigated using traditional 48 hr concentration-mortality estimates. Neemix and Azatin were equitoxic with LC50's of 0.68 and 0.57 ppm; RH-9999 was significantly less toxic with an LC50 of 13 ppm. A 10 d population growth study was conducted for Neemix and a Neemix formulation blank (Neemix devoid of the active ingredients) to determine whether the active ingredients of Neemix and/or components of the formulation were responsible for toxicity. D. pulex populations went to extinction after exposure to a Neemix concentration of 0.45 ppm azadirachtin (equivalent to the acute LC7). Neemix No Observable Effect Concentration (NOEC) and Lowest Observable Effect Concentration (LOEC) values for population growth were 0.045 and 0.15 ppm azadirachtin, respectively. The mean number of offspring per surviving female (Ro) declined in a concentration-dependent manner after exposure to Neemix with no offspring being produced after exposure to 0.45 ppm. Neemix NOEC and LOEC values for reproduction were 0.045 and 0.15 ppm, respectively. The formulation blank caused no mortality in the individuals used to start the population growth study but reduced reproduction and population growth accounting for 47% of the toxicity caused by Neemix at a concentration of 0.15 ppm. Thus, the formulation contributes substantially to the toxicity of Neemix but neem components are also toxic to D. pulex. Because the NOEC for population growth and reproduction were higher than the estimated environmental concentration of 0.035 ppm (a measure developed for forest pest mananagement), Neemix should pose little risk to populations of D. pulex. Dept. of Entomology, Washington State University, Puyallup 98371, USA. stark@puyallup.wsu.edu Stark J D JD eng Journal Article

United States J Environ Sci Health B 7607167 0 Glycerides 0 Insecticides, Botanical 0 Limonins 0 Plant Extracts 0 Terpenes 0 Triterpenes 11141-17-6 azadirachtin 8002-65-1 neem oil IM Acute Toxicity Tests Animals Daphnia Female Glycerides toxicity Insecticides, Botanical toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Limonins No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Plant Extracts Population Dynamics Reproduction drug effects Terpenes toxicity Toxicity Tests Triterpenes toxicity 11497167 2001 08 10 2001 09 06 2003 11 14

0092-8240 63 4 2001 Jul Iteroparous reproduction strategies and population dynamics. 769-94 Asymptotic relationships between a class of continuous partial differential equation population models and a class of discrete matrix equations are derived for iteroparous populations. First, the governing equations are presented for the dynamics of an individual with juvenile and adult life stages. The organisms reproduce after maturation, as determined by the juvenile period, and at specific equidistant ages, which are determined by the iteroparous reproductive period. A discrete population matrix model is constructed that utilizes the reproductive information and a density-dependent mortality function. Mortality in the period between two reproductive events is assumed to be a continuous process where the death rate for the adults is a function of the number of adults and environmental conditions. The asymptotic dynamic behaviour of the discrete population model is related to the steady-state solution of the continuous-time formulation. Conclusions include that there can be a lack of convergence to the steady-state age distribution in discrete event reproduction models. The iteroparous vital ratio (the ratio between the maximal age and the reproductive period) is fundamental to determining this convergence. When the vital ratio is rational, an equivalent discrete-time model for the population can be derived whose asymptotic dynamics are periodic and when there are a finite number of founder cohorts, the number of cohorts remains finite. When the ratio is an irrational number, effectively there is convergence to the steady-state age distribution. With a finite number of founder cohorts, the number of cohorts becomes countably infinite. The matrix model is useful to clarify numerical results for population models with continuous densities as well as delta measure age distribution. The applicability in ecotoxicology of the population matrix model formulation for iteroparous populations is discussed. Department of Theoretical Biology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. kooi@bio.vu.nl Kooi B W BW Hallam T G TG Kelpin F D FD Krohn C M CM Kooijman S A SA eng Journal Article

United States Bull Math Biol 0401404 IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia growth & development Ecology Models, Biological Population Dynamics Reproduction 11501279 2001 08 14 2001 12 19 2003 11 14

1520-4081 16 4 2001 Factors affecting biodegradation of 2-chlorophenol by Alcaligenes sp. in aerobic reactors. 306-13 The influence of variations in carbon source concentration, cell inocula, pH, presence of other substrates, and other organisms on the biodegradation of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) was studied for Alcaligenes sp. isolated from natural sources. Assays of biodegradation were performed in batch and continuous-flow fluidized-bed aerobic reactors. Evaluation of biodegradation was performed by determining total phenols, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 2-CP by ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. Measurement of microbial growth was carried out by the plate count method. Bioassays of acute toxicity were performed to evaluate detoxification by using Daphnia magna. Results obtained show that under batch conditions with initial inocula of 10(6) cells/mL the strain grew exponentially with 100, 200, and 300 mg/L of 2-CP within 48 hr. A lag period was observed with low cell density inocula (10(5) cells/mL). The strain showed marked delay in the biodegradation of 2-CP at pH 5. Removal of target substrate from mixtures containing other carbon sources demonstrated the possibility of concurrent growth. Mineralization of 2-CP was assessed by gas chromatography carried out at the end of the batch assays and at the exit of the continuous-flow reactor. The presence of other organisms (bacteria, rotifers, ciliate, and algae) that developed in the fluidized-bed reactor did not affect the efficacy of the biodegradation of 2-CP. The removal of 2-CP in the two assayed systems was over 97% in all cases. Toxicity was not detected at the exit of the continuous reactor. Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, CP 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina. Gallego A A Gómez C E CE Fortunato M S MS Cenzano L L Rossi S S Paglilla M M Goméz Hermida D G DG Higa L E LE Korol S E SE eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 0 Chlorophenols 0 Phenols 7782-44-7 Oxygen 95-57-8 2-chlorophenol IM Alcaligenes physiology Animals Biodegradation Biological Assay Bioreactors Chlorophenols metabolism Daphnia Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Oxygen metabolism Phenols analysis Population Dynamics Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests 11501284 2001 08 14 2001 12 19 2003 11 14

1520-4081 16 4 2001 Effect of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate on population growth of Daphnia galeata: a life table evaluation. 344-8 The chronic effect of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS12) on a daphnid species (Daphnia galeata) was examined by the life table experiment. The estimated responses in the intrinsic rate of population growth r were analyzed with two alternate concentration-response functions, i.e., the power function and the quadratic function. Based on the best-fit power function model with biases corrected by the jackknife procedure, the population-level EC50, which is defined as the concentration of chemicals that reduces the population growth rate (the intrinsic rate of natural increase) by 50%, was estimated as 2.5 mg/L. The 48-h acute immobility test yielded EC50 of 4.6 mg/L. The population-level effect of LAS12 on this test species is considerably more sensitive than the acute lethal effects to neonates. Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai 79-7, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan. Tanaka Y Y Nakanishi J J eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 0 Alkanesulfonic Acids 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 0 alkylbenzyl sulfonic acid IM Age Factors Alkanesulfonic Acids adverse effects Animals Daphnia Female Lethal Dose 50 Life Tables Male Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Surface-Active Agents adverse effects Water Pollutants, Chemical adverse effects 11501286 2001 08 14 2001 12 19 2003 11 14

1520-4081 16 4 2001 Effect of cadmium on reproduction of daphnids in a small aquatic microcosm. 361-4 Chlorella vulgaris colonies were grown as nutrient agar for one week, followed by addition of Daphnia magna in overlying water for a second week. A range of concentrations of cadmium were added to the Chlorella or to the Chlorella followed by higher cadmium concentrations in the overlying fluid. A dose-dependent reduction in reproduction was observed with increased cadmium. When parent daphnids were first exposed to a lower cadmium concentration, and their offspring of preconditioned juvenile daphnids then exposed to a higher concentration, cadmium tolerance in new-born daphnids was observed. Faculté de Pharmacie de Rouen, Laboratoire de Toxicologie, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76000 Rouen, France. Janati-Idrissi M M Guerbet M M Jouany J M JM eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Cadmium adverse effects Chlorella chemistry Daphnia Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Female Food Chain Reproduction drug effects Tissue Distribution Water Pollutants, Chemical adverse effects 11511656 2001 08 20 2001 10 11 2003 11 14

0022-0949 204 Pt 14 2001 Jul Foraging and prey-search behaviour of small juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under polarized light. 2415-22 Several fish species appear to be polarization sensitive, i.e. to be able to discriminate a light source's maximum plane of polarization from any other plane. However, the functional significance of this ability remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that polarized light improves the prey location ability of free-swimming rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in laboratory aquaria. We found that prey location distances increased while the vertical component of prey location angle decreased under polarized compared with unpolarized (diffuse) illumination. The average frequency distribution of the horizontal component of prey location angle was more bimodal under polarized than unpolarized illumination. These results indicate that polarization sensitivity enhances prey location by juvenile rainbow trout. Institut Maurice Lamontagne, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, CP 1000, 850 route de la Mer, Mont-Joli, Quebec, Canada. Flamarique I N IN Browman H I HI eng Journal Article

England J Exp Biol 0243705 IM Animals Appetitive Behavior radiation effects Behavior, Animal radiation effects Daphnia Light Oncorhynchus mykiss growth & development Predatory Behavior radiation effects 11521834 2001 08 27 2002 01 04 2003 11 14

0730-7268 20 9 2001 Sep Multigeneration zinc acclimation and tolerance in Daphnia magna: implications for water-quality guidelines and ecological risk assessment. 2053-60 Development of zinc tolerance is described for the cladoceran Daphnia magna Straus. Zinc tolerance (i.e., toxicity and deficiency) was monitored during successive generations of D. magna acclimated to different zinc concentrations. Survival, reproduction, carapax length measurements, and cellular energy allocation assessments were used as test endpoints. Special attention was paid to the consequences of zinc deficiency. The zinc acclimation concentration clearly influenced the overall fitness of the organism. After several generations of acclimation, an optimal concentration curve was observed, with an optimum zinc concentration between 300 and 450 microg/L. Zinc deficiency resulted in a lower zinc tolerance, a higher coefficient of variation for brood size, and an increased pH sensitivity. These results clearly indicate that (background) zinc concentrations present in test and culture media have to be considered in the evaluation of toxicity test results, especially when the toxicity data are used for water-quality guideline derivation and/or ecological risk assessment. Culture and test media containing very little or no zinc do not provide a basis for useful ecotoxicological data. Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Belgium. brita.muyssen@rug.ac.be Muyssen B T BT Janssen C R CR eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Culture Media 0 Water Pollutants 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Adaptation, Physiological Animals Culture Media Daphnia genetics physiology Evolution Female Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Population Dynamics Reproducibility of Results Reproduction Risk Assessment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Survival Analysis Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants adverse effects pharmacokinetics pharmacology Zinc adverse effects pharmacokinetics pharmacology 11534905 2001 09 05 2002 01 08 2003 11 14

0045-6535 44 8 2001 Sep Ecotoxicological and chemical evaluation of phenolic compounds in industrial effluents. 1737-47 The aim of this paper was to evaluate the ecotoxicological response of industrial effluents containing phenolic compounds. All complex effluents collected from a chemical plant and then after both a chemical-physical and biological treatment were characterised with chemical analysis, biodegradability tests and four ecotoxicological tests (Daphnia magna, Artemia salina, Brachionus plicatilis and Vibriofisheri with Microtox). The evaluation of the chemical and ecotoxicological data was useful for predicting the effect of the raw effluent on the treatment plant and the impact of the final treated effluent on the receiving water. Besides the toxicity of the effluent from the chemical plants, the acute toxicity of its main components was also determined. The results of the tests and toxicity data from literature were transformed in Toxic Units (TUs). Effluent toxicity was under- or over-estimated by calculating the sum of the TUs of the individual components, depending on which toxicity data and test organisms were used. Interfaculty Department Environmental Science, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy. r.guerra@ambra.unibo.it Guerra R R eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Industrial Waste 0 Phenols 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Artemia drug effects Biodegradation Daphnia drug effects Environmental Monitoring Industrial Waste adverse effects analysis Phenols adverse effects analysis Rotifera drug effects Toxicity Tests Vibrio drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical adverse effects analysis 11534906 2001 09 05 2002 01 08 2003 11 14

0045-6535 44 8 2001 Sep Influence of water hardness on the bioavailability and toxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS). 1749-57 In the present work, the influence of Ca2+ concentration on the toxicity of single cut linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) homologues was studied. Precipitation boundary diagrams for each homologue were obtained, indicating turbid and clear zones depending on the LAS and Ca2+ concentrations. The separation between transparent and turbid zones is given by the so-called precipitation line. LAS toxicity to Daphnia magna was determined at concentrations close to this precipitation line. It was observed that when Ca(LAS)2 precipitation progresses, LAS bioavailability decreases for test animals, and the toxicity diminishes even at high nominal LAS concentrations. According to the "free ion activity model" (FIAM), the toxicity of a given chemical compound is mainly due to the ionic species (Ca2+-LAS-) and not due to the precipitated molecule, Ca(LAS)2. The significance of the present study is in connection with the assessment of LAS sorption/precipitation studies in soils and sediments, where in situ toxicity is strongly influenced by Ca2+/Mg2+ ions, according to the results presented in this work. PETRESA, Cádiz, Spain. Verge C C Moreno A A Bravo J J Berna J L JL eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Alkanesulfonic Acids 0 Ions 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 0 alkylbenzyl sulfonic acid 7440-70-2 Calcium 7732-18-5 Water IM Alkanesulfonic Acids toxicity Animals Biological Availability Calcium chemistry Chemistry, Physical Daphnia drug effects Geologic Sediments chemistry Ions Surface-Active Agents toxicity Water chemistry Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11534946 2001 09 05 2001 12 04 2003 11 14

0147-6513 50 1 2001 Sep Accumulation of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins by Daphnia in some Egyptian irrigation canals. 4-8 In this study, microcosm experiments were run in the laboratory to test the possibility of feeding of Daphnia parvula on toxic Microcystis aeruginosa in some Egyptian irrigation canal at Sohag city. The results demonstrated that Daphnia has a priority of feeding on green algae and the diatom Melosira granulata over toxic M. aeruginosa during the first 10 days. Thereafter, when the green algae and diatom were depleted from the water, Daphnia started to feed on toxic Microcystis. This presumably indicates that Daphnia feeds facultatively on toxic cyanobacteria under the conditions of depletion of edible food. Additionally, the results indicated that Daphnia accumulates the Microcystis toxins "microcystins" in its body with a level of 1.78 microg toxin/25 daphnids. No release of toxin into the water was detected during the experimental period. This emphasizes that the disappearance of toxic Microcystis was due to the feeding by Daphnia, not to death or cell lysis. Such an accumulation of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins in the primary consumers (Daphnia) should be taken into consideration when zooplankton are used in the biomanipulation of toxic phytoplankton. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. Department of Botany, Faculty of Science (Sohag), South Valley University, Sohag 82524, Egypt. Mohamed Z A ZA eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Peptides, Cyclic 77238-39-2 microcystin IM Agriculture Animals Biological Availability Cyanobacteria Daphnia physiology Feeding Behavior Liver chemistry Peptides, Cyclic analysis pharmacokinetics Pest Control Tissue Distribution 11555237 2001 09 13 2001 12 05 2003 11 14

0962-1083 10 8 2001 Aug Geographical and genetic distances among zooplankton populations in a set of interconnected ponds: a plea for using GIS modelling of the effective geographical distance. 1929-38 In systems of interconnected ponds or lakes, the dispersal of zooplankton may be mediated by the active population component, with rivulets and overflows functioning as dispersal pathways. Using a landscape-based approach, we modelled the effective geographical distance among a set of interconnected ponds (De Maten, Genk, Belgium) in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. The first model (the Landscape Model; LM) corrects for the presence of direct connections among ponds and was based on the existing landscape structure (i.e. network of connecting elements among ponds, travelling distance and direction of the current). A second model (the Flow Rate Model; FRM) also incorporated field data on flow rates in the connecting elements as the driving force for the passive dispersal of the active zooplankton population component. Finally, the third model (the Dispersal Rate Model; DRM) incorporated field data on zooplankton dispersal rates. An analysis of the pattern of genetic differentiation among Daphnia ambigua populations inhabiting 10 ponds in the pond complex reveals that the effective geographical distance as modelled by the flow rate and the dispersal rate model provide a better approximation of the true rates of genetic exchange among populations than mere Euclidean geographical distances or the landscape model that takes into account solely the presence of physical connections. Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, K.U.Leuven, Ch. de Bériotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. erik.michels@bio.kuleuven.ac.be Michels E E Cottenie K K Neys L L De Gelas K K Coppin P P De Meester L L eng Journal Article

England Mol Ecol 9214478 IM Alleles Animals Belgium Daphnia genetics Female Fresh Water Genetics, Population Geography Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Zooplankton genetics physiology 11558300 2001 09 17 2001 10 25 2003 11 14

1061-4303 73 1 2001 Jan-Feb Lead and zinc removal by laboratory-scale constructed wetlands. 37-44 Constructed wetlands have the potential to trap and remove metals in mine wastewater. To determine the effectiveness of constructed wetlands for treating selected heavy metals in neutral mine effluent typical of lead mines, eight laboratory-scale constructed wetlands were set up to treat a synthetic, slightly alkaline, mine water containing 34.2 mg/L sulfate (SO4(2-)), 50 micrograms/L lead (Pb), and 300 micrograms/L zinc (Zn). After 45 days, one of the wetlands was switched to treat a synthetic smelter effluent with a much greater load of SO4(2-), sodium (Na+), and Pb. Temperature, hydraulic loading, and substrate composition typically did not affect treatment efficiency. The pH of the effluent was reduced from 8.0 to 8.5 to near neutral. The average removal in the eight wetlands was 90% for Pb and 72% for Zn. In wetlands operating on synthetic mine water, SO4(2-) was completely removed, likely by conversion to sulfide by sulfate-reducing bacteria. In the wetland operating on synthetic smelter effluent, only approximately 25% of 6 g/L influent sulfate was removed, and a breakthrough period of 4 days for Na+ was observed. Whole effluent toxicity assays on undiluted wetland effluent from wetlands treating mine and smelter water had 100% survival of fathead minnows and Daphnia magnia. Survival of Ceriodaphnia dubia was zero in undiluted effluent, but 75 to 100% survival was observed when the effluent was diluted to one-half strength. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla 65401, USA. Song Y Y Fitch M M Burken J J Nass L L Chilukiri S S Gale N N Ross C C eng Journal Article

United States Water Environ Res 9886167 7439-92-1 Lead 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Animals Cyprinidae Daphnia Ecosystem Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Industry Lead analysis pharmacokinetics Mining Plants Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Temperature Toxicity Tests Waste Disposal, Fluid methods Zinc analysis pharmacokinetics 11561627 2001 09 19 2002 02 25 2003 11 14

0043-1354 35 15 2001 Oct Preliminary toxicity assessment of water after treatment with UV-irradiation and UVC/H2O2. 3656-64 Photooxidation (UV radiation) and enhanced photooxidation (UVC/H2O2) are water treatment technologies which remove aquatic natural organic matter (NOM) by photodegradation, producing lower molecular weight components and CO2. Since these technologies are being investigated for the treatment of drinking water, knowledge of the potential toxicity of the photooxidation by-products is vital. The potential toxicity of UVA-, UVB-, UVC-irradiated, and UVC/H2O2-treated aquatic NOM in two spot samples from two Australian reservoirs was analysed in two spot samples using Vibriofischeri in the Microtox test, African green monkey kidney cells (AS/NZS 4020:1999), and Daphnia carinata in an acute immobilisation test. Toxicity was not apparent for both the Microtox procedure and cytotoxicity analyses for the UVC-irradiated and UVC/H2O2-treated NOM samples, while UVA- and UVB-irradiated water samples were non-toxic to D. carinata. In contrast, acute toxicity was observed for UVC- and UVC/H2O2-treated water samples. The observed toxicity was attributed to photooxidative degradation of NOM-metal binding sites, which resulted in the release of bioavailable copper ions, as evidenced by higher concentrations of free copper ions in photooxidised water. As the total copper concentrations of the two raw water samples were well below the Australian Water Quality Guidelines for metals in domestic supplies, the release of copper from photooxidised NOM is unlikely to cause health concerns in these samples. Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. Parkinson A A Barry M J MJ Roddick F A FA Hobday M D MD eng Journal Article

England Water Res 0105072 0 Organic Chemicals 0 Oxidants 7722-84-1 Hydrogen Peroxide IM Animals Cell Culture Cercopithecus aethiops Daphnia Hydrogen Peroxide chemistry Kidney cytology Organic Chemicals Oxidants chemistry Oxidation-Reduction Photochemistry Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Ultraviolet Rays Vibrio Water Purification methods Water Supply 11566584 2001 09 21 2001 12 04 2003 11 14

0887-2333 15 4-5 2001 Aug-Oct A test battery for the ecotoxicological evaluation of pentachlorophenol. 503-9 Experimental bioassays are currently used in ecotoxicology and environmental toxicology to provide information for risk assessment evaluation of new chemicals and to investigate their effects and mechanisms of action; in addition, ecotoxicological models are used for the detection, control and monitoring of the presence of pollutants in the environment. As a single bioassay will never provide a full picture of the quality of the environment, a representative, cost-effective and quantitative test battery should be developed. The effects of pentachlorophenol were studied using a battery of ecotoxicological model systems, including immobilization of Daphnia magna, bioluminiscence inhibition in the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, growth inhibition of the alga Chlorella vulgaris, and micronuclei induction in the plant Allium cepa. The inhibition of cell proliferation and MTT reduction were investigated in Vero cells. Neutral red uptake, cell growth, MTT reduction, lactate dehydrogenase leakage and activity were studied in the salmonid fish cell line RTG-2, derived from the gonad of rainbow trout. Pentachlorophenol was very toxic for all biota and cells. The system most sensitive to pentachlorophenol, was micronuclei induction in A. cepa, followed by D. magna immobilization, bioluminescence inhibition in V. fischeri bacteria at 60 min and cell proliferation inhibition of RTG-2 cells at 72 h. Inhibition of cell proliferation and MTT reduction on Vero monkey cells showed intermediate sensitivity. National Institute of Toxicology, PO Box 863, 41080 Seville, Spain. repetto@sev.inaltox.es Repetto G G Jos A A Hazen M J MJ Molero M L ML del Peso A A Salguero M M Castillo P D PD Rodríguez-Vicente M C MC Repetto M M eng Journal Article Validation Studies

England Toxicol In Vitro 8712158 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Tetrazolium Salts 553-24-2 Neutral Red 87-86-5 Pentachlorophenol EC 1.1.1.27 L-Lactate Dehydrogenase IM Animals Cell Division drug effects Cercopithecus aethiops Chlorella drug effects growth & development Daphnia drug effects physiology Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Ecosystem Environmental Pollutants toxicity In Vitro L-Lactate Dehydrogenase metabolism Luminescence Micronuclei drug effects Models, Biological Neutral Red metabolism Oncorhynchus mykiss Onions drug effects genetics Pentachlorophenol toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Tetrazolium Salts metabolism Toxicity Tests methods Vero Cells Vibrio drug effects physiology 11594024 2001 10 11 2002 02 05 2003 11 14

1520-4081 16 5 2001 Oct Tests for the toxicity assessment of cyanobacterial bloom samples. 383-90 Cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) blooms are one of the common consequences of the increasing eutrophication of surface waters. The production of cyanobacterial toxins and their presence in drinking and recreational waters represents a growing danger to human and animal health. Due to a lack of toxin standards and to resource limitations on the wide-scale use of analytical methods (e.g., high-performance liquid chromatography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)) in cyanobacterial toxin monitoring, it is necessary to assess and to develop additional methods for their detection and estimation. Microbiotests using invertebrates offer a possible approach for the inexpensive and straightforward detection and assessment of cyanobacterial bloom toxicity. Three microbiotests with: Thamnocephalus platyurus, Daphnia magna, and Spirostomum ambiguum were examined with bloom samples containing hepatotoxic microcystin-LR and up to five additional microcystin variants. Two kinds of cyanobacterial bloom sample preparations were tested: crude extracts (CE) and purified extracts (PE). The highest toxicity was found when CE was used for microbiotests. The sensitivity of microorganisms decreased from S. ambiguum to T. platyurus and to D. magna. A statistically significant correlation was found between microcystin concentration and T. platyurus biotest, and between mouse bioassay and S. ambiguum results. Addition of Me2SO (1%, v/v) is a possible method to increase the sensitivity of the microorganisms for microcystin-LR. Department of Applied Ecology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland. matari@biol.uni.lodz.pl Tarczynska M M Nalecz-Jawecki G G Romanowska-Duda Z Z Sawicki J J Beattie K K Codd G G Zalewski M M eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 0 Enzyme Inhibitors 0 Peptides, Cyclic 101043-37-2 cyanoginosin LR IM Animals Biological Assay methods Crustacea Cyanobacteria Environmental Monitoring methods Enzyme Inhibitors analysis toxicity Eutrophication Peptides, Cyclic analysis toxicity Protozoa Sensitivity and Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests methods 11594032 2001 10 11 2002 02 05 2003 11 14

1520-4081 16 5 2001 Oct The toxicities of a polyunsaturated fatty acid and a microcystin to Daphnia magna. 444-8 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential components of zooplankton diets. However, studies with PUFAs from cyanobacteria indicate toxic properties. We investigated the toxicity of the PUFA gamma-linolenic acid and the cyanobacterial peptide toxin microcystin-LR to Daphnia. The PUFA was acutely toxic at a concentration of 9 micrograms ml-1. The effect of microcystin-LR was not statistically significant at the concentration used (3 micrograms ml-1), but an additive effect with the PUFA was observed. Relative to LC50-values of well-known pollutants, the PUFA was intermediately toxic. The activity equaled that of microcystin-LR, which is commonly treated as one of the most potent cyanobacterial toxins. Our results suggest that the toxic properties of PUFAs deserve more attention. Umeå Marine Sciences Centre/Marine Ecology, Umeå University, Norrbyn, SE-910 20 Hörnefors, Sweden. marko.reinikainen@eg.umu.se Reinikainen M M Meriluoto J A JA Spoof L L Harada K K eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 0 Peptides, Cyclic 101043-37-2 cyanoginosin LR 506-26-3 gamma-Linolenic Acid IM Animals Daphnia Food Chain Lethal Dose 50 Peptides, Cyclic adverse effects Phytoplankton Support, Non-U.S. Gov't gamma-Linolenic Acid adverse effects 11596764 2001 10 12 2002 02 07

0730-7268 20 10 2001 Oct Effects of water hardness and dissolved organic material on bioavailability of selected organic chemicals. 2303-8 The influence of water hardness and dissolved organic matter (DOM) on bioavailability of organic chemicals to Daphnia magna was studied by using benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), pyrene, atrazine, and 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) as model compounds. Two types of DOM were used, namely Lake Kontiolampi, Joensuu, Finland water (KL) and Nordic reference fulvic acid (NoFA) dissolved in artificial freshwater. Binding of the four contaminants by KL DOM decreased with increasing water hardness. Furthermore, increasing hardness reduced the binding of BaP and pyrene to NoFA. The binding of atrazine and TCB by NoFA was low and was not significantly affected by water hardness. In the DOM-free samples, the bioconcentration of the four contaminants in D. magna usually was not affected by water hardness. In the presence of DOM, the bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were lower (except for atrazine) than in the DOM-free controls. In the presence of both types of DOM, increasing water hardness resulted in higher BCFs for BaP. The bioconcentration of pyrene and TCB increased with increasing water hardness in the presence of KL DOM. In conclusion, the effects of DOM and water hardness on bioavailability of hydrophobic chemicals depend on the type of chemical and on the properties of DOM. Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, Finland. jarkko.akkanen@joensuu.fi Akkanen J J Kukkonen J V JV eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Organic Chemicals 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-70-2 Calcium 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Biological Availability Calcium chemistry Chemistry, Physical Organic Chemicals pharmacokinetics Oxygen Solubility Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical pharmacokinetics 11596775 2001 10 12 2002 02 07 2003 11 14

0730-7268 20 10 2001 Oct Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. 2. Application to acute copper toxicity in freshwater fish and Daphnia. 2397-402 The biotic ligand model (BLM) was developed to explain and predict the effects of water chemistry on the acute toxicity of metals to aquatic organisms. The biotic ligand is defined as a specific receptor within an organism where metal complexation leads to acute toxicity. The BLM is designed to predict metal interactions at the biotic ligand within the context of aqueous metal speciation and competitive binding of protective cations such as calcium. Toxicity is defined as accumulation of metal at the biotic ligand at or above a critical threshold concentration. This modeling framework provides mechanistic explanations for the observed effects of aqueous ligands, such as natural organic matter, and water hardness on metal toxicity. In this paper, the development of a copper version of the BLM is described. The calibrated model is then used to calculate LC50 (the lethal concentration for 50% of test organisms) and is evaluated by comparison with published toxicity data sets for freshwater fish (fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas) and Daphnia. HydroQual Environmental Engineers and Scientists, Camillus, New York 13031, USA. rsantore@hydroqual.com Santore R C RC Di Toro D M DM Paquin P R PR Allen H E HE Meyer J S JS eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Ligands 0 Water Pollutants 7440-50-8 Copper IM Animals Biological Availability Copper toxicity Cyprinidae Daphnia Lethal Dose 50 Ligands Models, Theoretical Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants toxicity 11605403 2001 10 18 2001 11 01 2003 11 14

0006-3029 46 5 2001 Sep-Oct [The non-contact effect of substances containing benzene rings and heterocycles on biological systems] 946-50 It was found that some substances containing benzolic rings and heterocyclic structures have a noncontact effect on biosystems. Some results of experiments dealing with the noncontact effect on enzyme molecules, cells, and uni- and multicellular organisms are presented. Factors influencing the efficiency of the noncontact effect were revealed. Samara State University, Samara, Russia. Frolov Iu P IuP rus Journal Article Nekontaktnoe deĭstvie soedineniĭ s benzol'nymi kol'tsami i geterotsiklami na biosistemy.

Russia Biofizika 0372666 0 Benzene Derivatives 0 Heterocyclic Compounds EC 1.11.1.6 Catalase EC 3.2.1.- Amylases IM Amylases chemistry radiation effects Animals Benzene Derivatives chemistry Catalase chemistry radiation effects Daphnia physiology radiation effects Drosophila physiology radiation effects Electromagnetic Fields English Abstract Heterocyclic Compounds chemistry Paramecium physiology radiation effects Peas physiology radiation effects Reproduction radiation effects Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolism radiation effects Temperature 11642442 2001 10 19 2002 02 12 2003 11 14

0013-936X 35 19 2001 Oct 1 Quantification and prediction of the detoxifying properties of humic substances related to their chemical binding to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 3841-8 Effects of 27 different humic materials on the toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were studied for crustacean Daphnia magna. Sources included isolated humic acids, fulvic acids, and their combination from soil, peat, and freshwater. The PAH used were pyrene, fluoranthene, and anthracene. The observed reduction in toxicity of PAH in the presence of humic substances (HS) was shown to be a result of the detoxification effect caused by the chemical binding of PAH to HS and of the direct effect of HS on D. magna. An approach was developed to quantify the detoxifying impact of humic materials related to their chemical binding to PAH with a use of the "constant of detoxification" or "toxicological partition coefficient" K(oc)D. The latter was proposed to determine by fitting the experimental relationships of the detoxification effect versus concentration of HS. The obtained K(oc)D values were well tracked by the corresponding partition coefficients determined by the fluorescence quenching technique (K(oc)fq): K(oc)D=b x K(oc)fq, b (mean+/-Cl, n=26, P=95%)=2.6+/-0.3, 4.6+/-0.6, and 6.0+/-1.4 for pyrene, fluoranthene, and anthracene, respectively. The predictive relationships between the structure and detoxifying properties of humic materials in relation to PAH were developed. It was shown that the magnitude of the K(oc)D values correlated closely with the aromaticity of humic materials characterized with the 13C NMR descriptors (sigma(C)Ar, sigma(C)Ar/sigma(C)Alk) and atomic H/C ratio. The obtained relationships showed the highest detoxifying potential of the humic materials enriched with aromatics and allowed a conclusion on the chemical binding as the governing mechanism of the mitigating action of HS on the toxicity of PAH. Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia. iperm@cityline.ru Perminova I V IV Grechishcheva N Y NY Kovalevskii D V DV Kudryavtsev A V AV Petrosyan V S VS Matorin D N DN eng Journal Article

United States Environ Sci Technol 0213155 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1415-93-6 Humic Acids IM Animals Biological Availability Daphnia Forecasting Humic Acids chemistry Lethal Dose 50 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic chemistry toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11680741 2001 10 26 2002 02 28 2003 11 14

0045-6535 45 4-5 2001 Nov Bioavailability of atrazine, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene in European river waters. 453-62 Thirteen river waters and one humic lake water were characterized. The effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the bioavailability of atrazine, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) was evaluated. Binding of the chemicals by DOM was analyzed with the equilibrium dialysis technique. For each of the water samples, 24 h bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of the chemicals were measured in Daphnia magna. The relationship between DOM and other water characteristics (including conductivity, water hardness and pH), and bioavailability of the chemicals was studied by performing several statistical analyses, including multiple regression analyses, to determine how much of the variation of BCF values could be explained by the quantity and quality of DOM. The bioavailability of atrazine was not affected by DOM or any other water characteristics. Although equilibrium dialysis showed binding of pyrene to DOM, the bioavailability of pyrene was not significantly affected by DOM. The bioavailability of B[a]P was significantly affected by both the quality and quantity of DOM. Multiple regression analyses, using the quality (ABS270 and HbA%) and quantity of DOM as variables, explained up to 70% of the variation in BCF of B[a]P in the waters studied. Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, Finland. jarkko.akkanen@joensuu.fi Akkanen J J Penttinen S S Haitzer M M Kukkonen J V JV eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Carcinogens 0 Fluorescent Dyes 0 Herbicides, Triazine 0 Organic Chemicals 0 Pyrenes 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 129-00-0 pyrene 1912-24-9 Atrazine 50-32-8 Benzo(a)pyrene 7440-70-2 Calcium IM Animals Atrazine pharmacokinetics Benzo(a)pyrene chemistry pharmacokinetics Biological Availability Calcium Carcinogens chemistry pharmacokinetics Daphnia Environmental Monitoring Fluorescent Dyes chemistry pharmacokinetics Herbicides, Triazine chemistry pharmacokinetics Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Organic Chemicals Pyrenes chemistry pharmacokinetics Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Tissue Distribution Water Pollutants, Chemical pharmacokinetics 11680744 2001 10 26 2002 02 28 2003 11 14

0045-6535 45 4-5 2001 Nov Embryonic development assay with Daphnia magna: application to toxicity of aniline derivatives. 487-95 An assay system using Daphnia magna embryos was applied to investigate the adverse effects of aniline derivatives. The data were compared with our previous data for chlorophenols. This new assay provides useful information to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals and the differences in sensitivity between the life stages. The effects of 15 aniline derivatives on embryonic development of D. magna embryos were determined. At the start of exposure, 2-6-h old eggs (between stages 1 and 2, round in shape, diameter approx. 400 microm), were used. In control and solvent control groups, embryonic development from an egg to a free-swimming animal proceeded completely within 3 days with more than 90% hatchability. Median effective concentrations (EC50s) to reduce the numbers hatched were determined and gross morphological abnormalities of hatched animals recorded. Anilines induced no obvious morphological abnormalities and no developmental delay although premature deaths occurred. However, they affected the number of embryos hatching in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, this embryo assay was more sensitive to aniline derivatives (except for aniline) than acute juveniles immobilization assay. Ratios of 48-h EC50 (juvenile)/3-day EC50 (embryo) for eight anilines were greater than 5.0. Particularly, the ratios of 4-methyl-, 4-ethyl- and 3-methylaniline were 77, 23 and 11, respectively. EC50s for embryos and juveniles were poorly correlated (r = 0.41). This indicated that the sensitivities of the two life stages were different to the effects of anilines. EC50s were poorly correlated (r = -0.097) with the log Kow (1-octanol/water partition coefficient). These results were compared with previous results for phenols. Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan. Abe T T Saito H H Niikura Y Y Shigeoka T T Nakano Y Y eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Solvents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 62-53-3 aniline IM Aniline Compounds toxicity Animals Biological Assay methods Daphnia embryology Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Embryo, Nonmammalian drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Solvents Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11680745 2001 10 26 2002 02 28 2003 11 14

0045-6535 45 4-5 2001 Nov Effect of pulse frequency and interval on the toxicity of chlorpyrifos to Daphnia magna. 497-506 Due to the episodic nature in which organisms are exposed to non-point source pollutants, it is necessary to understand how they are affected by pulsed concentrations of contaminants. This is essential, as standard toxicity tests may not adequately simulate exposure scenarios for short-lived hydrophobic compounds, such as chlorpyrifos (CPF), a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide. Studies were conducted with 7-day old Daphnia magna for 7 days to evaluate the effect of pulse frequency and interval among multiple CPF exposures. Daphnids were exposed to a total exposure of either 12 h at 0.5 microg/l or 6 h at 1.0 microg/l nominal CPF, respectively, in all studies. For interval studies, D. magna were exposed to two pulses of CPF at each concentration, with 0-96-h intervals between pulses. For frequency studies, D. magna were exposed to each CPF concentration altering the pulse scheme by decreasing the exposure duration but increasing the number of pulses, keeping the total exposure time the same. The pulse interval between multiple pulses in these experiments was 24 h. Our results suggest that D. magna can withstand an acutely lethal CPF exposure provided that there is adequate time for recovery between exposures. Department of Environmental Toxicology and Clemson Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton, SC 29670, USA. rnaddy@ensr.com Naddy R B RB Klaine S J SJ eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos IM Animals Chlorpyrifos administration & dosage toxicity Daphnia Environmental Exposure Insecticides, Organothiophosphate administration & dosage toxicity Survival Analysis Time Factors Toxicity Tests methods Water Movements Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11680747 2001 10 26 2002 02 28 2003 11 14

0045-6535 45 4-5 2001 Nov Degradation in soil and water and ecotoxicity of rimsulfuron and its metabolites. 515-22 The degradation and ecotoxicity of sulfonylurea herbicide rimsulfuron and its major metabolites were examined in batch samples of an alluvial sandy loam and in freshwater. An HPLC-DAD method was adapted to simultaneously identify and quantify rimsulfuron and its metabolites, which was successfully validated by GC-MS analysis. In aqueous solutions, pure rimsulfuron was rapidly hydrolyzed into metabolite 1 (N-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-N-(3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinylurea)), which itself was transformed into the more stable metabolite 2 (N-((3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinyl)-4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidineamine)), with half-life (t(1/2)) values of 2 and 2.5 days, respectively. Hydrolysis was instantaneous under alkaline conditions (pH = 10). In aqueous suspensions of the alluvial soil (pH = 8), formulated rimsulfuron had a half-life of 7 days, whereas that of metabolite 1 was similar to that in water (about 3.5 days). The degradation of the two major metabolites was also studied in soil suspensions with the pure compounds at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mg l(-1). The half-life of metabolite 1 ranged from 3.9 to 5 days, close to the previous values. Metabolite 2 was more persistent and its degradation is strongly dependent on the initial concentration (C0): half-life values ranged from 8.1 to 55 days at 2-10 mg l(-1), respectively. These values are higher than those determined from the kinetics of metabolite 1 transformation into metabolite 2 (t(1/2) = 8-19 days). The ecotoxicity of the three chemicals was evaluated through their effect on Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri (Microtox bioassay). No effect was observed on D. magna with 24 and 48 h acute toxicity tests. Similarly, no toxic effect was observed with the Microtox test for the three chemicals in the range of concentrations tested that included the field application dose. Thus, being of low persistence and lacking acute toxicity, these chemicals present a low environmental risk. However, chronic effects should be studied in order to confirm the safety of rimsulfuron and its major metabolites. Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et Aménagements, IATE, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Switzerland. jean.martins@hmg.inpg.fr Martins J M JM Chevre N N Spack L L Tarradellas J J Mermoud A A eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Herbicides, Urea 0 Pyridines 0 Sulfonamides 0 Sulfonylurea Compounds 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 0 rimsulfuron IM Animals Biodegradation Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Daphnia Half-Life Herbicides, Urea metabolism toxicity Hydrolysis Mass Fragmentography Pyridines metabolism toxicity Risk Assessment Soil Microbiology Sulfonamides metabolism toxicity Sulfonylurea Compounds metabolism toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Vibrio Water Microbiology Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity 11680751 2001 10 26 2002 02 28 2003 11 14

0045-6535 45 4-5 2001 Nov Lactate dehydrogenase activity as an effect criterion in toxicity tests with Daphnia magna straus. 553-60 Activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was used as an effect criterion in toxicity tests with Daphnia magna. In the first part of the work, the conditions for the use of LDH activity in toxicity tests with juveniles and adults of D. magna, were optimized. The influence of parameters such as the number of animals per sample, nutritional status, age and the presence of eggs in the brood chamber were investigated. In the second part of the study, both in vivo and in vitro tests based on the alteration of LDH activity of D. magna were developed and tested using zinc chloride as test substance. The results obtained indicate that LDH activity of D. magna may be used as an indicative parameter in aquatic toxicity tests. Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto do Ambiente e Vida, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal. teresa.diamantino@mail.ineti.pt Diamantino T C TC Almeida E E Soares A M AM Guilhermino L L eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Biological Markers 0 Chlorides 0 Mouthwashes 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 0 Zinc Compounds 7646-85-7 zinc chloride EC 1.1.1.27 L-Lactate Dehydrogenase IM Age Factors Animals Biological Markers analysis Chlorides toxicity Daphnia enzymology Eggs Female L-Lactate Dehydrogenase metabolism Mouthwashes toxicity Nutritional Status Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests methods Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Zinc Compounds toxicity 11680757 2001 10 26 2002 02 28

0045-6535 45 4-5 2001 Nov Biological and chemical analysis of the toxic potency of pesticides in rainwater. 609-24 A newly developed method for measuring the integrated esterase inhibiting potency of rainwater samples was applied in practice, and the results are compared to the toxic potency calculated from concentrations of 31 organophosphate (OP) and carbamate pesticides, out of a total of 66 chemically analyzed pesticides. In addition, the general toxic potency of the rainwater samples was evaluated in a microtiter luminescence assay with Vibrio fischeri bacteria. Rainwater samples were collected over four consecutive 14-day periods in both open and wet-only samplers. The esterase inhibiting potency of the open rainwater samples (expressed as ng dichlorvos-equivalents/l) corresponded well with the chemical analyses of the rainwater samples collected by both types of samplers (r = 0.83-0.86). By far, the highest esterase inhibiting potency was found in a sample collected in an area with intense horticultural activities in June, and was attributed to high concentrations of dichlorvos, mevinphos, pirimiphos-methyl and methiocarb. The esterase inhibiting potency of this sample was equivalent to a dichlorvos concentration of 1380 ng/l in the rainwater, which is almost 2000 times higher than the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of dichlorvos set for surface water in Netherlands. Maximum individual concentrations of dichlorvos and pirimiphos-methyl even exceeded the EC50 for Daphnia, suggesting that pesticides in rainwater pose a risk for aquatic organisms. Not all responses of the luminescence-assay for general toxicity could be explained by the analyzed pesticide concentrations. The bio-assays enable a direct assessment the toxic potency of all individual compounds present in the complex mixture of rainwater pollutants, even if they are unknown or present at concentrations below the detection limit. Therefore, they are valuable tools for prescreening and hazard characterization purposes. Toxicology Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands. timo.hamers@algemeen.tox.wau.nl Hamers T T Smit M G MG Murk A J AJ Koeman J H JH eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Insecticides, Carbamate 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Environmental Exposure Insecticides, Carbamate toxicity Insecticides, Organothiophosphate toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Luminescence Rain Risk Assessment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vibrio Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11680762 2001 10 26 2002 02 28 2003 11 14

0045-6535 45 4-5 2001 Nov Statistical analysis of regulatory ecotoxicity tests. 659-69 ANOVA-type data analysis, i.e.. determination of lowest-observed-effect concentrations (LOECs), and no-observed-effect concentrations (NOECs), has been widely used for statistical analysis of chronic ecotoxicity data. However, it is more and more criticised for several reasons, among which the most important is probably the fact that the NOEC depends on the choice of test concentrations and number of replications and rewards poor experiments, i.e., high variability, with high NOEC values. Thus, a recent OECD workshop concluded that the use of the NOEC should be phased out and that a regression-based estimation procedure should be used. Following this workshop, a working group was established at the French level between government, academia and industry representatives. Twenty-seven sets of chronic data (algae, daphnia, fish) were collected and analysed by ANOVA and regression procedures. Several regression models were compared and relations between NOECs and ECx, for different values of x, were established in order to find an alternative summary parameter to the NOEC. Biological arguments are scarce to help in defining a negligible level of effect x for the ECx. With regard to their use in the risk assessment procedures, a convenient methodology would be to choose x so that ECx are on average similar to the present NOEC. This would lead to no major change in the risk assessment procedure. However, experimental data show that the ECx depend on the regression models and that their accuracy decreases in the low effect zone. This disadvantage could probably be reduced by adapting existing experimental protocols but it could mean more experimental effort and higher cost. ECx (derived with existing test guidelines, e.g., regarding the number of replicates) whose lowest bounds of the confidence interval are on average similar to present NOEC would improve this approach by a priori encouraging more precise experiments. However, narrow confidence intervals are not only linked to good experimental practices, but also depend on the distance between the best model fit and experimental data. At least, these approaches still use the NOEC as a reference although this reference is statistically not correct. On the contrary, EC50 are the most precise values to estimate on a concentration response curve, but they are clearly different from the NOEC and their use would require a modification of existing assessment factors. Rhĵne-Poulenc Industrialisation, Décines Charpieu, France. pascal.isnard@aventis.com Isnard P P Flammarion P P Roman G G Babut M M Bastien P P Bintein S S Esserméant L L Férard J F JF Gallotti-Schmitt S S Saouter E E Saroli M M Thiébaud H H Tomassone R R Vindimian E E eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 IM Algae Animals Daphnia Ecosystem Fishes Models, Statistical No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Regression Analysis Risk Assessment Toxicity Tests statistics & numerical data 11680764 2001 10 26 2002 02 28 2003 11 14

0045-6535 45 4-5 2001 Nov Photoinduced toxicity of retene to Daphnia magna under enhanced UV-B radiation. 683-91 The effects of UV radiation on the acute toxicity of retene (7-isopropyl-1-methylphenanthrene) to Daphnia magna Straus were studied. Dehydroabietic acid (DHAA) from which retene is formed in the vicinity of pulp and paper industry was also studied. Pyrene, anthracene, and phenanthrene were used as model PAH compounds. The time taken for immobilization (ET50) was monitored under biologically effective UV-B dose rates of 240, 365, 565, and 650 mW m(-2) (UV-A and visible light also present). Median effective concentrations (EC50) were determined after a 15-min UV exposure (565 mW m(-2)) followed by 24 h in the dark. Retene (10-320 microg l(-1)) was not acutely toxic in the dark. The induction of phototoxicity was in agreement with the absorption properties of the compounds (absorption peak of retene at around 300 nm). Photoinduced toxicity followed an order pyrene > anthracene > retene. Phenanthrene and DHAA were not acutely phototoxic. Accumulation of the compound in Daphnia before UV exposure was essential. Some changes in the absorption spectra of the compounds were seen after a 5-h UV irradiation (565 mW m(-2)), but none of the irradiated compounds were acutely toxic without further UV exposure. Therefore, the enhanced acute toxicity was primarily due to internal photosensitization reactions rather than photomodification. The dissolved fraction of 25% pulp and paper mill effluent reduced phototoxicity by attenuating UV radiation. The phototoxicity of retene was a function of both the exposure concentration and the UV-B dose rate, but relatively high UV-B dose rates and concentrations were needed for the acute photoinduced toxicity. Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Finland. pshuovin@jyu.fi Huovinen P S PS Soimasuo M R MR Oikari A O AO eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Diterpenes 0 Diterpenes, Abietane 0 Industrial Waste 0 Phenanthrenes 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 0 retene 1740-19-8 dehydroabietic acid IM Absorption Animals Comparative Study Daphnia Diterpenes toxicity Diterpenes, Abietane Industrial Waste Lethal Dose 50 Paper Phenanthrenes chemistry toxicity Photochemistry Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic chemistry toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Ultraviolet Rays Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11681731 2001 10 29 2002 04 03 2003 11 14

0014-3820 55 9 2001 Sep Patterns of genetic architecture for life-history traits and molecular markers in a subdivided species. 1753-61 Understanding the utility and limitations of molecular markers for predicting the evolutionary potential of natural populations is important for both evolutionary and conservation genetics. To address this issue, the distribution of genetic variation for quantitative traits and molecular markers is estimated within and among 14 permanent lake populations of Daphnia pulicaria representing two regional groups from Oregon. Estimates of population subdivision for molecular and quantitative traits are concordant, with QST generally exceeding GST. There is no evidence that microsatellites loci are less informative about subdivision for quantitative traits than are allozyme loci. Character-specific comparison of QST and GST support divergent selection pressures among populations for the majority of life-history traits in both coast and mountain regions. The level of within-population variation for molecular markers is uninformative as to the genetic variation maintained for quantitative traits. In D. pulicaria, regional differences in the frequency of sex may contribute to variation in the maintenance of expressed within-population quantitative-genetic variation without substantially impacting diversity at the genic level. These data are compared to an identical dataset for 17 populations of the temporary-pond species, D. pulex. Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403, USA. kmorgan@darkwing.uoregon.edu Morgan K K KK Hicks J J Spitze K K Latta L L Pfrender M E ME Weaver C S CS Ottone M M Lynch M M eng 5 T32 GM07413 GM NIGMS Journal Article

United States Evolution Int J Org Evolution 0373224 0 Genetic Markers IM Animals Daphnia genetics Drosophila genetics Evolution, Molecular Female Genetic Markers Genetics, Population Geography Life Tables Male Oregon Quantitative Trait, Heritable Sex Ratio Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Variation (Genetics) 11683324 2001 10 30 2002 01 14 2003 11 14

0022-2844 53 1 2001 Jul The behavior of a Daphnia pulex transposable element in cyclically and obligately parthenogenetic populations. 63-9 Using Southern blot analysis, we have characterized restriction fragment patterns of a transposable element. Pokey, in obligately and cyclically parthenogenetic populations of the cladoceran crustacean Daphnia pulex. We show that the element is most likely active in cyclically parthenogenetic populations but is, for the most part, inactive in obligate parthenogens. This result is consistent with theory suggesting that transposable element dynamics are likely to change with a change in reproductive mode. Such changes could have important consequences for the long-term evolutionary potential of obligate parthenogens and may also be informative with regard to the underlying mechanisms that regulate transposable element frequencies in sexual organisms. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, USA. Sullender B W BW Crease T J TJ eng Journal Article

United States J Mol Evol 0360051 0 DNA Transposable Elements IM Animals Blotting, Southern DNA Transposable Elements genetics Daphnia genetics physiology Female Male Parthenogenesis genetics Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 11692198 2001 11 05 2001 12 26 2003 11 14

0007-4861 67 6 2001 Dec Acute and chronic toxicity of ammonium chloride to the cladoceran Daphnia pulex Leydig in relation to algal food density. 834-40 School of Biology, Benemerita Autonomus University of Puebla, Avenue San Claudio and 14 Sur, CP 72560, University City, Col. San Manuel, Puebla, State of Puebla, Mexico. Mangas-Ramírez E E Sarma S S SS Nandini S S eng Journal Article

United States Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Diuretics 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 12125-02-9 Ammonium Chloride IM Ammonium Chloride adverse effects Animals Chlorella Daphnia Diuretics adverse effects Food Deprivation Population Dynamics Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical adverse effects 11695440 2001 11 05 2002 01 17 2003 11 14

27 9 2001 Computer modeling of the biotic cycle formation in a closed ecological system. 1587-92 The process of biotic turnover in a closed ecological system (CES) with an external energy flow was analyzed by mathematical modeling of the biotic cycle formation. The formation of hierarchical structure in model CESs is governed by energy criteria. Energy flow through the ecosystem increases when a predator is introduced into a "producer-reducer" system at steady state. Analysis of the model shows that under certain conditions the presence of the primary predator with its high mineralization ability accelerates the biotic turnover measured by primary production. We, therefore, conclude that for every system it is possible to find a suitable predator able to provide the system with a higher biotic turnover rate and energy consumption. Grant numbers: 99-04-96017/2000. c 2001. COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Institute of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia. Brilkov A V AV Ganusov V V VV Morozova E V EV Pechurkin N S NS eng Journal Article

United States Adv Space Res 9878935 S Algae Animals Computer Simulation Daphnia Ecological Systems, Closed Ecosystem Energy Metabolism Evolution Food Chain Models, Biological Plankton Poecilia Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 00026818 11699788 2001 11 08 2002 02 14 2003 11 14

0730-7268 20 11 2001 Nov Toxicity identification of metals: development of toxicity identification fingerprints. 2604-10 The ecotoxicological and chemical response of five metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) to selective fractionation techniques was assessed using the organism Daphnia magna. The metals Cu and Zn revealed similar toxicity patterns, showing an increased toxicity when lowering the pH, a marked reduction in toxicity after addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Similar toxicity reductions were obtained by passing the metal solutions over ion exchangers, activated charcoal, and filtration/solid-phase extraction units at neutral and basic pHs. The discrimination between Cu- and Zn-toxicity occurred in the oxidant reduction test, i.e., Zn toxicity was not affected by the addition of Na2S2O3, while Cu toxicity was strongly reduced. A second cluster was formed by Cd and Ni. The toxicity of both metals markedly decreased in the EDTA, ion exchangers, activated charcoal, filtration, and solid-phase extraction tests at high pHs. Discrimination between the toxicity of both metals was accomplished with the graduated pH test, in which a pH-independent toxicity response was found for Ni while the toxicity of Cd increased at lower pHs. Compared with the other metals, a very distinct toxicity pattern for Cr was observed. From the applied fractionation techniques, only the graduated pH and the anion resin tests resulted in a marked change in Cr toxicity. The produced toxicity patterns for each individual metal could therefore be used as fingerprints (i.e., toxicity identification fingerprints) in order to identify the toxicity caused by individual metals for D. magna. EURAS, Lovendegem, Belgium. Van Sprang P A PA Janssen C R CR eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Chelating Agents 0 Metals, Heavy 0 Water Pollutants IM Algorithms Animals Chelating Agents chemistry Comparative Study Daphnia Filtration Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Metals, Heavy chemistry classification toxicity Risk Assessment Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants classification toxicity 11703505 2001 11 12 2001 12 20 2003 11 14

0018-067X 87 Pt 2 2001 Aug Macrogeographic patterns of breeding system diversity in the Daphnia pulex group from the United States and Mexico. 153-61 Studies on the biogeographical patterning of reproductive systems promise to extend understanding of the factors which modulate breeding system transitions. Two closely allied cladoceran crustaceans, Daphnia pulex and D. pulicaria, show varied modes of reproduction, with populations reproducing by either cyclic or obligate parthenogenesis. Prior studies have provided a detailed understanding of their breeding system diversity in the polar and cold temperate regions of North America. The present investigation extends this analysis, characterizing breeding systems and clonal diversity at sites throughout the United States and Mexico. Genotypic diversity in these southern areas was high, but only diploids were detected, indicating that polyploids are restricted to the north. F(1) hybrids and their two parental species were present in most areas, although their frequencies varied geographically. Hybrids invariably reproduced by obligate asexuality, but both parental taxa showed regional shifts in their breeding system. The complexity of these latter patterns suggests that they reflect the interplay of historical factors and selection. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2 W1. phebert@uoguelph.ca Hebert P D PD Finston T L TL eng Journal Article

England Heredity 0373007 IM Animals Breeding Climate Daphnia classification genetics physiology Environment Hybridization, Genetic Mexico Parthenogenesis Polyploidy Reproduction Sex Behavior, Animal Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States 11703099 2001 11 12 2001 12 07 2003 11 14

0040-5809 60 2 2001 Sep Egg size evolution and energetic constraints on population dynamics. 73-92 We use population models that are based on dynamic energy budget models for individuals in order to study the evolution of offspring size and its relationship to the evolution of population dynamics. We show the existence of alternative evolutionarily stable strategies for offspring investment strategy resulting from a trade off between offspring number and time-to-maturity. The model predicts egg energy in Daphnia magna well, and suggests that the observed egg energy in D. magna is the result of selection for minimal egg investment constrained by minimum viable egg energy, combined with selection for a juvenile energy reserve. The selection for minimal egg size pushes populations toward chaotic dynamics. However, the minimum viable egg size combined with low efficiency of conversion of energy to new biomass is sufficient to keep population dynamics out of chaos. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. Biomathematics Graduate Program, Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8203, USA. pdschlie2@stat.uga.edu Schliekelman P P Ellner S P SP eng Journal Article

United States Theor Popul Biol 0256422 IM Animals Daphnia genetics physiology Energy Metabolism Evolution Models, Statistical Nonlinear Dynamics Ovum Population Dynamics Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11707494 2001 11 14 2002 01 22 2003 11 14

0022-0949 204 Pt 20 2001 Oct Benefits of haemoglobin in the cladoceran crustacean Daphnia magna. 3425-41 To determine the contribution of haemoglobin (Hb) to the hypoxia-tolerance of Daphnia magna, we exposed Hb-poor and Hb-rich individuals (2.4-2.8 mm long) to a stepwise decrease in ambient oxygen partial pressure (P(O(2)amb)) over a period of 51 min from normoxia (20.56 kPa) to anoxia (<0.27 kPa) and looked for differences in their physiological performance. The haem-based concentrations of Hb in the haemolymph were 49 micromol l(-1) in Hb-poor and 337 micromol l(-1) in Hb-rich animals, respectively. The experimental apparatus made simultaneous measurement of appendage beating rate (fA), NADH fluorescence intensity (I(NADH)) of the appendage muscles, heart rate (fH) and in vivo Hb oxygen-saturation possible. In response to progressive, moderate hypoxia, both groups showed pronounced tachycardia and a slight decrease in fA. The fA and fH of Hb-rich animals were generally 4-6 % lower than those of Hb-poor animals. In addition, Hb-rich animals showed a significant decrease in the P(O(2)amb) at which the Hb in the heart region was half-saturated and a striking reduction in the critical P(O(2)amb) of appendage-related variables. In Hb-poor animals, the I(NADH) signal indicated that the oxygen supply to the limb muscle tissue started to become impeded at a critical P(O(2)amb) of 4.75 kPa, although the high level of fA was largely maintained until 1.77 kPa. The obvious discrepancy between these two critical P(O(2)amb) values suggested an anaerobic supplementation of energy provision in the range 4.75-1.77 kPa. The fact that I(NADH) of Hb-rich animals did not rise until P(O(2)amb) fell below 1.32 kPa strongly suggests that the extra Hb available to Hb-rich animals ensured an adequate oxygen supply to the limb muscle tissue in the P(O(2)amb) range 4.75-1.32 kPa. This finding illustrates the physiological benefit of Hb in enabling the animal to sustain its aerobic metabolism as the energetically most efficient mode of fuel utilization under conditions of reduced oxygen availability. Institut für Zoophysiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Hindenburgplatz 55, D-48143 Münster, Germany. pirow@uni-muenster.de Pirow R R Bäumer C C Paul R J RJ eng Journal Article

England J Exp Biol 0243705 0 Hemoglobins 53-84-9 NAD 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Daphnia physiology Extremities Heart Rate Hemoglobins analysis physiology Hemolymph chemistry Microscopy, Fluorescence Muscles chemistry NAD analysis Oxygen administration & dosage blood Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11718357 2001 11 22 2002 04 18

0013-936X 35 21 2001 Nov 1 Degradation of imidacloprid in water by photo-Fenton and TiO2 photocatalysis at a solar pilot plant: a comparative study. 4359-66 The technical feasibility, mechanisms, and performance of degradation of aqueous imidacloprid have been studied at pilot scale in two well-defined photocatalytic systems of special interest because natural UV light can be used: heterogeneous photocatalysis with titanium dioxide and homogeneous photocatalysis by photo-Fenton. Equivalent pilot-scale and field conditions used for both allowed adequate comparison of the degree of mineralization and toxicity achieved as well as the transformation products generated in route to mineralization by both systems. Ninety-five percent of mineralization (<2.0 mg/L) was reached after 250 min of photocatalytic treatment with Fenton and 450 min with TiO2, meaning that TOC disappears 2.4 times faster with photo-Fenton photocatalytic treatment than with TiO2. The Daphnia Magna test for final residual TOC does not reveal anytoxic behavior. Transformation products evaluated by GC-MS/AED after two SPE procedures and LC-IC were the same in both cases. The main differences between the two processes are in the amount of transformation products (TPs) generated, not in the TPs detected which were always the same. At the end of both processes low concentration (<0.1 mg/L) of 2 pyrrolidinone (transformation product) remains in the dissolution and around 1 mg/L of formate in the case of photo-Fenton. Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Spain. Malato S S Caceres J J Agüera A A Mezcua M M Hernando D D Vial J J Fernández-Alba A R AR eng Journal Article

United States Environ Sci Technol 0213155 0 Ferric Compounds 0 Imidazoles 0 Minerals 0 Pyrrolidinones 105827-78-9 imidacloprid 13463-67-7 titanium dioxide 616-45-5 2-pyrrolidone 7440-32-6 Titanium IM Comparative Study Ferric Compounds pharmacology Imidazoles metabolism Kinetics Light Minerals Models, Biological Photolysis drug effects radiation effects Pilot Projects Pyrrolidinones metabolism Solar Energy Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Titanium pharmacology Toxicity Tests Ultraviolet Rays Water Purification methods 11719570 2001 11 23 2002 02 12 2003 11 14

0737-4038 18 12 2001 Dec Rate acceleration and long-branch attraction in a conserved gene of cryptic daphniid (Crustacea) species. 2201-12 The nuclear large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene is a rich source of phylogenetic characters because of its large size, mosaic of slowly and rapidly evolving regions, and complex secondary structure variation. Nevertheless, many studies have indicated that inconsistency, bias, and gene-specific error (e.g., within-individual gene family variation, cryptic sequence simplicity, and sequence coevolution) can complicate animal phylogenies based on LSU rDNA sequences. However, most of these studies sampled small gene fragments from expansion segments--among animals only five nonchordate complete LSU sequences are published. In this study, we sequenced near-complete nuclear LSU genes from 11 representative daphniids (Crustacea). The daphniid expansion segment V6 was larger and showed more length variation (90-351 bp) than is found in all other reported LSU V6 sequences. Daphniid LSU (without the V6 region) phylogenies generally agreed with the existing phylogenies based on morphology and mtDNA sequences. Nevertheless, a major disagreement between the LSU and the expected trees involved a positively misleading association between the two taxa with the longest branches, Daphnia laevis and D. occidentalis. Both maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) optimality criteria recovered this association, but parametric simulations indicated that MP was markedly more sensitive to this bias than ML. Examination of data partitions indicated that the inconsistency was caused by increased nucleotide substitution rates in the branches leading to D. laevis and D. occidentalis rather than among-taxon differences in base composition or distribution of sites that are free to vary. These results suggest that lineage-specific rate acceleration can lead to long-branch attraction even in the conserved genes of animal species that are almost morphologically indistinguishable. Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA. aomilian@indiana.edu Omilian A R AR Taylor D J DJ eng Journal Article

United States Mol Biol Evol 8501455 0 DNA, Ribosomal IM Animals DNA, Ribosomal genetics Daphnia classification genetics Evolution, Molecular Genes, rRNA Likelihood Functions Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 11724499 2001 11 28 2002 03 05 2003 11 14

0273-1223 44 7 2001 Estimation of environmental impact of some of the most often occurring pesticides in Slovenian surface and underground water. 87-90 The use of environmental xenobiotics is increasing every day. We are now all dependent on synthetic substances in agriculture, pharmacy, petrochemical and food industries. Pesticides, when used correctly, have enormous benefits in increasing crop yield and improving the quality of agricultural produce. The problem is what happens to these chemicals in the environment. They can be widespread through various pathways. The aim of our work was to find out which pesticides occur most often in Slovenian surface and underground water and to assess some of their environmental characteristics. National monitoring on underground water includes analyses of 27 pesticides and their metabolites, which can be bought in the country. In spite of the fact that their use has not been allowed since 1994, the most often detected and widely spread pesticides in Slovenia appeared to be atrazine and alachlor. This is the reason why the toxicity of atrazine, alachlor and pentachlorophenol to different aquatic organisms was determined. Sensitivity of test organisms to pesticides was compared. The experimental results were compared with available literature data. Toxicity assessment shows their environmental impact and hazard on non-target aquatic organisms. Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Gotvajn A Z AZ Zagorc-Koncan J J Tisler T T eng Journal Article

England Water Sci Technol 9879497 0 Pesticides 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Agriculture Algae, Green Animals Daphnia Environmental Monitoring Forecasting Pesticides adverse effects analysis Slovenia Soil Pollutants adverse effects analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Vibrio Water Pollutants, Chemical adverse effects analysis 11728637 2001 11 30 2002 02 22 2003 11 14

0300-9084 83 10 2001 Oct Purification and characterization of phosphoglucose isomerase allozymes from Daphnia magna. 979-84 Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI, EC 5.3.1.9) is polymorphic in many populations. Frequently, it has been shown that naturally occurring allozymes exhibit strong deviations form Hardy-Weinberg expectations, suggesting fitness relevant mutations. To investigate the nature of this allozymic variation, PGI was purified from Daphnia magna to high purity yielding a specific activity of 135.2 U/mg. The kinetic parameters of the allozymes were characterized depending upon ionic strength, pH and viscosity. The half-saturation constants of the allozymes were all equal, while the specific activity of the PGI from heterozygotes was consistently higher than the PGI of the homozygotes, independent of pH, ionic strength and viscosity of the solution. Max-Planck-Institut für Limnologie, Postfach 165, 24302 Plön, Germany. hinnerk@biology.au.dk Boriss H H eng Journal Article

France Biochimie 1264604 0 Isoenzymes EC 5.3.1.9 Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase IM Animals Daphnia enzymology Enzyme Activation Enzyme Stability physiology Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase genetics isolation & purification metabolism Heat Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Isoenzymes genetics metabolism Kinetics Osmolar Concentration Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Thermodynamics Viscosity 11757386 2001 12 06 2001 12 28 2003 11 14

1001-9332 12 2 2001 Apr [Effect of silver carp stocking and fertilization on plankton community in enclosures in saline-alkaline ponds] 299-303 The effect of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) stocking and fertilization on plankton community of enclosures ecosystem in saline-alkaline ponds were studied. After stocking silver carp in enclosures, the abundance, chlorophyll-a content and primary productivity of phytoplankton increased, and the biomass of phytoplankton was mainly composed by small species, such as diatom and green algae. Moreover, Euglnophyta and Chrysophyta were also subdominant species. The biomass of zooplankton decreased with fish stocking, and that of Cladocera was greater in control than in fish-culture enclosures. Zooplankton community was dominated by larger species such as Daphnia carinata in control enclosures. Fertilization, especially applying inorganic fertilizer, significantly increased the abundance and primary productivity of phytoplankton and the biomass of zooplankton. Although the biomass of plankton in the enclosures applied organic fertilizer was greater than that of control enclosures, the primary productivity and chlorophyll-a content of phytoplankton, the diversity index of plankton, and the P/R ratio were very low, and thus, silver carp grew slowly. The effect of filter feeding fish and applying fertilizer on the structure of plankton community was also discussed. Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao 266003. zhaowen@mail.dlptt.ln.cn Zhao W W Dong S S Zhang Z Z Li D D chi Journal Article

China Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 9425159 0 Fertilizers IM Animals Biomass Carps growth & development Ecosystem English Abstract Fertilizers Plankton physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11759569 2001 12 10 2002 04 02 2003 11 14

0963-9292 10 6 2001 Dec Single and combined effects of sediment-associated PAHs on three species of freshwater macroinvertebrates. 363-72 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants of sediments. Sediment quality criteria often use toxicity data for individual PAHs. However, PAHs always occur in field sediments as a complex mixture of compounds. In this study, the toxicity of phenanthrene (P), fluoranthene (FLA) and benzo(k)-fluoranthene (B), alone or in combination, was assessed using monospecific sediment tests of acute toxicity (between 24 h and 14 days). The test sediments were spiked formulated sediments. Toxicity of PAHs was determined on a freshwater pelagic organism, Daphnia magna, on an epibenthic organism, Hyalella azteca, and on a benthic organism, Chironomus riparius. The phototoxicity of fluoranthene and phenanthrene was verified. Benzo(k)fluoranthene was not phototoxic and presented no toxicity for the three organisms tested up to 300 mg/kg, concentration rarely found in the environment. For all PAHs, the toxicity towards Daphnia magna was two-fold higher in the sediment toxicity tests than in the water-only standard tests, probably due to suspended contaminated particles and contact of daphnids with sediment. For phenanthrene, the LC50s found were 50, 15 and 20 mg/kg dry weight sediment, respectively for Daphnia magna, Hyalella azteca and Chironomus riparius. The bioassays on fluoranthene yielded LC50s of 10, 5 and 15 mg/kg dw respectively for Daphnia magna, Hyalella azteca and Chironomus riparius. LC50s of the PAHs mixture (1/3 of each compound by weight) were around 10 mg/kg dry weight sediment for Hyalella azteca and 20 mg/kg for Chironomus riparius. The effects of PAHs in the mixture seemed to be synergistic. This study gives new data about PAH toxicity and showed that the additivity of PAH effects could be inadequate to assess the environmental risk. Laboratoire TEPE, Université de Savoie, Savoie Technolac, 73376 Le Bourget du Lac, France. Verrhiest@univ-savoie.fr Verrhiest G G Clément B B Blake G G eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicology 9885956 0 Enzyme Inhibitors 0 Fluorenes 0 Phenanthrenes 0 Soil Pollutants 206-44-0 fluoranthene 207-08-9 benzo(k)fluoranthene 85-01-8 phenanthrene IM Animals Biological Assay Chironomidae Crustacea Daphnia Drug Interactions Environmental Exposure Enzyme Inhibitors adverse effects Fluorenes adverse effects Geologic Sediments chemistry Lethal Dose 50 Phenanthrenes adverse effects Risk Assessment Soil Pollutants adverse effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11764175 2001 12 14 2002 03 28 2003 11 14

0730-7268 20 12 2001 Dec Evaluation of bioassays versus contaminant concentrations in explaining the macroinvertebrate community structure in the Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands. 2883-91 It is often assumed that bioassays are better descriptors of sediment toxicity than toxicant concentrations and that ecological factors are more important than toxicants in structuring macroinvertebrate communities. In the period 1992 to 1995, data were collected in the enclosed Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands, on macroinvertebrates, sediment toxicity, sediment contaminant concentrations, and ecological factors. The effect of various groups of pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, trace metals, oil, polychlorinated biphenyls) and of ecological variables on the structure of the macroinvertebrate community were quantified. Ecological factors explained 17.3% of the macroinvertebrate variation, while contaminants explained 13.8%. Another 14.7% was explained by the covariation between ecological variables and contaminants. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons explained a larger part of the variation than trace metals. The contributions of oil and polychlorinated biphenyls were small but significant. Elevated contaminant concentrations were significantly associated with differences in the macroinvertebrate food web structure. The response in bioassays (Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna, Chironomus riparius) was susceptible to certain contaminants but also to certain ecological factors. There was a weak correlation between in situ species composition and bioassays; 1.9% of in situ macroinvertebrate variation was explained by the bioassay responses. This seems to contradict the validity of using bioassays for a system-oriented risk assessment. Possible reasons for this discrepancy might be the manipulations of the sediment before the test and a higher pollutant tolerance of the in situ macroinvertebrates. Thus, macroinvertebrate field surveys and laboratory bioassays yield different types of information on ecotoxicological effects, and both are recommended in sediment risk assessment procedures. Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, The Netherlands. edwin.peeters@aqec.wkao.wau.nl Peeters E T ET Dewitte A A Koelmans A A AA van der Velden J A JA den Besten P J PJ eng Evaluation Studies Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Biological Assay Comparative Study Ecosystem Environmental Pollutants toxicity Geologic Sediments chemistry Invertebrates Petroleum toxicity Polychlorinated Biphenyls toxicity Population Dynamics Predictive Value of Tests Risk Assessment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11743776 2001 12 17 2002 02 26 2003 11 14

0021-8561 49 12 2001 Dec Hydrolysis of terbufos using simulated environmental conditions: rates, mechanisms, and product analysis. 5866-73 This study focuses on the hydrolysis of terbufos, an organophosphorus pesticide. Combining GC-MS and wet chemistry methods, di-tert-butyl disulfide and formaldehyde were identified and quantified as major degradation products. Diethyl dithiophosphate was also indirectly identified as a degradation product under alkaline conditions. Hydrolysis rate constants of terbufos under homogeneous conditions were comparable to those of phorate and show relative insensitivity to pH under slightly acidic to neutral pH conditions, as the observed rate constants varied only in the range of (4.5-5.0) x 10(-6) s(-1) between pH 5.7 and 9.4; neutral hydrolysis is thus the most dominant hydrolysis pathway of terbufos in ambient waters. The mechanisms for terbufos hydrolysis and the formation of the major products and their temporal profiles are discussed. To assess the environmental impact of degradation products of this widely used pesticide, Microtox was used to analyze the toxicity of terbufos and two of its degradation products: diethyl dithiophosphate and di-tert-butyl disulfide; the EC(50) of terbufos was found to be >17 microM, whereas the EC(50) of di-tert-butyl disulfide was 1.3 microM. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0071, USA. Hong F F Win K Y KY Pehkonen S O SO eng Journal Article

United States J Agric Food Chem 0374755 0 Disulfides 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 50-00-0 Formaldehyde IM Animals Biological Assay Chromatography, Gas Daphnia drug effects Disulfides analysis Formaldehyde analysis Hydrolysis Insecticides, Organothiophosphate chemistry toxicity Kinetics Mass Fragmentography Oncorhynchus mykiss Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11745022 2001 12 17 2002 04 29 2003 11 14

0032-0943 67 9 2001 Dec Development of a bioassay for phytochemicals using Daphnia pulex. 843-6 The freshwater cladoceran Daphnia pulex was explored as an alternative to Artemia salina for the biological screening of phytochemicals. This paper reports on the results of screening 27 compounds, and comparisons are made with screens using Artemia salina. The effect of miniaturisation of the assay system was investigated. Petri-dish based tests were performed for the 27 compounds using 10 daphnids at each of 5 concentrations (1 - 1000 mg l(-1)). Potassium dichromate was used as a control and the number immobile after 24 hours were counted. Results were expressed as EC(50) values. The active compounds (EC(50) < 25 mg l(-1)) comprised mainly adrenoceptor agonist alkaloids, while the cytotoxins vincristine and colchicine, and several antibiotics were relatively non-toxic towards Daphnia. The method was validated by comparative bioassay of A. belladonna fractions. Overall, this screen compared favourably with those based on Artemia. Daphnia were sensitive to a wide range of biologically active molecules including CNS-stimulants, anti-malarials, narcotics and anti-spasmodics, and the sensitivity was broader than previously seen with Artemia. The screen is perhaps limited by the lack of sensitivity to cytotoxins, but this might be overcome by altering the test criteria. School of Botany, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. Morrow D D Corrigan D D Waldren S S eng Journal Article

Germany Planta Med 0066751 0 Biological Factors 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Artemia drug effects metabolism Biological Assay methods Biological Factors toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects metabolism Fresh Water chemistry Water Pollutants analysis Water Pollution, Chemical prevention & control 11766804 2001 12 19 2002 04 23 2003 11 14

0043-1354 36 1 2002 Jan Investigations into the environmental fate and effects of iopromide (ultravist), a widely used iodinated X-ray contrast medium. 266-74 lodinated X-ray contrast media are pharmaceuticals which are biologically inert and metabolically stable during their passage through the body and are excreted almost completely within a day into waste water. They are not readily biodegradable. However, in a test system simulating sewage treatment, we were able to show that the model compound iopromide (N,N'-bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-2,4,6-triiodo-5-methoxyacetylamino-N-methyliso-phthalamide) was amenable to primary degradation. The resulting degradation product (5-amino-N'N'-bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-2,4,6-triiodo-N-methyliso-phthalamide) showed a faster photolysis than the parent compound. Additionally this product was further degraded in a test system simulating surface water conditions. Short-term toxicity of the primary degradation product was low, i.e. no effects on any of various aquatic species could be found even at concentrations of 1 gl(-1). Additionally no chronic toxicity of the degradation product was observed in an early-life stage test with zebrafish at the highest tested concentration of 100mgl(-1). Based on the results from model systems a degradation pathway for iopromide is postulated. Though further work showing the transferability of the laboratory results to environmental conditions is necessary the presently available information on the environmental fate and effects of iopromide and its degradation products do not provide evidence of a risk for aquatic life caused by the introduction of this contrast medium into waste water. Schering AG, Research Laboratories, Berlin, Germany. thomas.stegerhartmann@sheing.de Steger-Hartmann Thomas T Länge Reinhard R Schweinfurth Hermann H Tschampel Matthias M Rehmann Irmgard I eng Journal Article

England Water Res 0105072 0 Contrast Media 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 66108-95-0 Iohexol 73334-07-3 iopromide IM Algae, Green drug effects Animals Biodegradation Contrast Media adverse effects analysis metabolism Daphnia drug effects Environmental Monitoring Iohexol adverse effects analogs & derivatives analysis metabolism Medical Waste Risk Assessment Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis Zebrafish 11755696 2001 12 28 2002 02 25 2003 11 14

0166-445X 56 2 2002 Jan Tolerance and acclimation to zinc of field-collected Daphnia magna populations. 69-79 The zinc tolerance of two Daphnia magna populations collected at a zinc contaminated site was studied. One clone was isolated from each population in order to determine interclonal variation in zinc tolerance. 48hEC50-values, life table parameters, carapace lengths and cellular energy allocation (CEA) were used as test endpoints and compared with the results obtained with a standard laboratory clone. The natural clones were more tolerant to acute zinc toxicity (up to a factor of 4) and exhibited a higher reproduction rate (factor 2) and carapace length (factor 1.2). The optimal zinc concentrations for the natural clones ranged from 80 to 200 microg Zn/l. When cultured without zinc, the natural clones gradually lost their zinc tolerance. Therefore, the environmental relevance of using toxicity data obtained with organisms (natural, as well as laboratory clones) acclimated to culture media containing no or very small amounts of zinc can be questioned. Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. brita.muyssen@rug.ac.be Muyssen Brita T A BT Janssen Colin R CR Bossuyt Bart T A BT eng Journal Article

Netherlands Aquat Toxicol 8500246 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Adaptation, Physiological Animals Daphnia growth & development metabolism physiology Drug Tolerance Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Survival Analysis Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity Zinc metabolism toxicity 11755698 2001 12 28 2002 02 25 2003 11 14

0166-445X 56 2 2002 Jan Life history changes in the benthic cladoceran Chydorus piger induced by low concentrations of sediment-bound cadmium. 93-101 The effect of sediment-bound cadmium on several life history parameters of the benthic cladoceran Chydorus piger, was tested in the laboratory. It was investigated whether a test with C. piger is an ecologically realistic alternative for the Daphnia test applied to sediments. Therefore, a culture of C. piger was exposed to a control and five cadmium concentrations, equilibrated with natural detritus (0.036, 0.063, 0.26, 0.55 and 1.0 mmol/kg). Continuous records of growth and reproduction were made which took as long as 20 weeks. Longevity of C. piger declined markedly from 112 days to 20 days as cadmium concentrations increased. Intrinsic rate of increase and age at first reproduction (AFR) tended to be stimulated at very low doses but this effect was not significant. However, they were negatively influenced by moderate cadmium levels. While a significant cadmium effect was found for all traits investigated, the effective doses of cadmium varied strongly. C. piger was found to be even more sensitive to cadmium than for example Daphnia and Hyalella, naturally occurring cadmium levels in detritus being effective to C. piger. Experiments with a benthic cladoceran can therefore give important information about the ecological effect of cadmium and possibly other toxicants deposited in sediments. University of Amsterdam, Section Aquatic Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Kruislaan 320, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands. tdekker@science.uva.nl Dekker T T Krips O E OE Admiraal W W eng Journal Article

Netherlands Aquat Toxicol 8500246 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Age Factors Animals Cadmium toxicity Comparative Study Crustacea physiology Daphnia physiology Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Geologic Sediments chemistry Reproduction drug effects Toxicity Tests veterinary 11780060 2002 01 07 2002 01 31 2003 11 14

0028-0836 414 6866 2001 Dec 20-27 Maternal control of resting-egg production in Daphnia. 899-901 Many planktonic organisms produce 'resting' stages when the environmental conditions deteriorate. Like seeds, resting stages can survive unfavourable conditions. The crustacean Daphnia normally reproduces by means of parthenogenetically produced normal, not resting, eggs-but occasionally switches to bisexual reproduction, which results in two resting eggs encased in a robust structure carried on the back of the female. This 'ephippium' is shed with the next moult, and can survive dormant for many years. The induction of resting-egg production requires multiple environmental stimuli, one of them being photoperiod. The switch from production of parthenogenetic eggs to resting eggs in Daphnia has recently been shown to be influenced by a maternal food effect. Here we present evidence that female Daphnia transmit information not only about food but also on photoperiod to their offspring, and influence the production of resting eggs in the next generation. The combined maternal effects can be relevant for the correct timing of resting-egg production-for example, in discriminating between spring and autumn conditions. Present address: Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, 199034, Russia.alekseev@va4186.spb.ru Alekseev V V Lampert W W eng Journal Article

England Nature 0410462 IM Algae Animals Daphnia physiology Ecology Female Oviposition Ovum physiology Parthenogenesis Reproduction Seasons Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11785536 2002 01 09 2002 02 21 2003 11 14

0914-9201 10 2 1996 Sep Mini ecosystem in space--preliminary experiment on board STS-77. 105-11 An enclosed ecosystem which is stable on Earth will behave differently when brought into space. Micro-gravity and radiation will affect the dynamics of material circulation or the activities of small creatures of the ecosystem. One series of space experiments aiming to address such issues was planned in the United States (It is termed as ABS--Autonomous Biological System) and Japanese group has been involved with cooperating with the analysis of the flight samples. Before the ecosystem will be on board Russian Space Station "Mir" later 1996 for 3 months, a preliminary flight was carried out in May 1996 on Space Shuttle (STS-77) for 10 days flight. It was the first of such experiments to fly one whole ecosystem in space. Obayashi Corporation, Tokyo, Japan. Ishikawa Y Y Anderson G G Poynter J J MacCallum T T Frye R R Kawasaki Y Y Koike J J Kobayashi K K Mizutani H H Sugiura K K Ijiri K K Ishikawa Y Y Saito T T Shiraishi A A eng Journal Article

Japan Biol Sci Space 100972048 S Algae Animals Aquaculture Daphnia Decapoda (Crustacea) Ecological Systems, Closed Plants Snails Space Flight Water Microbiology Weightlessness 00027106 Flight Experiment STS-77 Shuttle Project manned short duration 11786033 2002 01 11 2002 02 15 2003 11 14

0022-5193 214 1 2002 Jan 7 Behavioral stochastic resonance: how the noise from a Daphnia swarm enhances individual prey capture by juvenile paddlefish. 71-83 Zooplankton emit weak electric fields into the surrounding water that originate from their own muscular activities associated with swimming and feeding. Juvenile paddlefish prey upon single zooplankton by detecting and tracking these weak electric signatures. The passive electric sense in this fish is provided by an elaborate array of electroreceptors, Ampullae of Lorenzini, spread over the surface of an elongated rostrum. We have previously shown that the fish use stochastic resonance to enhance prey capture near the detection threshold of their sensory system. However, stochastic resonance requires an external source of electrical noise in order to function. A swarm of plankton, for example Daphnia, can provide the required noise. We hypothesize that juvenile paddlefish can detect and attack single Daphnia as outliers in the vicinity of the swarm by using noise from the swarm itself. From the power spectral density of the noise plus the weak signal from a single Daphnia, we calculate the signal-to-noise ratio, Fisher information and discriminability at the surface of the paddlefish's rostrum. The results predict a specific attack pattern for the paddlefish that appears to be experimentally testable. Copyright 2002 Academic Press. Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 110, Berlin, D-10115, Germany. Freund Jan A JA Schimansky-Geier Lutz L Beisner Beatrix B Neiman Alexander A Russell David F DF Yakusheva Tatyana T Moss Frank F eng Journal Article

England J Theor Biol 0376342 IM Animals Daphnia physiology Discrimination (Psychology) Electromagnetic Fields Fishes physiology Models, Biological Predatory Behavior Receptors, Sensory physiology Sensory Thresholds Stochastic Processes Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 11794781 2002 01 16 2002 10 10 2003 11 14

0014-3820 55 11 2001 Nov 11 Natural selection for grazer resistance to toxic cyanobacteria: evolution of phenotypic plasticity? 2203-14 We studied the selection response of the freshwater grazing zooplankter, Daphnia galeata, to increased abundance of cyanobacteria in its environment. Cyanobacteria are a poor-quality and often toxic food. Distinct genotypes of D. galeata were hatched from diapausing eggs extracted from three time horizons in the sediments of Lake Constance, Europe, covering the period 1962 to 1997, a time of change in both the prevalence of planktonic cyanobacteria and levels of phosphorus pollution. We assessed whether the grazers evolved to become more resistant to dietary cyanobacteria by exposing genetically distinct clones to two diets, one composed only of the nutritious green alga, Scenedesmus obliquus (good food), and the other a mixture of S. obliquus and the toxic cyanobacterium Microcvstis aeruginosa (poor food). Genotype performance was measured as the specific rate of weight gain from neonate to maturity (gj). We evaluated evolutionary change in the Daphnia population using an analysis of reaction norms based on relative (log-transformed) changes in gj. Log(gj) is a measure of the proportional effect of dietary cyanobacteria on other fitness components of the Daphnia phenotype. For comparison, we also analyze absolute (i.e., nontransformed) changes in gj and discuss the interpretations of the two approaches. Statistical results using a general linear model demonstrate a significant effect of genotype (showing differences in gj among genotypes), a significant genotype x food-type interaction (showing differences in phenotypic plasticity among genotypes), and, in the case of log-transformed data, a significant sediment-genotype-age x food-type interaction. The latter shows that phenotypic plasticity evolved over the period studied. Two constraints act on response to selection in the D. galeata-Lake Constance system. First, gj on a diet containing poor food is highly correlated with gj on a diet of good food, thus evolving resistance also meant evolving an increase in gj on both diets. Second, because genotypes with a high gj also grow to a large adult body size, which in turn increases Daphnia vulnerability to fish predation, we suggest that selection only acted to favor genotypes possessing a high potential gj after cyanobacteria became prevalent. The presence of cyanobacteria depressed realized gj and led to animals of small adult body size even if their genotypes had the potential for high gj and large size. With realized gj reduced, genotypes with an inherently high value could be selected even in the presence of predatory fish. The joint action of selection by dietary cyanobacteria and vulnerability to fish predation provides an explanation for the observed evolution of resistance to poor food through reduced phenotypic plasticity. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. NGH1@Cornell.edu Hairston N G NG Jr Holtmeier C L CL Lampert W W Weider L J LJ Post D M DM Fischer J M JM Cáceres C E CE Fox J A JA Gaedke U U eng Journal Article

United States Evolution Int J Org Evolution 0373224 IM Animals Cyanobacteria Daphnia genetics growth & development physiology Diet Evolution Phenotype Selection (Genetics) Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 11799230 2002 01 18 2002 02 08 2003 11 14

1095-9203 295 5554 2002 Jan 18 Ecology. Inbreeding and metapopulations. 454-5 Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. arives@facstaff.wisc.edu Ives Anthony R AR Whitlock Michael C MC eng Comment Journal Article

United States Science 0404511 IM Science. 2002 Jan 18;295(5554):485-8 11799241 Alleles Animals Daphnia genetics physiology Demography Ecosystem Female Genetics, Population Hybrid Vigor Hybridization, Genetic Inbreeding Male Selection (Genetics) 11799241 2002 01 18 2002 02 08 2003 11 14

1095-9203 295 5554 2002 Jan 18 A selective advantage to immigrant genes in a Daphnia metapopulation. 485-8 Immigrants to habitats occupied by conspecific organisms are usually expected to be competitively inferior, because residents may be locally adapted. If residents are inbred, however, mating between immigrants and residents results in offspring that may enjoy a fitness advantage from hybrid vigor. We demonstrate this effect experimentally in a natural Daphnia metapopulation in which genetic bottlenecks and local inbreeding are common. We estimate that in this metapopulation, hybrid vigor amplifies the rate of gene flow several times more than would be predicted from the nominal migration rate. This can affect the persistence of local populations and the entire metapopulation. Zoologisches Institut, Universität Basel, Rheinsprung 9, 4051 Basel, Switzerland. dieter.ebert@unifr.ch Ebert Dieter D Haag Christoph C Kirkpatrick Mark M Riek Myriam M Hottinger Jurgen W JW Pajunen V Ilmari VI eng Journal Article

United States Science 0404511 0 Genetic Markers IM Science. 2002 Jan 18;295(5554):454-5 11799230 Alleles Animals Daphnia genetics growth & development physiology Demography Ecosystem Female Finland Genetic Markers Genetics, Population Genotype Hybrid Vigor Hybridization, Genetic Inbreeding Life Cycle Stages Male Reproduction Selection (Genetics) Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 11808535 2002 01 23 2002 04 23 2003 11 14

0730-7268 21 1 2002 Jan Partitioning, bioavailability, and toxicity of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin in sediments. 9-15 The partitioning, bioavailability, and toxicity of cypermethrin in water-sediment systems was investigated. Cypermethrin adsorbed extensively and rapidly, with an overall mean organic carbon (OC) adsorption partition coefficient (Koc) of 350,000, and approximately 99% adsorption occurred within 24 h. Bioavailability was measured via body burdens of Daphnia magna and Chironomus tentans. Mean biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs), that is, the concentration in the organism as a proportion of the concentration in the sediment, decreased with increasing OC content. The BSAF values were 0.31, 0.14, and 0.08 for D. magna and 0.63, 0.19, and 0.08 for C. tentans, in 1, 3, and 13% OC sediments, respectively. The 10-d median lethal sediment concentrations (LC50s) of cypermethrin were 3.6, 18, and 32 mg/kg for Hyalella azteca and 13, 67, and 62 mg/kg for C. tentans in 1, 3, and 13% OC sediments, respectively. Predictions of aqueous concentrations at the LC50 in sediments (based on Koc) compared well to each other and to effect concentrations from studies in water alone, suggesting that equilibrium partitioning theory could be used reasonably to predict and normalize the toxicity of cypermethrin across sediments of differing OC content. Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom. steve.maund@syngenta.com Maund Steve J SJ Hamer Mick J MJ Lane Mike C G MC Farrelly Eamonn E Rapley Jean H JH Goggin Una M UM Gentle Wendy E WE eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 0 Pyrethrins 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 52315-07-8 cypermethrin IM Adsorption Animals Biodegradation Biological Availability Chironomidae drug effects metabolism Crustacea drug effects metabolism Daphnia drug effects metabolism Geologic Sediments chemistry Insecticides, Organochlorine pharmacokinetics toxicity Pyrethrins pharmacokinetics toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States Water Pollutants, Chemical pharmacokinetics toxicity 11804058 2002 01 23 2002 04 23 2003 11 14

0730-7268 21 1 2002 Jan Comparative toxicity of two azadirachtin-based neem pesticides to Daphnia pulex. 31-6 Azadirachtin (AZA)-based pesticides (Neemix and Bioneem) demonstrated toxicity in 48-h nonrenewal toxicity assays using Daphnia pulex at levels that were comparable with several organophosphate pesticides. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values for the two neem pesticides were found to be 0.028 and 0.033 microl/ml, respectively. The LC50 value for nonformulated (95% pure) AZA was determined to be 0.382 microg AZA/ml. Neemix and Bioneem were exposed to air and northern sky daylight in a light box at 24 and 37 degrees C for 1, 3, 6, and 9 d. Standard 48-h acute toxicity tests were used to determine the effect of aging in these dry environmental conditions. Neemix and Bioneem were also fractionated into volatile and nonvolatile fractions, and the toxicity of each was tested. Compared with Neemix, Bioneem remained toxic longer when exposed to light and air at 37 degrees C, indicating that this pesticide may be less prone to environmental degradation. When fractionated, the nonvolatile fractions for both pesticides exhibited significantly lower LC50 values than the full formulations. These results suggest that, depending on the application rate and environmental fate, AZA-based pesticides may have direct adverse effects on aquatic organisms and that the toxicity and stability of formulated pesticides depend on factors other than only the AZA concentration. Department of Food Science, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803-4200, USA. Goktepe Ipek I Plhak Leslie C LC eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Insecticides, Botanical 0 Limonins 0 Triterpenes 11141-17-6 azadirachtin IM Acute Toxicity Tests Air Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Heat Insecticides, Botanical toxicity Light Limonins Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Spectrum Analysis, Mass Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Triterpenes toxicity 11808556 2002 01 25 2002 06 25 2003 11 14

0269-7491 116 1 2002 A fragment constant QSAR model for evaluating the EC50 values of organic chemicals to Daphnia magna. 57-64 The quantitative relationship between the median effective concentration (EC50) of organic chemicals to Daphnia magna and the number of molecular fragments was investigated based on experimental EC50 values for 217 chemicals derived from the literature. A fragment constant model was developed based on a multivariate linear regression between the number of fragments and the logarithmically transformed reciprocal values of EC50. Functional correction factors were introduced into the model. The model was verified using an independent set of randomly selected data. The mean residual of the final model was 0.4 log-units. The robustness of the model was discussed based on the results of three jackknife tests. Laboratory of Earth Surficial Processes of Ministry of Education, Department of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. taos@urban.pku.edu.cn Tao Shu S Xi Xiaohuan X Xu Fuliu F Li Bengang B Cao Jun J Dawson R R eng Journal Article

England Environ Pollut 8804476 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia Lethal Dose 50 Models, Theoretical Reference Values Structure-Activity Relationship Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11817370 2002 01 28 2002 06 25 2003 11 14

0013-936X 36 1 2002 Jan 1 A biotic ligand model predicting acute copper toxicity for Daphnia magna: the effects of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and pH. 48-54 The extent to which Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ ions and pH independently mitigate acute copper toxicity for the cladoceran Daphnia magna was examined. Higher activities of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ (but not K+) linearly increased the 48-h EC50 (as Cu2+ activity), supporting the concept of competitive binding of these ions and copper ions to toxic action or transport sites at the organism-water interface (e.g. fish gill, the biotic ligand). The increase of the EC50 (as Cu2+ activity) with increasing H+, however, seemed to suggest cotoxicity of CuOH+ rather than proton competition. Based on the biotic ligand model (BLM) concept, we developed a methodology to estimate stability constants for the binding of Cu2+, CuOH+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and H+ to the biotic ligand, solely based on toxicity data. Following values were obtained: log K(CuBL) = 8.02, log K(CuOHBL)= 7.45, log K(CaBL) = 3.47, log K(MgBL) = 3.58, log K(NaBL) = 3.19, and log K(HBL) approximately 5.4. Further, we calculated that on average 39% of the biotic ligand sites need to be occupied by copper to induce a 50% acute effect for D. magna after 48 h of exposure. Using the estimated constants, a BLM was developed that can predict acute copper toxicity for D. magna as a function of water characteristics. The presented methodology can easily be applied for BLM development for other organisms and metals. After validation with laboratory and natural waters (including DOC), the developed model will support efforts to improve the ecological relevance of presently applied risk assessment procedures. Laboratory for Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Belgium. Karel.Deschamphelaere@rug.ac.be de Schamphelaere Karel A C KA Janssen Colin R CR eng Journal Article

United States Environ Sci Technol 0213155 0 Ligands 7439-95-4 Magnesium 7440-09-7 Potassium 7440-23-5 Sodium 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-70-2 Calcium IM Animals Calcium chemistry Copper toxicity Daphnia Forecasting Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Ligands Magnesium chemistry Models, Theoretical Potassium chemistry Risk Assessment Sodium chemistry Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests 11813807 2002 01 29 2002 08 06 2003 11 14

1062-936X 12 6 2001 Factors influencing predictive models for toxicology. 593-603 Comparisons of different models to predict toxicity and evaluation of the predictive power of a model are affected by the variability of the data. We assessed this problem by considering experimental toxicity data and chemical descriptors. We evaluated several toxicological end-points (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Daphnia magna, Acceptable Daily Intake, Anas Platyrhynchos, Colinus virginianus and Muridae) in the case of pesticides and also considered the availability of toxicological data. We calculated hundreds of molecular descriptors (divided into constitutional, electrostatic, geometrical, quantum-chemical and topological ones) for the selected compounds using CODESSA, HyperChem and Pallas. Molecular descriptors may vary depending on the conformation of the molecules and on the software used. We evaluated the extent of this variability, and compared it with the variability of the experimental toxicological values. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy. benfenati@Irfmn.mnegri.it Benfenati E E Piclin N N Roncaglioni A A Varì M R MR eng Journal Article

England SAR QSAR Environ Res 9440156 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Colinus Comparative Study Daphnia Ducks Endpoint Determination Forecasting Models, Molecular Muridae Oncorhynchus Predictive Value of Tests Structure-Activity Relationship Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11813812 2002 01 29 2002 07 08 2003 11 14

1062-936X 12 5 2001 Joint QSAR analysis using the Free-Wilson approach and quantum chemical parameters. 471-9 A new quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) technique combining the Free-Wilson method and constructed quantum chemical parameters was used to simulate the aqueous solubility (Sw), 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) of 14 new synthesized benzanilide derivatives and their 96 h acute toxicity (EC50) to Daphnia magna. The mode of action of the 14 selected compounds to Daphnia magna was shown to be a complex process involving a physical partition stage and a bio-chemical reaction stage. The results also indicated that the joint (QSAR) analysis was much effective than the original Free-Wilson method and Hansch method not only in predicting properties/toxicity, but also in investigating the mode of action of chemicals. School of Environment, Nanjing University, People's Republic of China. ecls@nju.edu.cn Wei D B DB Zhang A Q AQ Han S K SK Wang L S LS eng Journal Article

England SAR QSAR Environ Res 9440156 0 Anilides 111-87-5 1-Octanol 7732-18-5 Water 93-98-1 benzanilide IM 1-Octanol chemistry Anilides toxicity Animals Daphnia Forecasting Solubility Structure-Activity Relationship Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Water 11815808 2002 01 29 2002 03 19 2003 11 14

0090-4341 42 2 2002 Feb Toxicity and bioconcentration potential of the agricultural pesticide endosulfan in phytoplankton and zooplankton. 173-81 Agricultural pesticide runoff in southeastern coastal regions of the United States is a critical issue. Bioconcentration of pesticides by phytoplankton and zooplankton at the base of the aquatic food web may increase the persistence of pesticides in aquatic ecosystems and cause effects at higher trophic levels. This study examined the toxicity of a widely used agricultural pesticide, endosulfan, to Pseudokirchneriella subcapitatum (freshwater green alga) and Daphnia magna (freshwater cladoceran). We then investigated the potential of both plankton species to sequester endosulfan from their surrounding media. We also assessed the degree to which endosulfan is accumulated by D. magna via food (endosulfan-contaminated P. subcapitatum). A 96-h growth rate EC50 of 427.80 microg/L endosulfan was determined for P. subcapitatum, whereas a 24-h immobilization EC50 of 366.33 microg/L endosulfan was determined for D. magna. The 5-h EC50s for filtration and ingestion in D. magna were 165.57 microg/L and 166.44 microg/L, respectively. An average bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 2,682 was determined for P. subcapitatum exposed to 100 microg/L endosulfan for 16 h. An average BCF of 3,278 was determined for D. magna in a 100 microg/L endosulfan water-only exposure. There was negligible uptake of endosulfan by D. magna feeding on contaminated algae in clean water (BCF approximately 0). Different proportions of parent isomers (endosulfan I and II) and the primary degradation product (endosulfan sulfate) were detected among treatments. Endosulfan was rapidly accumulated and concentrated from water by P. subcapitatum and D. magna neonates. Endosulfan contained in phytoplankton, however, was not bioaccumulated by zooplankton. These findings may prove useful in assessing ecosystem risk, because uptake from the water column appears to be the dominant route for bioconcentration of endosulfan by zooplankton. U.S. Department of Commerce/NOAA, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA. marie.delorenzo@noaa.gov DeLorenzo M E ME Taylor L A LA Lund S A SA Pennington P L PL Strozier E D ED Fulton M H MH eng Journal Article

United States Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 115-29-7 Endosulfan IM Algae, Green Animals Biological Availability Daphnia Endosulfan metabolism pharmacokinetics toxicity Food Chain Insecticides, Organochlorine metabolism pharmacokinetics toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Risk Assessment Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Tissue Distribution Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism pharmacokinetics toxicity 11815809 2002 01 29 2002 03 19 2003 11 14

0090-4341 42 2 2002 Feb Effects of iron sulfate dosage on the water flea (Daphnia magna Straus) and early development of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). 182-92 Adult water fleas, Daphnia magna Straus, and the early life stages of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., were exposed to river water near an iron sulfate dosage installation to determine the effects of phosphate precipitation with iron(II)sulfate. Tests were conducted during two consecutive dosage periods of 3,000 and 5,000 kg/day iron sulfate (520 and 620 microg/L total Fe respectively) at the dosage site and at a reference site (60 microg/L total Fe) further downstream. Though survival remained unaffected, the filter-feeding D. magna accumulated iron and other metals at the dosage site. Viability of offspring was strongly reduced at the highest dose of iron sulfate compared to the lower dose and the reference site. Specific staining of microscopic sections revealed a strong accumulation of iron(III) in the digestive tract. The egg membranes of the carp embryos accumulated not only substantial amounts of iron but also other metals, including cadmium and aluminium. Hardly any of the metals passed the egg membranes and reached the embryos. After hatching the accumulation of cadmium by the larvae increased rapidly and iron levels were elevated at the highest dose of iron sulfate, parallel with the onset of exogenous feeding. Iron(III) particles were observed in the intestines at histological examination. In addition, at 620 microg/L total Fe a strong increase in whole-body levels of the stress hormone cortisol was observed in the carp larvae, indicating a physiological response to adverse conditions. The results indicate that the rapid oxidation of free Fe2+ into iron(III) forms and the precipitation of iron(III) into larger particles resulted in a low acute toxicity of the river water directly at the iron sulfate dosage site. The observed chronic and sublethal effects at the dosage site probably resulted from the intestinal uptake of iron(III) and other toxic metals associated with the food particles. However, these effects could no longer be observed at the reference site, 9 km downstream from the dosage site. Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands. rvanholt@sci.kun.nl van Anholt R D RD Spanings F A T FA Knol A H AH van der Velden J A JA Wendelaar Bonga S E SE eng Journal Article

United States Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Ferric Compounds 0 Sulfates 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Carps growth & development Daphnia Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Eating Embryo and Fetal Development drug effects Embryo, Nonmammalian drug effects Ferric Compounds chemistry toxicity Larva Oxidation-Reduction Sulfates chemistry toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Survival Analysis Water Pollutants toxicity 11815810 2002 01 29 2002 03 19 2003 11 14

0090-4341 42 2 2002 Feb The juvenile growth rate of Daphnia: a short-term alternative to measuring the per capita rate of increase in ecotoxicology? 193-8 The juvenile growth rate (gj) of Daphnia is a good predictor of the per capita rate of increase (r), which is considered the ecologically most meaningful parameter. The hypothesis is tested that gj may be used as a surrogate for r in short-term ecotoxicological tests to replace the time-consuming population-based testing. The effects of 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) on various reproductive parameters of Daphnia magna, including r, net reproductive rate in 21 days (R21), age at first reproduction (AFR), adult survival, and egg viability, were measured simultaneously with gj. Reproductive parameters were not affected below a concentration of 9 microg/L DCA, but all of them responded strongly above this concentration. DCA reduced the total number of eggs produced only moderately, but induced strong egg mortality in particular in the first brood. Because egg mortality is an important factor, measures of sublethal toxic effects must be based on viable eggs. Although (g) is a good predictor of individual fitness of Daphnia under variable natural conditions when egg mortality is negligible, it is not a good predictor of the effects of xenobiotic stress; hence it cannot replace r. Short-term tests based solely on either somatic growth or egg viability are not sufficiently correlated with r to give ecologically meaningful results, but protocols based on the number of viable eggs in the first clutch and the time to release of the first neonates may be an alternative to the 21-day test or longer life-table experiments. Max Planck Institute of Limnology, Postfach 165, 24302 Plön, Germany. Trubetskova I I Lampert W W eng Journal Article

United States Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Xenobiotics IM Animals Daphnia growth & development Eggs Forecasting Life Tables Mortality Population Dynamics Reproduction Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests methods Xenobiotics toxicity 11815795 2002 01 29 2002 03 27 2003 11 14

0007-4861 68 2 2002 Feb Determination of copper binding affinity of Ceriodaphnia dubia using competition bioassay tests: environmental significance. 245-52 Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-dong, Puk-gu, Kwangju, 500-712, Korea. Kim S D SD eng Journal Article

United States Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Environmental Pollutants 7440-50-8 Copper IM Animals Binding, Competitive Biological Assay methods Copper analysis metabolism toxicity Daphnia drug effects metabolism Environmental Pollutants analysis toxicity Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11815800 2002 01 29 2002 03 27 2003 11 14

0007-4861 68 2 2002 Feb Toxicity of diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) to aquatic organisms. 282-9 University of Maryland, Wye Research and Education Center, Post Office Box 169, Queenstown, MD 21658, USA. Burton D T DT Turley S D SD Shedd T R TR Burrows E P EP eng Journal Article

United States Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Chemical Warfare Agents 0 Cholinesterase Inhibitors 0 Organophosphorus Compounds 0 Water Pollutants 107-44-8 Sarin 1445-75-6 diisopropyl methylphosphonate IM Algae, Green drug effects growth & development Animals Chemical Warfare Agents chemistry Cholinesterase Inhibitors chemistry Colorado Comparative Study Cyprinidae embryology physiology Daphnia drug effects physiology Ecosystem Larva drug effects growth & development No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Organophosphorus Compounds chemistry toxicity Risk Assessment Sarin chemistry Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants toxicity Xenopus embryology physiology 11827290 2002 02 05 2002 07 08 2003 11 14

0045-6535 46 2 2002 Jan Relative sensitivity of one freshwater and two marine acute toxicity tests as determined by testing 30 offshore E & P chemicals. 311-8 Acute toxicity of 30 offshore E & P (Exploration and Production) chemicals was measured using the three standard test organisms Daphnia magna (freshwater cladoceran), Acartia tonsa (marine copepod) and Skeletonema costatum (marine diatom alga). Test chemicals included 20 water-soluble and 10 (partially) non-soluble products. For 22 out of the 30 chemicals, the difference in sensitivity between the three tests varied within one order of magnitude. A very good correlation was found between the two marine tests (r = 0.96, P < 0.01, n = 30), and a correlation coefficient of r = 0.78 (P < 0.01, n = 30) was found between D. magna and both A. tonsa and S. costatum, individually. When the comparison of D. magna and A. tonsa sensitivity was based only on the water-soluble chemicals, a significantly higher correlation was obtained (r = 0.84, n = 20), indicating that the sample preparation method used for the (partially) non-soluble chemicals (the water accommodated fraction (WAF) method) induces additional variation between tests performed with different test media. (Partially) non-soluble chemicals are characterised by phase separation or precipitation at the concentrations used for testing. In a WAF-based test, each test concentration/exposure level is prepared separately, and following mixing and separation, only the water phase is used for testing. Toxicity is related to the amount of substance originally added to the mixing vessels. For 25 of the 30 chemicals, D. magna was found to be less sensitive than the marine copepod by a factor >2. The generally higher sensitivity of the marine toxicity tests compared to the Daphnia test emphasise the importance of using marine data for environmental hazard classification as well as for environmental risk assessment purposes. Aquateam, Norwegian Water Technology Centre, Oslo. line.sverdrup@aquateam.no Sverdrup Line E LE Fürst Charlotte S CS Weideborg Mona M Vik Eilen A EA Stenersen Jørgen J eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Crustacea Daphnia Diatoms Lethal Dose 50 Risk Assessment Sensitivity and Specificity Solubility Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11827293 2002 02 05 2002 07 08 2003 11 14

0045-6535 46 2 2002 Jan The toxicity of tri-substituted benzenes to the protozoan ciliate Spirostomum ambiguum. 333-7 The Spirotox test utilises a large ciliate protozoan Spirostomum ambiguum as a test organism. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the toxicity of tri-substituted benzenes in the Spirotox test. Twenty-six organic compounds were tested in this study and included: dimethylphenols (DMPs), dichlorophenols (DCMs), trichlorobenzenes (TCBs), dichloroanilines (DCAs), dinitrophenols (DNPs), dinitroaniline (DNA), dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). The toxicity of the compounds tested varied almost four orders of a magnitude. DMPs and DCAs were the least toxic, whereas dinitro derivatives were the most toxic to S. ambiguum. When chlorine or fluorine atoms were replaced by amino or hydroxy substituents, the toxicity increased dramatically. The results of the Spirotox test were compared with three other bioassays that are widely used around the world: Microtox, Tetrahymena pyriformis and Daphnia magna. The Spirotox was less sensitive than these other bioassays for the majority of these compounds, with an exception found for the dinitro derivatives. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland. grzes@farm.amwaw.edu.pl Nałgcz-Jawecki Grzegorz G Sawicki Józef J eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Benzene Derivatives 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Benzene Derivatives toxicity Ciliophora Comparative Study Daphnia Sensitivity and Specificity Tetrahymena Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11833795 2002 02 08 2002 02 20 2003 11 14

0730-7268 21 2 2002 Feb Speciation of copper in sewage effluents and its toxicity to Daphnia magna. 275-80 Copper complexation capacity was determined in a range of sewage treatment works final effluents and receiving waters, upstream and downstream of the discharge point. Forty-eight-hour immobilization tests on Daphnia magna were used to assess the toxicity of copper in the effluent matrix. Complexation capacities in effluents were typically in the range 50 to 100 microg Cu/L, with higher values being found in the poorer-quality effluents with higher dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. The tolerance of Daphnia to dissolved copper concentrations was more than quadrupled in a 50% effluent matrix, with the increase in tolerance being related to complexation capacity. Ligand concentrations in effluents were found to correlate strongly with effluent DOC. No such relationship was observed in surface waters. On mixing with river water, sewage-derived ligands behaved conservatively and were relatively stable over time scales of up to 10 d. Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom. van Veen Eleanor E Burton Nicola N Comber Sean S Gardner Michael M eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Ligands 0 Water Pollutants 7440-50-8 Copper IM Animals Copper chemistry toxicity Daphnia Ligands Movement Refuse Disposal Sewage chemistry Solubility Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity 11833804 2002 02 08 2002 02 20 2003 11 14

0730-7268 21 2 2002 Feb The effect of calcium and magnesium ratios on the toxicity of copper to five aquatic species in freshwater. 347-52 While it is generally accepted that water hardness affects copper toxicity, the major ions that contribute to water hardness (calcium [Ca] and magnesium [Mg]) may affect copper toxicity differently. This is important because the Ca:Mg ratio in standard laboratory-reconstituted waters often differs from the ratio in natural surface waters. Copper toxicity was assessed for five different aquatic species: rainbow trout (RBT), fathead minnow (FHM), Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna, and an amphipod (Gammarus sp.) under different Ca:Mg ratios (4:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 1:4 mass basis) at a common hardness (180 mg/L as CaCO3) and alkalinity (120 mg/L as CaCO3). Copper toxicity increased at lower Ca:Mg ratios for RBT but increased at higher Ca:Mg ratios for D. magna. Fathead minnows (<24 h old) were more sensitive to copper in 1:1 Ca:Mg waters compared to 3:1 Ca:Mg waters. The toxicity of copper did not vary under different Ca:Mg ratios for Gammarus sp., C. dubia, and 28-d-old FHM. The effect of Ca:Mg ratios on copper toxicity changed for D. magna in softer water (90 mg/L as CaCO3) compared with hard water studies. ENSR, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA. rnaddy@ensr.com Naddy Rami B RB Stubblefield William A WA May Jeffrey R JR Tucker Scott A SA Hockett J Russell JR eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Water Pollutants 7439-95-4 Magnesium 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-70-2 Calcium 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals Calcium chemistry Copper toxicity Crustacea Cyprinidae Daphnia Lethal Dose 50 Magnesium chemistry Oncorhynchus mykiss Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water chemistry Water Pollutants toxicity 11837234 2002 02 08 2002 02 20 2003 11 14

0730-7268 21 2 2002 Feb Using a biology-based model (DEBtox) to analyze bioassays in ecotoxicology: opportunities and recommendations. 459-65 The conventional analysis of bioassays does not account for biological significance. However, mathematical models do exist that are realistic from a biological point of view and describe toxicokinetics and effects on test organisms of chemical compounds. Here we studied a biology-based model (DEBtox) that provides an estimate of a no-effect concentration, and we demonstrated the ability of such a model to adapt to different situations. We showed that the basic model can be extended to deal with problems usually faced during bioassays like time-varying concentrations or unsuitable choices of initial concentrations. To reach this goal, we report experimental data from Daphnia magna exposed to zinc. These data also showed the potential benefit of the model in understanding the influence of food on toxicity. We finally make some recommendations about the choice of initial concentrations, and we propose a test with a depuration period to check the relevance and the predictive capacity of the DEBtox model. In our experiments, the model performed well and proved its usefulness as a tool in risk assessment. Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, Cemagref, Lyon, France. alexandra.pery@cemagref.fr Péry Alexandre R R AR Flammarion Patrick P Vollat Bernard B Bedaux Jacques J M JJ Kooijman Sebastiaan A L M SA Garric Jeanne J eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Environmental Pollutants 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Animals Biological Assay methods Daphnia Environmental Pollutants adverse effects Kinetics Models, Biological No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Risk Assessment Toxicology Zinc adverse effects 11837431 2002 02 11 2002 07 16 2003 11 14

0047-2425 31 1 2002 Jan-Feb Photochemistry and photoinduced toxicity of acifluorfen, a diphenyl-ether herbicide. 268-74 Photochemistry studies can be helpful in assessing the environmental fate of chemicals. Photochemical reactions lead to the formation of by-products that can exhibit different toxicological properties from the original compound. For this reason the photochemical behavior of the herbicide acifluorfen (5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid) in the presence of different solvents was studied. Photochemical reactions were carried out using a high-pressure mercury arc and a solar simulator. Kinetic parameters and quantum yields were determined. The identification of photoproducts was performed by mass spectrometry and [1H] nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Nitrofluorfen, hydroxy-nitrofluorfen, 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenol, 5-trifluoromethyl-5'-nitrodibenzofuran, and other derivatives were identified. The photochemical reactions were also carried out in the presence of either a singlet or a triplet quencher, and in the presence of either a radical initiator or a radical inhibitor. Substances used as inhibitors of the excited levels T1 and S1 showed that photodegradation of acifluorfen begins from a singlet state S1 through a pi,pi* transition. The role of free radicals in the photodegradation of acifluorfen was determined and a radical mechanism was proposed. Toxicity tests against Daphnia magna Strauss showed that acifluorfen was not toxic at a concentration of 0.1 mM; however, photoproducts formed after 36 h of UV exposure of the herbicide induced a remarkable toxicity to the test organism. Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy. Scrano Laura L Bufo Sabino A SA D'Auria Maurizio M Meallier Pierre P Behechti Akbar A Shramm Karl Werner KW eng Journal Article

United States J Environ Qual 0330666 0 Herbicides 0 Nitrobenzoates 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 50594-66-6 acifluorfen IM Animals Daphnia Herbicides chemistry toxicity Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Nitrobenzoates chemistry toxicity Photochemistry Spectrum Analysis, Mass Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11838288 2002 02 12 2002 08 29 2003 11 14

1526-498X 58 1 2002 Jan An ecological risk assessment for spinosad use on cotton. 70-84 Spinosad is a reduced-risk insecticide with a novel mode of action that provides an alternative to older classes of insecticides such as organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. A comprehensive ecological risk assessment for spinosad use in US cotton crops is presented within a framework of tiered levels of refinement following the guidelines of the US EPA for ecological risk assessments. Toxicity information for a variety of species is documented and utilized, environmental concentrations estimated, and risk characterizations in the form of risk quotients are quantified. Results indicate that spinosad use in cotton does not exceed the most conservative Tier I levels of concern (LOC) values for groundwater, mammals and birds or acute risk to aquatic organisms. Use of very conservative Tier I screening methods resulted in exceeding LOC values for chronic exposure for some aquatic organisms, thus prompting further refinement. When the exposure prediction was refined using less conservative, Tier II mechanistic environmental fate transport models to predict offsite transport and environmental concentrations, chronic risk was not predicted for these species. Spinosad is acutely toxic to bees under laboratory conditions, but toxicity of residue studies and field studies indicate that under actual use conditions the impact on bees is minimal. Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA. cbcleveland@dowagro.com Cleveland Cheryl B CB Mayes Monte A MA Cryer Steven A SA eng Journal Article

United States Pest Manag Sci 100898744 0 Drug Combinations 0 Insecticides 0 Macrolides 0 spinosad IM Acute Toxicity Tests Animals Animals, Wild Bees drug effects Birds Carbohydrate Sequence Daphnia drug effects Drug Combinations Environmental Monitoring methods Fishes Fresh Water chemistry Gossypium drug effects Insecticides administration & dosage chemistry toxicity Insects drug effects Invertebrates drug effects Macrolides administration & dosage chemistry toxicity Mammals Mice Microtinae Models, Biological Molecular Sequence Data Molecular Structure Oligochaeta drug effects Plants drug effects Risk Assessment methods Shrews 11839197 2002 02 12 2002 06 21 2003 11 14

0962-8452 269 1488 2002 Feb 7 'Ancient' DNA in the resting egg bank of a microcrustacean can serve as a palaeolimnological database. 281-7 Recent work on the diapausing egg banks of zooplankton, such as Daphnia (Crustacea: Anomopoda), indicates that these eggs can remain viable for decades while, theoretically, DNA can remain intact for even longer periods (i.e. centuries or millennia). We isolated diapausing eggs of Daphnia from a 30 m long sediment core taken from a hypereutrophic, northern German lake (Belauer See), with some eggs found in dated core material as old as 4500 years. Using microsatellite markers, we analysed the genetic structure of the resting eggs dated as old as ca. 200 years, and found that, although levels of heterozygosity remained remarkably stable, significant genetic differentiation (Nei's D = 0.36; F(ST) = 0.15) between recent and 'ancient' resting eggs (including allele frequency shifts and private alleles) was detected. These shifts represent either species-level changes in this complex (i.e. species-specific characters of ephippia are not always robust), or intraspecific shifts in genetic variation, or a combination of both. This study demonstrates that the egg banks of aquatic zooplankton can serve as repositories of both genetic (intrapopulational) and ecological (interspecific) information. The use of molecular markers, such as microsatellites, on diapausing egg/seed banks may open new avenues of enquiry related to tracking the long-term genetic (and/or species) shifts that are associated with long-term environmental changes. Max Planck Institute for Limnology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany. Limburg Petra A PA Weider Lawrence J LJ eng Journal Article

England Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 7505889 9007-49-2 DNA IM Alleles Animals Crustacea cytology genetics DNA genetics isolation & purification Databases, Nucleic Acid Ecosystem Fossils Fresh Water parasitology Genetics, Population Germany Microsatellite Repeats genetics Mutation genetics Ovum metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Zooplankton cytology genetics 11846757 2002 02 15 2002 05 17 2003 11 14

1462-2912 3 11 2001 Nov A spontaneous mutant of microcystin biosynthesis: genetic characterization and effect on Daphnia. 669-79 Microcystis aeruginosa strain MRC is unique in its' possession of the mcyA-J gene cluster, which encodes microcystin synthetase, but its' inability to produce microcystins. M. aeruginosa strain MRD is genetically identical to MRC at numerous genomic loci examined, but produces a variety of microcystins, mainly with the amino acid tyrosine in the molecule. Zooplankton studies with Daphnia galeata and D. pulicaria, using the mutant (MRC) and its' wild type (MRD), showed for the first time that microcystins other than microcystin-LR can be responsible for the poisoning of Daphnia by Microcystis. Regardless of microcystin content, both Daphnia exhibited significantly reduced ingestion rates when fed with either strain of M. aeruginosa compared with the green alga Scenedesmus acutus. A disruption of the molting process in both Daphnia spp. was noted when these species were fed with MRC cells. Such symptoms on Daphnia have not been previously reported for cyanobacteria and may point to a bioactive compound, other than microcystin, which inhibits the hardening of protein-chitin complexes in Daphnia. School of Microbiology and Immunology, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia. Kaebernick M M Rohrlack T T Christoffersen K K Neilan B A BA eng Journal Article

England Environ Microbiol 100883692 0 Bacterial Toxins 0 Enzyme Inhibitors 0 Peptides, Cyclic 77238-39-2 microcystin EC 6.3.2. Peptide Synthases EC 6.3.2.- microcystin synthetase A IM Animals Bacterial Toxins biosynthesis genetics toxicity Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Cyanobacteria enzymology genetics Daphnia physiology Diet Enzyme Inhibitors metabolism toxicity Human Peptide Synthases genetics Peptides, Cyclic biosynthesis genetics toxicity Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Survival Rate 11847977 2002 02 18 2002 07 30 2003 11 14

1520-4081 17 1 2002 Feb Ecotoxicological monitoring of remediation in a coke oven soil. 74-9 Assessment of contaminated sites is usually based on chemical analyses of hazardous compounds in soil. This is enough either to assess the environmental hazard of contaminated soil nor to evaluate the efficiency of applied remediation techniques. Information on the bioavailability of complex mixtures of xenobiotics and degradation products cannot be provided by chemical analytical data, but results from bioassays can integrate the effects of pollutants in mixtures. In the preservation of human health and environmental quality, it is important to evaluate ecotoxicological effects of contaminated industrial soils to complement the techniques of analytical chemistry. The monitoring of a coke oven soil and the evaluation of the landfarming treatment technique, conducted on-site in a pilot scale installation, was done by a battery of ecotoxicological tests: acute, chronic, and genotoxicity tests. Contaminated soil samples revealed toxic effects for different species mainly due to high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). After landfarming treatment, soil samples presented significant reduction in toxicity, confirming the effectiveness of the landfarming process pointed out by a significant reduction in low molecular weight PAH concentrations. Comparative analysis of the different ecotoxicological tests allowed the establishment and validation of a more suitable procedure for the monitoring of PAH contaminated soils. INETI-Instituto Nacional de Engenharia e Tecnologia Industrial Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal. elsa.mendonca@ineti.pt Mendonça E E Picado A A eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 0 Industrial Waste 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic 0 Soil Pollutants IM Algae Animals Biodegradation Coke Daphnia Ecosystem Environmental Monitoring Germination drug effects Incineration Industrial Waste Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic analysis toxicity Risk Assessment Seeds growth & development Soil Pollutants analysis toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Vibrio drug effects genetics 11847978 2002 02 18 2002 07 30 2003 11 14

1520-4081 17 1 2002 Feb Acute toxicity, mutagenicity, and estrogenicity of bisphenol-A and other bisphenols. 80-6 Although abundant data are available on the toxicity of bisphenol-A (2,2-bis (4-hydroxydiphenyl)propane; BPA), little is known about the toxicities of the structurally similar compounds, namely bisphenols (BPs). A variety of BPs were examined for their acute toxicity against Daphnia magna, mutagenicity, and estrogenic activity using the Daphtoxkit (Creasel Ltd.), the umu test system, and the yeast two-hybrid system, respectively, in comparison with BPA. BPA was moderately toxic to D. magna (48-h EC50 was 10 mg/l) according to the current U.S. EPA acute toxicity evaluation standard, and it was weakly estrogenic with 5 orders of magnitude lower activity than that of the natural estrogen 17 beta-estradiol in the yeast screen, while no mutagenicity was observed. All seven BPs tested here showed moderate to slight acute toxicity, no mutagenicity, and weak estrogenic activity as well as BPA. Some of the BPs showed considerably higher estrogenic activity than BPA, and others exhibited much lower activity. Among the tested BPs, two compounds, i.e., bisphenol-S (bis(4-hydroxydiphenyl)sulfone) and bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfide, have never been reported for their estrogenic activity previously. Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Chen Min-Yu MY Ike Michihiko M Fujita Masanori M eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 0 Estrogens, Non-Steroidal 0 Phenols 80-05-7 bisphenol A EC 3.2.1.23 beta-Galactosidase IM Animals DNA Damage Daphnia Estrogens, Non-Steroidal toxicity Gene Expression Regulation drug effects Mutagenicity Tests Phenols toxicity Salmonella typhimurium drug effects genetics Toxicity Tests Yeasts beta-Galactosidase biosynthesis 11851370 2002 03 06 2002 04 19 2003 11 14

0022-5193 214 4 2002 Feb 21 Stoichiometry, herbivory and competition for nutrients: simple models based on planktonic ecosystems. 599-618 Models are examined in which two prey species compete for two nutrient resources, and are preyed upon by a predator that recycles both nutrients. Two factors determine the effective relative supply of the nutrients, hence competitive outcomes: the external nutrient supply ratio, and the relative recycling of the two nutrients within the system. This second factor is governed by predator stoichiometry--its relative requirements for nutrients in its own biomass. A model with nutrient resources that are essential for the competing prey is detailed. Criteria are given to identify the limiting nutrient for a food chain of one competitor with the predator. Increased supply of this limiting nutrient increases predator density and concentration of this nutrient at equilibrium, while decreasing the concentration of a non-limiting nutrient. Changes in supply or recycling of a non-limiting nutrient affect only the concentration of that nutrient. Criteria for the invasion of a second prey competitor are presented. When different nutrients limit growth of the resident prey and the invader, increased supply or recycling of the invader's limiting nutrient assists invasion, while increased supply or recycling of the resident's limiting nutrient hinders invasion. If the same nutrient limits both resident and invader, then changes in supply and recycling have complex effects on invasion, depending on species properties. In a parameterized model of a planktonic ecosystem, green algae and cyanobacteria coexist over a wide range of nitrogen:phosphorus supply ratios, without predators. When the herbivore Daphnia is added, coexistence is eliminated or greatly restricted, and green algae dominate over a wide range of supply conditions, because the effective supply of P is greatly reduced as Daphnia rapidly recycles N. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. Department of Biology Box 19498, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA. grover@uta.edu Grover James P JP eng Journal Article

England J Theor Biol 0376342 7723-14-0 Phosphorus 7727-37-9 Nitrogen IM Algae, Green growth & development Animals Cyanobacteria growth & development Daphnia metabolism Ecosystem Models, Biological Nitrogen metabolism Phosphorus metabolism Plankton growth & development Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11857462 2002 02 21 2002 03 14 2003 11 14

0022-104X 292 3 2002 Feb 15 Environmental antiecdysteroids alter embryo development in the crustacean Daphnia magna. 287-92 The role of ecdysteroids in crustacean embryo development and the susceptibility of the developing embryo to the antiecdysteroidal properties of an environmental chemical were evaluated. The agricultural fungicide fenarimol was shown to exhibit antiecdysteroidal activity to the crustacean Daphnia magna by lowering endogenous ecdysone levels and delaying molting in a concentration-dependent fashion that was mitigated by co-exposure to exogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone. Exposure of either gravid maternal organisms or isolated embryos to fenarimol resulted in embryo abnormalities ranging from early partial developmental arrest to incomplete development of antennae and shell spines. Developmental abnormalities were associated with suppressed ecdysone levels in the embryos and the abnormalities could be prevented by co-exposure to 20-hydroxyecdysone. Developmental abnormalities caused by the antiecdysteroid were associated with reduced fecundity of the parental organisms. These results demonstrate that ecdysteroids are critical to normal crustacean embryo development and environmental antiecdysteroids can disrupt normal embryo development and compromise the production of viable offspring. Antiecdysteroidal activity may provide a means by which environmental chemicals impact crustacean species while not affecting vertebrates. Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7633, USA. Mu Xueyan X LeBlanc Gerald A GA eng Journal Article

United States J Exp Zool 0375365 0 Fungicides, Industrial 0 Pyrimidines 3604-87-3 Ecdysone 60168-88-9 fenarimol IM Abnormalities physiopathology veterinary Animals Daphnia embryology Ecdysone antagonists & inhibitors Female Fertility Fungicides, Industrial pharmacology Molting physiology Pyrimidines pharmacology Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 11871230 2002 03 01 2002 04 15 2003 11 14

0869-2092 64 6 2001 Nov-Dec [New approaches to analysis of the interrelationship between cholinergic and dopaminergic mediator systems] 20-2 Intermediatory relationships between the cholinergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission systems were analyzed using published data and the original experimental results obtained on Daphnia magna Straus, a new test object. Based on these results, the antihaloperidol activity of a series of M- cholinoblocking agents with different receptor selectivities were studied in comparison to the new cholinoblocker pentifin exceeding in the activity the classical antiparkinsonian drugs such as cyclodol, amedin, and norakin. Institute of Toxicology, Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, ul. Bekhtereva 1, St. Petersburg, 193019 Russia. Podosinovikova N P NP Kosmachev A B AB Tonkopiĭ V D VD Zagrebin A O AO Evdokimova E A EA Maslov A M AM Petrov V V VV Dolgo-Saburov V B VB rus Journal Article Novye podkhody k analizu vzaimootnoshenii kholinergicheskoi i dofaminergicheskoi mediatornykh sistem.

Russia Eksp Klin Farmakol 9215981 0 Antiparkinson Agents 0 Cholinergic Antagonists 0 Receptors, Cholinergic 0 Receptors, Dopamine IM Animals Antiparkinson Agents pharmacology Cholinergic Antagonists pharmacology Daphnia English Abstract Receptors, Cholinergic drug effects physiology Receptors, Dopamine drug effects physiology Synaptic Transmission drug effects 11886184 2002 03 11 2002 05 10 2003 11 14

0147-6513 51 2 2002 Feb Food concentration affects the life history response of Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia to chemicals with different mechanisms of action. 106-14 The effect of three chemicals with different mechanisms of action (3,4-dichloroaniline, fenoxycarb, and chlorpyrifos) on the life history response of the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia was examined under both limited (3 x 10(4) cells/mL) and abundant (15 x 10(4) cells/mL) food conditions. Toxicity tests were conducted at both food concentrations simultaneously for each chemical, and cladocerans were examined daily from less than 24 h old until their death. A range of life history parameters were calculated, including mean brood sizes, survival, net reproductive rate, and population growth rate. The toxicity of 3,4-dichloroaniline was not significantly affected by food concentration. However, limited food significantly decreased the toxicity of fenoxycarb, and significantly increased the toxicity of chlorpyrifos. The effect of food concentration on toxicity appears to depend on the mechanism by which the chemical exerts its toxicity and on food--chemical interactions. Possible mechanisms for the different effects of food concentration on toxicity are discussed. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia. Rebecca.Rose@uts.edu.au Rose R M RM Warne M St J MS Lim R P RP eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Carbamates 0 Insecticides, Carbamate 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos 72490-01-8 fenoxycarb 95-76-1 3,4-dichloroaniline IM Aniline Compounds toxicity Animals Carbamates toxicity Chlorpyrifos toxicity Daphnia drug effects Food Deprivation Food-Drug Interactions Insecticides, Carbamate toxicity Insecticides, Organothiophosphate toxicity No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11902478 2002 03 20 2002 09 06 2003 11 14

0273-1223 45 3 2002 Assessment of stormwater impacts on an urban stream with a detention pond. 255-63 Impacts of urban development on a small creek with an on-stream stormwater pond, which was built to mitigate the effects of a 13-ha commercial plaza on creek flows, were assessed by investigations of the creek-pond system hydrology, water and sediment chemistry and toxicity, and benthic communities. The hydrology and conventional pollutant loadings of this system were dominated by the creek catchment (4.5 km2), which contributed more than 95% of the total flow; the rest was contributed by the plaza runoff which was less polluted than typical residential runoff. Conventional bioassays (Daphnia magna, Microtox) did not indicate any confirmed acute toxicity in the creek flow, plaza drainage, or pond outflow. However, sediments accumulated in the pond were rather polluted and several sediment bioassays (including Sediment Microtox) indicated their severe toxicity. In benthic community assessments, taxa richness and total counts of benthic organisms did not change much when moving from upstream to downstream of the pond. Thus, the pond accumulates sediments and toxicants and thereby prevents further degradation of the creek condition downstream of the plaza drainage outfall. National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Marsalek J J Rochfort Q Q Grapentine L L Brownlee B B eng Journal Article

England Water Sci Technol 9879497 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Biological Assay Cities Daphnia Ecosystem Environmental Monitoring Geologic Sediments chemistry Population Dynamics Rain Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Movements Water Pollutants toxicity Water Pollution prevention & control 11911525 2002 03 25 2002 10 18 2003 11 14

0269-7491 117 3 2002 Algal growth inhibition by river water pollutants in the agricultural area around Lake Biwa, Japan. 411-9 An ecotoxicological study of river water discharged from the agricultural area around Lake Biwa was performed by using algal bioassays to guide chemical analysis. Water samples were collected once a week, at least, for 1 year starting in April 1997 and continuing until April 1998. The toxicities of the dissolved and particulate-adsorbed extracts of water samples were evaluated by the algal growth inhibition test and concentrations of individual pesticides were determined. Most of the river water that was collected during the periods when pesticides were applied to the paddy fields caused algal growth inhibition. Some extracts were found to contain herbicides (molinate, mefenacet, simetryn, or esprocarb) as major compounds. According to chemical assay and bioassay, simetryn was identified as the most toxic compound that caused algal growth inhibition. Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Chuo, Kurashiki, Japan. hokamura@rib.okayama-u.ac.jp Okamura Hideo H Piao Mingyu M Aoyama Isao I Sudo Miki M Okubo Takuya T Nakamura Masahisa M eng Journal Article

England Environ Pollut 8804476 0 Pesticides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Agriculture methods Algae, Green drug effects growth & development Animals Araceae drug effects Biological Assay Daphnia drug effects Ecology Fresh Water analysis Japan Lettuce drug effects Pesticides analysis toxicity Seasons Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Movements Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Water Pollution, Chemical analysis 11915953 2002 03 27 2002 04 23 2003 11 14

0147-6513 50 3 2001 Nov In vitro development of parthenogenetic eggs: a fast ecotoxicity test with Daphnia magna? 174-9 In the present study, the authors investigated and defined development stages of Daphnia magna eggs that could be potential endpoints for sublethal toxicity tests with in vitro parthenogenetic egg cultures. Such an "egg test" could be a cost-effective alternative to the classic 21-day test with D. magna. Three main stages of embryonic development were considered: release of the egg external membrane, release of the internal membrane, and separation of the caudal spine. The first embryonic stage was attained approximately 30 h after transfer of eggs from ovaries to the brood chamber (considered as time zero), the second stage at 48 h, and the third stage at 68 h. Embryonic development was considered completed with the caudal spine separation. Thereafter, juveniles were able to swim in the water column. Egg mortality, duration of each egg stage, egg diameter, and egg abnormalities were investigated as potential endpoints. In vitro tests were carried out with several toxicants (DBS, 3,4-DCA, cadmium, and copper) and with acid mine drainage, sensitivity generally being higher than with the accepted chronic 21-day test with D. magna. Instituto do Ambiente e Vida, Departamento de Zoologia da Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal. Sobral O O Chastinet C C Nogueira A A Soares A M AM Gonçalves F F Ribeir R R eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Acids 0 Water Pollutants IM Acids toxicity Animals Daphnia embryology Eggs Female Larva growth & development Mining Parthenogenesis Sensitivity and Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Swimming Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants toxicity 11918402 2002 03 28 2002 08 27 2003 11 14

0959-3330 23 1 2002 Jan Full-scale evaluation of a multi-component additive for efficient control of activated sludge filamentous bulking. 67-72 A multi-component additive formulated for a more efficient control of activated sludge filamentous bulking was evaluated at a full-scale treatment plant experiencing severe filamentous bulking. It was found that, besides offering an immediate improvement of sludge settling, the multi-component additive was able to eliminate the filamentous bacteria causing the bulking. Hence, contrary to ordinary additives, this novel additive yielded immediate as well as long-term improvements in sludge sedimentation upon a few additions. Preliminary lab-scale toxicity tests showed that the treatment of the sludge by the additive should not impart any toxicity to the resulting effluent. Center for Environmental Sanitation, Laboratory for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Belgium. Seka M A MA Van DeWiele T T Verstraete W W eng Journal Article

England Environ Technol 9884939 0 Ammonium Compounds 0 Polymers 14807-96-6 Talc IM Ammonium Compounds Animals Daphnia Flocculation Polymers Sewage chemistry microbiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Talc chemistry Toxicity Tests 11922065 2002 03 29 2002 10 11 2003 11 14

0045-6535 46 6 2002 Feb Screening of physical-chemical methods for removal of organic material, nitrogen and toxicity from low strength landfill leachates. 851-8 Physical-chemical methods have been suggested for the treatment of low strength municipal landfill leachates. Therefore, applicability of nanofiltration and air stripping were screened in laboratory-scale for the removal of organic matter, ammonia, and toxicity from low strength leachates (NH4-N 74-220 mg/l, chemical oxygen demand (COD) 190-920 mg O2/l, EC50 = 2-17% for Raphidocelis subcapitata). Ozonation was studied as well, but with the emphasis on enhancing biodegradability of leachates. Nanofiltration (25 degrees C) removed 52-66% of COD and 27-50% of ammonia, the latter indicating that ammonia may in part have been present as ammonium salt complexes. Biological pretreatment enhanced the overall COD removal. Air stripping (24 h at pH 11) resulted in 89% and 64% ammonia removal at 20 and 6 degrees C, respectively, the stripping rate remaining below 10 mg N/l h. COD removals of 4-21% were obtained in stripping. Ozonation (20 degrees C) increased the concentration of rapidly biodegradable COD (RBCOD), but the proportion of RBCOD of total COD was still below 20% indicating poor biological treatability. The effect of the different treatments on leachate toxicity was assessed with the Daphnia acute toxicity test (Daphnia magna) and algal growth inhibition test (Raphidcocelis subcapitata). None of the methods was effective in toxicity removal. By way of comparison, treatment in a full-scale biological plant decreased leachate toxicity to half of the initial value. Although leachate toxicity significantly correlated with COD and ammonia in untreated and treated leachate, in some stripping and ozonation experiments toxicity was increased in spite of COD and ammonia removals. Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskvlä, Finland. sanna.marttinen@cc.jyu.fi Marttinen S K SK Kettunen R H RH Sormunen K M KM Soimasuo R M RM Rintala J A JA eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Organic Chemicals 0 Oxidants, Photochemical 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants 10028-15-6 Ozone 7664-41-7 Ammonia 7727-37-9 Nitrogen 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Ammonia Animals Chemistry, Physical Daphnia Filtration Nitrogen analysis chemistry Organic Chemicals analysis Oxidants, Photochemical chemistry Oxygen metabolism Ozone chemistry Refuse Disposal Soil Pollutants analysis toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants analysis toxicity Water Purification methods 11922072 2002 03 29 2002 10 11 2003 11 14

0045-6535 46 6 2002 Feb Hydrogen peroxide photolysis, fenton reagent and photo-fenton for the degradation of nitrophenols: a comparative study. 913-22 The kinetics of the degradation of seven nitrophenols (2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,5-dinitrophenol, 2,6-dinitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol, 4-methyl-2,6-dinitrophenol) with the Fenton reagent, photo-Fenton, and hydrogen peroxide photolysis was investigated. The efficiency and operating costs for the studied treatments were evaluated and compared. The Fenton reagent was found to be the most efficient and the cheapest way for the nitrophenols (NPs) degradation. The formation of nitrate as a result of mineralisation of organically bounded nitrogen was observed during the treatment of NPs with studied treatment processes. The degrees of organically bounded nitrogen conversion to nitrate after 90% degradation of NPs with the Fenton, photo-Fenton and hydrogen peroxide photolysis were 51-67%, 85-90%, and 50-60%, respectively. According to Daphnia magna acute toxicity test, the Fenton treatment led to complete detoxification of NPs. Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, Institute of Chemistry at Tallinn Technical University, Estonia. trapido@chemnet.ee Goi Anna A Trapido Marina M eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Fenton's reagent 0 Industrial Waste 0 Nitrophenols 0 Oxidants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7439-89-6 Iron 7722-84-1 Hydrogen Peroxide IM Animals Daphnia Hydrogen Peroxide chemistry Industrial Waste Iron chemistry Nitrophenols chemistry toxicity Oxidants chemistry Photolysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Pollution prevention & control Water Purification methods 11904388 2002 04 03 2002 04 25 2003 11 14

0027-8424 99 7 2002 Apr 2 Algal blooms reduce the uptake of toxic methylmercury in freshwater food webs. 4419-23 Mercury accumulation in fish is a global public health concern, because fish are the primary source of toxic methylmercury to humans. Fish from all lakes do not pose the same level of risk to consumers. One of the most intriguing patterns is that potentially dangerous mercury concentrations can be found in fish from clear, oligotrophic lakes whereas fish from greener, eutrophic lakes often carry less mercury. In this study, we experimentally tested the hypothesis that increasing algal biomass reduces mercury accumulation at higher trophic levels through the dilution of mercury in consumed algal cells. Under bloom dilution, as algal biomass increases, the concentration of mercury per cell decreases, resulting in a lower dietary input to grazers and reduced bioaccumulation in algal-rich eutrophic systems. To test this hypothesis, we added enriched stable isotopes of Hg to experimental mesocosms and measured the uptake of toxic methylmercury (CH3 200Hg+) and inorganic 201Hg2+ by biota at several algal concentrations. We reduced absolute spike detection limits by 50-100 times compared with previous techniques, which allowed us to conduct experiments at the extremely low aqueous Hg concentrations that are typical of natural systems. We found that increasing algae reduced CH3Hg+ concentrations in zooplankton 2-3-fold. Bloom dilution may provide a mechanistic explanation for lower CH3Hg+ accumulation by zooplankton and fish in algal-rich relative to algal-poor systems. Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. pickhardt@darmouth.edu Pickhardt Paul C PC Folt Carol L CL Chen Celia Y CY Klaue Bjoern B Blum Joel D JD eng ES07373 ES NIEHS Journal Article 2002 03 19

United States Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 7505876 0 Methylmercury Compounds 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Biomass Daphnia metabolism Eutrophication Food Chain Fresh Water Methylmercury Compounds metabolism Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism Zooplankton metabolism 11937334 2002 04 08 2003 02 10 2003 11 14

0968-0896 10 6 2002 Jun Study on quantitative structure-toxicity relationships of benzene derivatives acting by narcosis. 1761-6 Hydrophobicity (logP) as well as quantiative structure-toxicity relationships (QSTRs) of some benzene derivatives acting by narcosis have been established based on narcotic mechanisms of action and toxicity data to the fathead minnow, Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri using information-theoretic topological index (Id). Excellent results are obtained in multiparametric regression upon introduction of dummy parameters (indicator variables). Consistent increase in R(2)(A) values indicated that inspite of collinarity between Id and one of the indicator variables (I(3-6)) the proposed models are statistically significant. Research Division, Laxmi Fumigation and Pest Control Pvt. Ltd., 3, Khatipura, 452 007, Indore, India. Khadikar Padmakar V PV Mather Keshav C KC Singh Shalini S Phadnis Anjani A Shrivastava Anjali A Mandaloi Manorama M eng Journal Article

England Bioorg Med Chem 9413298 0 Benzene Derivatives IM Animals Benzene Derivatives chemistry toxicity Cyprinidae physiology Hydrophobicity Hypokinesia chemically induced Inhibitory Concentration 50 Logistic Models Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Toxicity Tests methods Vibrio drug effects 11951958 2002 04 15 2002 10 01 2003 11 14

0730-7268 21 4 2002 Apr Effects of dinoseb on the life cycle of Daphnia magna: modeling survival time and a proposal for an alternative to the no-observed-effect concentration. 828-33 Risk assessment is in urgent need of more accurate toxic effect endpoints than those currently in use, especially for low concentrations. Often such endpoints are estimated by analysis of variance, linear interpolation, or smoothing. As these statistical methods are not always satisfactory, some authors have proposed to describe the entire dose-response curves by fully formalized parametric regression models whose parameters have toxicological meaning. These models allow a better evaluation of pollutant effects, including inter- and extrapolation to any other than the measured effect values. Following this line, a four-parameter logistic regression model (standard model) was fitted to survival data of Daphnia magna under pesticide (dinoseb) stress. The heterogeneity of the variance was taken into account with a both-sides logarithmic transformation. Besides the standard model, a hormesis and a threshold model were tested too. These two others models have been described in the literature and might better represent the dose-response function we are looking for. All three models showed a good fit to our data, and the statistics gave no hints as to which model is the most appropriate. As no evidence was seen for hormesis or for the existence of a threshold concentration, we used the simplest, namely, the standard model, for most of our calculations. Model calculations allow the quantification of the effects on individuals' longevity as well as on mean survival time of the population. We used them to define a no-effect value, the statistical-no-effect concentration (SNEC). The SNEC is based on the confidence bands of the modeled regression and represents the highest value for which an effect is statistically not different from the control. The SNEC is an alternative to classical endpoints, like the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) or the low-effect concentrations (e.g., EC10, EC5, EC1). Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), Department of Rural Engineering, IATE-GECOS-Ecotoxicology. Chèvre Nathalie N Becker-van Slooten Kristin SK Tarradellas Joseph J Brazzale Alessandra R AR Behra Renata R Guettinger Herbert H eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Herbicides 51-28-5 2,4-Dinitrophenol 88-85-7 dinoseb IM 2,4-Dinitrophenol analogs & derivatives toxicity Animals Daphnia physiology Endpoint Determination Herbicides toxicity Models, Theoretical No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Regression Analysis Reproduction drug effects Risk Assessment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Survival Analysis 11954730 2002 04 16 2002 10 01 2003 11 14

0734-242X 19 5 2001 Oct Toxicity and hazardous properties of solvent base adhesive wastes. 442-9 In this work, the hazardous properties of solvent base adhesive wastes generated in the footwear manufacturing process have been studied. The characterisation procedures and criteria used are those contained in the legal documents European Union Council Decision 94/904/CE and October 13th Spanish Ministerial Order. The properties studied were the following: flash point, reactivity (gas generation), ecotoxicity, main contaminants extracted by the leaching process and main harmful substances contained in wastes. An additional study of the relationship between flash point and solvent concentration in waste was carried out for polyurethane-acetone and neoprene-toluene systems. The wastes considered were metal containers with remains of dry or semi-dry adhesive. The results obtained show that the presence of solvent in wastes confers on them hazardous characteristics (flash point and harmful composition) depending on the solvent type and its concentration. Instituto Tecnológico del Calzado y Conexas, INESCOP, Elda, Alicante, Spain. Sabater M C MC Martínez M A MA Font R R eng Journal Article

England Waste Manag Res 9881064 0 Adhesives 0 Industrial Waste 0 Solvents IM Adhesives toxicity Animals Chemistry, Physical Daphnia Industrial Waste Luminescence Photobacterium Risk Assessment Solvents toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests 11960005 2002 04 17 2002 06 14 2003 11 14

0027-8424 99 8 2002 Apr 16 In deep trouble: habitat selection constrained by multiple enemies in zooplankton. 5481-5 Habitat selection behavior is an important predator-avoidance strategy for many organisms. Its particular expression is often explained as the result of a tradeoff between avoiding antagonists and acquiring resources. However, there is need for a broader perspective on this behavior, as organisms are often simultaneously involved in complex antagonistic relationships with multiple types of enemies. We show experimentally that a tradeoff between predator and parasite avoidance may be important in the evolution of habitat selection behavior in the waterflea, Daphnia magna. In this species, negatively phototactic clones suffer less from visually hunting predators by residing in deeper and darker portions of the water column during the day. However, this behavior increases the risk of parasitic infections when the Daphnia are exposed to pond sediments containing parasite spores. Positively phototactic clones, which are at a higher risk of predation, are less exposed to parasite spores in the sediment and consequently suffer less from parasitic infection. We show that the increased risk of infection remains even if the animals change their phototactic behavior on exposure to chemical cues from fish. This tradeoff highlights a substantial cost of predator-induced changes in habitat selection behavior. Tradeoffs caused by multiple enemies may explain genetic polymorphism for habitat selection behavior in many natural populations. Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Catholic University of Leuven, Charles de Bériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. ellen.decaestecker@bio.kuleuven.ac.be Decaestecker Ellen E De Meester Luc L Ebert Dieter D eng Journal Article

United States Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 7505876 IM Analysis of Variance Animals Cloning, Molecular Daphnia parasitology physiology Ecology Environment Homing Behavior Plant Physiology Polymorphism (Genetics) Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Zooplankton 11958707 2002 04 17 2002 10 04 2003 11 14

0962-8452 269 1493 2002 Apr 22 Clone mixtures and a pacemaker: new facets of Red-Queen theory and ecology. 761-72 Host-parasite antagonistic interaction has been proposed as a potential agent to promote genetic polymorphism and to favour sex against asex, despite its twofold cost in reproduction. However, the host-parasite gene-for-gene dynamics often produce unstable cycles that tend to destroy genetic diversity. Here, we examine such diversity destroying coevolutionary dynamics of host and parasite, which is coupled through local or global migration, or both, between demes in a metapopulation structure. We show that, with global migration in the island model, peculiar out-of-phase islands spontaneously arise in the cluster of islands converging to a global synchrony. Such asynchrony induced by the 'pacemaker islands' serves to restore genetic variation. With increasing fraction of local migration, spots of asynchrony are converted into loci or foci of spiral and target patterns, whose rotating arms then cover the majority of demes. A multi-locus analogue of the model reproduces the same tendency toward asynchrony, and the condition arises for an advantage of asexual clones over their sexual counterpart when enough genetic diversity is maintained through metapopulation storage-migration serves as a cheap alternative to sex. Department of Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-81 Japan. asasascb@mbox.nc.kyushu-u.ac.jp Sasaki A A Hamilton W D WD Ubeda F F eng Journal Article

England Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 7505889 IM Animals Daphnia genetics physiology Ecosystem Escherichia coli genetics isolation & purification Evolution Female Genetics, Population Host-Parasite Relations genetics Human Intestines microbiology Male Models, Biological Parthenogenesis Reproduction Snails genetics physiology Variation (Genetics) 11971644 2002 04 24 2002 07 24 2003 11 14

0147-6513 51 3 2002 Mar Combined effects of algal (Chlorella vulgaris) density and ammonia concentration on the population dynamics of Ceriodaphnia dubia and Moina macrocopa (Cladocera). 216-22 Ammonia is a natural variable in ponds and lakes. Although an important source of nitrogen for microalgae, at high concentrations ammonia can affect the density and diversity of cladocerans. Using the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Moina macrocopa, the effect of nominal concentrations of ammonium chloride under acute and chronic exposures at different levels of algal food was tested. Regardless of food level, C. dubia was more sensitive than M. macrocopa to ammonia. In the absence of food, the median lethal concentration of ammonia (LC(50) 24 h) for C. dubia was (112 mg L(-1)) less than half that of M. macrocopa (232 mg L(-1)). When algal food (0.5 x 10(6) and 1.5 x 10(6) cells ml(-1) of Chlorella) was used, the LC(50) values were much higher for both cladoceran species. Based on the population growth studies, it was found that in controls of M. macrocopa an increase in the availability of Chlorella from 0.5 to 1.5 x 10(6) cells mL(-1) led to an increase in the maximum density from 4.7 +/- 0.2 to 16.4 +/- 1.2 ind.mL(-1), while in C. dubia the peak population density decreased from 7.9 +/- 0.6 to 5.0 +/- l.0 ind.mL(-1). An increase in ammonia concentration (10 to 40 mg L(-1) for C. dubia and 20 to 120 mg L(-1) for M. macrocopa) resulted in a corresponding decrease in peak population densities of the tested cladocerans. The rate of population increase (r) values for M. macrocopa in the controls ranged from 0.21 +/- 0.001 and 0.25 +/- 0.02 at 0.5 and 1.5 x 10(6) cells mL(-1) of Chlorella, respectively. The corresponding values of C. dubia in controls were 0.21 +/- 0.004 and 0.18 +/- 0.01. At 0.5 x 10(6) cells mL(-1) of algal food, the r values became negative under 40 and 120 mg L(-1) of ammonia for C. dubia and M. macrocopa, respectively. The role of algal food in ammonia toxicity to cladocerans was discussed. (c) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). (c) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). School of Biology, Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla, Avenridoa San Claudio & 14 Sur, C.P. 72560, University City, Col. San Manuel, Puebla, Mexico. Mangas-Ramírez Ernesto E Sarma S S S SS Nandini S S eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants 7664-41-7 Ammonia IM Ammonia toxicity Animals Chlorella drug effects growth & development Daphnia drug effects growth & development Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Food Deprivation Food-Drug Interactions Lethal Dose 50 Population Growth Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity 11988366 2002 05 03 2002 06 13 2002 11 18

0378-4274 131 1-2 2002 May 10 Environmental risk assessment for new human pharmaceuticals in the European Union according to the draft guideline/discussion paper of January 2001. 137-43 Since 1993, an environmental risk assessment (ERA) for a new drug application has been stipulated by EU Directive 93/39/EEC amending Directive 65/65/EEC. In early 2001, after several unpublished draft versions for an ERA guideline, a draft guideline/discussion paper for an ERA for non-GMO-containing drugs was published by the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA). The draft guideline describes a step-wise, tiered procedure for the ERA. The first tier consists of deriving a crude predicted environmental concentration (PEC) in the aquatic compartment for the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or its major metabolites, based on predicted amounts used and specific removal rates in sewage treatment or surface waters. If this crude PEC is <0.01 microg/l and no environmental concerns are apparent, no further assessment is deemed necessary. Else, in the second tier, a crude predicted no-effect level (PNEC) for the aquatic compartment is to be extrapolated by dividing the lowest 50%-effect concentration from acute ecotoxicity tests with algae, daphnia or fish (EC(50), LC(50)) by an assessment factor (usually 1000). If the ratio PEC/PNEC is <1, no further assessment is deemed necessary. Lastly, in the third tier, further considerations on a case-by-case basis are needed. This may encompass refining the environmental fate information and thereby the PEC, considering further environmental compartments and their respective PECs (up to and including field studies), but also refining the PNEC. While the ERA addresses mainly the API, excipients of the formulated drug should be considered as well. In the case of medicinal products, the benefit for patients has relative precedence over environmental risks, meaning that even in the case of an unacceptable residual risk for new drugs after third-tier considerations, prohibition of a new API is not taken into consideration. Instead, possible mitigating or precautionary safety measures may consist of specific product labelling (i.e. package leaflets for the patients regarding returning and proper disposal of unused medicines), restricted use through in-hospital or in-surgery administration under supervision only, or the recommendation of environmental analytical monitoring up to ecological field studies. EurProBiol CBiol MIBiol, Corporate Safety and Environmental Protection, CSE, 49/2.033, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland. juerg.straub@roche.com Straub Jürg Oliver JO eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

Netherlands Toxicol Lett 7709027 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Pharmaceutical Preparations IM Toxicol Lett. 2002 Oct 5;135(3):231-7 12270681 Environmental Monitoring methods standards Environmental Pollutants analysis toxicity European Union Fresh Water analysis Guidelines Human Legislation, Drug Pharmaceutical Preparations adverse effects analysis Risk Assessment methods standards Sewage analysis Toxicity Tests methods standards 15 11989682 2002 05 06 2002 11 06 2003 11 14

0014-3820 56 3 2002 Mar Strong inbreeding depression in a Daphnia metapopulation. 518-26 The deleterious effects of inbreeding have long been known, and inbreeding can increase the risk of extinction for local populations in metapopulations. However, other consequences of inbreeding in metapopulations are still not well understood. Here we show the presence of strong inbreeding depression in a rockpool metapopulation of the planktonic freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna, which reproduces by cyclical parthenogenesis. We conducted three experiments in real and artificial rockpools to quantify components of inbreeding depression in the presence and the absence of competition between clonal lines of selfed and outcrossed genotypes. In replicated asexual populations, we recorded strong selection against clones produced by selfing in competition with clones produced by outcrossing. In contrast, inbreeding depression was much weaker in single-clone populations, that is, in the absence of competition between inbred and outbred clones. The finding of a competitive advantage of the outbred genotypes in this metapopulation suggests that if rockpool populations are inbred, hybrid offspring resulting from crosses between immigrants and local genotypes might have a strong selective advantage. This would increase the effective gene flow in the metapopulation. However, the finding of low inbreeding depression in the monoclonal populations suggests that inbred and outbred genotypes might have about equal chances of establishing new populations. Universität Basel, Zoologisches Institut, Switzerland. Christoph.Haag@unifr.ch Haag Christoph R CR Hottinger Jürgen W JW Riek Myriam M Ebert Dieter D eng Journal Article

United States Evolution Int J Org Evolution 0373224 IM Animals Crosses, Genetic Daphnia genetics physiology Female Finland Fresh Water Hybrid Vigor Inbreeding Male Seasons Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11990766 2002 05 06 2002 11 04 2003 11 14

0963-9292 11 2 2002 Apr Hazard assessment of resmethrin: I. Effects and fate in aquatic systems. 101-11 A comparative aquatic hazard assessment of resmethrin was conducted to investigate the need for its restricted use classification by the US. EPA as an adult mosquito control agent. This paper describes the environmental fate and aquatic toxicity of resmethrin. The following paper compares resmethrin to the alternative insecticides. Environmental fate studies indicate that resmethrin has a short photolytic half-life in water (<1 h). Furthermore, it is immobile in soil and biodegradable (half-life = 36.5 d) under aerobic conditions. Laboratory studies with constant 48- to 96-h exposures show it is acutely toxic to fish and invertebrates in the 0.22-15.0 microg/L range. Daphnia magna, pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are the most sensitive and mollusks are the least sensitive species. Chronic laboratory studies indicate that the maximum acceptable toxicant concentrations (MATCs) for resmethrin and D. magna, Pimephales promelas, O. mykiss, and Cyprinodon variegatus are 0.58, 0.52, 0.43, and 10.3 microg/L, respectively. The acute-to-chronic ratios (1.1-7.3) for all species studied indicate that chronic toxicity will not be an issue for resmethrin. Furthermore, the characteristics of acute exposures (48- to 96-h) used in the laboratory will not occur under field conditions because of the short half-life of resmethrin in fresh- and salt-water. Department of Environmental Studies/SERC, Florida International University, N. Miami 33181, USA. randg@fiu.edu Rand Gary M GM eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicology 9885956 0 Insecticides 0 Pyrethrins 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 10453-86-8 resmethrin IM Animals Fishes Fresh Water analysis Insecticides chemistry toxicity Invertebrates Larva Pyrethrins chemistry toxicity Seawater analysis Soil analysis Soil Pollutants analysis toxicity Species Specificity Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 11990767 2002 05 06 2002 11 04 2003 11 14

0963-9292 11 2 2002 Apr Effects of sludge filtrate on the survival and reproduction of Ceriodaphnia dubia. 113-8 The objective of this study was to determine if the runoff from croplands fertilized with municipal sludge was toxic to aquatic biota and, therefore, a potential threat to either public health or the environment. Seven-day bioassays with Ceriodaphnia dubia showed that the No-Observed-Effect-Concentration (NOEC) was 24 g/L and the Lowest-Observed-Effect-Concentration (LOEC) for survival was 30 g/L for soil samples treated with 35.2 metric tonnes (MT)/ha of municipal sludge. For soil samples treated with 0 and 17.6 MT/ha of sludge, the survival rates of C. dubia were not significantly affected at concentrations of 6-30 g/L of soil. Reproduction was suppressed by 25% when daphnids were exposed to 3.3 g/L concentration of soil treated with sludge at 35.2 MT/ha. A 50% suppression of reproduction occurred when daphnids were exposed to 15 g/L concentration of soil treated with sludge at 17.6 MT/ha. A sludge application rate of 17.6 MT/ha suppressed reproduction at a treatment concentration of 18 g/L. These data indicate that the runoff from agricultural lands treated with municipal sludge has the potential to affect reproduction in daphnids and, therefore, the environment through the aquatic food chain. US Geological Survey, Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409-2120, USA. Veerina Syama S SS Parker Nick C NC Fedler Clifford B CB eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicology 9885956 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Fertilizers 0 Soil Pollutants IM Animals Biological Assay Crops, Agricultural Daphnia drug effects physiology Environmental Pollutants toxicity Fertilizers toxicity Reproduction drug effects Sewage Soil analysis Soil Pollutants toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Texas 11991522 2002 05 06 2002 10 23 2003 11 14

0048-9697 288 3 2002 Apr 15 Biological and chemical factors influencing shallow lake eutrophication: a long-term study. 167-81 The focus of eutrophication research has tended to be upon short-term and experimental studies. However, given the range of factors that can influence eutrophication dynamics, and that these matter over a range of time scales, some discrete, some continuous, eutrophication dynamics may only be fully investigated when long-term, time-series data are available. The present study aims to evaluate the interacting effects of abiotic processes and biotic dynamics in explaining variations of phytoplankton biomass in a eutrophic shallow lake, Barton Broad (Norfolk, UK) using a long-term data set. Multivariate statistical analysis shows that the inter-relationships between phytoplankton variability, nutrient and grazing factors were highly sensitive to seasonal periodicity. In spring phytoplankton biomass was related to phosphorus, nitrogen and silicon. In summer phytoplankton biomass was associated with phosphorus, nitrogen and zooplankton. In autumn phytoplankton was related to phosphorus, nitrogen, silicon and zooplankton. In winter, no significant relationship could be established between phytoplankton and environmental variables. This paper improves our understanding of the governing role of nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon and zooplankton upon phytoplankton variability, and hence, improves management methods for eutrophic lakes. Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, UK. S.Lau.97@cantab.net Lau S S S SS Lane S N SN eng Journal Article

Netherlands Sci Total Environ 0330500 7440-21-3 Silicon 7723-14-0 Phosphorus 7727-37-9 Nitrogen IM Animals Biomass Daphnia Environmental Monitoring Eutrophication Multivariate Analysis Nitrogen analysis Phosphorus analysis Phytoplankton physiology Seasons Silicon analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Zooplankton 11993875 2002 05 07 2002 11 04 2003 11 14

0013-936X 36 8 2002 Apr 15 Acute silver toxicity in aquatic animals is a function of sodium uptake rate. 1763-6 On the basis of these facts about freshwater fish and invertebrates: (i) the Na+ turnover is a physiological process associated with the gill membranes; (ii) the key mechanism of acute silver toxicity consists of reduction in Na+ uptake by blockade of gill Na+,K+-ATPase; (iii) the mass-specific surface area of the gills depends on animal body mass; and (iv) the gill surface is also the major site of Na+ loss by diffusion, we hypothesized that whole body Na+ uptake rate (i.e., turnover rate) and secondarily body mass would be good predictors of acute silver toxicity. Results obtained from toxicological (LC50 of AgNO3) and physiological (22Na uptake rate) tests performed on juvenile fish (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss), early juvenile and adult crayfish (Cambarusdiogenes diogenes), and neonate and adult daphnids (Daphnia magna) in moderately hard water of constant quality support the above hypothesis. Therefore, sensitivity to AgNO3, in terms of either total measured silver or free Ag+, was reliably predicted from the whole body Na+ uptake rate in animals with body mass ranging over 6 orders of magnitude (from micrograms to grams). A positive log-log correlation between acute AgNO3 toxicity and body mass of the same species was also observed. Furthermore, the whole body Na+ uptake rate was inversely related to body mass in unexposed animals. The combination of these last two results explains why the small animals in this study were more sensitive to Ag+ than the larger ones. Taken together, these results clearly point out the possibility of incorporating the Na+ uptake rate into the current version of the Biotic Ligand Model to improve the predictive capacity of this model. In the absence of information on Na+ uptake rate, then body mass may serve as a surrogate. Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. adalto@octopus.furg.br Bianchini Adalto A Grosell Martin M Gregory Sean M SM Wood Chris M CM eng Journal Article

United States Environ Sci Technol 0213155 0 Water Pollutants 7440-22-4 Silver 7440-23-5 Sodium EC 3.6.1.37 Na(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase IM Animals Astacoidea Body Constitution Daphnia Na(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase drug effects pharmacology Oncorhynchus mykiss Silver pharmacokinetics toxicity Sodium pharmacokinetics Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Tissue Distribution Water Pollutants pharmacokinetics toxicity 11994778 2002 05 07 2002 06 21 2003 11 14

0090-4341 42 4 2002 May A comparison of sensitivity of spirotox biotest with standard toxicity tests. 389-95 The Spirotox test utilizes a large ciliate protozoan, Spirostomum ambiguum, as a bioindicator. Two kinds of test responses were observed after 24 and 48 h of incubation: different deformations and lethal response. The toxicity of 78 organic compounds evaluated by the Spirotox-volatile procedure varied over six orders of a magnitude from -log (24-h LC(50)) = -3.0 (methanol) to 3.0 (pentachlorophenol). Deformations of the S. ambiguum were two to three times more sensitive toxic response than lethality. The sensitivity of the Spirotox test was compared to four bioassay systems used worldwide: Tetrahymena pyriformis, Microtox, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas. The toxicants were sorted according to the mechanism of action. The toxicity data for both protozoa. T. pyriformis and S. ambiguum were almost identical. Microtox, D. magna, and P. promelas were in general six- to eightfold more sensitive than the 24-h LC(50) Spirotox. The best agreement of toxicity data appeared in the group of nonpolar narcotics. In contrast the toxicity data for all tests only slightly correlated for polar narcotics. Very low slope for polar narcotics indicates that the toxicity range was much broader for the Spirotox test comparing to the others. The most toxic polar narcotics were even more toxic to Spirotox than to Microtox, Daphnia, and fish. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Warsaw University of Medicine, Banacha 1 str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland. grzes@farm.amwaw.edu.pl Nałecz-Jawecki G G Sawicki J J eng Journal Article

United States Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Organic Chemicals 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Ciliophora drug effects Comparative Study Environmental Monitoring Inhibitory Concentration 50 Organic Chemicals toxicity Sensitivity and Specificity Structure-Activity Relationship Toxicity Tests methods Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11996130 2002 05 08 2002 11 25 2003 11 14

0045-6535 47 5 2002 May The comparison of rapid bioassays for the assessment of urban groundwater quality. 547-54 Groundwater is a complex mixture of chemicals that is naturally variable. Current legislation in the UK requires that groundwater quality and the degree of contamination are assessed using chemical methods. Such methods do not consider the synergistic or antagonistic interactions that may affect the bioavailability and toxicity of pollutants in the environment. Bioassays are a method for assessing the toxic impact of whole groundwater samples on the environment. Three rapid bioassays, Eclox, Microtox and ToxAlert, and a Daphnia magna 48-h immobilisation test were used to assess groundwater quality from sites with a wide range of historical uses. Eclox responses indicated that the test was very sensitive to changes in groundwater chemistry; 77% of the results had a percentage inhibition greater than 90%. ToxAlert, although suitable for monitoring changes in water quality under laboratory conditions, produced highly variable results due to fluctuations in temperature and the chemical composition of the samples. Microtox produced replicable results that correlated with those from D. magna tests. Department of Geology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK. r.dewhurst@rhul.ac.uk Dewhurst R E RE Wheeler J R JR Chummun K S KS Mather J D JD Callaghan A A Crane M M eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Chlorides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7664-41-7 Ammonia IM Ammonia toxicity Animals Biological Assay methods Chlorides toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Fresh Water chemistry Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Urbanization Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Water Supply analysis 11996137 2002 05 08 2002 10 29 2003 11 14

0045-6535 47 1 2002 Apr Acute toxicity of chlorophenols to earthworms using a simple paper contact method and comparison with toxicities to fresh water organisms. 65-9 An acute toxicity test of chlorophenols on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) was performed using a simple paper contact method proposed by OECD testing guideline no. 207, that were applied as an earthworm toxicity test. The median lethal concentration, EC50, had significant correlation with logP(ow) (1-octanol/water partition coefficient) of the chemicals. The toxicity of chlorophenols on E. fetida was compared with toxicities for other species: an algae (Selenostrum capricornutum), a crustacean (Daphnia magna), and a fish (Oryzias latipes). It was found that the toxicity of chlorophenols was almost same for E. fetida and for fresh water organisms. These results suggest the possibility of drawing correlations between the effects of pollutants on living things in different environments, fresh water and soil. Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan. akanem@chemenv.titech.ac.jp Miyazaki Akane A Amano Tsutomu T Saito Hotaka H Nakano Yoshio Y eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Chlorophenols 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae, Green Animals Chlorophenols toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia Lethal Dose 50 Oligochaeta Oryzias Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 11999054 2002 05 09 2002 10 11 2003 11 14

0013-936X 36 7 2002 Apr 1 Chemical speciation and toxicity of nickel species in natural waters from the Sudbury area (Canada). 1477-84 Metal complexation properties of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in freshwaters are recognized but poorly understood. Here, we investigated the release of free nickel from Ni-DOC complexes using nickel-polluted freshwaters from Sudbury (Canada). We used the Competing Ligand Exchange Method with Chelex-100 as the competing ligand to measure the rate of free Ni2+ ion released by the dissociation of Ni-DOC complexes. The kinetic studies showed that the fastest kinetically distinguishable component representing approximately 30-95% of the total nickel had a dissociation rate coefficient similar to that reported for [Ni(H20)6]2+. High concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ caused a larger amount of the DOC-bound nickel to be released as free Ni2+ ion. Growth inhibition of the freshwater alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was highly correlated with the Ni/DOC ratio, the free plus labile nickel concentration, and the dissociation rate coefficient. While the levels of metals were not sufficient to kill Daphnia magna, these test organisms were immobilized in the same samples that showed algal growth inhibition. Only one sample caused 22% death of Hydra attenuata. The algal toxicity tests were consistent with the kinetic speciation results and are consistent with the hypothesis that dissolved [Ni(H20)6]2+ plus other labile nickel species are toxic forms of Ni present. Ottawa-Carleton Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ontario, Canada. Mandal Rupasri R Hassan Nouri M NM Murimboh John J Chakrabarti Chuni L CL Back Margaret H MH Rahayu Ucu U Lean David R S DR eng Journal Article

United States Environ Sci Technol 0213155 0 Ligands 0 Water Pollutants 7440-02-0 Nickel 7440-44-0 Carbon IM Environ Sci Technol 2002 Jun 1;36(11):2536 Algae Animals Carbon chemistry Daphnia Hydra Kinetics Ligands Nickel chemistry toxicity Ontario Solubility Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants toxicity 12003062 2002 05 10 2002 06 27 2003 11 14

0031-1820 124 Pt 4 2002 Apr Small subunit ribosomal DNA phylogeny of microsporidia that infect Daphnia (Crustacea: Cladocera). 381-9 Glugoides intestinalis, Microsporidium sp., Ordospora colligata, Gurleya vavrai, Larssonia obtusa and Flabelliforma magnivora are microsporidian parasites of planctonic freshwater crustaceans Daphnia spp. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of the small subunit ribosomal DNA which revealed their positions as polyphyletic. G. intestinalis, Microsporidium sp. and O. colligata, which are horizontally transmitted gut parasites with small spores and low virulence, group with different lineages. G. intestinalis is related to 2 microsporidia infecting lepidopterans and to Vittaforma corneae, which has been described as a human pathogen. It is thought that V. corneae may have an invertebrate as its natural host. Microsporidium sp. is a relative of the genera Enterocytozoon and Nucleospora, pathogens of man and fish respectively. O. colligata is the first species found to be closely related to the genus Encephalitozoon, which is comprised of 3 species that are parasites of homeothermic vertebrates. G. vavrai and L. obtusa are sister taxa that branch close to the Amblyosporidae, the only microsporidia with known intermediate hosts. This finding supports the presumption of secondary hosts for G. vavrai and L. obtusa, as it has not been possible to maintain these species in Daphnia in the laboratory. F. magnivora roots deep at the base of the phylum microsporidia with no close relative found so far. Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Switzerland. Refardt D D Canning E U EU Mathis A A Cheney S A SA Lafranchi-Tristem N J NJ Ebert D D eng Journal Article

England Parasitology 0401121 0 DNA, Protozoan 0 DNA, Ribosomal IM Animals Base Sequence Crustacea parasitology DNA, Protozoan genetics DNA, Ribosomal genetics Microspora classification genetics isolation & purification Phylogeny Polymerase Chain Reaction Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 12009195 2002 05 14 2003 01 08 2003 11 14

0360-1234 37 3 2002 May Determination of pesticides and chronic test with Daphnia magna for rainwater samples. 247-54 Pesticides contained in rainwater were investigated in June and July 2001 in Yokohama. Although there were few farms and rice paddies near the sampling point, insecticides (fenitrothion and dichlorvos) and fungicides (chlorothalonil and futhalide) were detected by GC-MS and GC-FPD analysis. The maximum concentrations of dichlorvos and fenitrothion were 0.22 microg/L and 0.15 microg/L, respectively. Chronic tests with Daphnia magna were then conducted on two rainwater samples. Test solutions for these chronic tests were prepared by solid-phase extraction. In the case of the rainwater sampled on 25 July, the survival rate of D. magna was 100% after 21 days and no differences were found between the control and sample with regard to the average total number of live offspring produced per parent animal. However, a similar test with rainwater sampled on 14-15 June showed a marked toxic effect, since all the test animals were dead within 2 days. It is concluded that rainwater containing pesticides is an important ecological factor for freshwater plankton. Yokohama Environmental Research Institute, Isogo, Japan. tz880231@city.yokohama.jp Sakai Manabu M eng Journal Article

United States J Environ Sci Health B 7607167 0 Fungicides, Industrial 0 Insecticides 0 Pesticide Residues 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development Environmental Monitoring Fresh Water analysis Fungicides, Industrial analysis toxicity Insecticides analysis toxicity Pesticide Residues analysis toxicity Rain Spectrum Analysis, Mass methods Survival Analysis Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 12013128 2002 05 15 2002 11 05 2003 11 14

0730-7268 21 5 2002 May Among- and within-population variability in tolerance to cadmium stress in natural populations of Daphnia magna: implications for ecological risk assessment. 1058-64 Previous attempts to test the hypothesis that laboratory selection of isogenetic populations can produce test organisms with a significantly increased mean tolerance to toxic substances have failed. One possible explanation for such failure is that the tolerance of laboratory populations is largely constrained by their origins (were the source populations composed of tolerant genotypes?). To address this question, among- and within-population variability in stress tolerance was assessed by calculating the variance in individual fitness and longevity across a cadmium gradient (0-10 microg/L). The study employed Daphnia magna clones from four geographically separate European populations. Results revealed significant differences in tolerance to lethal levels of toxic stress among populations. The distribution of tolerances within two of the studied populations showed high amounts of genetic variation in tolerance. Genetic relationships between tolerance traits and life history performance under nonstressful environments differed among the studied populations. One population showed significant but low costs associated with tolerance, whereas no costs were associated with tolerance in the other population. These results suggest that laboratory selection will favor individuals with high fitness or reproductive performance under optimal laboratory conditions resulting in laboratory populations with similar or lower tolerance to toxic stress than their original field populations. Given that populations can exhibit high levels of genetic variability in tolerance to toxic stress, minimizing genetic diversity in toxicity tests will increase the uncertainty attendant in extrapolating from the lab to the field. Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal. cb5@stir.ac.uk Barata Carlos C Baird Donald J DJ Mitchell Sue E SE Soares Amadeu M V M AM eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Water Pollutants 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Adaptation, Physiological Animals Cadmium adverse effects Daphnia genetics physiology Europe Geography Population Dynamics Reproducibility of Results Reproduction Risk Assessment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Survival Variation (Genetics) Water Pollutants adverse effects 12012054 2002 05 15 2002 06 26 2003 11 14

0007-4861 68 6 2002 Jun Acute toxicity of mixtures of chlorpyrifos, profenofos, and endosulfan to Ceriodaphnia dubia. 801-8 School of Pharmaceutical, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia. Woods M M Kumar A A Correll R R eng Journal Article

United States Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Drug Combinations 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 0 Thiophosphoric Acid Esters 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 115-29-7 Endosulfan 2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos 41198-08-7 profenofos IM Acute Toxicity Tests methods Animals Chlorpyrifos toxicity Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Drug Combinations Drug Interactions Endosulfan toxicity Insecticides, Organochlorine toxicity Insecticides, Organothiophosphate toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Thiophosphoric Acid Esters toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12024802 2002 05 23 2002 11 07 2003 11 14

0148-0545 25 2 2002 May Toxicity of adipic acid. 191-202 Adipic acid has very low acute toxicity in rats with an LD50 > 5000 mg/kg. Adipic acid produced mild to no skin irritation on intact guinea pig skin as a 50% concentration in propylene glycol; it was not a skin sensitizer. Adipic acid caused mild conjunctival irritation in washed rabbit eyes; in unwashed rabbit eyes, there was mild conjunctival irritation, minimal iritis, but no corneal effects. Adipic acid dust may irritate the mucous membranes of the lungs and nose. In a 2-year feeding study, rats fed adipic acid at concentrations up to 5% in the diet exhibited only weight loss. Adipic acid is not genetically active in a wide variety of assay systems. Adipic acid caused no developmental toxicity in mice, rats, rabbits, or hamsters when administered orally. Adipic acid is partially metabolized in humans; the balance is eliminated unchanged in the urine. Adipic acid is slightly to moderately toxic to fish, daphnia, and algae in acute tests. Haskell Laboratory, DuPont Company, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE 19714, USA. Kennedy Gerald L GL Jr eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

United States Drug Chem Toxicol 7801723 0 Adipic Acids 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Food Additives 124-04-9 adipic acid IM Adipic Acids metabolism toxicity Animals Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Ecosystem Environmental Pollutants toxicity Food Additives toxicity Guinea Pigs Human Mice Occupational Exposure Rabbits Rats Toxicity Tests 59 12025794 2002 05 23 2002 06 06 2003 11 14

0869-2092 65 1 2002 Jan-Feb [Daphnia magna for studies of cholinergic preparations] 73-4 Published data and original experimental results are summarized to justify biochemically the use of Daphnia magna Straus as an additional or alternative test object for the study of cholinotropic substances. The data of radioligand analysis provide direct evidence that the organism of Daphnia contains M-cholinoreceptors identical (with respect to pharmacodynamic parameters) to those in the human and animal organism. Institute of Toxicology, Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, ul. Bekhtereva 1, St. Petersburg, 193019 Russia. Podosinovikova N P NP Kosmachev A B AB Tonkopiĭ V D VD Zagrebin A O AO Evdokimova E A EA Malov A M AM Petrov V V VV Dolgo-Saburov V B VB rus Journal Article Daphnia magna kak ob''ekt pri issledovanii preparatov kholinergicheskogo tipa deĭstviia.

Russia Eksp Klin Farmakol 9215981 0 Cholinergic Antagonists 0 Receptors, Muscarinic IM Animals Cats Cholinergic Antagonists pharmacology Comparative Study Daphnia metabolism Dogs Drug Evaluation, Preclinical methods English Abstract Human In Vitro Radioligand Assay Rats Receptors, Muscarinic drug effects metabolism Species Specificity 12024293 2002 05 23 2002 07 24 2003 11 14

1522-2152 75 2 2002 Mar-Apr Progress toward understanding the neurophysiological basis of predator-induced morphology in Daphnia pulex. 179-86 Previous studies have demonstrated that certain pesticides, including carbaryl and endosulfan, can modulate the expression of predator-induced morphology in Daphnia. These pesticides affect the transmission of nervous impulses in vertebrates and invertebrates. The aim of this study was to determine the role of two neurotransmitter systems, excitatory cholinergic transmission and inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated transmission, in the regulation of inducible defenses of Daphnia. The effects of chemicals with four different modes of action on the expression of Chaoborus-induced neckteeth in Daphnia pulex were measured. These chemicals included chemicals that could enhance transmission at cholinergic synapses (physostigmine, nicotine), inhibit cholinergic transmission (atropine), stimulate or enhance the effects of GABA (diazepam, muscimol, cis-4-aminocrotonic acid), or antagonise the action of GABA (picrotoxin, bicuculline, SR95531). The development of Chaoborus-induced neckteeth in D. pulex was enhanced by physostigmine and picrotoxin and suppressed by atropine. It was proposed that these chemicals were acting on neurosecretory cells that release the hormones necessary to induce neckteeth development. The results also indicate mechanisms through which anthropogenic pollutants could influence the expression of inducible defenses, leading to inappropriate expression in environments with low predator intensity or to suppression in environments with high risks of predation. Max Planck Institute for Limnology, Plön, Germany. michael.barry@sci.monash.edu.au Barry Michael J MJ eng Journal Article

United States Physiol Biochem Zool 100883369 0 Autonomic Agents 0 Cholinergic Agents 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 GABA Agents 0 GABA Agonists 0 GABA Antagonists IM Adaptation, Biological drug effects Animals Autonomic Agents pharmacology Cholinergic Agents pharmacology Comparative Study Daphnia anatomy & histology drug effects growth & development Environmental Pollutants adverse effects GABA Agents pharmacology GABA Agonists pharmacology GABA Antagonists pharmacology Predatory Behavior drug effects physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 11979586 2002 05 27 2002 11 19 2003 11 14

1520-4081 17 2 2002 Toxicity of different industrial effluents in Taiwan: a comparison of the sensitivity of Daphnia similis and Microtox. 93-7 Industrial effluents are known to exhibit toxicity toward different aquatic organisms. In Taiwan management of these discharges still relies on chemical and physical and physical characteristics of water, although various standard method for assessing aquatic toxicity have been proposed by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration. In this study we examined the toxicity and compared the sensitivity of different types of industrial effluents using two proposed toxicity tests: the Daphnia similis acute toxicity test and the Microtox acute assay (Vibrio fischeri). Results showed that electroplating effluents were the most toxic of all the effluents tested, followed by acrylonitrile manufacturing, pulp/paper, and tannery effluents. The EC50 of an electroplating effluent for D. similis and V. fischeri (15 min) was as low as, respectively, 2.9% and 3.9% of the whole effluent. The other effluents were not acutely toxic to either organism tested. However, the tests exhibited different sensitivity toward various discharges. Only the electroplating and acrylonitrile manufacturing effluents had effects on both organisms. These results indicate the importance of the incorporation of aquatic toxicity tests into the management scheme for treated wastewaters. Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60 Section 1, Er-Jen Road, Jen-Der, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China. Liu M C MC Chen C M CM Cheng H Y HY Chen H Y HY Su Y C YC Hung T Y TY eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia Electroplating Industrial Waste Lethal Dose 50 Sensitivity and Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Taiwan Vibrio Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12037590 2002 05 30 2003 01 10 2003 11 14

0174-1578 172 4 2002 May Circulatory oxygen transport in the water flea Daphnia magna. 275-85 To determine the contribution of circulatory convection to tissue oxygen supply in animals of Daphnia magna, heart rate ( f(H)), in-vivo Hb oxygen-saturation ( S(Hb)) and NADH fluorescence intensity ( I(NADH)) as a measure of the tissue oxygenation state were simultaneously measured using digital motion analysis, microabsorption spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. In addition, the relationship between stroke volume and body size was established. Groups of differently sized animals (small: 1.4-1.6 mm, medium: 2.7-2.9 mm, large: 3.3 mm) with either low (Hb-poor) or high Hb concentration (Hb-rich) in the hemolymph were exposed to a gradual decrease in ambient oxygen partial pressure ( P(O2amb)) between normoxia and anoxia. In all groups, f(H) increased in response to progressive hypoxia. The hypoxic maximum in f(H) was highest in medium-sized Hb-poor animals, whereas perfusion rate increased continuously with increasing body size in Hb-poor and Hb-rich animals. The P(O2amb) at which Hb in the heart region was half-saturated (in-vivo P(50)) was higher in medium-sized (Hb-poor: 3.2 kPa, Hb-rich: 2.0 kPa) than in small (Hb-poor: 2.1 kPa, Hb-rich: 1.5 kPa) and large animals (Hb-poor: 1.9 kPa). The in-vivo P(50) was always lower in Hb-rich than in Hb-poor animals. The I(NADH) indicated an impairment of tissue oxygenation starting at higher critical P(O2amb) with increasing body size and with lower Hb concentration. Model calculations suggest that at the respective critical P(O2amb), circulatory convection delivers less than half of the oxygen demand in Hb-poor animals. In contrast, in Hb-rich animals, the contribution of circulatory convection to tissue oxygen supply at respective critical P(O2amb) was much greater due to the higher concentration of Hb. Institut für Zoophysiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Hindenburgplatz 55, 48143 Münster, Germany. Bäumer C C Pirow R R Paul R J RJ eng Journal Article 2002 03 27

Germany J Comp Physiol [B] 8413200 0 Hemoglobins 53-84-9 NAD 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Body Constitution Daphnia physiology Heart physiology Heart Rate physiology Hemoglobins physiology Hemolymph physiology NAD analysis Oxygen physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 12043166 2002 06 04 2002 06 27 2003 11 14

0372-9311 2 2002 Mar-Apr [Viability and virulence of Francisella tularensis subsp. Holarctica in water ecosystems (experimental study)] 9-13 Under conditions of artificial water biocenosis a virulent strain of F. tularensis could be detected in fresh water shrimps and mollusks for about a month, in Conepoda for up to 20 days and in Chydorus sphaericus for up to 7 days from the moment of the aquaria water contamination. In silt F. tularensis could be detected for a longer period (up to 2 months). Daphnia, Oligochaeta and C. sphaericus appeared to be unfavorable environment for this microorganism. The virulence level of F. tularensis microbial cells decreased in paralell with prolongation of their stay in water biocenosis. The presence of water biota favours F. tularensis preservation in water reservoirs for a longer time. Research Institute for Plague Control of Siberia And the Far East, Irkutsk, Russia. Mironchuk Iu V IuV Mazepa A V AV rus Journal Article Zhiznesposobnost' i virulentnost' Francisella tularensis subsp. Holarctica v vodnykh ékosistemakh (éksperimental'noe izuchenie).

Russia Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 0415217 IM Animals Bacillus pathogenicity Crustacea microbiology Ecosystem English Abstract Francisella tularensis growth & development isolation & purification pathogenicity Fresh Water Mollusca microbiology Oligochaeta microbiology Time Factors Virulence Water Microbiology 12053569 2002 06 10 2002 11 19 2003 11 14

0012-4966 383 1-6 2002 Mar-Apr Feeding response of perch (Perca fluviatilis) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) fry to the presence of a predator. 155-7 Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 33, Moscow, 119071 Russia. Mikheev V N VN Pasternak A F AF Wanzenboeck J J eng Journal Article

Russia Dokl Biol Sci 7505459 IM Animals Cyprinidae physiology Daphnia Feeding Behavior Perches physiology Predatory Behavior Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 12056488 2002 06 11 2002 12 06

0960-8524 83 2 2002 Jun Operational factors and nutrient effects on activated sludge treatment of Pinus radiata kraft mill wastewater. 131-8 The biodegradability of Pinus radiata bleached kraft mill wastewater by an activated sludge treatment during a period of 280 days was evaluated. The effect of varying hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the range of 48 to 4.5 h and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) addition on removal of biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (TSS and VSS), total phenolic compounds, tannin and lignin and reduction of toxicity was investigated. Removal of BOD5 was higher than 90% when HRT varied from 16 to 6 h, but decreased when HRT was less than 6 h. Similar performance was observed for COD removal, which was about 60% when HRT was varied from 16 to 6 h. Removal of total phenolic compounds and tannin and lignin was seriously affected by HRT. N and P addition to maintaining a ratio of 100:5:0.3 provided optimal BOD5, COD and suspended solids removal when HRT varied from 16 to 7 h, and no toxicity (using Daphnia) was detected in the treated effluent. When HRT was less than 6 h, the system showed destabilisation and pH, COD, BOD5 and suspended solids removal decreased. Dpto. Ing Quìmica, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla, Temuco, Chile. cdiez@ufro.cl Diez M C MC Castillo G G Aguilar L L Vidal G G Mora M L ML eng Journal Article

England Bioresour Technol 9889523 0 Industrial Waste 108-95-2 Phenol 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Bioreactors Biotechnology methods Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Industrial Waste Oxygen metabolism Phenol chemistry Pinus Sewage chemistry microbiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Waste Disposal, Fluid 12061826 2002 06 13 2002 10 29 2003 11 14

0147-6513 52 2 2002 Jun Acute lethal toxicity of environmental pollutants to aquatic organisms. 113-6 The acute lethal toxicity of environment pollutants including chlorophenol, haloalkane, quinone, and substituted nitrobenzene (i.e., nitrophenol, nitrobenzene, nitrotoluene, and aniline) compounds to aquatic organisms was determined. Determination of toxicity of chemicals was performed with chlorella, daphnia, carp, and tilapia. The toxicity of chlorophenols had no relation to the number of chlorine atoms on the benzene ring, but monochlorophenol had lower activity than more chlorine-substituted compounds. The tolerance levels of daphnia and carp to haloalkanes was found to be higher than that of chlorella; toxicity to chlorella was several hundred times higher than to daphnia. The toxicity of naphthoquinone compounds to chlorella and carp was higher than that of anthraquinone. A compound with a monochloride substitution on anthraquinone ring was less toxic to carp than those substituted with amine, hydroxyl, and dichlorine groups. Nitrobenzene compounds with an additional substitution group on the p position were extremely toxic to daphnia and carp. (c) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. Yen Jui-Hung JH Lin Kuo-Hsiung KH Wang Yei-Shung YS eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Adaptation, Physiological Animals Carps Chlorella Comparative Study Daphnia Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Environmental Exposure Lethal Dose 50 Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Tilapia Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12068928 2002 06 18 2002 11 05 2003 11 14

0007-4861 68 5 2002 May Toxicity of linear alkyl benzenes (LABs) to the aquatic crustacean Daphnia magna through waterborne and food chain exposures. 637-43 Environmental Department, INIA, Crta. de la Coruña, Madrid, Spain. Fernández C C Alonso C C García P P Tarazona J V JV Carbonell G G eng Journal Article

United States Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Benzene Derivatives 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae chemistry Animals Benzene Derivatives toxicity Daphnia Environmental Exposure Food Chain Lethal Dose 50 Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12069303 2002 06 18 2002 11 19 2003 11 14

0730-7268 21 6 2002 Jun Postexposure feeding depression: a new toxicity endpoint for use in laboratory studies with Daphnia magna. 1198-205 In situ bioassays with daphnids currently employ lethality as an endpoint, and although sublethal responses (reproduction and feeding rate) can be measured in the field, such endpoints pose major practical challenges. Previous studies have indicated that Daphnia magna exposed to toxic substances can exhibit delayed recovery in feeding behavior (postexposure feeding depression). This simple, robust response has the potential to be an ecologically relevant and potentially diagnostic endpoint. This study developed and tested the use of postexposure feeding depression as a toxicity endpoint in the laboratory environment. First, replicate numbers were manipulated to produce statistically reliable results. Second, postexposure feeding depression in D. magna was studied under laboratory conditions, by employing toxic substances with differing modes of action. Although most substances caused feeding inhibition during direct exposure, not all substances produced postexposure feeding depression. However, the use of lethality as a supplementary endpoint provided an alternative measure when no feeding depression was apparent after exposure. In combination, these endpoints offer a potentially more sensitive, ecologically relevant alternative to the use of lethality alone for in situ bioassay studies. Environment Group, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom. McWilliam Ruth A RA Baird Donald J DJ eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Daphnia Endpoint Determination Feeding Behavior drug effects Female Lethal Dose 50 Sensitivity and Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity 12069305 2002 06 18 2002 11 19 2003 11 14

0730-7268 21 6 2002 Jun Extractable substances (anionic surfactants) from membrane filters induce morphological changes in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus (Chlorophyceae). 1213-8 The effect of filtration of medium through different kinds of filters (glass fiber, mixed esters of cellulose and nitrocellulose) on the morphology in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus was examined. Several compounds potentially released from membrane filters were further investigated, and among them, two anionic surfactants were found to be morphologically active. Exposure to the anionic surfactants resulted within 2 d in the transformation of unicellular populations of Scenedesmus in populations dominated by colonies. Growth rates between control and surfactant-exposed populations were identical, and the morphological effect occurred at surfactant concentrations far below the reported no-observed-effect concentration for growth inhibition, stressing the need for inclusion of morphological appearance of Scenedesmus in algal toxicity testing to improve the assessment of ecological risks. Department of Environmental Sciences, Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Mangement Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands. miquel.lurling@aqec.wkao.wau.nl Lürling Miquel M Beekman Wendy W eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Culture Media 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Water Pollutants IM Abnormalities etiology Algae, Green Animals Culture Media Daphnia Filtration Phenotype Population Dynamics Risk Assessment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Surface-Active Agents adverse effects chemistry Water Pollutants adverse effects 12069315 2002 06 18 2002 11 19 2003 11 14

0730-7268 21 6 2002 Jun Biological properties of arginine-based gemini cationic surfactants. 1279-85 Biological properties of novel gemini (double-chain/double-head) cationic surfactants, Nalpha,Nomega-bis(Nalpha-acylarginine)alpha,omega-alkylendiamides, so-called bis(Args), are reported. The effect of both the alkyl (10 and 12 carbon atoms) and the spacer chain (from 2-10 methylene groups) of bis(Args) on their antimicrobial activity, acute toxicity on Daphnia magna and Photobacterium phosphoreum, and aerobic biodegradability is studied. These surfactants constitute a novel class of chemicals of low toxicity with excellent surface properties and considerable antimicrobial activity. The aquatic toxicity of these compounds is lower than that of the conventional Monoquats. As regards the biodegradation test, the molecules with a spacer chain < or =6 methylene groups can be considered as ready biodegradable. The increase of hydrophobicity in the bis(Args) is a negative structural parameter for their environmental behavior. Department of Tecnología de Tensioactivos, Instituto de Investigaciones Quimicas y Ambientales de Barcelona-Centro Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Spain. lpmste@cid.csic.es Pérez Lourdes L García Maria Teresa MT Ribosa Isabel I Vinardell Maria Pilar MP Manresa Angeles A Infante Maria Rosa MR eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Cations 0 Surface-Active Agents 74-79-3 Arginine IM Animals Arginine analogs & derivatives Bacteria, Aerobic physiology Biodegradation Cations Daphnia Microbial Sensitivity Tests Photobacterium drug effects Solubility Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Surface-Active Agents metabolism toxicity 12069316 2002 06 18 2002 11 19 2003 11 14

0730-7268 21 6 2002 Jun Evaluation of the effect of reactive sulfide on the acute toxicity of silver (I) to Daphnia magna. Part 1: description of the chemical system. 1286-93 Experiments were designed to assess the potential protective effect of the presence of sulfide against the acute (48-h) toxicity of silver(I) to Daphnia magna. Tests were conducted in borosilicate glass beakers (250 ml) in moderately hard synthetic water. Toxicity solutions were replaced after 24 h by static renewal method. This paper describes the chemical system, and the acute toxicity results are presented in a companion paper. Sulfide was below detection limit (<5 nM) in controls with no sulfide added. Sulfide, added as zinc sulfide clusters at approximately 35- or approximately 350-nM concentration, dropped in concentration to approximately 25 and 250 nM, respectively, over the 24-h period of measurements. Silver also decreased in concentration during the experiment (up to 59%), and the rate of loss was greater in the absence of sulfide compared with the presence of sulfide. A filtration experiment indicated a 1:1 binding ratio of silver to sulfide and a conditional stability constant for the Ag(I)-zinc sulfide complex of log K' = 8.9. The losses of sulfide and silver during the experiments highlighted the need for regular monitoring of the important chemical components of the system, even during short (48-h) toxicity tests. School of Geography and Geology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Bowles Karl C KC Bianchini Adalto A Brauner Colin J CJ Kramer James R JR Wood Chris M CM eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Ligands 0 Sulfides 0 Water Pollutants 7440-22-4 Silver IM Animals Biological Availability Daphnia Drug Interactions Lethal Dose 50 Ligands Reproducibility of Results Silver chemistry toxicity Sulfides chemistry pharmacology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity 12069317 2002 06 18 2002 11 19 2003 11 14

0730-7268 21 6 2002 Jun Evaluation of the effect of reactive sulfide on the acute toxicity of silver (I) to Daphnia magna. Part 2: toxicity results. 1294-300 The protective effect of reactive sulfide against AgNO3 toxicity to Daphnia magna neonates was studied. Acute (48-h) toxicity tests were performed in the absence (<5 nM) and presence of low (approximately 25 nM) and high (approximately 250 nM) concentrations of zinc sulfide clusters under oxic conditions. In both the presence and the absence of sulfide, lower mean lethal concentration (LC50) values were observed when measured as opposed to nominal silver concentrations were used in calculations. This reflected the fact that measured total silver concentrations were lower than nominal concentrations due to losses of silver from solution observed during the experiment. High concentration (approximately 250 nM) of sulfide completely protected against toxicity up to the highest silver concentration tested (2 microg/L [19 nM]) with measured silver data. In the presence of environmentally realistic levels of sulfide (approximately 25 nM) in receiving waters, acute silver toxicity was reduced by about 5.5-fold. However, when filtered (0.45 microm) silver concentrations alone were considered, toxicity (48-h LC50) was similar in the absence (0.22 microg/L) and presence (0.28 microg/L) of sulfide. The difference between measured total and filtered silver was attributed to chemisorption of the metal sulfide onto the membrane filter and provides evidence that the toxic fraction of silver is that which is unbound to sulfide. Accumulation of silver was greater in daphnids exposed to silver in the presence of sulfide than in its absence, even though a toxic effect was not observed under these conditions. In this case, silver appears to be incorporated by daphnids rather than merely adsorbed on the surface. Our results point out the need to incorporate sulfide into the acute biotic ligand model and to assess its potentially large role in preventing chronic toxicity. Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Bianchini Adalto A Bowles Karl C KC Brauner Colin J CJ Gorsuch Joseph W JW Kramer James R JR Wood Chris M CM eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Ligands 0 Sulfides 0 Water Pollutants 7440-22-4 Silver IM Adsorption Animals Biological Availability Daphnia Drug Interactions Lethal Dose 50 Ligands Silver chemistry pharmacokinetics toxicity Sulfides chemistry pharmacology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity 12069318 2002 06 18 2002 11 19 2003 11 14

0730-7268 21 6 2002 Jun A framework for prioritizing fragrance materials for aquatic risk assessment. 1301-8 More than 2,100 chemically defined organic chemicals are listed in the Research Institute of Fragrance Materials/Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association (RIFM/FEMA) Database that are used as ingredients of fragrances for consumer products. An approach was developed for prioritizing these fragrance materials for aquatic risk assessment by first estimating the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of these fragrance materials in the aquatic environment based upon their physicochemical properties and annual volume of use. Subsequently, an effect level was predicted with a general quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) for aquatic toxicity, and a predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) was calculated from this effect level by using an assessment factor (AF) that accounts for uncertainty in the toxicity QSAR prediction. A conservative AF of 10(6) was applied to the endpoint predicted by the QSAR to provide an adequate margin of safety in the calculation of the PNEC. The PEC was compared to the PNEC to characterize the risk to freshwater aquatic organisms (e.g., Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas). If the ratio of PEC to PNEC was below one, the material was considered to have negligible environmental risk and to be acceptable for the aquatic environment at current use levels. If this ratio exceeded one, the PNEC was refined by using more specific QSAR models (Ecological Structure-Activity Relationships [ECOSAR]). If the ratio continued to exceed one, the material became a candidate for further aquatic risk assessment procedures, which involve iterative steps to refine the PEC, the PNEC, or both by using measured ecotoxicological endpoints. Prioritization for this latter process can be based upon the magnitudes of the estimated PEC:PNEC ratios. When using the first tier of this approach, only 568 of 2,141 fragrance materials (26.5%) in the RIFM/FEMA Database had PEC:PNEC ratios greater than one. This percentage decreased to only 164 materials (7.7%) when PNECs were derived with ECOSAR. Comparison of predicted PECs and PNECs with those based upon measured data confirmed the conservatism and low risk for type I errors associated with the framework. These combined exercises demonstrated the ability of this highly precautionary risk-based screening approach to quickly prioritize a large number of materials without benefit of experimental ecotoxicological or fate data. Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, Hackensack, New Jersey 07601, USA. salvito@rifm.org Salvito Daniel T DT Senna Ronald J RJ Federle Thomas W TW eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Organic Chemicals 0 Perfume 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Cyprinidae Daphnia Endpoint Determination Organic Chemicals adverse effects classification Perfume adverse effects chemistry classification Reproducibility of Results Research Design Risk Assessment Structure-Activity Relationship Toxicity Tests methods Water Pollutants adverse effects classification 12069319 2002 06 18 2002 11 19 2003 11 14

0730-7268 21 6 2002 Jun Predicting acute zinc toxicity for Daphnia magna as a function of key water chemistry characteristics: development and validation of a biotic ligand model. 1309-15 The individual effect of different major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, and H+) on the acute toxicity of zinc to the waterflea Daphnia magna was investigated. The 48-h median effective concentration (EC50) in the baseline test medium (i.e., a standard medium with very low ion concentrations) was about 6 microM (Zn2+). An increase of Ca2+ (from 0.25 mM to 3 mM), Mg2+ (from 0.25 mM to 2 mM), and Na+ activity (from 0.077 mM to 13 mM) reduced zinc toxicity by a factor of 6.3, 2.1, and 3.1, respectively. No further toxicity reduction was observed when Ca2+ and Mg2+ activities exceeded 3.0 and 2.0 mM, respectively. Both K+ and H+ did not significantly alter zinc toxicity (expressed as Zn2+ activity). From these data, conditional stability constants for Ca2+ (log K = 3.24), Mg2+ (log K = 2.97), Na+ (log K = 2.16), and Zn2+ (log K = 5.31) were derived and incorporated into a biotic ligand model (BLM) predicting acute zinc toxicity to D. magna in surface waters with different water quality characteristics. Validation of the developed BLM using 17 media with different pH, hardness, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content resulted in a significant correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.76) between predicted and observed 48-h EC50. Eighty-eight percent of the predictions were within a factor of 1.3 of the observed 48-h EC50. Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Belgium. dagobert.heijerick@rug.ac.be Heijerick Dagobert G DG De Schamphelaere Karel A C KA Janssen Colin R CR eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Cations 0 Ligands 0 Water Pollutants 7440-44-0 Carbon 7440-66-6 Zinc 7440-70-2 Calcium 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals Calcium chemistry Carbon chemistry Cations Daphnia Forecasting Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lethal Dose 50 Ligands Models, Theoretical Solubility Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water chemistry Water Pollutants toxicity Zinc toxicity 12071312 2002 06 19 2002 08 06 2003 11 14

1519-6984 61 4 2001 Nov Nutritional status response of daphnia laevis and Moina micrura from a tropical reservoir to different algal diets: Scenedesmus quadricauda and Ankistrodesmus gracilis. 555-62 The accumulation of lipid reserves was investigated in two common cladoceran species typical of neotropical freshwaters. Experiments were performed in order to measure differential accumulation of lipid reserves in response to two algal diets, S. quadricauda and A. gracilis. The larger D. laevis fed with the Ankistrodesmus diet accumulated a higher amount of total lipids. The average lipid content for both diets was 1.1% and 22.1% dry weight for Scenedesmus and Ankistrodemsus, respectively. This difference was found to be highly significant. The superior nutritional quality of A. gracilis was confirmed by the experiments using the smaller Moina micrura. This cladoceran accumulated 11.4% and 19.9% of the average dry weight of lipids from Scenedesmus and Ankistrodesmus, respectively. The study also found that most lipid reserves are concentrated as triacylglycerols in both cladocerans. The relative contribution of this class of lipids also varied according to the diet. For Daphnia, for instance, the average triacylglycerol levels varied from 6.2 to 11.0 with the Scenedesmus and Ankistrodesnus diets, respectively. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Manejo da Vida Silvestre , Universidade Federal de Minas, Belo Horizonte. Brazil. carlafm@mailbr.com.br Macedo C F CF Pinto-Coelho R M RM eng Journal Article

Brazil Braz J Biol 101129542 0 Lipids 0 Triglycerides IM Algae, Green Animals Crustacea chemistry metabolism Daphnia chemistry metabolism Diet Female Fresh Water Lipids analysis metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Triglycerides analysis metabolism 12071413 2002 06 19 2003 01 07 2003 11 14

0006-341X 58 2 2002 Jun Testing trend for count data with extra-Poisson variability. 398-402 Trend tests for monotone trend or umbrella trend (monotone upward changing to monotone downward or vise versa) in count data are proposed when the data exhibit extra-Poisson variability. The proposed tests, which are called the GS1 test and the GS2 test, are constructed by applying an orthonormal score vector to a generalized score test under an rth-order log-linear model. These tests are compared by simulation with the Cochran-Armitage test and the quasi-likelihood test of Piegorsch and Bailer (1997, Statistics for Environmental Biology and Toxicology). It is shown that the Cochran-Armitage test should not be used under the existence of extra-Poisson variability; that, for detecting monotone trend, the GS1 test is superior to the others; and that the GS2 test has high power to detect an umbrella response. Institute of Statistics, Jakarta Timur, Indonesia. Astuti Erni Tri ET Yanagawa Takashi T eng Journal Article

United States Biometrics 0370625 0 Azo Compounds 0 Herbicides 0 Mutagens 0 Naphthalenesulfonates 0 Phenyl Ethers 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1836-75-5 nitrofen 25317-45-7 C.I. Acid Red 114 IM Animals Azo Compounds toxicity Biometry methods Daphnia drug effects physiology Data Interpretation, Statistical Female Herbicides toxicity Mutagens toxicity Naphthalenesulfonates toxicity Phenyl Ethers toxicity Reproduction drug effects Salmonella drug effects genetics Toxicology statistics & numerical data Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12074728 2002 06 20 2002 09 19 2003 11 14

0962-1083 11 7 2002 Jul New insights into the distribution of polyploid Daphnia: the Holarctic revisited and Argentina explored. 1209-17 It has long been known that polyploid organisms are more prevalent in arctic than in temperate environments. Past explanations for this geographical trend have focused on the role of glacial cycles in generating polyploids and the influence of abiotic factors in favouring polyploidy in the north. In combination, these mechanisms probably suffice to explain the observed geographical cline in ploidy levels in members of the Daphnia pulex complex in the Holarctic. While only diploid members of the D. pulex complex are found in the temperate regions of North America and Europe, allozyme and DNA quantification analyses indicate that the southern Argentine pulex-complex fauna is dominated by polyploids. Indeed, the present study is the first to document the presence of polyploid members of the D. pulex complex in any temperate climate. The results of phylogeographic analyses suggest that this difference in polyploid distribution between the northern and southern hemispheres is based more on ecological and historical contingencies than direct selection for polyploidy. Specifically, competition with diploid relatives probably limits the lower latitudinal range of polyploids in the north, but appears not to have occurred in Argentina. Because of these differences, the present study provides important insights into the diverse factors that determine the distributions and evolutionary fates of polyploid organisms. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1. sadamowi@uoguelph.ca Adamowicz Sarah J SJ Gregory T Ryan TR Marinone María Cristina MC Hebert Paul D N PD eng Journal Article

England Mol Ecol 9214478 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 0 Isoenzymes EC 1.6.99.3 NADH Dehydrogenase EC 1.9.3.1 Electron Transport Complex IV IM Animals Arctic Regions Argentina Base Sequence DNA, Mitochondrial chemistry genetics Daphnia enzymology genetics growth & development Electron Transport Complex IV chemistry genetics Electrophoresis, Cellulose Acetate Isoenzymes analysis genetics Molecular Sequence Data NADH Dehydrogenase chemistry genetics Phylogeny Polyploidy Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) 12079525 2002 06 24 2002 12 06 2003 11 14

0962-8436 357 1421 2002 May 29 Multiple states in river and lake ecosystems. 635-45 Nonlinear models of ecosystem dynamics that incorporate positive feedbacks and multiple, internally reinforced states have considerable explanatory power. However, linear models may be adequate, particularly if ecosystem behaviour is primarily controlled by external processes. In lake ecosystems, internal (mainly biotic) processes are thought to have major impacts on system behaviour, whereas in rivers, external (mainly physical) factors have traditionally been emphasized. We consider the hypothesis that models that exhibit multiple states are useful for understanding the behaviour of lake ecosystems, but not as useful for understanding stream ecosystems. Some of the best-known examples of multiple states come from lake ecosystems. We review some of these examples, and we also describe examples of multiple states in rivers. We conclude that the hypothesis is an oversimplification; the importance of physical forcing in rivers does not eliminate the possibility of internal feedbacks that create multiple states, although in rivers these feedbacks are likely to include physical as well as biotic processes. Nonlinear behaviour in aquatic ecosystems may be more common than current theory indicates. Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA. ldent@facstaff.wisc.edu Dent C Lisa CL Cumming Graeme S GS Carpenter Stephen R SR eng Journal Article

England Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 7503623 IM Animals Biomass Daphnia Ecosystem Eutrophication Fishes Fresh Water Models, Biological Nonlinear Dynamics Phytoplankton Plants Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 12092566 2002 07 02 2002 12 17 2003 11 14

0043-1354 36 8 2002 Apr Is Cr(VI) toxicity to Daphnia magna modified by food availability or algal exudates? The hypothesis of a specific chromium/algae/exudates interaction. 1917-26 The long-term effects of Cr(VI) on life history traits of Daphnia magna Straus were studied in relation to different feeding conditions or to the presence of Scenedesmus acutus exudates, which had proved to reduce chromium toxicity to the alga. In high feeding conditions the concentration of 14 microg Cr(VI)/L had negative effects on survival, growth and fecundity. In low feeding conditions the effects on growth were not evident, but daphnids changed the reproductive strategy normally adopted in case of food shortage and showed a daily rate of newborn production higher than control; however, newborn were of a smaller size and less resistant to starvation. The most relevant effect of Cr was a shortening of the daphnid life span, which was independent of the feeding conditions and occurred also when growth and daily rate of neonate production were not affected. The algal exudates resulted ineffective in reducing Cr toxicity to daphnids, but caused a strong decrease in daphnid fecundity. Further experiments on S. acutus demonstrated that the detoxifying effect observed in the algae might involve a specific Cr/algae/exudates interaction, which occurs only when the algae are previously subjected to a short-time stress by chromium. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Parma, Italy. gessica@dsa.unipr.it Gorbi Gessica G Corradi Maria Grazia MG Invidia Marion M Rivara Laura L Bassi Maria M eng Journal Article

England Water Res 0105072 0 Carcinogens, Environmental 18540-29-9 chromium hexavalent ion 7440-47-3 Chromium IM Algae Animals Carcinogens, Environmental toxicity Chromium toxicity Daphnia Fertility Reproducibility of Results Starvation Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Survival 12092751 2002 07 02 2002 12 16 2003 11 14

0963-9292 11 3 2002 Jun Effects of a mixture of two insecticides in freshwater microcosms: I. Fate of chlorpyrifos and lindane and responses of macroinvertebrates. 165-80 Effects of chronic application of a mixture of the insecticides chlorpyrifos and lindane were studied in indoor freshwater microcosms. The exposure concentrations (based on 0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 times the LC50 of the most sensitive standard test organism for each compound) were kept at a constant level for four weeks. The calculated mean concentrations for chlorpyrifos were found to be almost at their corresponding nominal level during the treatment period. The mean calculated lindane concentrations, however, were found to be 15-40% higher than intended. In the post treatment period both insecticides dissipated fast (t 1/2: chlorpyrifos 9 days, lindane 22 days) from the water phase. The concentrations of the mixture at the highest treatment level corresponded to 0.53 toxic units (TU) for Daphnia magna and 0.61 TU for the most sensitive fish. The decomposition of Populus leaves in litter bags was significantly lower at the three highest insecticide concentrations. The macroinvertebrate community was seriously affected at the three highest treatment levels, with Crustacea and the Chironomidae Corynoneura proving to be the most sensitive groups. Gastropoda and Oligochaeta were relatively insensitive and some taxa (e.g. Valvata piscinalis, juvenile Physa fontinalis, Nemertea and Stylaria lacustris) increased in numbers. The observed effects could be explained from the individual toxicity of the insecticides to the invertebrates, and did not indicate synergistic effects. A second paper (Van den Brink et al., 2002) addresses the effects on other endpoints, as well as the overall risk assessment of the insecticide mixture. Wageningen University, Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands. Jan.Cuppen@Aqec.WKAO.WAU.NL Cuppen Jan G M JG Crum Steven J H SJ Van den Heuvel Harry H HH Smidt Rob A RA Van den Brink Paul J PJ eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicology 9885956 0 Insecticides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos 58-89-9 Lindane IM Animals Chlorpyrifos administration & dosage pharmacology Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Environmental Monitoring Fishes metabolism Fresh Water Insecticides administration & dosage pharmacology Invertebrates drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Lindane administration & dosage pharmacology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Water Pollutants, Chemical administration & dosage pharmacology 12097992 2002 07 04 2002 10 01 2003 11 14

1425-8153 7 2 2002 Hazard identification for 3,5-dichlorophenol in the aquatic environment. 381-2 The risk assessment of substances in various environmental compartments is essential for their proper, safe and environmentally friendly production, handling, use and final deposition or destruction. Hazard identification is an important part of risk assessment. The aim of our research was to present a methodology for the hazard identification of substances dangerous to the aquatic environment according to the 93/21/EEC Directive relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances, from the adverse effect assessment of chemicals in European Union. A battery of toxicity tests and biodegradability studies with 3,5-dichlorophenol were performed. The substance was classified as toxic to aquatic organisms with possible long-term adverse effects. The presented methodology assures reliable data for the classification and labelling of substances according to their harmful effect on aquatic biota, suitable for the competent authorities at the national and EU level. University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Askerceva 5, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Zagorc-Koncan Jana J Zgajnar Gotvajn Andreja A Tisler Tatjana T eng Journal Article

Poland Cell Mol Biol Lett 9607427 0 3,5-dichlorophenol 0 Chlorophenols 0 Hazardous Substances 0 Water Pollutants IM Algae, Green drug effects Animals Biodegradation Chlorophenols metabolism toxicity Daphnia drug effects Hazardous Substances metabolism toxicity Risk Assessment Sewage Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants metabolism toxicity Zebrafish 12101788 2002 07 09 2002 07 18 2003 11 14

1354-750X 7 1 2002 Jan-Feb Use of the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay for the detection of DNA damage and mutations: possible implications of confounding factors. 94-101 The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay to qualitatively detect the kinetics of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced DNA effects in the water flea Daphnia magna exposed to 25 and 50 micrograms l-1 B[a]P for 7 and 6 days, respectively. Mortality was recorded on a daily basis in both experiments, and RAPD analysis was performed on samples collected every day following isolation of genomic DNA. The main changes occurring in RAPD profiles produced by the population of Daphnia magna exposed to 25 and 50 micrograms l-1 B[a]P was a decrease and increase in band intensity, respectively. Most of the changes occurring in the RAPD patterns were likely to be the result of B[a]P-induced DNA damage (B[a]P DNA adducts, oxidized bases, DNA breakages) and/or mutations (point mutations and large rearrangements). In addition, reproducible changes also occurred in the profiles generated by control Daphnia magna. The results lead us to suggest that, in addition to B[a]P-induced DNA damage and mutations, factors such as variation in gene expression, steady levels of genetic alterations and changes in metabolic processes could induce some changes in RAPD patterns. Nevertheless, our data suggest that DNA damage and mutations appear to be the main factors influencing RAPD patterns. This study also emphasizes that unexpected variation in control profiles is not always associated with artefacts. Department of Biological Sciences, Plymouth Environmental Research Centre (PERC), University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK. franck.atienzar@ucb-group.com Atienzar Franck A FA Evenden Andrew J AJ Jha Awadhesh N AN Depledge Michael H MH eng Journal Article

England Biomarkers 9606000 50-32-8 Benzo(a)pyrene IM Animals Benzo(a)pyrene toxicity DNA Damage Daphnia Mutation Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 12109732 2002 07 11 2003 01 03 2003 11 14

0730-7268 21 7 2002 Jul Aquatic toxicity of triclosan. 1338-49 The aquatic toxicity of triclosan (TCS), a chlorinated biphenyl ether used as an antimicrobial in consumer products, was studied with activated-sludge microorganisms, algae, invertebrates, and fish. Triclosan, a compound used for inhibiting microbial growth, was not toxic to wastewater microorganisms at concentrations less than aqueous solubility. The 48-h Daphnia magna median effective concentration (EC50) was 390 microg/L and the 96-h median lethal concentration values for Pimephales promelas and Lepomis macrochirus were 260 and 370 microg/L, respectively. A no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) and lowest-observed-effect concentration of 34.1 microg/L and 71.3 microg/L, respectively, were determined with an early life-stage toxicity test with Oncorhynchus mykiss. During a 96-h Scenedesmus study, the 96-h biomass EC50 was 1.4 microg/L and the 96-h NOEC was 0.69 microg/L. Other algae and Lemna also were investigated. Bioconcentration was assessed with Danio rerio. The average TCS accumulation factor over the five-week test period was 4,157 at 3 microg/L and 2,532 at 30 microg/L. Algae were determined to be the most susceptible organisms. Toxicity of a TCS-containing wastewater secondary effluent to P. promelas and Ceriodaphnia was evaluated and no observed differences in toxicity between control and TCS-treated laboratory units were detected. The neutral form of TCS was determined to be associated with toxic effects. Ionization and sorption will mitigate those effects in the aquatic compartment. Sweet Briar College, Department of Environmental Studies, Virginia 24595, USA. dorvos@sbc.edu Orvos David R DR Versteeg Donald J DJ Inauen Josef J Capdevielle Marie M Rothenstein Arthur A Cunningham Virginia V eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Anti-Infective Agents, Local 0 Carbon Radioisotopes 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 3380-34-5 Triclosan IM Acute Toxicity Tests Algae drug effects growth & development Animals Anti-Infective Agents, Local toxicity Biodegradation Carbon Radioisotopes Fishes growth & development metabolism Invertebrates drug effects growth & development Life Cycle Stages drug effects No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Reproduction drug effects Sewage microbiology Triclosan chemistry toxicity Trout growth & development Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Zebrafish growth & development metabolism 12109747 2002 07 11 2003 01 03 2003 11 14

0730-7268 21 7 2002 Jul Application of postexposure feeding depression bioassays with Daphnia magna for assessment of toxic effluents in rivers. 1462-8 A bioassay that used postexposure feeding depression in Daphnia magna Straus as an endpoint previously had been developed under laboratory conditions. Laboratory studies revealed that this was a sensitive, robust endpoint, which could potentially be used in an in situ bioassay. This study adapted the laboratory bioassay for use in the field and deployed D. magna in situ at four known or suspected contaminated and reference sites. The bioassay was demonstrated to be reliable for use in the field because more than 90% of test organisms were recovered live from the test chambers after exposure allowing feeding rates to be measured after exposure. At each of the contaminated sites, significant depressions in postexposure feeding rates were recorded. Although depressions in postexposure feeding rates were apparent at all contaminated sites, with the exception of Langholm, no impacts were detected on the benthic macroinvertebrate community, when using the Biological Monitoring Working Party scoring system. This demonstrated that during this study, post-exposure feeding depression was a more reliable and sensitive endpoint to use to detect toxicity than were changes in community structure. Therefore, the postexposure feeding depression bioassay can offer a sensitive, robust, ecologically relevant diagnostic endpoint for use in water-quality assessment schemes. Environment Group, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom. McWilliam Ruth A RA Baird Donald J DJ eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects physiology Endpoint Determination Environmental Monitoring methods Feeding Behavior drug effects Scotland Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12109751 2002 07 11 2003 01 03 2003 11 14

0730-7268 21 7 2002 Jul Ecological impact and environmental fate of perfluorooctane sulfonate on the zooplankton community in indoor microcosms. 1490-6 There is presently a substantial amount of information being gathered concerning the environmental risk associated with the perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) compound. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) is requiring that more research be completed before making definitive decisions concerning the regulatory issues covered in the significant new use rule (18/10-2000) under the Toxic Substance Control Act. However, there are no risk assessment requirements under seminatural conditions in microcosms. The PFOS can enter, and has been found in, the aquatic environment through different pathways, including spills associated with use of fire-fighting foams containing PFOS, leaching from washing Scotchgard-treated clothes with the wastewater, leaching from various coatings, discharges as residual waste from fluorochemical production, or volatilization and transportation atmospherically. The biota is the sink of PFOS rather than the sediment or soil. The aim of this article is to determine a 35-d community no-observable-effect concentration (NOECcommunity) for freshwater zooplankton and the fate of PFOS during the course of study. The PFOS persisted in the water phase with only slight reductions over the study; only the decrease from 33.9 mg/L at day 1 to 29.8 mg/L at day 35 was significant. A 90 to 100% reduction (p < 0.01) of the total zooplankton population was found after one week of exposure to 30 mg PFOS/L and a similar reduction after two weeks at 10 mg PFOS/L. The Daphnia magna 21-d NOECsurvival of 12 mg/L has previously been found in a standard laboratory bioassay by 3M. The rank order of susceptibility for the test community was Copepoda > Cladocera > Rotifera, assuming all adverse direct effects. Department of Environment, Technology and Social Studies, University of Roskilde, Denmark. Hanss@ruc.dk Sanderson Hans H Boudreau Timothy M TM Mabury Scott A SA Cheong Woo-Jay WJ Solomon Keith R KR eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Alkanesulfonic Acids 0 Fluorocarbons 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1406-65-1 Chlorophyll 1763-23-1 perfluorooctane sulfonic acid IM Alkanesulfonic Acids chemistry toxicity Animals Chlorophyll analysis Chromatography, Ion Exchange Cladocera drug effects Copepoda drug effects Ecology Environment Fluorocarbons chemistry toxicity No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Risk Assessment Rotifera drug effects Species Specificity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Zooplankton drug effects 12112631 2002 07 11 2002 09 06 2003 11 14

1520-4081 17 3 2002 Overview of results from the WaterTox intercalibration and environmental testing phase II program: Part 1, statistical analysis of blind sample testing. 232-40 There is an urgent need to evaluate the presence of toxicants in waters used for human consumption and to develop strategies to reduce and prevent their contamination. The International Development Research Centre undertook an intercalibration project to develop and validate a battery of bioassays for toxicity testing of water samples. The project was carried out in two phases by research institutions from eight countries that formed the WaterTox network. Results for the first phase were reported in the special September 2000 issue of Environmental Toxicology. Phase II involved toxicity screening tests of environmental and blind samples (chemical solutions of unknown composition to participating laboratories) using the following battery: Daphnia magna, Hydra attenuata, seed root inhibition with Lactuca sativa, and Selenastrum capricornutum. This battery was also used to assess potential toxicity in concentrated (10x) water samples. Results are presented for a set of six blind samples sent to the participating laboratories over a 1-year period. Analyses were performed for each bioassay to evaluate variations among laboratories of responses to negative controls, violations of test quality control criteria, false positive responses induced by sample concentration, and variability within and between labs of responses to toxic samples. Analyses of the data from all bioassays and labs provided comparisons of false positive rates (based on blind negative samples), test sensitivities to a metal or organic toxicant, and interlaboratory test variability. Results indicate that the battery was reliable in detecting toxicity when present. However, some false positives were identified with a concentrated soft-water sample and with the Lactuca and Hydra (sublethal end-point) tests. Probabilities of detecting false positives for individual and combined toxic responses of the four bioassays are presented. Overall, interlaboratory comparisons indicate a good reliability of the battery. Copyright 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Faculty of Sciences, National University of La Plata, Argentina. cima@dalton.quimica.unlp.edu.ar Ronco A A Gagnon P P Diaz-Baez M C MC Arkhipchuk V V Castillo G G Castillo L E LE Dutka B J BJ Pica-Granados Y Y Ridal J J Srivastava R C RC Sánchez A A eng Evaluation Studies Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 0 Water Pollutants IM Algae, Green Animals Calibration Daphnia Developing Countries Endpoint Determination False Positive Reactions Hydra International Cooperation Laboratories Lettuce Observer Variation Plant Roots Reference Values Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants toxicity 12112632 2002 07 11 2002 09 06 2003 11 14

1520-4081 17 3 2002 Overview of results from the WaterTox intercalibration and environmental testing phase II program: part 2, ecotoxicological evaluation of drinking water supplies. 241-9 Because of rapid population growth, industrial development, and intensified agricultural production increasing amounts of chemicals are being released into the environment, polluting receiving water bodies around the world. Given the potential health risk associated with the presence of toxicants in water sources used for drinking yet the scarcity of available data, there is a need to evaluate these waters and develop strategies to reduce and prevent their contamination. The present study examined the applicability of a battery of simple, inexpensive bioassays in environmental management and the relevance of the test results in establishing the toxicological quality of water sources and drinking water within the framework of the eight-country WaterTox Network, sponsored by the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. Seventy-six samples were collected from surface and groundwater sources and seven samples from drinking water treatment plants. Each sample was tested with a core battery of bioassays (Daphnia magna, Hydra attenuata, and Lactuca sativa root inhibition tests) and a limited set of physical and chemical parameters. In addition, three labs included the Selenastrum capricornutum test. When no toxic effects were found with the battery, samples were concentrated 10x using a solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure. Nonconcentrated natural water samples produced a toxic response in 24% of cases with all three core bioassays. When all bioassays are considered, the percentage of raw samples showing toxicity with at least one bioassay increased to 60%. Of seven treated drinkingwater samples, four showed toxicity with at least one bioassay, raising the possibility that treatment processes in these instances were unable to remove toxic contaminants. The Daphnia magna and Hydra attenuata tests indicated a high level of sensitivity overall. Although only three of the eight countries used S. capricornutum, it proved to be an efficient and reliable bioassay for toxicity assessment. Copyright 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. mcdiaz@ing.unal Diaz-Baez M C MC Sánchez W A WA Dutka B J BJ Ronco A A Castillo G G Pica-Granados Y Y Castillo L E LE Ridal J J Arkhipchuk V V Srivastava R C RC eng Evaluation Studies Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 0 Water Pollutants IM Algae, Green Animals Calibration Daphnia Hydra International Cooperation Laboratories Lettuce Plant Roots drug effects growth & development Reproducibility of Results Sensitivity and Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants toxicity Water Supply 12112633 2002 07 11 2002 09 06 2003 11 14

1520-4081 17 3 2002 Quality of water types in Ukraine evaluated by WaterTox bioassays. 250-7 The quality of river, ground-, and tap water was analyzed using the basic set of WaterTox bioassays [Daphnia (Daphnia magna), Hydra (Hydra attenuata), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa)] as well as two additional bioassays, onion (Allium cepa) and microalga (Selenastrum gracile). Samples of these waters were also concentrated fivefold using a solid-phase procedure. The results of the Daphnia and Hydra bioassays showed that the winter and spring concentrated and nonconcentrated samples from the Dnieper and Desna rivers, the main water supply sources for Kiev, were nontoxic. In spring, after concentration, the two river samples brought about the same relative decrease in the lettuce root length (by 35%, p < 0.001), where the Desna River sample considerably reduced (by 79.1%, p < 0.001) the number of microalga cells. Samples of groundwater from countryside wells studied in autumn in several villages of the Kiev region were toxic mainly to Hydra (sublethal effects were found in 11%-78%) and lettuce (the root length decreased 15%-56%). Studies of tap water samples from two of the largest cities of Ukraine, Kiev and Kharkiv, were found to be nontoxic to both plants, lettuce and onion, but showed increased sublethal and lethal effects on both animals, Daphnia and Hydra, as well as a reduced number of microalgae. Different bioassays were sensitive to varying degrees to different water types. This reinforces the necessity of using sets of bioassays in toxicity evaluation. In general, all the tested water samples demonstrated some toxicity. These data suggest that drinking water quality in Ukraine needs improvement. Copyright 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Institute of Colloid Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Vernadsky Boulevard 42, 03680, Kiev 142, Ukraine. arvic@nbi.com.ua Arkhipchuk V V VV Malinovskaya M V MV eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 0 Water Pollutants IM Algae, Green Animals Daphnia Environmental Monitoring Human Hydra Lettuce Public Health Sensitivity and Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests methods Ukraine Water Pollutants toxicity Water Supply 12115049 2002 07 12 2002 09 06 2003 11 14

0090-4341 43 2 2002 Aug Toxicity of select beta adrenergic receptor-blocking pharmaceuticals (B-blockers) on aquatic organisms. 229-35 One class of pharmaceutical compounds identified in U.S. and European waters are the B-adrenergic receptor blocking compounds (B-blockers). However, little information is available on the potential aquatic toxicity of these compounds. Therefore, Hyalella azteca, Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Oryias latipes (Japanese medaka) were exposed to metoprolol, nadolol, and propranolol to determine potential toxicity. Average 48-h LC(50) for propranolol to H. azteca was 29.8 mg/L. The no-observed-effects concentration (NOEC) and lowest-observed-effects concentration (LOEC) for propranolol affecting reproduction of H. azteca were 0.001 and 0.1 mg/L, respectively. The average propranolol and metoprolol 48-h LC(50)s for D. magna were 1.6 and 63.9 mg/L, respectively. C. dubia 48-h LC(50)s were 0.85 and 8.8 mg/L for propranolol and metoprolol, respectively. The NOEC and LOEC of propranolol affecting reproduction in C. dubia were 0.125 and 0.25 mg/L, respectively. In O. latipes, the propranolol 48-h LC(50) was 24.3 mg/L. Medaka growth was decreased at 0.5 mg/L propranolol. A 2-week medaka reproductive study indicated significant changes in plasma steroid levels; however, no changes in the average number of eggs produced or number of viable eggs which hatched was observed. In a 4-week follow-up propranolol exposure, the total number of eggs produced by medaka and the number of viable eggs that hatched were decreased at concentrations as low as 0.5 microg/L. Based on this study and the expected aqueous environmental exposure levels, adverse effects of propranolol to invertebrate populations is unlikely; however, further reproductive studies are need to elucidate the risk to teleosts. Environmental Toxicology Research Program, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA. duane_huggett@groton.pfizer.com Huggett D B DB Brooks B W BW Peterson B B Foran C M CM Schlenk D D eng Journal Article

United States Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Adrenergic beta-Antagonists 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Adrenergic beta-Antagonists toxicity Animals Crustacea Eggs Female Lethal Dose 50 Male Oryzias Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12117806 2002 07 15 2002 10 01 2003 11 14

0950-1991 129 15 2002 Aug Evolving role of Antennapedia protein in arthropod limb patterning. 3555-61 Evolutional changes in homeotic gene functions have contributed to segmental diversification of arthropodan limbs, but crucial molecular changes have not been identified to date. The first leg of the crustacean Daphnia lacks a prominent ventral branch found in the second to fourth legs. We show here that this phenotype correlates with the loss of Distal-less and concomitant expression of Antennapedia in the limb primordium. Unlike its Drosophila counterpart, Daphnia Antennapedia represses Distal-less in Drosophila assays, and the protein region conferring this activity was mapped to the N terminal region of the protein. The results imply that Dapnia Antennapedia specifies leg morphology by repressing Distal-less, and this activity was acquired through a change in protein structure after separation of crustaceans and insects. School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan. yshiga@ls.tokyo.ac.jp Shiga Yasuhiro Y Yasumoto Ryusuke R Yamagata Hideo H Hayashi Shigeo S eng Journal Article

England Development 8701744 0 Antennapedia homeodomain protein 0 Homeodomain Proteins 0 Nuclear Proteins 0 Transcription Factors IM Amino Acid Sequence Animals Body Patterning Daphnia anatomy & histology embryology genetics Drosophila melanogaster embryology genetics Evolution Extremities embryology Genes, Homeobox Homeodomain Proteins genetics metabolism Immunohistochemistry Molecular Sequence Data Nuclear Proteins metabolism Protein Structure, Tertiary RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional Sequence Alignment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Transcription Factors metabolism 12117463 2002 07 15 2002 09 17 2003 11 14

0304-3894 93 2 2002 Jul 22 Toxicity of hexavalent chromium to Daphnia magna: influence of reduction reaction by ferrous iron. 155-64 The reaction kinetics of hexavalent chromium with ferrous ions were studied to determine the influence of reduction on the toxicity of chromium to aquatic organisms. The changes in chemical forms of the chromate in the presence of ferrous ions were examined in a bioassay system using Daphnia magna as a test organism. This study demonstrated that the reaction kinetics of chromate with ferrous ions showed a significant decrease of chromate concentration with the second-order rate coefficient (k) for the reduction of Cr(VI) being determined as 55.2M(-1)s(-1). The concentration of Cr(VI) remaining in the solution decreased as the ratio of ferrous ion to chromate increased, revealing a non-stoichiometric reaction due to oxygenation and the moderately alkaline pH of the solutions. The toxicity test indicated that the bioavailability of chromate to D. magna was reduced in the presence of Fe(II) and that it decreased further with increasing Fe(II) concentrations. However, the toxic effect of chromate to aquatic organisms was not controlled kinetically in the presence of ferrous ions. It was also found that LC(50) of chromate to D. magna decreased about 1.5-fold as the test period increased from 24 to 48h in the presence of Fe(II). Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-dong, Puk-gu, 500-712, Kwangju, South Korea. sdkim@kjist.ac.kr Kim Sang D SD Park Kyeong S KS Gu Man B MB eng Journal Article

Netherlands J Hazard Mater 9422688 0 Carcinogens, Environmental 0 Ions 18540-29-9 chromium hexavalent ion 7439-89-6 Iron 7440-47-3 Chromium IM Animals Biological Availability Carcinogens, Environmental chemistry pharmacokinetics toxicity Chromium chemistry pharmacokinetics toxicity Daphnia Ions Iron chemistry Lethal Dose 50 Oxidation-Reduction Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 12138340 2002 07 24 2002 10 16 2003 11 14

0006-8977 59 4 2002 Modeling electrosensory and mechanosensory images during the predatory behavior of weakly electric fish. 199-210 Black ghost knifefish (Apteronotus albifrons) are nocturnal, weakly electric fish that feed on insect larvae and small crustaceans in the freshwater rivers of South America. In the absence of visual cues, prey detection and localization in this species is likely to rely on weak electrosensory and mechanosensory cues generated by the prey. In this paper, a modeling approach is used to estimate contributions to prey capture behavior from three octavolateralis modalities: the high- (tuberous) and low- (ampullary) frequency components of the electric sense and the high-frequency (canal neuromast) component of the lateral line mechanosensory system. For each of these modalities, the physical stimulus generated by the prey is approximated using a simple dipole model. Model parameters are constrained using previously published data as well as new empirical data on the electrical impedance characteristics of Daphnia magna. Models of electrosensory and mechanosensory stimuli are combined with actual prey strike trajectories from infrared video recordings to reconstruct spatial images of the prey along the sensory surface of the fish during the behavior. Modeling results suggest that all three modalities might contribute and that the relative contributions may change as a function of environmental conditions (e.g., water conductivity) and as a function of time over the course of the prey capture event. Copyright 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Ill. 61801, USA. m-nelson@uiuc.edu Nelson Mark E ME MacIver Malcolm A MA Coombs Sheryl S eng R01-MH49242 MH NIMH Journal Article

Switzerland Brain Behav Evol 0151620 IM Animals Behavior, Animal physiology Daphnia Ecology Electric Fish physiology Mechanoreceptors physiology Models, Biological Predatory Behavior physiology Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 12141480 2002 07 26 2003 01 08 2003 11 14

0013-936X 36 14 2002 Jul 15 Determining genetic variability in the distribution of sensitivities to toxic stress among and within field populations of Daphnia magna. 3045-9 To extrapolate credibly from individuals in the laboratory to field populations, it is essential to account for genetic differences in susceptibility to toxic stress and thus incorporate genetic variability into ecological risk estimates. In this study, the distribution of sensitivities across two toxic chemicals among and within field populations of Daphnia magna were used to quantify genetic variability. The study employed 30 D. magna clones from three geographically separate European populations. The sensitivity of each population studied and its constituent clones was estimated in terms of the concentrations of lambda-cyhalothrin and cadmium impairing individual fitness by 10 and 50% (EC10-50). Results revealed that differences in tolerance among clones within populations were large when compared with differences between populations and that the genetic range of sensitivities to toxic stress within populations was log-normally distributed. Furthermore, reported variation in sensitivity values to toxic stress among different laboratory species, populations, and clones was similar to that observed among and within field populations of Daphnia. These results suggest that it is possible to estimate genetic variability by estimating the tolerance distribution of laboratory populations and clones and that extrapolation approaches currently used in ecological risk assessment should explicitly incorporate genetic variability in tolerance into risk estimates. Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal. cbmqam@cid.csic.es Barata Carlos C Baird Donald J DJ Soares Amadeu M V M AM eng Journal Article

United States Environ Sci Technol 0213155 0 Insecticides, Botanical 0 Pyrethrins 0 Water Pollutants 68085-85-8 cyhalothrin 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Adaptation, Physiological Animals Cadmium toxicity Daphnia genetics Female Forecasting Insecticides, Botanical toxicity Population Dynamics Pyrethrins toxicity Reproduction drug effects Risk Assessment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) Water Pollutants toxicity 12171392 2002 08 12 2003 04 23 2003 11 14

0043-1354 36 12 2002 Jul The mineralisation of methamidophos using ionised AN air water treatment pilot system and ultraviolet irradiation. 2959-66 The degradation of methamidophos in pure bi-distilled water (with initial concentration 5 mg L(-1), pH = 7 at the beginning) was studied. For the first time, 2 ionised air water treatment pilot systems (IAPS-1, -2, no additives) were set up (Figs. 1 and 2). The degradation of methamidophos was carried out with only the IAPS-2 and with two different ultraviolet (UV) lamps: high- and low-pressure mercury lamps (HP and LP, with or without H202). The kinetics of these oxidative processes was investigated. The highest rate constant was reached by the LP, 0.2% H2O2 (k = 0.7524min(-1), t 1/2 = 0.9min), followed closely by both treatments with the HP, 0.2% H202 (k = 0.6328min(-1), t 1/2 = 1.1 min) and LP, 0% H202 (k = 0.4749min(-1), t 1/2 = 1.5 min). The lowest rate constants were achieved from the HP, 0% H202 process (k = 0.0303min(-1), t 1/2 = 22.9min) and from the IAPS-2 (k = 0.0117 min(-1), t 1/2 = 59.2min). The mineralisation of methamidophos was confirmed by the determination of the anions produced including NO3-, PO4(3-) and SO4(2-) during and at the end of each experiment. The toxicity of water samples before, during and after the experiments was tested with Daphnia test. Department of Chemistry, AG Thiemann, Institute of Physical and Environmental Chemistry, University of Bremen, Germany. dang@uni-bremen.de Hung Dang Quang DQ Wohlers Jens J Thiemann Wolfram W eng Journal Article

England Water Res 0105072 0 Minerals 0 Organothiophosphorus Compounds 10265-92-6 methamidophos IM Air Ionization Animals Chromatography, Ion Exchange Daphnia drug effects Kinetics Mass Fragmentography Minerals chemistry Organothiophosphorus Compounds chemistry pharmacology radiation effects Oxidation-Reduction Pilot Projects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Ultraviolet Rays Water Purification methods 12172820 2002 08 12 2002 12 19 2003 11 14

0932-0113 88 9 2002 Sep Effects of orally administered chemotherapeutics (quinine, salinomycin) against Henneguya sp. Thelohán, 1892 (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae), a gill parasite in the tapir fish Gnathonemus petersii Günther, 1862 (Teleostei). 861-7 When given orally, quinine or salinomycin cause irreversible damage to the plasmodial developmental stages of Henneguya sp., a gill parasite in the tapir fish Gnathonemus petersii. Naturally infected tapir fish measured 75-169 mm in total length and their total weight ranged over 4.3-11.7 g. The fish bore 7-77 plasmodia in their gill arches. Medicinal food containing either quinine (5 g/1000 g food) or salinomycin (0.075 g/1000 g food) was given once a day to naturally infected fish in a food chain via water fleas ( Daphnia spp) for a period of 3, 6, or 9 days. From the monitored feeding of the tapir fish and weight determinations of the water fleas, it was calculated that gross uptake was 18.5 micro g/kg body weight fish daily for pure salinomycin and was 1.25 mg/kg body weight daily for quinine. After the end of the experiments, the fish were sacrificed and the plasmodia were carefully prepared from the gill arches and processed for transmission electron microscopy. As seen by ultrastructure investigations, for both substances the grade of damage in the parasites correlated positively with the period of application. When quinine was given for a 3-day period, the trophozoite ecto- and endoplasm exerted numerous vacuoles, caused by the drug, and the presporogonous and the pansporoblastic stages were malformed. Following a 6-day period, numerous abortive polar capsules were found in the trophozoite cytoplasm. To a large extent, the limiting membranes of the polaroblasts and valvogenic cells were destroyed. In addition, deep clefts between the polaroblasts, the valvogenic cells and between the two sporoblasts were observed. Following a 9-day treatment, all damage increased and, in addition, generative cells and two-cell stages were no longer detectable. As a first sign for the effects of salinomycin, following a 3-day treatment, a shrinking of the whole plasmodia occurred and the sutures in the pansporoblasts were enlarged. The polar capsules were malformed and the zonar structures of the polar filament were no longer detectable. The sporoplasmosomes were more electron-pale than those of the control samples. After a 9-day treatment, the pansporoblasts were completely destroyed. Under the experimental conditions chosen, both compounds were very well tolerated by the fishes. Institute of Zoomorphology, Cell Biology and Parasitology, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. angelikadohle@gmx.de Dohle Angelika A Schmahl Günter G Raether Wolfgang W Schmidt Hartmut H Ritter Günter G eng Journal Article 2002 06 07

Germany Parasitol Res 8703571 0 Antiprotozoal Agents 0 Pyrans 130-95-0 Quinine 53003-10-4 salinomycin IM Administration, Oral Animals Antiprotozoal Agents administration & dosage pharmacology therapeutic use Electric Fish parasitology Fish Diseases parasitology prevention & control Gills cytology parasitology ultrastructure Protozoa drug effects ultrastructure Pyrans administration & dosage pharmacology therapeutic use Quinine administration & dosage pharmacology therapeutic use Spores, Protozoan drug effects ultrastructure 12177765 2002 08 14 2002 10 24 2003 11 14

0007-4861 69 3 2002 Sep Acute and chronic toxicity of arsenic to some aquatic organisms. 421-9 National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Post Office Box 660, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Tisler T T Zagorc-Koncan J J eng Journal Article

United States Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants 7440-38-2 Arsenic IM Algae, Green Animals Arsenic toxicity Daphnia Food Chain Lethal Dose 50 Oncorhynchus mykiss Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vibrio Water Pollutants toxicity 12184390 2002 08 19 2003 01 22 2003 11 14

0098-0331 28 6 2002 Jun Effect of ent-labdane diterpenes from Potamogetonaceae on Selenastrum capricornutum and other aquatic organisms. 1091-102 Twenty ent-labdane diterpenes, isolated from the aquatic plants Ruppia maritima and Potamogeton natans, were tested to detect their effects on aquatic organisms from different trophic levels. Toxicity tests were performed on aquatic producers (the alga Selenastrum capricornutum), and consumers including a rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus), a cladoceran crustacean (Daphnia magna), and two anostracan crustaceans (Thamnocephalusplatyurus and Artemia salina). Furano-ent-labdanes exhibited high toxicity toward all of these organisms. 15,16-Epoxy-12(S)-hydroxy-8(17),13(16),14-ent-labdatrien-20.19-olide had a high toxicity only toward the algae and the rotifers. It was inactive for the crustaceans. Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy. Cangiano Tiziana T Dellagreca Marina M Fiorentino Antonio A Isidori Marina M Monaco Pietro P Zarrelli Armando A eng Journal Article

United States J Chem Ecol 7505563 0 Diterpenes 0 labdane IM Algae, Green drug effects Animals Crustacea drug effects Diterpenes chemistry isolation & purification toxicity Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Molecular Structure Potamogetonaceae chemistry Toxicity Tests 12200089 2002 08 29 2002 10 30 2003 11 14

0166-445X 60 3-4 2002 Oct 30 Development of a multispecies system for testing reproductive effects on aquatic invertebrates. Experience with Daphnia magna, Chironomus prasinus and Lymnaea peregra. 249-56 A cost /effective innovative approach combining three freshwater invertebrates: the cladoceran Daphnia magna, the insect Chironomus prasinus and the basommatophoran snail Lymnaea peregra, in a single system is presented. The selection combines different reproductive strategies: parthenogenesis, sexual reproduction and hermaphroditism, respectively, and covers water column, sediment, food and contact exposure. Results confirm the system's capacity. In 46 days, multi-generation, whole-life-cycle, and chronic reproduction assays can be achieved for D. magna, C. prasinus and L. peregra, respectively. The 21-day D. magna test is commonly used to assess the effects of chemicals on aquatic invertebrates. Wide concerns on its suitability for testing endocrine disrupting chemicals have been raised, particularly for substances with estrogenic activities. The combination of three species with different reproductive strategies offer a suitable approach for assessing ecologically relevant effects related to any mechanism of action, including endocrine disruption. Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, INIA, Crta. de la Coruña, km 7, E-28040, Madrid, Spain. arguello@inia.es Sánchez Paloma P Tarazona José V JV eng Journal Article

Netherlands Aquat Toxicol 8500246 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Chironomidae drug effects physiology Daphnia drug effects physiology Ecology Female Lymnaea drug effects physiology Male Reproduction drug effects physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests methods Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12203963 2002 08 30 2002 10 01 2003 11 14

1520-4081 17 4 2002 Effects of microcin SF608 and microcystin-LR, two cyanotobacterial compounds produced by Microcystis sp., on aquatic organisms. 400-6 Effects of two cyanobacterial compounds, microcin SF608 and microcystin-LR, were investigated on different physiological parameters of two organisms, the water moss, Vesicularia dubyana, and the waterflea, Daphnia magna. Both compounds are produced by Microcystis species. Microcystin-LR is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, and microcin SF608 inhibits serine proteases. Other effects of microcystin-LR are well documented in the literature, but adverse effects of microcin SF608 have not been investigated as yet. This study compared the effects of both compounds on detoxication enzymes, microsomal and soluble glutathione-S-transferase (m-, sGST); oxygen stress enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GP-X), and peroxidase (POD); photosynthetic oxygen production and chlorophyll a:chlorophyll b ratio. mGST was inhibited by both compounds in both organisms, significantly by microcin SF608, possibly indirectly by inhibition of that serine protease transforming the mGST to its active form. The sGST of D. magna was inhibited by microcin SF608, but elevated by microcystin-LR, and elevated by both compounds in V. dubyana. The GP-X in D. magna was not altered by microcin SF608, but elevated parallel to the sGST, whereas the POD in V. dubyana was decreased by both. Photosynthetic oxygen production as well as the chlorophyll a/b ratio showed typical stress reactions, a decrease of oxygen production, and an increase of chlorophyll b, caused both by microcin SF608 and by microcystin-LR. Microcin SF608 was not likely to be detoxified via conjugation to glutathione. The effects of microcin SF608 and microcystin-LR demonstrate that the impact of cyanobacteria on other organisms may not only be directly related to the presently known toxins. Copyright 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Institute of Biology (Genetics), Humboldt University, Chausseestrasse 117, 10115 Berlin, Germany. cwiegand@igb-berlin.de Wiegand Claudia C Peuthert Anja A Pflugmacher Stephan S Carmeli Shmuel S eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 0 Bacteriocins 0 Enzyme Inhibitors 0 Peptides, Cyclic 101043-37-2 cyanoginosin LR 1403-96-9 microcin EC 1.11.1.7 Peroxidase EC 1.11.1.9 Glutathione Peroxidase EC 3.4.21 Serine Endopeptidases IM Animals Bacteriocins toxicity Bryopsida Comparative Study Daphnia Enzyme Inhibitors toxicity Glutathione Peroxidase drug effects pharmacology Oxidative Stress Peptides, Cyclic toxicity Peroxidase drug effects pharmacology Photosynthesis drug effects Serine Endopeptidases drug effects pharmacology Toxicity Tests 12206417 2002 09 02 2003 01 14 2003 11 14

0730-7268 21 9 2002 Sep Use of anodic stripping voltammetry in predicting toxicity of copper in river water. 1788-95 The labile concentration and toxicity of Cu as influenced by alkalinity and different concentrations of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and naturally derived fulvic acid (FA) were determined by bioassays carried out in the culture media for Daphnia magna (D. magna). The labile concentration of Cu was obtained by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry with a double-acidification method (DAM-DPASV). Changes in water alkalinity did not affect the labile concentration of Cu, but increase in alkalinity did reduce the mortality of D. magna. In the presence of EDTA and FA, both labile concentration of Cu and mortality were reduced. By excluding Cu-carbonate complexes from the labile concentration, a bioavailable concentration of Cu ([Cu*]) was obtained and was used to predict the acute toxicity of Cu on D. magna. For natural waters, the labile concentration of Cu was measured by DAM-DPASV, and [Cu*] was calculated using MINTEQ A2 software (developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) based on the anion composition of waters. This procedure was tested for waters and sediment elutriates sampled from the Le An River (Jiangxi Province, China) that were severely polluted by the discharges from a copper mine. The results showed that [Cu*] was a good indicator for Cu toxicity and could be used under field conditions. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China. wangzj@mail.rcees.ac.cn Wang Zujian Z Huang Shengbiao S Liu Qing Q eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Benzopyrans 0 Chelating Agents 0 Water Pollutants 479-66-3 fulvic acid 60-00-4 Edetic Acid 7440-50-8 Copper IM Animals Benzopyrans chemistry Biological Availability Chelating Agents chemistry Copper chemistry toxicity Daphnia Edetic Acid chemistry Environmental Monitoring Forecasting Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Mining Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity 12204589 2002 09 02 2002 10 16 2003 11 14

0166-445X 60 1-2 2002 Oct 2 Genetic variability in sublethal tolerance to mixtures of cadmium and zinc in clones of Daphnia magna Straus. 85-99 To date, studies on genetic variability in the tolerance of aquatic biota to chemicals have focused on exposure to single chemicals. In the field, metals occur as elemental mixtures, and thus it is essential to study whether the genetic consequences of exposure to such mixtures differs from response to single chemicals. This study determined the feeding responses of three Daphnia magna Straus clones exposed to Cd and Zn, both individually and as mixtures. Tolerance to mixtures of Cd and Zn was expressed as the proportional feeding depression of D. magna to Cd at increasing zinc concentrations. A quantitative genetic analysis revealed that genotype and genotype x environmental factors governed population responses to mixtures of both metals. More specifically, genetic variation in tolerance to sublethal levels of Cd decreased at those Zn concentrations where there were no effects on feeding, and increased again at Zn concentrations that affected feeding. The existence of genotype x environmental interactions indicated that the genetic consequences of exposing D. magna to mixtures of Cd and Zn cannot be predicted from the animals' response to single metals alone. Therefore, current ecological risk assessment methodologies for predicting the effects of chemical mixtures may wish to incorporate the concept of genetic variability. Furthermore, exposure to low and moderate concentrations of Zn increased the sublethal tolerance to Cd. This induction of tolerance to Cd by Zn was also observed for D. magna fed algae pre-loaded with both metals. Furthermore, in only one clone, physiological acclimatization to zinc also induced tolerance to cadmium. These results suggest that the feeding responses of D. magna may be related to gut poisoning induced by the release of metals from algae under low pH conditions. In particular, both induction of metallothionein synthesis by Zn and competition between Zn and Cd ions for uptake at target sites on the gut wall may be involved in determining sublethal responses to mixtures of both metals. Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal. cb5@stir.ac.uk Barata Carlos C Markich Scott J SJ Baird Donald J DJ Taylor Graeme G Soares Amadeu M V M AM eng Journal Article

Netherlands Aquat Toxicol 8500246 0 Water Pollutants 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Adaptation, Physiological Adsorption Animals Cadmium pharmacokinetics toxicity Daphnia genetics physiology Drug Interactions Drug Resistance Genotype Risk Assessment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) Water Pollutants pharmacokinetics toxicity Zinc pharmacokinetics toxicity 12214969 2002 09 06 2003 02 12 2003 11 14

0956-053X 22 6 2002 Ecotoxicological assessment of leachates from MSWI bottom ashes. 583-93 In this paper, chemical and ecotoxicological data of leachates from bottom ashes collected in different Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators (MSWI) are shown. The bottom ashes were collected in Belgium (three incinerators--samples B1 to B3), France, Germany, Italy and United Kingdom (one incinerator in each country--samples F1, D1, I1 and UK1, respectively). Both chemical and ecotoxicological characterizations of leachates were done on the framework of the European Directive 91/689/EEC and the European Council Decision 94/904/EC. This work was carried out under the European project called Valomat, which was supported by the European Commission through Brite-Euram III program. Twenty-one inorganic parameters were analyzed. The ecotoxicological assays were done under standard laboratory conditions, using the bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum, the freshwater alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, the crustacean Daphnia magna and the vegetable Lactuca sativa. Chemical data varied from sample to sample. Similar results were obtained in biological assays. The samples can be classified as ecotoxic/hazardous according to the French proposal for a Criterion and Evaluation Methods of Waste Ecotoxicity (CEMWE) and the German regulation on Hazardous Waste Classification (HWC). However, samples B1, B2, B3 and D1 comply the maximum limits for direct valorization category defined in the French Classification of Bottom Ashes based on their Polluting Potential (CBAPP). Sample B1 presented the lowest level of ecotoxicity, being considered as the most interesting to be used in the development of new materials for civil engineering works. New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Ed. Departamental, Caparica, Portugal. Lapa N N Barbosa R R Morais J J Mendes B B Méhu J J Santos Oliveira J F JF eng Journal Article

United States Waste Manag 9884362 0 Industrial Waste 0 Soil Pollutants IM Algae drug effects Animals Asteraceae drug effects Daphnia drug effects Europe Human Incineration Industrial Waste Photobacterium drug effects Risk Assessment Soil Pollutants toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Waste Management methods 12230205 2002 09 16 2003 01 29 2003 11 14

0043-1354 36 14 2002 Aug Nutrient and grazing factors in relation to phytoplankton level in a eutrophic shallow lake: the effect of low macrophyte abundance. 3593-601 The ability of submerged macrophytes to moderate the structure of food webs with respect to lake eutrophication management has been intensively studied in recent years. Many lake managers have adopted the option of increasing macrophyte abundance in order to restore eutrophic waters, with a view to improve water quality, increase water transparency and reduce phytoplankton biomass. These studies are mostly based upon the comparison of macrophyte-rich and macrophyte-free waters. There is less quantitative information on how different levels of macrophyte abundance, in particular very low levels, influence ecosystem structure, or vice versa, within the same ecosystem. This paper takes a multivariate statistical approach to examine ecosystem function with low macrophyte abundance (ca. 5%) in the context of nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton interaction in a eutrophic shallow lake. It shows that with low levels of macrophyte coverage, phytoplankton biomass was only limited by nutrient (TP and Si) availability, whilst nutrient (Si) as well as grazing (zooplankton and Daphnia) factors were both limiting phytoplankton levels in macrophyte-free waters. With respect to interactions between Daphnia and chlorophyll-a, the results suggest that low macrophyte cover does not result in a reduction of phytoplankton biomass due to the presence of Daphnia. Rather, low macrophyte cover provides a refuge that maintains constant Daphnia predation, so reducing chlorophyll-a fluctuation. These results add credence to the causal interpretation of different interactions amongst nutrients, phytoplankton and zooplankton at very low macrophyte densities. Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, UK. sam_wetland@sinaman.com Lau S S S SS Lane S N SN eng Journal Article

England Water Res 0105072 IM Animals Biomass Daphnia Ecosystem Environmental Monitoring Eutrophication Food Chain Phytoplankton Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Zooplankton 12232730 2002 09 16 2002 10 29 2003 11 14

0007-4861 69 4 2002 Oct Differentiating metal from ammonia toxicity in toxicity identification evaluations. 576-85 Institute for Inland Water Management and Wastewater Treatment, Post Office Box 17, nl-8200 AA, Lelystad, The Netherlands. Rotteveel S G P SG Den Besten P J PJ eng Journal Article

United States Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Metals, Heavy 7664-41-7 Ammonia IM Ammonia toxicity Animals Daphnia Environmental Monitoring Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Metals, Heavy toxicity Reference Values Toxicity Tests 12242674 2002 09 20 2002 11 25 2003 11 14

1520-4081 17 5 2002 Oct Fractal analysis of Daphnia motion for acute toxicity bioassay. 441-8 To quantify individual behavioral responses to toxic chemicals, the swimming motion of individual Daphnia magna was continuously monitored using a motion analysis system. The fractal dimension was introduced to compare the straightness or complexity of the swimming trajectory before and after exposure to toxic chemicals. Analysis indicated that the swimming trajectory of individual Daphnia has a fractal structure. The basal fractal dimension in the control medium was 1.35+/-0.01 (n = 50 Daphnia). Exposure to CuSO(4) (10 microg/L), organophosphorus (Dichlorvos; 10 microg/L), and carbamate (Propoxur; 500 microg/L) pesticide caused a significant increase in the fractal dimension with a latency of 60 min, reaching a maximal level of 2.26+/-0.34, 2.43+/-0.19, and 2.51+/-0.21, respectively, after a 120-min exposure. The magnitude of the change in the fractal dimension was related to the toxic chemical concentration and the exposure time. Threshold concentrations determined at 60 min of exposure were 10 microg/L for CuSO(4), 5 microg/L for Dichlorvos, and 500 microg/L for Propoxur. The toxicity index (EC(50)) values after 120 min of exposure were 6.31 microg/L, 7.64 microg/L, and 466 microg/L for CuSO(4), Dichlorvos, and Propoxur, respectively. Thus, the fractal dimension seems useful for analyzing and comparing complex trails, such as swimming trajectories, which could be used as the endpoint for an acute bioassay. Copyright 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8667, Japan. nshimizu@t.kanazawa-u.ac.jp Shimizu Nobuaki N Ogino Chiaki C Kawanishi Takuya T Hayashi Yoshishige Y eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Behavior, Animal Biological Assay methods Daphnia Models, Theoretical Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Swimming Toxicity Tests methods Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12242676 2002 09 20 2002 11 25 2003 11 14

1520-4081 17 5 2002 Oct Acute toxicity, mutagenicity, and estrogenicity of biodegradation products of bisphenol-A. 457-61 Biodegradation of bisphenol-A (BPA), which is known as an estrogenic chemical, proceeds via complicated metabolic routes and leads to formation of several kinds of biodegradation products. Through the major route BPA can be completely mineralized; however, p-hydroxyacetophenone (p-HAP), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (p-HBAL), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) are transiently accumulated at relatively high concentrations. On the other hand, degradation of BPA through the minor route tends to cause the accumulation of 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol and p-hydroxyphenacyl alcohol as the dead-end products. To fully assess the impact of BPA discharge into the environment, the considerable BPA degradation products p-HAP, p-HBAL, and p-HBA and the mixture of the dead-end products were examined for their acute toxicity, mutagenicity, and estrogenicity using the Daphtoxkit (Creasel Ltd.), umu test system, and yeast two-hybrid system, respectively. BPA was moderately toxic to Daphnia magna (48-h EC(50) was 10 mg/L) and weakly estrogenic, with activity that was 5 orders of magnitude lower than that of 17beta-estradiol in the yeast screen, though no mutagenicity was observed. All the tested BPA biodegradation products showed very low acute toxicity compared with BPA, and none was mutagenic. A slight estrogenic activity was detected only for p-HAP among the tested degradation products. It was concluded that biodegradation can remarkably reduce the toxic effects of BPA. Copyright 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan. ike@env.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp Ike Michihiko M Chen Min-Yu MY Jin Chang-Suk CS Fujita Masanori M eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 0 Estrogens, Non-Steroidal 0 Phenols 0 Receptors, Estrogen 80-05-7 bisphenol A IM Animals Biodegradation DNA Damage Daphnia Estrogens, Non-Steroidal metabolism toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Mutagenicity Tests Phenols metabolism toxicity Receptors, Estrogen drug effects physiology Salmonella typhimurium genetics Yeasts genetics 12242680 2002 09 20 2002 11 25 2003 11 14

1520-4081 17 5 2002 Oct Chronic effects of p-nonylphenol on survival and reproduction of Daphnia galeata: multigenerational life table experiment. 487-92 The chronic effect of p-nonylphenol on survival and reproduction for two generations of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia galeata was examined by life table experiments. The effects on survival and reproduction were used as the intrinsic rate of natural increase, r, with the Euler-Lotka equation and were analyzed with a simple mathematical model (a power function). The population-level EC(50), the concentration of a substance that reduces the intrinsic rate of natural increase by 50%, was estimated as 65.2 microg/L for the first generation and 81.5 microg/L for the second generation. No transgenerational effect that reinforces adverse responses in the offspring generation has been detected. From a 48-h immobility test an acute LC(50) was estimated to be 60.8 microg/L. The acute LC(50) is a good indicator of the chronic population-level effects of this chemical to this species. Copyright 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai 79-7, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501 Japan. ytanaka@tamacc.chuo-u.ac.jp Tanaka Yoshinari Y Nakanishi Junko J eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 0 Phenols 0 Water Pollutants 25154-52-3 nonylphenol IM Animals Daphnia physiology Life Tables Phenols toxicity Population Dynamics Reproduction Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Survival Water Pollutants toxicity 12243331 2002 09 23 2003 02 13 2003 11 14

0045-6535 49 1 2002 Oct An examination of the physical properties, fate, ecotoxicity and potential environmental risks for a series of propylene glycol ethers. 61-73 Propylene glycol ethers (PGEs) are comprised of mono-, di- and tri-PGEs and several of their acetate esters. The nature of the range of applications that use PGEs suggests that there is a potential for both intentional and unintentional entry of the materials into the environment. Selected physical/chemical properties, fate characteristics, aquatic toxicity data and calculated environmental concentrations were used to assess potential risks from the manufacture, handling, use, and disposal of PGEs. In general, the PGEs are low to moderately volatile, have high aqueous solubilities, low octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow), and bioconcentration factor values of <10, which indicate they are unlikely to accumulate in aquatic food chains. Both abiotic and biological degradation processes reduce environmental concentrations of PGEs. In air, vapor-phase PGEs react with photo-chemically produced hydroxyl radicals and have half-lives ranging from 5.5 to 34.4 h. A variety of ready and inherent biodegradation test methods, as well as tests that simulate biodegradation in wastewater treatment plants, surface water and soil have been conducted on PGEs. Significant aerobic biodegradation was generally observed, with a range of biodegradation half-lives on the order of 5-25 d. Acute aquatic toxicity studies with PGEs resulted in LC50 values ranging from approximately >100 to >20,000 mg/l for freshwater fish, the pelagic invertebrate Daphnia magna, green algae Selenastrum capricornutum (now called Pseudokirchneriella capricornutum) and bacteria. Level 3 multi-media modeling (EQC model of Mackay) was used to simulate regional-scale concentrations of PGEs in air, soil, water, and sediment. Toxicity thresholds were then compared with regional-scale water, soil and sediment concentrations to determine hazard quotients. Based upon this analysis, concentrations of PGEs are unlikely to pose adverse risks to the environment. Assessment Technologies, Inc, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA. castaple@ix.netcom.com Staples Charles A CA Davis John W JW eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Propylene Glycols 1320-67-8 propylene glycol methyl ether IM Animals Atmosphere Biodegradation Ecology Environmental Pollutants metabolism toxicity Models, Biological Propylene Glycols chemistry metabolism toxicity Risk Assessment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Threshold Limit Values 67 12270681 2002 09 24 2002 11 15

0378-4274 135 3 2002 Oct 5 Environmental risk assessment for new human pharmaceuticals in the European Union according to the draft guideline/discussion paper of January 2001. 231-7 Since 1993, an environmental risk assessment (ERA) for a new drug application has been stipulated by EU Directive 93/39/EEC amending Directive 65/65/EEC. In early 2001, after several unpublished draft versions for an ERA guideline, a draft guideline/discussion paper for an ERA for non-GMO-containing drugs was published by the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA). The draft guideline describes a step-wise, tiered procedure for the ERA. The first tier consists of deriving a crude predicted environmental concentration (PEC) in the aquatic compartment for the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or its major metabolites, based on predicted amounts used and specific removal rates in sewage treatment or surface waters. If this crude PEC is <0.01 microg/l and no environmental concerns are apparent, no further assessment is deemed necessary. Else, in the second tier, a crude predicted no-effect level (PNEC) for the aquatic compartment is to be extrapolated by dividing the lowest 50% effect concentration from acute ecotoxicity tests with algae, daphnia or fish (EC(50), LC(50)) by an assessment factor (usually 1000). If the ratio PEC/PNEC is <1, no further assessment is deemed necessary. Lastly, in the third tier, further considerations on a case-by-case basis are needed. This may encompass refining the environmental fate information and thereby the PEC, considering further environmental compartments and their respective PECs (up to and including field studies), but also refining the PNEC. While the ERA addresses mainly the API, excipients of the formulated drug should be considered as well. In the ease of medicinal products, the benefit for patients has relative precedence over environmental risks, meaning that even in the ease of an unacceptable residual risk for new drugs after third tier considerations, prohibition of a new API is not taken into consideration. Instead, possible mitigating or precautionary safety measures may consist of specific product labelling (i.e. package leaflets for the patients regarding returning and proper disposal of unused medicines), restricted use through in-hospital or in-surgery administration under supervision only, or the recommendation of environmental analytical monitoring up to ecological field studies. EurProBiol CBiol MIBiol, Corporate Safety and Environmental Protection, CSE, 49/2.033, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland. juerg.straub@roche.com Straub Jürg Oliver JO eng Corrected and Republished Article Journal Article

Netherlands Toxicol Lett 7709027 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Pharmaceutical Preparations IM Toxicol Lett. 2002 May 10;131(1-2):137-43 11988366 Environmental Monitoring methods standards Environmental Pollutants analysis toxicity European Union Fresh Water analysis Guidelines Human Legislation, Drug Pharmaceutical Preparations adverse effects analysis Risk Assessment methods standards Sewage analysis Toxicity Tests methods standards 12297074 2002 09 25 2002 11 06 2003 11 14

0022-5193 218 1 2002 Sep 7 Intraguild predation, invertebrate predators, and trophic cascades in lake food webs. 111-28 The top-down and bottom-up properties of model food webs that include intraguild predation and self-limiting factors such as cannibalism are investigated. Intraguild predation can dampen or even reverse the top-down effects predicted by food chain theory. The degree of self-limitation among the intraguild prey is a key factor in determining the direction and strength of the top-down response. Intraguild predation and self-limiting factors can also substantially alter the bottom-up effects of enrichment. These results can help explain the disparate results of trophic cascade experiments in lakes, where cascades are usually seen when large Daphnia are the primary herbivores, but not when smaller-bodied herbivores are dominant. Top-down manipulations should cascade at least modestly to phytoplankton in those lakes whose food web can be reasonably approximated by a chain (typically, those where Daphnia is the dominant herbivore), as predicted by food chain theory. On the other hand, smaller-bodied zooplankton are often preyed upon heavily by invertebrate predators as well as by planktivorous fish, thereby introducing elements of intraguild predation into these food webs. In this case, conventional food chain theory is likely to give incorrect predictions. Very large cascade effects may be due primarily to regime shifts between intraguild predation-dominated food webs and those that more resemble food chains, rather than due to the simple food chain cascade usually considered. NOAA Fisheries, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1026, USA. dhart@whsunl.wh.whoi.edu Hart Deborah D eng Journal Article

England J Theor Biol 0376342 IM Animals Biomass Cannibalism Competitive Behavior Daphnia physiology Ecosystem Fishes physiology Food Chain Food Supply Fresh Water Invertebrates physiology Models, Biological Plankton physiology Predatory Behavior Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Zooplankton physiology 12322733 2002 09 26 2003 02 26 2003 11 14

0013-936X 36 17 2002 Sep 1 Environmental exposure and risk assessment of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents in wastewater and river water of the Glatt Valley Watershed, Switzerland. 3645-51 The mass flows of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents (FQs) were investigated in the aqueous compartments of the Glatt Valley Watershed, a densely populated region in Switzerland. The major human-use FQs consumed in Switzerland, ciprofloxacin (CIP) and norfloxacin (NOR), were determined in municipal wastewater effluents and in the receiving surface water, the Glatt River. Individual concentrations in raw sewage and in final wastewater effluents ranged from 255 to 568 ng/L and from 36 to 106 ng/L, respectively. In the Glatt River, the FQs were present at concentrations below 19 ng/L. The removal of FQs from the water stream during wastewater treatment was between 79 and 87%. During the studied summer period, FQs in the dissolved fraction were significantly reduced downstream in the Glatt River (15-20 h residence time) (66% for CIP and 48% for NOR). Thus, after wastewater treatment, transport in rivers causes an additional decrease of residual levels of FQs in the aquatic environment. Refined predicted environmental concentrations for the study area compare favorably with the measured environmental concentrations (MEC) obtained in the monitoring study. Total measured FQ concentrations occurring in the examined aquatic compartments of the Glatt Valley Watershed were related to acute ecotoxicity data from the literature. The risk quotients obtained (MEC/PNEC < 1) following the recommendations of the European guidelines or draft documents suggest a low probability for adverse effects of the occurring FQs, either on microbial activity in WWTPs or on algae, daphnia, and fish in surface waters. EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Dübendorf. Golet Eva M EM Alder Alfredo C AC Giger Walter W eng Journal Article

United States Environ Sci Technol 0213155 0 Anti-Infective Agents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 70458-96-7 Norfloxacin 85721-33-1 Ciprofloxacin IM Algae, Green drug effects Anti-Infective Agents analysis toxicity Ciprofloxacin analysis toxicity Drug Industry Environmental Exposure Fresh Water chemistry Norfloxacin analysis toxicity Pseudomonas putida drug effects Quality Control Risk Assessment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Switzerland Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Water Purification methods Water Supply standards 12324315 2002 09 26 2003 02 06 2003 11 14

0099-2240 68 10 2002 Oct Relationship between bacterial community composition and bottom-up versus top-down variables in four eutrophic shallow lakes. 4740-50 Bacterial community composition was monitored in four shallow eutrophic lakes during one year using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified prokaryotic rDNA genes. Of the four lakes investigated, two were of the clearwater type and had dense stands of submerged macrophytes while two others were of the turbid type characterized by the occurrence of phytoplankton blooms. One turbid and one clearwater lake had high nutrient levels (total phosphorus, >100 micro g liter(-1)) while the other lakes had relatively low nutrient levels (total phosphorus, <100 micro g liter(-1)). For each lake, seasonal changes in the bacterial community were related to bottom-up (resources) and top-down (grazers) variables by using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Using an artificial model dataset to which potential sources of error associated with the use of relative band intensities in DGGE analysis were added, we found that preferential amplification of certain rDNA genes over others does not obscure the relationship between bacterial community composition and explanatory variables. Besides, using this artificial dataset as well as our own data, we found a better correlation between bacterial community composition and explanatory variables by using relative band intensities compared to using presence/absence data. While bacterial community composition was related to phytoplankton biomass in the high-nutrient lakes no such relation was found in the low-nutrient lakes, where the bacterial community is probably dependent on other organic matter sources. We used variation partitioning to evaluate top-down regulation of bacterial community composition after bottom-up regulation has been accounted for. Using this approach, we found no evidence for top-down regulation of bacterial community composition in the turbid lakes, while grazing by ciliates and daphnids (Daphnia and Ceriodaphnia) was significantly related to changes in the bacterial community in the clearwater lakes. Our results suggest that in eutrophic shallow lakes, seasonality of bacterial community structure is dependent on the dominant substrate source as well as on the food web structure. Department of Biology. Department of Microbiology, University Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. koenraad.muylaert@rug.ac.be Muylaert Koenraad K Van Der Gucht Katleen K Vloemans Nele N Meester Luc De LD Gillis Moniek M Vyverman Wim W eng Journal Article

United States Appl Environ Microbiol 7605801 0 RNA, Ribosomal 7723-14-0 Phosphorus 7727-37-9 Nitrogen IM Animals Bacteria chemistry classification genetics metabolism Biomass Computer Simulation Daphnia Eutrophication Fresh Water microbiology Nitrogen analysis Phosphorus analysis Phytoplankton physiology RNA, Ribosomal genetics Seasons Sequence Analysis, DNA Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Microbiology Zooplankton 12355259 2002 09 30 2003 03 11 2003 11 14

0022-2844 55 4 2002 Oct Patterns of sequence divergence in Daphniid hemoglobin genes. 375-85 In common with other multigene families, sequence diversity in the hemoglobin genes of cladoceran crustaceans has been heavily impacted by gene conversion events. Because of their structural complexity (six exons, five introns), these genes provide a good opportunity to study the influence of intron length and position on the conversion process. This study surveys the patterns of divergence in variants of one hemoglobin gene (H1) from two closely related species of Daphnia using a PCR-based approach. Although its effects were most pronounced at their 5' ends, intron and exon regions of these genes showed similar exposure to gene conversion, excepting intron 2. This intron, which was the only one with a marked length difference among variants, showed substantial sequence divergence, suggesting that gene conversion was disrupted. These results, together with those on hemoglobin gene families in other organisms, indicate that sequence tracts showing gene conversion are often distributed in a mosaic fashion. The reactivation of gene conversion downstream of a block protected from its effects suggests that there are multiple initiation points, and the distribution of conversion tracts suggests that exon/intron splice sites are important in this regard. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada. Sutton Rachel A RA Hebert Paul D N PD eng Journal Article

United States J Mol Evol 0360051 0 Hemoglobins IM Animals Base Sequence Daphnia genetics Evolution, Molecular Exons Hemoglobins genetics Introns Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Polymerase Chain Reaction Sequence Analysis, DNA Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 12356516 2002 10 01 2003 04 17 2003 11 14

1532-0456 133 1-2 2002 Sep Metal sulfides in oxygenated aquatic systems: implications for the biotic ligand model. 51-64 The Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) attempts to predict metal toxicity to aquatic organisms on the basis of metal speciation and effects at the cell surface. Current versions of the BLM for silver and copper consider metal binding by inorganic ligands, dissolved organic matter (DOM) and also competition at the cell surface from calcium and protons (pH). Recent studies reported in the geochemical and ecotoxicological literature have indicated the importance of sulfide as a ligand, even in fully oxygenated aquatic systems. Speciation calculations for oxygenated waters do not currently include reduced sulfur as a ligand and as a consequence, no version of the BLM model has been published including reduced sulfur. This reflects the limitations on our knowledge regarding reduced sulfur in aquatic systems. In this paper we highlight the need to include reduced sulfur in the Biotic Ligand Model, with the interaction between silver and inorganic metal sulfides as a specific example. The geochemical importance of metal sulfides as ligands for silver and the effect of 'dissolved' metal sulfide and other ligands on metal toxicity and accumulation are described and reviewed. Recommendations are made for future work needed to incorporate sulfide ligands into the BLM's modeling framework. Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Rua Eng. Alfredo Huch, 475, Rio Grande, RS, 96.201-900, Brazil. Bianchini Adalto A Bowles Karl C KC eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

United States Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 100959500 0 Ligands 0 Metals 0 Sulfides 7732-18-5 Water 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Daphnia drug effects metabolism Ligands Metals analysis metabolism toxicity Models, Biological Models, Chemical Oxygen analysis Sulfides analysis metabolism toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water analysis 75 12356523 2002 10 01 2003 04 17 2003 11 14

1532-0456 133 1-2 2002 Sep Physiological effects of chronic silver exposure in Daphnia magna. 137-45 Daphnia magna were exposed to a total concentration of 5.0+/-0.04 microg Ag/l, added as AgNO(3) (dissolved concentration, as defined by 0.45 microm filtration = 2.0+/-0.01 microg Ag/l) in moderately hard synthetic water under static conditions (total organic carbon = 4.80+/-1.32 mg/l) with daily feeding and water renewal, for 21 days. There was no mortality in control daphnids and 20% mortality in silver-exposed animals. Silver exposure caused a small but significant reduction of reproductive performance manifested as a 13.7% decrease in the number of neonates produced per adult per reproduction day over the 21-day exposure. However, silver exposed daphnids also exhibited a much more marked ionoregulatory disturbance, which was characterized by a 65% decrease in whole body Na(+) concentration, and an 81% inhibition of unidirectional whole body Na(+) uptake. Previous work on the acute toxicity of Ag(+) to daphnids has shown that Na(+) uptake inhibition is directly related to inhibition of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity. Therefore, we suggest that the Na(+) uptake inhibition seen in response to chronic silver exposure was explained by an inhibition of the Na(+) channels at the apical 'gill' membrane, since a 60% increase in whole body Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity was observed in the chronically silver-exposed daphnids. Our findings demonstrate that, in broad view, the key mechanism involved in chronic silver toxicity in D. magna, the most acutely sensitive freshwater organism tested up to now, resembles that described for acute toxicity-i.e. ionoregulatory disturbance associated with inhibition of active Na(+) uptake, though the fine details may differ. Our results provide encouragement for future extension of the current acute version of the Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) to one that predicts chronic silver toxicity for environmental regulation and risk assessment. The results strongly suggest that Na(+) uptake inhibition is the best endpoint to determine sensitivity to both acute and chronic toxicity in the scope of future versions of the BLM for silver. Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Rua Eng. Alfredo Huch, 475, 96.201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. adalto@octopus.furg.br Bianchini Adalto A Wood Chris M CM eng Journal Article

United States Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 100959500 7440-22-4 Silver IM Animals Animals, Newborn Daphnia drug effects physiology Environmental Exposure adverse effects Silver toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 12356531 2002 10 01 2003 04 17 2003 11 14

1532-0456 133 1-2 2002 Sep Refinement and field validation of a biotic ligand model predicting acute copper toxicity to Daphnia magna. 243-58 A previously developed biotic ligand model (BLM) was validated for its capacity to predict acute 48-h EC(50) values of copper to Daphnia magna in 25 reconstituted media with different pH values and concentrations of artificial dissolved organic carbon, Ca, Mg and Na. Before the BLM validation, fitting of measured (with a copper ion-selective electrode) and calculated (with the BLM) Cu(2+)-activity was performed by adjusting the WHAM model V (i.e. the metal-organic speciation part of the BLM) copper-proton exchange constant to pK(MHA)=1.9. Using this value, the 48-h EC(50) values observed agreed very well with BLM-predicted EC(50) values for tests performed at pH<8, but not at all for tests performed at pH>8. Additional experiments demonstrated that this was due to toxicity of the CuCO(3) complex, which is the most abundant inorganic copper species at pH>8. This was incorporated into the initial BLM by allowing the binding of CuCO(3) (next to Cu(2+) and CuOH(+)) to the biotic ligand of D. magna. The affinity of CuOH(+) and CuCO(3) for the biotic ligand was approximately five- and 10-fold lower than that of Cu(2+), respectively. With the refined BLM, 48-h EC(50) values could be accurately predicted within a factor of two not only in all 25 reconstituted media, but also in 19 natural waters. This validated and refined BLM could support efforts to improve the ecological relevance of risk assessment procedures applied at present. Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. karel.deschamphelaere@rug.ac.be De Schamphelaere Karel A C KA Heijerick Dagobert G DG Janssen Colin R CR eng Journal Article Validation Studies

United States Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 100959500 0 Ligands 7440-50-8 Copper 7732-18-5 Water IM Acute Toxicity Tests methods statistics & numerical data Animals Copper administration & dosage toxicity Daphnia drug effects Ligands Models, Biological Predictive Value of Tests Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water analysis 12356532 2002 10 01 2003 04 17 2003 11 14

1532-0456 133 1-2 2002 Sep Derivation of a toxicity-based model to predict how water chemistry influences silver toxicity to invertebrates. 259-70 The effect of altering water chemistry on acute silver toxicity to three invertebrate species, two Daphnids, Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex, as well as an amphipod Gammarus pulex was assessed. In addition, the physiological basis of Ag(I) toxicity to G. pulex was examined. Daphnia magna and D. pulex were more sensitive than G. pulex and 48 h LC(50) values in synthetic ion poor water were 0.47, 0.65 and 2.1 microg Ag(I) l(-1), respectively. Increasing water [Cl(-)] reduced Ag(I) toxicity in all species, and increasing water [Ca(2+)] from 50 to 1,500 microM reduced Ag(I) toxicity in G. pulex. Whole body Na(+) content, but not K(+) or Ca(2+) was significantly reduced in G. pulex exposed to 6 microg Ag(I) l(-1) for 24 h, but there was no inhibition of whole body Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity. Both increasing water [Cl(-)] and [Ca(2+)] reduced this Ag(I)-induced Na(+) loss. For D. magna, the presence of 10 mg l(-1) humic acid or 0.5 microM 3-mercaptoproprionic acid (3-MPA) increased the 48 h LC(50) values by 5.9 and 58.5-fold, respectively, and for D. pulex the presence of 1 microM thiosulfate increased the 48 h LC(50) value by four-fold. The D. magna toxicity data generated from this study were used to derive a Daphnia biotic ligand model (BLM). Analysis of the measured LC(50) values vs. the predicted LC(50) values for toxicity data from the present and published results where water Cl(-), Ca(2+), Na(+) or humic acid were varied showed that 91% of the measured toxicity data fell within a factor of two of the predicted LC(50) values. However, the daphnid BLM could not accurately predict G. pulex toxicity. Additionally, the Daphnia BLM was under-protective in the presence of the organic thiols 3-MPA or thiosulphate and predicted an increase in the LC(50) value of 114- and 74-fold, respectively. The Daphnia toxicity based BLM derived from the present data set is successful in predicting Daphnia toxicity in laboratory data sets in the absence of sulfur containing compounds, but shows its limitations when applied to waters containing organic thiols or thiosulphate. Division of Life Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NN, UK. nic.bury@kcl.ac.uk Bury N R NR Shaw J J Glover C C Hogstrand C C eng ES037373 ES NIEHS Journal Article

United States Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 100959500 7440-22-4 Silver 7732-18-5 Water IM Amphipoda drug effects Animals Daphnia drug effects Models, Biological Predictive Value of Tests Silver toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Water chemistry 12356533 2002 10 01 2003 04 17 2003 11 14

1532-0456 133 1-2 2002 Sep Application of the biotic ligand model to predicting zinc toxicity to rainbow trout, fathead minnow, and Daphnia magna. 271-85 The Biotic Ligand Model has been previously developed to explain and predict the effects of water chemistry on the toxicity of copper, silver, and cadmium. In this paper, we describe the development and application of a biotic ligand model for zinc (Zn BLM). The data used in the development of the Zn BLM includes acute zinc LC50 data for several aquatic organisms including rainbow trout, fathead minnow, and Daphnia magna. Important chemical effects were observed that influenced the measured zinc toxicity for these organisms including the effects of hardness and pH. A significant amount of the historical toxicity data for zinc includes concentrations that exceeded zinc solubility. These data exhibited very different responses to chemical adjustment than data that were within solubility limits. Toxicity data that were within solubility limits showed evidence of both zinc complexation, and zinc-proton competition and could be well described by a chemical equilibrium approach such as that used by the Zn BLM. HydroQual Inc., 4914 West Genesee Street, Camillus, NY 13031, USA. rsantore@hydroqual.com Santore Robert C RC Mathew Rooni R Paquin Paul R PR DiToro Dominic D eng Journal Article

United States Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 100959500 0 Ligands 7440-66-6 Zinc 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals Comparative Study Cyprinidae metabolism Daphnia drug effects metabolism Ligands Models, Biological Oncorhynchus mykiss metabolism Predictive Value of Tests Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water chemistry Zinc toxicity 12356534 2002 10 01 2003 04 17 2003 11 14

1532-0456 133 1-2 2002 Sep Sodium turnover rate determines sensitivity to acute copper and silver exposure in freshwater animals. 287-303 The mechanisms of acute copper and silver toxicity in freshwater organisms appear similar. Both result in inhibition of branchial sodium (and chloride) uptake initiating a cascade of effects leading to mortality. The inhibition of the branchial Na/K-ATPase in the basolateral membrane is generally accepted as the key component responsible for the reduced sodium uptake. We propose that branchial carbonic anhydrase and the apical sodium channel may also be important targets for both copper and silver exposure. Several attempts have been made to predict metal sensitivity. A prominent example is the geochemical-biotic ligand model. The geochemical-biotic ligand modeling approach has been successful in explaining variations in tolerance to metal exposure for specific groups of animals exposed at different water chemistries. This approach, however, cannot explain the large observed variation in tolerance to these metals amongst different groups of freshwater animals (i.e. Daphnia vs. fish). Based on the detailed knowledge of physiological responses to acute metal exposure, the present review offers an explanation for the observed variation in tolerance. Smaller animals are more sensitive than large animals because they exhibit higher sodium turnover rates. The same relative inhibition of sodium uptake results in faster depletion of internal sodium in animals with higher sodium turnover. We present a way to improve predictions of acute metal sensitivity, noting that sodium turnover rate is the key predictor for variation in acute copper and silver toxicity amongst groups of freshwater animals. We suggest that the presented sodium turnover model is used in conjunction with the Biotic Ligand Model for risk management decisions. Copenhagen University, The August Krogh Institute, Zoophysiological Laboratory, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. mgrosell@aki.ku.dk Grosell Martin M Nielsen Claus C Bianchini Adalto A eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

United States Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 100959500 7440-22-4 Silver 7440-23-5 Sodium 7440-50-8 Copper IM Animals Branchial Region metabolism Copper administration & dosage toxicity Fishes metabolism Fresh Water analysis Silver administration & dosage toxicity Sodium metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 118 12359386 2002 10 02 2003 01 14 2003 11 14

0166-445X 61 3-4 2002 Dec 3 The relative importance of water and food as cadmium sources to Daphnia magna Straus. 143-54 Knowledge of the transport pathways of metals into aquatic organisms is paramount in determining the metal's potential mechanism of toxicity. To determine the relative importance of water and food as cadmium (Cd) sources for the cladoceran Daphnia magna grazing on the algae Chlorella vulgaris, we measured cadmium accumulation and toxicity (feeding inhibition and survival) in three genetically different clones of D. magna subsequent to water, food, and water and food exposures. We found that Cd uptake from water and food was independent of source and additive in effect, with D. magna juveniles accumulating twice as much Cd from water than from food (algae). However, the efficiency with which Cd was assimilated by D. magna from its algal diet was much higher (10%) than from water (0.3%). Uptake and toxic responses were inversely related: tolerant clones accumulated more Cd. As a consequence, models based on uptake of metals from the combined routes of water and food may be reliable to predict metal dynamics in the field, but may fail to predict toxic effects since tolerance to metals is not necessarily linked to reduced total uptake of metals. Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK. cbmqam@cid.csic.es Barata Carlos C Markich Scott J SJ Baird Donald J DJ Soares Amadeu M V M AM eng Journal Article

Netherlands Aquat Toxicol 8500246 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Absorption Animals Body Burden Cadmium metabolism toxicity Chlorella chemistry Daphnia metabolism Diet Eating Environmental Exposure Food Contamination Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Tissue Distribution Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity 12369640 2002 10 08 2003 02 27

1093-4529 37 8 2002 Sep Microbial and cod removal in a municipal wastewater treatment plant using coagulation flocculation process. 1483-94 This study was designed to improve the removal efficiency of COD, SS, and microorganism at the S. Giovanni a Teduccio municipal wastewater treatment plant, Naples, Italy. The plant consists of screen, sand grinder, oil removal, coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation units, hypochlorite disinfection, mechanical dewatering, and thermal sludge conditioning. A series of Jar-test was conducted on twelve samples taken after screen using FeSO4 alone or together with Ca(OH)2 at 100 rpm rapid mixing for 1 min, 30 rpm for slow mixing for 20 min and 30 min for settling. 150 mg L(-1) and 450 mg/L doses of FeSO4 were used at a pH interval in between 6 and 9. The removals of COD, TSS, Escherichia coli and total coliforms were measured ranging from 40 to 70%, 70 to 90%, 96 to 99% and 97 to 99%, respectively when FeSO4 was used alone at 150 mg L(-1) and 450 mg L(-1) doses and at pH 6, 7 and 8. Wastewater discharge standards could be safely obtained at 150 mg L(-1) dose of FeSO4 with the use of 220 mg L(-1) Ca(OH)2 at pH 8 in terms of COD and E. coli removals resulted in 65% and 98%, respectively, with less sludge production to be disposed. Additionally, none of influent and supernatant samples tested in this study was found to be acute toxic on 24h-born Daphnia magna at 50% dilution. Istanbul Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Turkey. smeric@ins.itu.edu.tr Meriç Süreyya S Guida Marco M Anselmo Antonella A Mattei M Luisa ML Melluso Giovanni G Pagano Giovanni G eng Journal Article

United States J Environ Sci Health Part A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 9812551 0 Ferrous Compounds 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1305-62-0 Calcium Hydroxide 7720-78-7 ferrous sulfate IM Calcium Hydroxide chemistry Disinfection methods Escherichia coli isolation & purification Ferrous Compounds chemistry Flocculation Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Microbiology standards Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis Water Purification methods Water Supply standards 12369520 2002 10 08 2003 02 12 2003 11 14

0043-1354 36 15 2002 Sep Applying whole-water samples directly to fish cell cultures in order to evaluate the toxicity of industrial effluent. 3727-38 Methodology was developed for presenting to fish cells in culture whole-water samples without extraction and used to evaluate the toxicity to a rainbow trout gill cell line, RTgill-W1, of more than 30 whole-water samples collected from a paper mill over approximately a year of operation. Presentation to cells was achieved by adding to water samples the amounts of salts, galactose and sodium pyruvate, as solids, that were necessary to give concentrations and osmolality of the basal growth medium, Leibovitz's L-15. Cell viability was measured with three fluorescent indicator dyes: alamar Blue for metabolism, 5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate acetoxymethyl ester (CFDA-AM) for membrane function, and neutral red for lysosomal activity. Eighteen samples were tested with the Daphnia lethality bioassay and 11 of these were toxic. None of these were judged cytotoxic to RTgill-W1. Sixteen samples were tested with the rainbow trout lethality bioassay and only one was toxic. This sample was also the only sample that was cytotoxic to RTgill-W1. Therefore, these methods for presenting water samples and measuring their cytotoxicity to RTgill-W1 are a promising substitute for toxicity tests of industrial effluent with rainbow trout but not with Daphnia. Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont., Canada N2L 3G1. Dayeh Vivian R VR Schirmer Kristin K Bols Niels C NC eng Journal Article

England Water Res 0105072 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Biological Assay methods Cell Culture Gills cytology Industrial Waste adverse effects Oncorhynchus mykiss Paper Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollutants toxicity 12371505 2002 10 09 2003 03 12 2003 11 14

0730-7268 21 10 2002 Oct Modeling explicitly and mechanistically median lethal concentration as a function of time for risk assessment. 2252-9 A mechanistic model that explains how toxic effects depend on the duration of exposure has been developed. Derived from the dynamic energy budget (DEB)tox model, it expresses the hazard rate as a function of the toxic concentration in the organism. Using linear approximations in accordance with the general simplifications made in DEBtox, the concentration that induces x% of lethality (LCx) and in particular the lethal concentration 50% (LC50) are expressed explicitly as functions of time. Only three parameters are required: an asymptotic effect concentration, a time constant, and an effect velocity. More sophisticated (but still analytic) models are possible, describing more complex toxicity patterns such as an increase of sensitivity with time or, conversely, an adaptation. These models can be fitted to the common and widespread LC50 endpoints available from the literature for various aquatic species and chemicals. The interpretation of the values assigned to the parameters will help explain the toxicity processes and standardize toxicity values from different sources for comparisons. Société de Calcul Mathématique SA, Paris, France. Bonnomet Vincent V Duboudin Cédric C Magaud Hélène H Thybaud Eric E Vindimian Eric E Beauzamy Bernard B eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 10108-64-2 Cadmium Chloride IM Animals Cadmium Chloride toxicity Daphnia drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Models, Biological Risk Assessment Time Factors 12389913 2002 10 22 2003 03 11 2003 11 14

0730-7268 21 11 2002 Nov Kinetic uptake of bioavailable cadmium, selenium, and zinc by Daphnia magna. 2348-55 Kinetic uptake of Cd, Se(IV), and Zn by Daphnia magna from the dissolved phase was determined using radiotracer techniques in moderately hard water. The metal influx rate and distribution in the soft tissue and the exoskeleton of the daphnids as influenced by metal concentration, inorganic ligands including pH, Ca2+ and SO4(2-), and body size were quantified. When the metal concentrations were <180 nM for Cd and <769 nM for Zn, the concentration factor in daphnids increased linearly within the 12 h of exposure. At a higher concentration, apparent steady state was reached after 3 h of exposure. Cadmium and Zn distribution in the soft tissues was not affected by the total ambient concentrations, whereas Se distribution in the soft tissue decreased by 7 to 10% with increasing Se concentration from 16 to 643 nM. A linear positive power relationship was found between the influx rates of the metals and the ambient concentrations. The concentration factor for Se, however, decreased significantly with increasing Se concentration in water. The influx rate of metals was inversely related to the body size in a power function. When the pH in ambient water increased from 5.0 to 7.0, the influx rate of Cd, Se, and Zn increased by 2.9, 16.6, and 4.1 times, respectively. The influx rates of Cd, Se, and Zn decreased by 6.9, 8.7, and 4.4 times, respectively, with an increase in Ca2+ concentration from 0.6 to 5.1 mM. In contrast, the uptake rates of all three metals were not significantly affected by the SO4(2-) concentration. The majority of accumulated Se was distributed in the soft tissues after 12 h of exposure, whereas Cd and Zn were about evenly distributed in the soft tissue and exoskeleton. Any changes in pH, Ca2+, and SO4(2-) concentrations did not apparently affect their distributions in the daphnids. Our study provides important kinetic data necessary for delineating the exposure routes and for further development of the biotic ligand model in Daphnia. Using a bioenergetic-based kinetic model, we showed that the dissolved uptake is dominant for Zn accumulation (>50%). For Cd and Se, dietary exposure is dominant when the bioconcentration factors of these metals in phytoplankton are at the high end. Yu Ri-Qing RQ Wang Wen-Xiong WX eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Sulfates 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-66-6 Zinc 7440-70-2 Calcium 7782-49-2 Selenium IM Animals Biological Availability Cadmium pharmacokinetics Calcium pharmacology Daphnia metabolism Food Chain Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Selenium pharmacokinetics Sulfates pharmacology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Tissue Distribution Zinc pharmacokinetics 12399922 2002 10 25 2002 11 19 2003 11 14

0090-4341 43 4 2002 Nov Accumulation and regulation of zinc in Daphnia magna: links with homeostasis and toxicity. 492-6 Zinc accumulation in Daphnia magna was investigated, and the results were linked to the previously established optimal concentration range for zinc and D. magna. It was observed that organisms cultured in this optimal range (300-600 microg Zn/L) contained 212 +/- 57 to 254 +/- 79 microg Zn/g dry weight. Lower and higher zinc contents were obtained after acclimation to previously established culture concentrations inducing deficiency and toxicity, respectively. The calculation of bioconcentration factors indicated that zinc was actively regulated, at least up to a concentration of 600 microg Zn/L. Zinc uptake and elimination are rapid processes; major increases and decreases in body content occurred within 1 day. Zinc concentrations in daphnids exposed to 600 microg Zn/L fluctuated with 2- to 3-day intervals, suggesting a role of molting in the regulation and elimination of zinc. Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, J. Plateaustraat 22, Belgium. brita.muyssen@rug.ac.be Muyssen B T A BT Janssen C R CR eng Journal Article

United States Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Adaptation, Physiological Animals Daphnia physiology Environmental Exposure Molting Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Tissue Distribution Water Pollutants metabolism pharmacokinetics toxicity Zinc metabolism pharmacokinetics toxicity 12405413 2002 10 30 2003 07 07 2003 11 14

0043-1354 36 16 2002 Sep Detoxification of phenolic solutions with horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide. 4041-52 Phenolic solutions were treated with hydrogen peroxide and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) resulting in more than 95% removal of phenols within 3 h. Toxic compounds were formed during the treatment of aqueous solutions of phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2-methylphenol. However, the toxicities of HRP-treated solutions decreased within 21 h after the completion of the enzymatic reaction, except in the case of 2-methylphenol. The process of detoxification was significantly accelerated upon the addition of hydrogen peroxide to the dephenolized solutions. Solutions that were treated in the presence of chitosan exhibited lower toxicities than solutions treated in its absence if they were allowed to incubate for an extended period of time. Treatment in the presence of polyethylene glycol resulted in significantly higher toxicities. The toxicity of treated solutions was dependent on the addition mode of HRP and hydrogen peroxide. Treated solutions were also completely detoxified following illumination with UV light. Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Montreal, Que, Canada. Wagner Monika M Nicell James A JA eng Journal Article

England Water Res 0105072 0 Phenols 0 Polyethylene Glycols 0 Solutions 7722-84-1 Hydrogen Peroxide EC 1.11.1.- Horseradish Peroxidase IM Animals Cyprinidae Daphnia drug effects Horseradish Peroxidase metabolism Hydrogen Peroxide chemistry Metabolic Detoxication, Drug Phenols chemistry pharmacology toxicity Polyethylene Glycols chemistry Solutions chemistry Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Ultraviolet Rays Water Purification methods 12410602 2002 10 31 2002 12 26 2003 11 14

0022-104X 293 7 2002 Dec 1 Juvenoid hormone methyl farnesoate is a sex determinant in the crustacean Daphnia magna. 736-9 Daphnids (Daphnia magna) utilize cyclic parthenogenesis as a reproductive strategy. During periods of abundant resources, these organisms reproduce asexually. In response to environmental cues that signal the onset of environmental adversity, daphnids produce males and reproduce sexually. The environmental cues that stimulate the sexual reproductive phase are well known; however, the endocrine signals that transduce these environmental cues remain unknown. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the crustacean juvenoid hormone, methyl farnesoate, is a male sex determinant in this species. Continuous exposure to aqueous concentrations of methyl farnesoate greater than approximately 30 nM stimulated a concentration-dependent production of male-containing broods of organisms. Short-term exposures to methyl farnesoate during periods of egg and embryo maturation revealed that male sex determination occurred during a specific 12-hour period of ovarian egg development. Exposure of eggs to 400 nM methyl farnesoate during this sensitive developmental period resulted in the production of all-male broods of offspring, while exposure to concentrations as low as 52 nM produced mixed broods of males and females. This active concentration range of methyl farnesoate is consistent with levels measured in the hemolymph of some decapod crustaceans. These results demonstrate that methyl farnesoate is capable of programming daphnid embryos to develop into males and is likely the endocrine factor responsible for initiating the sexual reproductive phase in these organisms. Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7633, USA. Olmstead Allen W AW Leblanc Gerald A GA eng Journal Article

United States J Exp Zool 0375365 0 Fatty Acids, Unsaturated 0 Juvenile Hormones 10485-70-8 methyl farnesoate IM Animals Daphnia drug effects embryology growth & development physiology Environment Fatty Acids, Unsaturated administration & dosage pharmacology Female Juvenile Hormones administration & dosage pharmacology Male Reproduction Sex Differentiation drug effects Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Time Factors 12418659 2002 11 06 2003 02 21 2003 11 14

0043-1354 36 18 2002 Nov Trophic transfer of heavy metals from freshwater zooplankton Daphnia magna to zebrafish Danio reiro. 4563-9 The trophic transfer of metals along the food chain has been recognized as an important issue in the study of water quality in recent years. Feeding experiments were conducted to examine the assimilation of three metals (Cd, Cr and Zn) by the zebrafish Danio reiro feeding on the freshwater zooplankton Daphnia magna. The zooplankton were exposed to radiotracers from both the aqueous and dietary phases for different duration, and then pulse-fed to the zebrafish for measurements of metal assimilation efficiency (AE). The calculated AEs were 3-8% for Cd, 2-39% for Cr, and 17-36% for Zn in the zebrafish. For Cd and Zn, there was no statistically significant difference between the two different radiolabeling routes (aqueous and dietary exposure). For Cr, the AEs were higher when it was accumulated by D. magna from the dietary source than when it was accumulated from the aqueous phase. The gut passage time (GPT) was 6-10 h for all metals, with less variation for Zn among the different treatments. There was no obvious relationship between metal GPT and metal AE, presumably due to the narrow range of variation of metal gut passage. About 5-36%, 20-31%, and 8-30% of the total Cd, Cr and Zn was found in the soft tissue of D. magna after the radiolabeling. A much higher fraction of Cd and Zn was found in the soft tissue of D. magna when the metals were accumulated from the dietary phase. No significant relationship between the metal AE and the metal distribution in the soft tissue of D. magna was however documented in this study. Our results demonstrated that there was major difference in metal AE in freshwater fish among different metals. Metal localization in prey organisms and GPT appear to have little influence on metal assimilation by the zebrafish. Department of Biology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, SAR, People's Republic of China. Liu Xue-Jun XJ Ni I-Hsun IH Wang Wen-Xiong WX eng Journal Article

England Water Res 0105072 0 Metals, Heavy 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Daphnia Environmental Monitoring Food Chain Metals, Heavy metabolism pharmacokinetics Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Tissue Distribution Water Pollutants metabolism pharmacokinetics Zebrafish 12420930 2002 11 07 2003 04 29 2003 11 14

0043-1354 36 17 2002 Oct Toxicity assays: a way for evaluating AOPs efficiency. 4255-62 The technical feasibility and performance of photocatalytic degradation of aqueous methomyl (50 mg/L) have been studied at pilot scale in two well-defined systems of special interest because natural-solar UV light can be used: heterogeneous photocatalysis with titanium dioxide and homogeneous photocatalysis by photo-Fenton. The pilot plant is made up of compound parabolic collectors specially designed for solar photocatalytic applications. Experimental conditions allowed pesticide disappearance, degree of mineralisation and toxicity achieved in the two photocatalytic systems to be compared. Total disappearance of methomyl is attained by photo-Fenton in 60 min and by TiO2 in 100 min. Hundred percent of nitrogen and sulphur are recovered as ammonium and sulphate. By contrast, complete mineralisation of total organic carbon (TOC) is not achieved even after quite a long time (more than 300 min). Three different bioassays (Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna and a Microalga) have been used for testing the progress of toxicity during treatment. All remained toxic down to very low-pesticide concentrations and in some bioassays were still toxic after total disappearance of the pesticide. Only if treatment is maintained throughout enough mineralisation (i.e. TOC disappearance), the toxicity is reduced to below the threshold (EC50%). Pesticide Residue Research Group, University of Almería, Spain. Fernández-Alba A R AR Hernando D D Agüera A A Cáceres J J Malato S S eng Journal Article

England Water Res 0105072 16752-77-5 Methomyl 7440-44-0 Carbon IM Algae drug effects Animals Carbon analysis chemistry Daphnia drug effects Methomyl chemistry toxicity Photochemistry Pilot Projects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Toxicity Tests Ultraviolet Rays Vibrio drug effects Water Purification methods 12432890 2002 11 14 2003 05 01 2003 11 14

0261-1929 30 5 2002 Sep-Oct A comparison of ecotoxicological tests. 539-50 A simple, inexpensive and rapid method of determining toxicity by using a bacterium as the indicator organism was developed and compared with 23 other tests. The average correlation coefficient when comparing these 23 tests with the present test was 0.800, ranging from 0.580 to 0.950. Eleven of the tests were compared in detail by using 35 of the chemicals on the Multicentre Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity list of test chemicals. Comparing results from the present test with test results for these 35 chemicals with Microtox, Biotox, Daphnia magna, rat hepatocytes and ascites tumour cell resulted in correlation coefficients ranging from 0.871 to 0.933. Comparisons of the test data with rodent LD50 values, human lethal dose estimates from autopsies and human lethal doses obtained from the literature provided correlation coefficients ranging from 0.580 to 0.770, indicating that the test compares less favourably with these methods. This test provides data comparable to data from other ecotoxicological tests. Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, P.O. Box 30001, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001, USA. Botsford James L JL eng Journal Article

England Altern Lab Anim 8110074 0 Tetrazolium Salts IM Animal Testing Alternatives methods Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Human Lethal Dose 50 Oxidation-Reduction Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Rats Reproducibility of Results Sinorhizobium meliloti drug effects metabolism Tetrazolium Salts metabolism Toxicity Tests methods 12441123 2002 11 20 2003 05 20 2003 11 14

0016-6480 129 2 2002 Nov Developmental toxicity of testosterone in the crustacean Daphnia magna involves anti-ecdysteroidal activity. 127-33 Testosterone has been shown to cause developmental arrest of embryonic daphnids (Daphnia magna). The present study was undertaken to determine whether this toxicity might be due to anti-ecdysteroidal activity associated with testosterone. The effect of testosterone on molt frequency of early instar daphnids was first evaluated to determine whether testosterone interfered with this ecdysteroid-regulated process. Molt frequency was delayed by exposure to testosterone and this effect was mitigated by co-exposure to the ecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone. Testosterone exposure concentrations that interfered with molting also elicited developmental abnormalities among neonatal organisms produced by maternal organisms that were continuously exposed to testosterone or among embryos that were removed from unexposed mothers and exposed directly to the hormone. Embryos were significantly protected against the developmental toxicity of testosterone by co-exposure to 20-hydroxyecdysone. Taken together, these results demonstrated that the embryo toxicity of testosterone to daphnids is due largely to its ability to interfere with ecdysteroid control of development. Experiments next were conducted to determine whether testosterone interfered with ecdysteroidal activity by acting as an ecdysone receptor antagonist or by reducing endogenous ecdysone levels. Testosterone significantly antagonized the action of 20-hydroxyecdysone in an ecdysone-responsive cell line. Testosterone had no discernable effect on endogenous ecdysone levels in daphnids. These results demonstrated that (1). ecdysteroids regulate critical processes in daphnid embryo development, (2). testosterone elicits embryo toxicity to daphnids by interfering with ecdysteroid activity, and (3). ecdysteroid receptor antagonism could be one mechanism by which testosterone elicits these effects. Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7633 USA. Mu Xueyan X LeBlanc Gerald A GA eng Journal Article

United States Gen Comp Endocrinol 0370735 0 Ecdysteroids 0 Gonadal Steroid Hormones 5289-74-7 Ecdysterone 58-22-0 Testosterone IM Animals Crustacea drug effects embryology growth & development Ecdysteroids antagonists & inhibitors Ecdysterone pharmacology Embryo, Nonmammalian drug effects Gonadal Steroid Hormones poisoning Molting drug effects Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Testosterone poisoning 12443933 2002 11 21 2003 06 25 2003 11 14

1095-6433 133 3 2002 Nov Behavioural thermoregulation in Daphnia carinata from different depths of a natural water body: influence of environmental oxygen levels and temperature. 771-80 The influence of environmental parameters (water temperature and dissolved oxygen content) on the haemoglobin content of a naturally occurring population of Daphnia carinata was studied in a population resident in an intermittently flowing, shallow body of water. It was found that the Hb content of the animals was influenced by a combination of both the water temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles of the water body. In Summer, stratification, as indicated by sampling at three depths, constrained thermoregulatory behaviour; Hb-poor animals from the upper levels of the water column chose a lower temperature in hypoxia than their Hb-rich counterparts from greater depth. In Winter, the water column was mixed and remained moderately hypoxic at all times. Due to the low temperature of the water, Hb-contents in winter were much lower than those found in Summer. Overall, it was found that thermoregulatory behaviour in D. carinata is dependent upon Hb-content, which is strongly influenced by the animals' environment. Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia. Wiggins P R PR Frappell P B PB eng Journal Article

United States Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 9806096 0 Hemoglobins 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Anoxia physiopathology Behavior, Animal physiology Body Temperature Regulation physiology Daphnia physiology Ecosystem Fresh Water chemistry Hemoglobins metabolism Oxygen analysis metabolism Seasons Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Temperature 12456697 2002 11 28 2003 07 14 2003 11 14

0022-0949 206 Pt 1 2003 Jan Rheotaxis and prey detection in uniform currents by Lake Michigan mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi). 59-70 Lake Michigan mottled sculpin, Cottus bairdi, exhibit a lateral-line mediated, unconditioned orienting response, which is part of the overall prey capture behavior of this species and can be triggered in visually deprived animals by both live (e.g. Daphnia magna) and artificial (e.g. chemically inert vibrating sphere) prey. However, the extent to which background water motions (e.g. currents) might mask the detection of biologically significant stimuli like these is almost entirely unknown, despite the fundamental nature and importance of this question. To examine this question, the orienting response of mottled sculpin was used to measure threshold sensitivity to a nearby artificial prey (a 50 Hz vibrating sphere) as a function of background noise level (unidirectional currents of different flow velocities). Because many fish show unconditioned rheotaxis to uniform currents, we also measured the fish's angular heading relative to the oncoming flow in the absence of the signal. Frequency distributions of fish headings revealed positive rheotaxis to flows as low as 4 cm s(-1) and an increasing degree of alignment with the oncoming flow as a function of increasing flow velocity. Sculpin positioned in the upstream direction were able to detect relatively weak signals (estimated to be approx. 0.001-0.0001 peak-peak cm s(-1) at the location of the fish) in the presence of strong background flows (2-8 cm s(-1)), and signal levels at threshold increased by less than twofold for a fourfold increase in flow velocity. These results are consistent with the idea that lateral line canals behave as high-pass filters to effectively reject low frequency noises such as those caused by slow d.c. currents. Parmly Hearing Institute, Loyola University of Chicago, Il 60626, USA. Kanter Max J MJ Coombs Sheryl S eng Journal Article

England J Exp Biol 0243705 IM Animals Blindness Fishes physiology Fresh Water Mechanoreceptors physiology Predatory Behavior physiology Rheology Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 12463679 2002 12 04 2003 03 06 2003 11 14

0963-9292 11 5 2002 Oct QSAR of ecotoxicological data on the basis of data-driven if-then-rules. 337-42 A rather small data matrix of seven chemicals and 17 different ecotoxicological end points is examined by methods of Discrete Mathematics. Especially, the lattice theory and its variant, the Formal Concept Analysis may be an attractive tool to analyze Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships, when a numerical functional approach is not at hand. The central item is the so called concept, which is a pair of subsets: A subset of molecules and a subset of properties which correspond to each other. The concepts are partially ordered due to a subset relation. From this subset relation, if-then-rules are derived, which aim to relate the structure of molecules with their ecotoxicological properties. For example, the following chemical rule is found: Cl --> (2A,2C,2M). That means, all substances considered here having a "-Cl" as structural code have a medium ecotoxicological effect on Daphnia magna, Orconectes immunisare (Crustacea) and on Photobacterium phosphoreum, at least within the training set. Criterion-Evaluation and Information Management, Berlin, Germany. stefan.pudenz@criteri-on.de Pudenz Stefan S Brüggemann Rainer R Bartel Hans-Georg HG eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicology 9885956 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Crustacea drug effects Daphnia drug effects Ecosystem Models, Statistical Photobacterium drug effects Structure-Activity Relationship Toxicity Tests statistics & numerical data Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12463681 2002 12 04 2003 03 06 2003 11 14

0963-9292 11 5 2002 Oct Assessment of the influence of use on ecotoxicological characteristics of synthetic ester lubricants. 349-55 Synthetic ester lubricants need optimisation about their technical and their ecotoxicological characteristics. To determine the ecotoxicological potential the required examinations can be based on the procedure for a risk assessment of chemicals. At present risk classification of lubricant oils is carried out with new oil fluids that are normally prepared before application in aqueous bioassays. In order to improve the ecotoxicological characteristics of some lubricant oils, the quality of the preparation method has been optimised. The resulting preparation protocol leads to aqueous extracts of the oil fluids that can be tested using biological assays. The extent of the changes of the chemical composition caused by the use as well as the ecotoxicological effects caused by additives have to be taken into consideration. For this reason various used lubricants are tested in addition to new oil fluids. In this work various lubricant samples were examined with standardised bacterial growth assays with Vibrio fischeri and Pseudomonas putida, luminescence inhibition assay with V. fischeri, survival assay with Daphnia magna and algal growth inhibition assay with Scenedesmus subspicatus. The chemical characterisation of the aqueous extracts included the determination of pH, conductivity, heavy metals, the content of dissolved organic carbon, inorganic anions and the content of phosphorus. The results emphasize the thesis that environmentally acceptable lubricants can undergo a change of their ecotoxicological potential during the use. Some of the substances that are normally added to base fluids in order to enhance the applicability of the oils may possess a high toxicological potential. RWTH Aachen, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Germany. Gudrun.Maxam@post.rwth-aachen.de Maxam Gudrun G Hahn Stefan S Dott Wolfgang W Eisentraeger Adolf A eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicology 9885956 0 Emollients 0 Esters 0 Metals, Heavy 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae, Green drug effects growth & development Animals Biological Assay Daphnia drug effects Emollients chemistry toxicity Esters chemistry toxicity Manufactured Materials toxicity Metals, Heavy chemistry toxicity Pseudomonas drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vibrio drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 12478432 2002 12 12 2003 04 09 2003 11 14

0007-4861 70 1 2003 Jan Effects of copper on respiration, reproduction, and some biochemical parameters of water flea Daphnia magna Straus. 112-7 Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Post Box Number 80, M. G. Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India. Khangarot B S BS Rathore R S RS eng Journal Article

United States Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Proteins 0 Water Pollutants 7440-50-8 Copper EC 2.6.1.1 Aspartate Aminotransferases EC 3.1.3.1 Alkaline Phosphatase IM Alkaline Phosphatase pharmacology Animals Aspartate Aminotransferases pharmacology Body Weight Copper adverse effects Daphnia physiology Oxygen Consumption Proteins analysis Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Survival Water Pollutants adverse effects 12478438 2002 12 12 2003 04 09 2003 11 14

0007-4861 70 1 2003 Jan Toxicity assays of a compound with insecticide properties: chitosan diethyl phosphate. 153-60 Laboratory of Oceanography, Faculty of Science, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Box 297, Concepción, Chile. Placencia J J Rudolph A A Cabrera G G Cárdenas G G Parra C C eng Journal Article

United States Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Biocompatible Materials 0 Phosphoric Acid Esters 0 Polymers 1398-61-4 Chitin 598-02-7 diethyl phosphate 9012-76-4 chitosan IM Animals Biocompatible Materials toxicity Chitin analogs & derivatives toxicity Daphnia Larva Oncorhynchus mykiss Phosphoric Acid Esters toxicity Polymers Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests 12481263 2002 12 13 2003 07 07 2003 11 14

0173-0835 23 24 2002 Dec Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of a tadpole shrimp (Triops cancriformis) and analysis of museum samples. 4080-4 The complete mitochondrial DNA (mtNDA) of the tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis was sequenced. The sequence consisted of 15,101 bp with an A+T content of 69%. Its gene arrangement was identical with those sequences of the water flea (Daphnia pulex) and giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon), whereas it differed from that of the brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) in the arrangement of its genes for tRNAs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed T. cancriformis to be more closely related to the water flea than to the brine shrimp and giant tiger prawn. We also compared the 16S rRNA sequences of five formalin-fixed tadpole shrimps that had been collected in five different locations and stored in a museum. The sequence divergence was in the range of 0-1.51%, suggesting that those samples were closely related to each other. Department of Forensic Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan. kumetsu@med.id.yamagata-u.ac.jp Umetsu Kazuo K Iwabuchi Naruki N Yuasa Isao I Saitou Naruya N Clark Paul F PF Boxshall Geoff G Osawa Motoki M Igarashi Keiji K eng Journal Article

Germany Electrophoresis 8204476 0 DNA Primers 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 0 DNA, Ribosomal 0 RNA, Ribosomal, 16S IM Animals Base Sequence Comparative Study Crustacea classification genetics DNA Primers DNA, Mitochondrial genetics DNA, Ribosomal genetics Electrophoresis, Agar Gel methods Genome Geography Museums Phylogeny Polymerase Chain Reaction methods RNA, Ribosomal, 16S genetics Restriction Mapping Species Specificity 12481851 2002 12 16 2003 02 06 2003 11 14

0147-6513 53 1 2002 Sep A rapid response toxicity test based on the feeding rate of the tropical cladoceran Moinodaphnia macleayi. 12-9 Recent research has reported that the feeding rate of the cladoceran Daphnia magna (measured over 24 h) is a sensitive indicator of toxicity. Using a methodology similar to that used for D. magna, a feeding test for the Australian tropical cladoceran Moinodaphnia macleayi was developed and the sensitivity of the test was compared with the currently used reproduction test. The results of the study revealed that the feeding rate of M. macleayi was a more sensitive indicator of toxicity than reproduction for cadmium; a mean concentration of 1.4 microg/L caused significant inhibition of feeding (P < or = 0.05), while reproduction was significantly reduced at 3.1 microg/L (P < or = 0.05). No feeding inhibition was detected when M. macleayi were exposed to copper, despite significant mortality. The difference in feeding and reproductive responses of M. macleayi to cadmium and copper suggest differing modes of action for the two metals. The feeding test was validated on two samples of mine release water containing various metals. Results demonstrated that a cladoceran feeding test, performed over a 20-h period, was comparable in sensitivity to a reproduction test performed over a 5- to 6-day period. Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Biology, RMIT-University, Bundoora West Campus, GPO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia. Orchard S J SJ Holdway D A DA Barata C C Van Dam R A RA eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-50-8 Copper IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Cladocera Copper toxicity Feeding Behavior Reproduction Sensitivity and Specificity Time Factors Toxicity Tests methods Tropical Climate Water Pollutants toxicity 12485581 2002 12 17 2003 04 01 2003 11 14

0147-6513 53 3 2002 Nov Use of chronic tests with Daphnia magna for examination of diluted river water. 376-81 River water sampled in May and June 2000 was subjected to chronic tests with Daphnia magna to investigate the harmful effects of pesticides; then test animals were raised in reconstituted water (Elendt M-7) containing a solid-phase extract prepared from river water using polystyrene cartridges. The solid-phase extract was present in reconstituted water at a concentration equal to that in river water. Test animals died within 1-4 days in the reconstituted water containing the extract. On the other hand, these harmful effects were not realized if reconstituted water containing the extract was diluted several times. Assays were made using 53 kinds of pesticides as standards to investigate toxicity, and several pesticides were detected in the river water by GC-MS, GC, and HPLC. Two insecticides (fenitrothion and dichlorvos) affected D. magna significantly, because harmful effects were observed in chronic tests using reconstituted water to which the appropriate levels of pesticides had been added. Additionally, these results also indicate that factors other than the two insecticides may be involved in the harmful effects. Yokohama Environmental Research Institute, 1-2-15, Takigashira, Isogo, 235-0012, Yokohama, Japan. tz880231@city.yokohama.jp Sakai Manabu M eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Pesticides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals Daphnia Mass Fragmentography Pesticides toxicity Reproducibility of Results Toxicity Tests, Chronic methods Water chemistry Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12485589 2002 12 17 2003 04 01 2003 11 14

0147-6513 53 3 2002 Nov Aquatic toxicity evaluation of para-methylstyrene. 432-8 The aquatic toxicity of para-methylstyrene was evaluated in acute toxicity studies using fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), daphnids (Daphnia magna), and freshwater green algae (Selenastrum capricornutum). Static tests were performed in sealed containers with no headspace to minimize loss of this volatile compound to the atmosphere. Concentrations of para-methylstyrene in test solutions were analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with a purge and trap module and flame ionization detection. Test results are based on mean, measured concentrations. para-Methylstyrene was moderately toxic to fathead minnows, daphnids, and green algae. The 96-h LC(50) and NOEC for fathead minnows were 5.2 and 2.6 mg/L, respectively. The 48-h EC(50) and NOEC for daphnids were 1.3 and 0.81 mg/L, respectively. The 72-h EC(50) and NOEC for green algae were 2.3 and 0.53 mg/L, respectively; these effects were algistatic rather than algicidal. para-Methylstyrene's potential impact on aquatic ecosystems is significantly mitigated by its volatility, an important fate process. Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and Health Science, The University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209-0470, USA. pybaer@ulm.edu Baer Kevin N KN Boeri Robert L RL Ward Timothy J TJ Dixon David W DW eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Styrenes 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 25013-15-4 vinyltoluene IM Algae, Green Animals Cyprinidae Daphnia Ecosystem Food Chain Lethal Dose 50 Styrenes toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12486525 2002 12 17 2003 05 08 2003 11 14

0022-2844 55 6 2002 Dec Pokey, a new DNA transposon in Daphnia (cladocera: crustacea). 664-73 We report the complete sequence of two representatives of the transposable element, Pokey, isolated from the ribosomal DNA of the cladoceran, Daphnia pulicaria. We describe the general features of this element, which confirms its classification as a DNA transposon. We show that Pokey is similar to piggyBac and, as such, is a member of the TTAA-specific family of elements. Pokey is putatively autonomous, possessing an open reading frame that encodes a putative protein with similarity to piggyBac's transposase, in addition to putative proteins from Drosophila and human LOOPER elements, and several human proteins of unknown function. We show that these proteins all contain amino acid motifs that are perhaps conserved for similar functions. We demonstrate that Pokey is carrying several regions of similarity to Daphnia pulex IGS sequences, likely the result of some sort of recombination event with the host genome. Pokey inserts into a conserved region of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene known to contain other arthropod elements, suggesting that this location is a hot spot for insertional activity. However, Pokey is unique in that it is the only DNA transposon yet known to insert into this region, as other such insertions are non-LTR retrotransposons. It is now clear that this "ecological niche" has been effectively exploited by both retrotransposons and DNA transposons. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1. epenton@uoguelph.ca Penton Erin H EH Sullender Barry W BW Crease Teresa J TJ eng Journal Article

United States J Mol Evol 0360051 0 DNA Primers 0 DNA Transposable Elements 0 Insect Proteins 0 RNA, Ribosomal IM Amino Acid Sequence Animals Base Sequence DNA Primers DNA Transposable Elements Daphnia genetics Insect Proteins chemistry genetics Molecular Sequence Data Nucleic Acid Conformation Open Reading Frames RNA, Ribosomal chemistry genetics Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 12491732 2002 12 20 2003 03 28 2003 11 14

1001-0742 14 4 2002 Oct Comparative study of four QSAR models of aromatic compounds to aquatic organisms. 552-7 Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) were developed for 43 aromatic compounds toxicity to Photobacterium phosphoreum and Daphnia magna based on four methods: octanol/water partition coefficient, linear solvation energy relationship, molecular connectivity index and group contribution. Through the evaluation of four QSAR methods, LSER was proved to be the best. And it applied to the widest range of chemicals with the greatest accuracy. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362011, China. Yu Rui-lian RL Hu Gong-ren GR Zhao Yuan-hui YH eng Journal Article

Netherlands J Environ Sci (China) 100967627 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Chlorobenzenes 0 Hydrocarbons, Aromatic 0 Phenols 108-88-3 Toluene 62-53-3 aniline IM Aniline Compounds chemistry toxicity Animals Chlorobenzenes chemistry toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Hydrocarbons, Aromatic chemistry toxicity Phenols chemistry toxicity Photobacterium drug effects Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toluene analogs & derivatives metabolism toxicity 12495506 2002 12 23 2003 04 10 2003 11 14

0962-8452 269 1507 2002 Nov 22 Functional and ecological significance of rDNA intergenic spacer variation in a clonal organism under divergent selection for production rate. 2373-9 It has recently been hypothesized that variation in the intergenic spacer (IGS) of rDNA has considerable developmental, evolutionary and ecological significance through effects on growth rate and body C : N : P stoichiometry resulting from the role of the IGS in production of rRNA. To test these ideas, we assessed changes in size and structure of the repetitive region of the IGS, juvenile growth rate (JGR), RNA and phosphorus (P) contents in clonal lineages of Daphnia pulex derived from a single female and subjected to divergent selection on weight-specific fecundity (WSF). As a result of selection, WSF diverged rapidly, with significant reductions within two generations. Other significant changes accompanying shifts in WSF were that juveniles produced by low-WSF females grew more rapidly and had higher RNA and P contents. An increased predominance of long IGS variants was observed in lineages with elevated JGRs and low WSF. The observed variations in IGS length were related to the number of subrepeat units carrying a promoter sequence in the repetitive region. These results strongly support the hypothesized relationships, indicate a genetic mechanism for the evolution of such associations and demonstrate that Daphnia (and perhaps other parthenogens) possess considerable potential for rapid adaptive change in major life-history traits. Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1501, USA. elenag@system.ecology.su.se Gorokhova Elena E Dowling Thomas E TE Weider Lawrence J LJ Crease Teresa J TJ Elser James J JJ eng GENBANK AF456327 AF456328 Journal Article

England Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 7505889 0 DNA, Ribosomal Spacer 0 RNA, Ribosomal 7723-14-0 Phosphorus IM Adaptation, Physiological Animals DNA, Ribosomal Spacer genetics Daphnia genetics growth & development physiology Ecosystem Evolution Female Genotype Life Cycle Stages Molecular Sequence Data Phosphorus metabolism RNA, Ribosomal genetics metabolism Selection (Genetics) Sequence Analysis, DNA Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Variation (Genetics) 12503760 2002 12 30 2003 04 02 2003 11 14

0730-7268 22 1 2003 Jan Toxicity of aqueous and sediment-associated fluoride to freshwater organisms. 161-6 Inorganic fluorides were declared toxic under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act in 1993 based on their potential to cause long-term harmful effects in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, but information on the toxicity of sediment-associated fluoride to freshwater benthic organisms was considered incomplete. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxicity of aqueous and sediment-associated fluoride to several species of freshwater organisms and to determine if toxic effects could be expected under environmentally realistic exposures. Toxicity of fluoride (as NaF) in short-term (48-96-h) lethality tests was greatest for the amphipod Hyalella azteca (median lethal concentration [LC50] = 14.6 mg F-/L), followed by the mayfly Hexagenia limbata (32.3), the midge Chironomus tentans (124.1), the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas (262.4), and the cladoceran Daphnia magna (282.8). Relative toxicity in long-term (10-28-d) growth and survival tests in spiked sediment was similar. Hyalella azteca was the most sensitive species for growth (25% inhibitory concentration [IC25] = 290.2 microg F-/g), followed by C. tentans (661.4), H. limbata (1,221.3), and P. promelas (>5,600); H. azteca was also the most sensitive species for survival (LC50 = 1,114.6 microg F-/g), followed by H. limbata (1,652.2) and P. promelas and C. tentans (>5,600 for both). Concentrations of fluoride measured in sediments near some industrial point sources exceed some of these toxicity thresholds. Fluoride is highly mobile in aquatic systems and could potentially reach toxic levels in the water column during dredging to remove fluoride-contaminated sediment. Aquatic Ecosystem Impacts Research Branch, National Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 5050, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada. janice.smith@ec.gc.ca Metcalfe-Smith Janice L JL Holtze Keith E KE Sirota Gary R GR Reid James J JJ de Solla Shane R SR eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Fluorides 0 Water Pollutants IM Amphipoda Animals Chironomidae Cyprinidae Daphnia Fluorides toxicity Geologic Sediments chemistry Insects Lethal Dose 50 Water Pollutants toxicity 12520393 2003 01 09 2003 02 21 2003 11 14

0090-4341 44 2 2003 Feb The combined effects of hardness, pH, and dissolved organic carbon on the chronic toxicity of Zn to D. magna: development of a surface response model. 210-7 The effect of changes in pH, hardness, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the possible interactions among these parameters on the chronic toxicity of zinc to D. magna were investigated. Based on a Central Composite Design, models were developed that can explain the observed variation in EC(10) and EC(50) as a function of these toxicity modifying factors. All three parameters significantly altered the observed effect concentrations based on net reproductive rate. The largest differences in 21-day EC(10)s and EC(50)s caused by these factors were 10.1 and 4.9, respectively. An increase in pH and/or DOC decreased zinc toxicity. The significant interaction between pH and DOC on observed chronic Zn toxicity is in accordance with earlier reported increased sorption efficiency of Zn to humic substances at higher pH levels. Lowest Zn toxicity was observed in tests performed with moderately hard test media (between 200 and 300 mg/L as CaCO(3)). Lower or higher hardness of the test medium resulted in lower effect concentrations. Based on physico-chemical characteristics of the test media, developed models can be used to explain the variation between reported NOECs for Zn and may improve current environmental risk assessment procedures of metals. Laboratory for Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. dagobert.heijerick@euras.be Heijerick D G DG Janssen C R CR De Coen W M WM eng Journal Article

United States Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants 471-34-1 Calcium Carbonate 7440-44-0 Carbon 7440-66-6 Zinc 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals Calcium Carbonate Carbon Daphnia Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Risk Assessment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water chemistry Water Pollutants toxicity Zinc toxicity 12521140 2003 01 10 2003 04 21 2003 11 14

0963-9292 11 6 2002 Dec Statistical analysis of sediment toxicity by additive monotone regression splines. 435-50 Modeling nonlinearity and thresholds in dose-effect relations is a major challenge, particularly in noisy data sets. Here we show the utility of nonlinear regression with additive monotone regression splines. These splines lead almost automatically to the estimation of thresholds. We applied this novel method to explore the relation between the toxicity of aquatic sediments, as observed in bioassays with Daphnia magna, Chironomus riparius and Vibrio fischeri, and the degree of contamination of the sediments. Despite the low signal-to-noise ratio in the data, some interesting thresholds and (non)linear effects were found. The method has added value compared to the linear multivariate methods applied earlier to these data. Percentages of explained variance remained low, but could be doubled by diminishing the effect of local variability. Biometrics, Plant Research International, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands. w.j.deboer@plant.wag-ur.nl De Boer Waldo J WJ Besten Pieter J Den PJ Ter Braak Cajo F CF eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicology 9885956 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Chironomidae drug effects Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Data Interpretation, Statistical Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Geologic Sediments chemistry Nonlinear Dynamics Predictive Value of Tests Species Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vibrio drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12526821 2003 01 15 2003 07 16 2003 11 14

0168-3659 86 2-3 2003 Jan 17 Solid lipid microparticle formulations of the pyrethroid gamma-cyhalothrin-incompatibility of the lipid and the pyrethroid and biological properties of the formulations. 243-52 Pyrethroids such as gamma-cyhalothrin (GCH) are valuable insecticides that possess a high and unwanted toxicity towards aquatic organisms. The aim of the present study was to test the ability of the solid lipid nanoparticle technology to reduce the aquatic toxicity and concurrently retain the insecticidal activity of GCH. Applying the lipid Compritol) 888 ATO and homogenising the crude o/w emulsions of melted GCH and compritol at different pressures, 150-1500 bar, solid lipid microparticle formulations were produced having average particle diameters between 0.3 and 100 microm. GCH had limited solubility in the solid lipid phase and probably the lipid showed transition from the alpha to the beta' crystal form upon storage. This resulted in expulsion of GCH from the lipid and appearance of GCH crystals in the water phase of the formulations. By using as surfactant polyvinyl alcohol instead of a mixture of Synperonic PE/F68 and sodium lauryl sulphate the appearance of GCH crystals was delayed. This delay was probably due to the fact that the GCH solubility was significantly lower in aqueous polyvinyl alcohol solutions than in solutions of the above-mentioned surfactant mixture. Compared with a traditional emulsifiable concentrate formulation of GCH the solid lipid microparticle formulations reduced the toxicity towards fish (Brachydanio rerio) and daphnia (Daphnia magna) by a factor 10 and 63, respectively. The solid lipid microparticle formulations and the emulsifiable concentrate formulation had about the same insecticidal activity on both Dysdercus cingulatus nymphs and Spodoptera littoralis larvae. Surprisingly the particle size of the solid lipid microparticle formulations only affected the biological activity slightly. Department of Formulation Development, Cheminova A/S, P.O. Box 9, DK-7620 Lemvig, Denmark. Frederiksen Henrik K HK Kristensen Henning G HG Pedersen Morten M eng Journal Article

Netherlands J Control Release 8607908 0 Lipids 0 Pyrethrins 68085-85-8 cyhalothrin IM Animals Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Daphnia Lipids Microspheres Particle Size Pyrethrins chemistry pharmacology toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Zebrafish 12530180 2003 01 17 2003 03 03 2003 11 14

1519-6984 62 3 2002 Aug On the natural diet of Daphnia laevis in the eutrophic Pampulha reservoir (Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais). 445-52 The aim of this study was to assess the major food items ingested by adult specimens of Daphnia laevis within the eutrophic Pampulha reservoir in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The gut content was analyzed after addition of sodium hypochlorite and also through the examination of dissected guts under scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that Chlorophyceae was the main food item ingested, representing c. 80.5% of the total ingested food. Moreover, Eutetramorus fottii, Coelastrum pseudomicroporum and Oocystis lacustris, the dominant phytoplankton species within the reservoir, were the most frequent cells found in the gut contents. Euglenophyta also represented an important food item accounting for 15% of the ingested material, including mainly Trachelomonas volvocina and Euglena oxyuris, although less abundant in the reservoir (< 10% of total phytoplankton). Blue-green algae occurred at much lower percentages in the guts than in the phytoplankton. A small amount of undigested Microcystis aeruginosa colonies were also found in the gut content of D. laevis. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that, besides phytoplankton cells, a great amount of abiogenic material was also ingested. The amount of this inorganic material increased considerably in the tract (from 15% to 75% of the gut content), when a peak of D. laevis was observed in the reservoir. Our assumption is that the ingestion of this inorganic material can be a strategy used by D. laevis to obtain additional food supply. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Laboratório de Limnologia/Ecologia do Zooplâncton, ICB/Bl, 13/253, Av. Antônio Carlos, 2267, CEP 31270-901, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. eskinazi@mono.icb.ufmg.br Eskinazi-Sant'Anna E M EM Maia-Barbosa P M PM Barbosa F A R FA eng Journal Article

Brazil Braz J Biol 101129542 IM Animals Brazil Daphnia physiology Diet Eutrophication Feeding Behavior physiology Gastrointestinal Contents Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Phytoplankton Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 12530191 2003 01 17 2003 03 03 2003 11 14

1519-6984 62 3 2002 Aug Composition and abundance of zooplankton in the limnetic zone of seven reservoirs of the Paranapanema River, Brazil. 525-45 The species composition and abundance of the zooplankton community of seven reservoirs of the Paranapanema River, located between 22 degrees 37'-23 degrees 11'S and 48 degrees 55'-50 degrees 32'W, were analysed over four periods, in the year of 1979. The zooplankton community was composed of 76 species of Rotifera, 26 species of Cladocera and 7 species of Copepoda. For a large part of the period under study the Rotifera were dominant, followed by Copepoda. The Piraju and Salto Grande reservoirs, which occupy intermediate positions in the cascade of reservoirs, were richest in species, most of them belonging to Rotifera and Cladocera. In the reservoirs Rio Pari and Rio Novo, lateral to the cascade of reservoirs, a lower species richness was observed, although higher densities of organisms were found than in the other reservoirs located in the main river body. Different rotifer species occurred in succession, being abundant in different periods, with no defined pattern. Among the copepods, Thermocyclops decipiens predominated in the majority of the reservoirs. Ceriodaphnia cornuta was the most abundant cladoceran in the intermediate reservoirs of the cascade, and Daphnia gessneri, Bosminopsis deitersi and Moina minuta, in the reservoirs lateral to the cascade. The most frequent zooplankton species were Notodiaptomus conifer, Thermocyclops decipiens, Ceriodaphnia cornuta cornuta and C. cornuta rigaudi, Daphnia gessneri, Bosmina hagmanni, Keratella cochlearis and Polyarthra vulgaris. Some relationships were found between the trophic state of the reservoirs and the zooplankton community. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, C.P. 676, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil. cvsf3m@progressnet.com.br Sampaio E V EV Rocha O O Matsumura-Tundisi T T Tundisi J G JG eng Journal Article

Brazil Braz J Biol 101129542 IM Animals Brazil Cladocera classification Copepoda classification Ecosystem Fresh Water Phytoplankton Population Density Population Dynamics Rotifera classification Seasons Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Zooplankton classification 12531303 2003 01 17 2003 05 30 2003 11 14

0269-7491 122 2 2003 Surface metal adsorption on zooplankton carapaces: implications for exposure and effects in consumer organisms. 159-67 The current study aimed to determine the potential of two important aquatic invertebrate crustacean species, Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia, to adsorb cadmium on to their carapaces from aqueous solution. Using the Langmuir equation to model data outputs, it was shown that cadmium readily became associated with the carapace surfaces of both species, with uptake being dependent on exposure time and concentration. Maximum carapace-adsorption potential was found to be directly related to surface area, so that at predicted carapace saturation, D. magna neonates bound approximately five times more cadmium than the smaller C. dubia neonates. However, adsorption per unit surface area was found to be similar under the same exposure conditions. Results of surface metal adsorption studies in C. dubia suggested that short term exposures to high concentrations of aqueous cadmium would lead to similar levels of adsorption as obtained with long-term exposures to low concentrations. The study illustrates that contaminants adsorbed to prey surfaces may be an important mechanism of exposure to predators, and highlights some potential problems of feeding organisms during long-term toxicity tests. Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK. Robinson Karen A KA Baird Donald J DJ Wrona Fred J FJ eng Journal Article

England Environ Pollut 8804476 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Adsorption Animals Body Constitution Cadmium pharmacokinetics toxicity Daphnia metabolism Environmental Exposure Food Chain Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Water Pollutants, Chemical pharmacokinetics Zooplankton metabolism 12531308 2003 01 17 2003 05 30 2003 11 14

0269-7491 122 2 2003 Toxicity to freshwater organisms from oils and oil spill chemical treatments in laboratory microcosms. 205-15 Toxicity and temporal changes in toxicity of freshwater-marsh-microcosms containing South Louisiana Crude (SLC) or diesel fuel and treated with a cleaner or dispersant, were investigated using Chironomus tentans, Daphnia pulex, and Oryzias latipes. Bioassays used microcosm water (for D. pulex and O. latipes) or soil slurry (for C. tentans) taken 1,7, 31, and 186 days after treatment. SLC was less toxic than diesel, chemical additives enhanced oil toxicity, the dispersant was more toxic than the cleaner, and toxicities were greatly reduced by day 186. Toxicities were higher in the bioassay with the benthic species than in those with the two water-column species. A separate experiment showed that C. tentans' sensitivity was intermediate to that of Tubifex tubifex and Hyallela azteca. Freshwater organisms, especially benthic invertebrates, thus appear seriously effected by oil under the worst-case-scenario of our microcosms. Moreover, the cleaner and dispersant tested were poor response options under those conditions. Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, PO Box 42451, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA. Bhattacharyya S S Klerks P L PL Nyman J A JA eng Journal Article

England Environ Pollut 8804476 0 Detergents IM Analysis of Variance Animals Detergents toxicity Fresh Water chemistry Fuel Oils toxicity Louisiana Plankton drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Toxicity Tests Water Pollution, Chemical adverse effects 12531309 2003 01 17 2003 05 30 2003 11 14

0269-7491 122 2 2003 Deriving freshwater quality criteria for 2,4-dichlorophenol for protection of aquatic life in China. 217-22 Freshwater quality criteria for 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) were developed with particular reference to the aquatic biota in China, and based on USEPA's guidelines. Acute toxicity tests were performed on nine different domestic species indigenous to China to determine 48-h LC50 and 96-h LC50 values for 2,4-DCP. In addition, 21 day survival-reproduction tests with Daphnia magna, 30-day embryo-larval tests with Carassius auratus, 60 day fry-juvenile test with Ctenopharyngodon idellus, 30 d early life stage tests with Bufo bufo gargarizans and 96 h growth inhibition tests with Scenedesms obliqaus were conducted, to estimate lower chronic limit (LCL) and upper chronic limit (UCL) values. The final acute value (FAV) was 2.49 mg/l 2,4-DCP. Acute-to-chronic ratios (ACR) ranged from 3.74 to 22.5. The final chronic value (FCV) and the final plant value (FPV) of 2.4-DCP were 0.212 mg/l and 7.07 mg/l respectively. Based on FAV, FCV, and FPV, a criteria maximum concentration (CMC) of 1.25 mg/l and a criterion continuous concentration (CCC) of 0.212 mg/l were derived. The results of this study provide useful data for deriving national or local water quality criteria for 2,4-DCP based on aquatic biota in China. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China. yindq@nju.edu.cn Yin Daqiang D Jin Hongjun H Yu Lingwei L Hu Shuangqing S eng Journal Article

England Environ Pollut 8804476 0 Chlorophenols 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 120-83-2 2,4-dichlorophenol IM Animals Bufonidae China Chlorophenols Daphnia Ecosystem Fishes Fresh Water Maximum Allowable Concentration Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical Water Purification 12535096 2003 01 21 2003 07 25 2003 11 14

0962-1083 12 2 2003 Feb Glacial refugia, haplotype distributions, and clonal richness of the Daphnia pulex complex in arctic Canada. 463-73 As part of a large international Arctic biodiversity expedition (Tundra Northwest '99), we examined the distribution of members of the arctic Daphnia pulex complex (Cladocera, Anomopoda) from 121 tundra ponds, spread across 16 sites spanning a large portion of arctic Canada (i.e. from 62 degrees 22' N to 79 degrees 01' N; 66 degrees 45' W to 139 degrees 37' W). Using allozyme electrophoresis and mitochondrial (mt)DNA analyses, we examined the population genetic (clonal) structure of these populations. The following taxa were detected in this complex: Daphnia pulicaria, D. middendorffiana and D. tenebrosa. Clear geographical differences in mean clonal richness and diversity were observed, with most western sites exhibiting higher clonal richness and diversity, than sites in the eastern Canadian Arctic. For both the pulicaria group (i.e. D. pulicaria and D. middendorffiana) and D. tenebrosa, the highest mean regional clonal richness was detected from the southern section of Banks Island, an unglaciated site situated on the edge or directly in the eastern fringe of the Beringian glacial refuge. A significant negative correlation was found between geographical distance from the Beringian edge, and overall regional clonal richness (i.e. sites closer to the edge harboured greater clonal richness). These results clearly indicate that more recently deglaciated regions (i.e. eastern Canadian Arctic) harbour lower levels of clonal richness than western regions nearer Beringia. We discuss the role that glacial refugia have played in influencing both biotic and genetic diversity in arctic taxa. University of Oklahoma Biological Station, HC-71, Box 205 Kingston, OK 73439, US, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Bergen, Norway. ljweider@ou.edu Weider L J LJ Hobaek A A eng Journal Article

England Mol Ecol 9214478 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 0 Isoenzymes IM Alleles Animals Arctic Regions Canada DNA, Mitochondrial Daphnia physiology Haplotypes genetics Isoenzymes genetics Phylogeny Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) 12539143 2003 01 22 2003 05 06 2003 11 14

1520-4081 18 1 2003 Feb Tannery wastewater characterization and toxicity effects on Daphnia spp. 45-51 Tannery wastewater contains large quantities of organic and inorganic compounds, including toxic substances such as sulfides and chromium salts. The evaluation of wastewater quality in Chile nowadays is based on chemical specific measurements and toxicity tests. The goal of this research was to characterize tannery wastewater and to relate its physical/chemical parameters with its acute toxicity effect on Daphnia pulex. To distinguish the most important toxic compounds, physical/chemical techniques were applied to a grab sample of a final effluent based on the Phase I toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedure. In addition, the toxicity of a beamhouse effluent after an activated sludge reactor treatment was investigated on Daphnia magna (introduced species) and D. pulex (native species). Effluent from different tannery processes (soaking, beamhouse, tanning and final) demonstrated high values of chemical organic demand (COD; 2840-27,600 mg L(-1)), chloride (1813-16,500 mg L(-1)), sulfate (230-35,200 mg L(-1)), and total solids (8600-87,100 mg L(-1)). All effluents showed extremely toxic effects on D. pulex, with 24-h mean lethal values (LC(50)) ranging from 0.36% to 3.61%. The Phase I TIE profile showed that toxicity was significantly reduced by air stripping, filtration, and a cationic exchange resin, with toxicity reductions ranging between 46% and 76%. The aerobically treated beamhouse effluent showed significantly less toxicity for both species (43%-74%). The chemical parameters demonstrated that the remaining toxicity of the treated beamhouse effluent was associated with its ammonia (120 mg N-NH(3) L(-1)) and chloride (11,300 mg Cl(-) L(-1)) contents. Copyright 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environmental Science Centre EULA-Chile, University of Concepción, PO Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile. Cooman K K Gajardo M M Nieto J J Bornhardt C C Vidal G G eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 0 Chromium Compounds 0 Industrial Waste 0 Sulfides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7664-41-7 Ammonia IM Ammonia Animals Chromium Compounds toxicity Clothing Daphnia Industrial Waste adverse effects Lethal Dose 50 Sulfides toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical adverse effects 12545365 2003 01 24 2003 04 29 2003 11 14

0007-4861 70 2 2003 Feb Effects of 4-nonylphenol on sexual maturation in Daphnia magna. 315-21 College of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, The University of Louisiana at Monroe, LA 71209-0470, USA. Gibble R R Baer K N KN eng Journal Article

United States Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Phenols 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 104-40-5 4-nonylphenol IM Animals Daphnia growth & development Female Male Phenols adverse effects Sex Maturation drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical adverse effects 12547634 2003 01 27 2003 05 13 2003 11 14

0147-6513 54 1 2003 Jan Use of atropine-treated Daphnia magna survival for detection of environmental contamination by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. 43-6 The toxicity of cholinesterase-inhibiting compounds (e.g., carbamates and organophosphates) is due to a decrease in acetylcholine metabolism, which results in a continuous stimulation of cholinergic receptors (muscarinic and nicotinic) that can be fatal. The goal of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of atropine (muscarinic receptor antagonist) against paraoxon-induced toxicity to Daphnia magna using its survival rate for the detection of environmental contamination by cholinesterase-inhibiting compounds. As expected, paraoxon was lethal to D. magna in a concentration-dependent manner. Noteworthy, the pretreatment of these organisms with atropine dramatically increased their survival against paraoxon. These results indicate that muscarinic stimulation plays an important role in paraoxon-induced lethality in D. magna. Therefore, simply by using the survival of atropine-treated and nontreated D. magna, water contamination by cholinesterase-inhibiting compounds may be rapidly and specifically detected. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science (USA) ICETA/CEQUP, Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, 164, 4050-047 Porto, Portugal. felixdc@ff.up.pt Carvalho Félix Dias FD Machado Inês I Martínez M Sánchez MS Soares Amadeu A Guilhermino Lúcia L eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Biological Markers 0 Cholinesterase Inhibitors 0 Muscarinic Antagonists 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 311-45-5 Paraoxon 51-55-8 Atropine IM Animals Atropine pharmacology Biological Markers analysis Cholinesterase Inhibitors adverse effects Daphnia Muscarinic Antagonists pharmacology Paraoxon adverse effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Survival Water Pollutants, Chemical adverse effects 12547640 2003 01 27 2003 05 13 2003 11 14

0147-6513 54 1 2003 Jan Evaluation of an in vitro hsp70 induction test for toxicity assessment of complex mixtures: comparison with chemical analyses and ecotoxicity tests. 92-104 The aim of this study was to assess the potential of a human cell line containing the hsp70 promoter linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene in evaluating the toxic potential of complex mixtures. Cells were exposed to eluates of industrial wastes and the cellular responses were compared with the metal contents of the samples and with standardized aquatic (microalgal growth inhibition, daphnia Immobilization, bacterial luminescence inhibition, Ceriodaphnia dubia reproduction inhibition) and terrestrial (earthworm lethality, plant growth inhibition) tests. The hsp70 promoter was significantly induced by 11 of 14 samples, with different dose-response patterns. Significant correlations of in vitro induction potency with aquatic ecotoxicity, especially with chronic tests, and with the metal contents of the samples were observed. Our study provides new information on the relevance of hsp70 gene induction as a criterion of toxicity and suggests its usefulness for the detection of toxicity associated with metallic pollution in complex mixtures. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science (USA) Ecotoxicological Risks Assessment Unit, INERIS, BP2, F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France. selim.ait-aissa@ineris.fr Aït-Aïssa Sélim S Pandard Pascal P Magaud Hélène H Arrigo André-Patrick AP Thybaud Eric E Porcher Jean-Marc JM eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Heat-Shock Proteins 70 0 Industrial Waste EC 2.3.1.28 Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase IM Algae Animals Bacteria Cell Culture Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase biosynthesis genetics Comparative Study Daphnia Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Drug Interactions Genes, Reporter Heat-Shock Proteins 70 biosynthesis Hela Cells Human Industrial Waste adverse effects Luminescence Models, Theoretical Oligochaeta Plants growth & development Promoter Regions (Genetics) Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests 12560171 2003 01 31 2003 03 27 2003 11 14

0166-445X 62 3 2003 Feb 12 Impact of perfluorooctanoic acid on the structure of the zooplankton community in indoor microcosms. 227-34 There is presently, a substantial amount of information being gathered concerning the environmental risk associated with the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) compound. The aim of this paper was to determine a 35 day community no observable effect concentration (NOEC(community)) or lowest observable effect concentration (LOEC) for freshwater zooplankton exposed to PFOA during a study in 30 l indoor aquatic microcosms. Some significant (P < 0.01) temporal fluctuations in zooplankton abundance were observed, however, a NOEC(community) could not be calculated. LOEC for various species varied between 10 and 70 mg l(-1). According to LOEC values, the tentative order of descriptors sensitivity was as follows: Daphnia magna > richness > or = Cyclops canthocamptus staphylinus > Cyclops diaptomus>total zooplankton > or = Rotifera sp. The long term ecological significance of these temporal fluctuations could not be determined in this study, however, the overall study cessation analysis showed that the structure of the ecosystem was changed from a more diverse community dominated by larger species towards a less diverse community dominated by smaller more and robust species (P < 0.05). Additional chronic toxicity testing should also be addressed since these compounds are so persistent and recalcitrant. Department of Environment, Technology & Social Studies, University of Roskilde, PO-Box 260, DK 4000 Roskilde, Denmark. hanss@ruc.dk Sanderson Hans H Boudreau Timothy M TM Mabury Scott A SA Solomon Keith R KR eng Journal Article

Netherlands Aquat Toxicol 8500246 0 Fluorocarbons 0 Octanoic Acids 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 335-67-1 perfluorooctanoic acid IM Animals Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Ecosystem Fluorocarbons toxicity No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Octanoic Acids toxicity Population Dynamics Risk Assessment Species Specificity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Zooplankton drug effects growth & development 12568464 2003 02 05 2003 04 04 2003 11 14

0147-6513 53 2 2002 Oct Acute toxicity of drainage ditch water from a Washington State cranberry-growing region to Daphnia pulex in laboratory bioassays. 273-80 High concentrations of organophosphorous insecticides resulting from cranberry bog applications were detected in the Grayland Drainage Ditch (GDD) system in Grayland, Washington State, during the 1994-1996 Washington State Department of Ecology Pesticide Monitoring Program. This drainage ditch system drains cranberry bogs and enters the Pacific Ocean via the North Cove and Supon Inlet. Concerns about the impact of these pesticides on human and environmental health led to this investigation of the potential impact on an indicator species, Daphnia pulex. To determine the toxic effects of multiple pesticides entering the GDD, standardized laboratory toxicity tests with D. pulex were conducted concurrently with the Washington State Department of Ecology pesticide sampling. Concentrations of three insecticides, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and azinphosmethyl, were the highest ever detected in state waters. The GDD water was found to cause acute toxicity in 33% of the laboratory bioassays conducted. Regression analysis, however, detected a poor correlation between total insecticide detected and percentage mortality of D. pulex at the two drainage ditch sites studied, Grays Harbor County site and the Pacific County site. However, the relationship between mortality of D. pulex and detected concentrations of diazinon and chlorpyrifos were significant. Sampling schedules for chemical analysis and bioassay testing appear to be the primary reason that statistical analysis failed to correlate mortality with detected OP pesticide concentrations. Grab samples used in toxicity testing may over- or underestimate actual concentrations of contaminants present in the system being studied. Ecotoxicology Program, Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 7612 Pioneer Way East, Puyallup, Washington 98371, USA. Wood Barbara B Stark John D JD eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Industrial Waste 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 0 Pesticide Synergists 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos 333-41-5 Diazinon 86-50-0 Azinphosmethyl IM Acute Toxicity Tests methods Agriculture Animals Azinphosmethyl toxicity Chlorpyrifos toxicity Daphnia drug effects Diazinon toxicity Environmental Monitoring Industrial Waste Insecticides, Organothiophosphate toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Pesticide Synergists Vaccinium macrocarpon Washington Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12568802 2003 02 05 2003 10 16 2003 11 14

1096-4959 134 2 2003 Feb The process of hypoxic induction of Daphnia magna hemoglobin: subunit composition and functional properties. 243-52 The process of oxygen-dependent hemoglobin induction in Daphnia magna was studied over an 11-day period of hypoxia (ambient oxygen partial pressure: 3 kPa). Along with the increase of hemoglobin concentration in the hemolymph, hemoglobin became the dominant protein fraction in gel filtration experiments using extracts of whole animals. The size of the native aggregates was constant. However, subunit composition depended on the duration of hypoxia: the pattern of predominantly expressed subunits under hypoxia deviated from that of normoxic individuals. The varying degree of hypoxic induction for different hemoglobin subunits was confirmed by autoradiography. Along with changes in hemoglobin subunit composition, oxygen affinity of the respiratory protein increased. The dynamics of the hemoglobin induction process was analysed. Newly synthesized hemoglobin can be detected within 18 h after the onset of hypoxia. A marked increase in hemoglobin concentration is evident from the third day of hypoxia, and a steady state of hemoglobin concentration is reached within 11 days. The changes of hemoglobin subunit expression in response to hypoxia form the structural basis for the observed adjustments of hemoglobin function leading to enhanced oxygen transport at low ambient oxygen concentrations. Institut für Zoophysiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Hindenburgplatz 55, 48143 Münster, Germany. zeis@uni-muenster.de Zeis Bettina B Becher Bertram B Lamkemeyer Tobias T Rolf Silke S Pirow Ralph R Paul Rüdiger Jörg RJ eng Journal Article

England Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 9516061 0 Hemoglobins 0 Protein Subunits 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Anoxia metabolism Daphnia chemistry metabolism Hemoglobins chemistry metabolism Hemolymph chemistry Isoelectric Focusing Oxygen physiology Protein Structure, Quaternary Protein Subunits analysis chemistry Up-Regulation 12568563 2003 02 05 2003 03 24 2003 11 14

0021-8561 51 4 2003 Feb 12 Environmental effects caused by olive mill wastewaters: toxicity comparison of low-molecular-weight phenol components. 1005-9 Olive oil mill wastewaters (OMWs) show significant polluting properties due to their content of organic substances, and because of their high toxicity toward several biological systems. Wastewaters' toxicity has been attributed to their phenolic constituents. A chemical study of wastewaters from a Ligurian oil mill characterized phenolic products such as 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol), derivatives of benzoic acid, phenylacetic acid, phenylethanol, and cinnamic acid. The OMWs were fractioned by ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis techniques and tested for toxicity on aquatic organisms from different trophic levels: the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (formerly known as Selenastrum capricornutum); the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus; and two crustaceans, the cladoceran Daphnia magna and the anostracan Thamnocephalus platyurus. The fraction most toxic to the test organisms was that from reverse osmosis containing compounds of low molecular weight (<350 Da), and this was especially due to the presence of catechol and hydroxytyrosol, the most abundant components of the fraction. Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy. Fiorentino Antonio A Gentili Alessandra A Isidori Marina M Monaco Pietro P Nardelli Angela A Parrella Alfredo A Temussi Fabio F eng Journal Article

United States J Agric Food Chem 0374755 0 Industrial Waste 0 Phenols 0 Plant Oils 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 8001-25-0 olive oil IM Algae drug effects Animals Crustacea drug effects Industrial Waste adverse effects analysis Italy Molecular Weight Phenols chemistry toxicity Plant Oils Rotifera Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Ultrafiltration Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12572607 2003 02 07 2003 03 06 2003 11 14

0737-4038 15 11 1998 Nov The origin and evolution of variable-region helices in V4 and V7 of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA of branchiopod crustaceans. 1430-46 We sequenced the V4 and V7 regions of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) from 38 species of branchiopod crustaceans (e.g., Artemia, Daphnia, Triops) representing all eight extant orders. Ancestral large-bodied taxa in the orders Anostraca, Notostraca, Laevicaudata, and Spinicaudata (limnadiids and cyzicids) possess the typical secondary structure in these regions, whereas the spinicaudatan Cyclestheria and all of the cladocerans (Anomopoda, Ctenopoda, Onychopoda, and Haplopoda) possess three unique helices. Although the lengths and primary sequences of the distal ends of these helices are extremely variable, their locations, secondary structures, and primary sequences at the proximal end are conserved, indicating that they are homologous. This evidence supports the classical view that Cladocera is a monophyletic group and that the cyclestheriids are transitional between spinicaudatans and cladocerans. The single origin and persistence since the Permian of the unique cladoceran helices suggests that births and deaths of variable region helices have been rare. The broad range of sequence divergences observed among the cladoceran helices permitted us to make inferences about their evolution. Although their proximal ends are very GC-biased, there is a significant negative correlation between length and GC content due to an increasing proportion of U at their distal ends. Slippage-like processes occurring at unpaired nucleotides or bulges, which are very U-biased, are associated with both helix origin and runaway length expansion. The overall GC contents and lengths of V4 and V7 are highly correlated. More surprisingly, the lengths of these SSU rRNA variable regions are also highly correlated with the length of the large-subunit rRNA expansion segment, D2, indicating that mechanisms affecting length variation do so both across single genes and across genes in the rRNA gene family. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. tcrease@uoguelph.ca Crease T J TJ Taylor D J DJ eng GENBANK AF070093 AF070094 AF070095 AF070096 AF070097 AF070098 AF070099 AF070100 AF070101 AF070102 AF070103 AF070104 AF070105 AF070106 AF070107 AF070108 AF070109 AF070110 AF070111 AF070112 AF070113 AF070114 AF070115 AF070116 AF070117 AF070118 AF070119 AF070120 AF070121 AF070122 AF070123 AF070124 AF070486 AF070487 AF070488 AF070489 AF070490 AF070491 AF070492 AF070493 AF070494 AF070495 AF070496 AF070497 AF070498 AF070499 AF070500 AF070501 AF070502 AF070503 AF070504 AF070505 AF070506 AF070507 AF070508 AF070509 AF070510 AF070511 AF070512 AF070513 AF070514 AF070515 AF070516 AF070517 AF070518 AF070519 Journal Article

United States Mol Biol Evol 8501455 0 RNA, Ribosomal IM Animals Anostraca genetics Artemia genetics Base Composition Base Sequence Comparative Study Crustacea genetics Daphnia genetics Evolution, Molecular GC Rich Sequence genetics Molecular Sequence Data Nucleic Acid Conformation Phylogeny RNA, Ribosomal chemistry genetics Sequence Alignment Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid Species Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) genetics 12580412 2003 02 12 2003 08 22 2003 11 14

0065-2598 510 2003 The contribution of hemoglobin to oxygen transport in the microcrustacean Daphnia magna. A conceptual approach. 101-7 Institute for Zoophysiology, University of Muenster, Hindenburgplatz 55, D-48143 Muenster, Germany. pirow@uni-muenster.de Pirow Ralph R eng Journal Article

United States Adv Exp Med Biol 0121103 0 Hemoglobins 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Daphnia physiology Diffusion Hemoglobins metabolism Kinetics Models, Biological Oxygen metabolism Oxygen Consumption 12588736 2003 02 17 2003 08 29 2003 11 14

0379-864X 28 2 2003 Feb Inducible defences in Daphnia depend on latent alarm signals from conspecific prey activated in predators. 141-53 Some water fleas (Daphnia spp.) undergo phenotypic changes when exposed to chemical signals from predators. The chemical signals have been assumed to be of predator origin (i.e. kairomones), since juices of crushed Daphnia have been found ineffective. We speculated that latent alarm signals could be present in Daphnia, to be activated in predators following ingestion. Accordingly, fish predators were fed earthworms for 10 weeks to remove Daphnia remains from their gastro-intestinal tracts. Following another 6 days of earthworm feeding, water conditioned by fish induced no morphological changes in D. galeata. When fish were alternatively fed Daphnia for 6 days, changes were induced with fish-conditioned water. Extracts made from intestines of earthworm-fed fish, homogenized with earthworms, gave no morphological changes, but intestines of the same origin homogenized with Daphnia did. Similar results were found when earthworms and Daphnia were homogenized with fish liver. Freshly frozen extracts of homogenized Daphnia gave no detectable changes at first instar stage in test animals, whereas extracts of Daphnia that had been kept at room temperature did induce such changes. Our results suggest that Daphnia respond to latent conspecific alarm signals (i.e. 'dormant' pheromones) that are activated by intestinal or bacterial enzymes in predators or in the water. Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Agder University College, Kristiansand, Norway. ole.b.stabell@hia.no Stabell Ole B OB Ogbebo Fortune F Primicerio Raul R eng Journal Article

England Chem Senses 8217190 0 Invertebrate Hormones IM Aggression physiology Animals Carps Cichlids Daphnia anatomy & histology physiology Digestion physiology Fishes physiology Human Invertebrate Hormones physiology Liver physiology Odors Oligochaeta Phenotype Predatory Behavior physiology Signal Transduction physiology Smegmamorpha 12596518 2003 02 24 2003 03 17 2003 11 14

0869-2092 65 5 2002 Sep-Oct [Pharmacological analysis of the pathogenesis of acute poisoning with the synthetic pyrethroid cypermethrin using the hydrobiont Daphnia magna Straus] 56-7 The results of pharmacological analysis are presented which provide information on the pathogenesis of acute cypermethrin poisoning that involves disturbances in various systems of the organism. These include changes in the system of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) and violation of the free radical generation processes, Na + channel functioning, cholinergic transmission, etc. The screening of drugs belonging to various pharmacological groups influencing the toxicity of pyrethroids (EAA receptor antagonists, antioxidants, Na + channel blockers, M-cholinoreceptor blockers) revealed promising agents for the treatment of cypermethrin poisoning. Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratories, Institute of Toxicology, ul. Bekhtereva 1, St. Petersburg, 193019 Russia. Podosinovikova N P NP Solov'eva N E NE Mukovskiĭ L A LA Petrov V V VV Matveev B B BB Dolgo-Saburov V B VB rus Journal Article Farmakologicheskiĭ analiz mekhanizmov patogeneza ostrogo otravleniia sinteticheskim piretroidom tsipermetrinom s ispol'zovaniem gidrobiontov Daphnia magna Straus.

Russia Eksp Klin Farmakol 9215981 0 Insecticides, Botanical 0 Pyrethrins 52315-07-8 cypermethrin IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Drug Evaluation, Preclinical English Abstract Insecticides, Botanical poisoning Poisoning etiology prevention & control Pyrethrins poisoning 12605915 2003 02 27 2003 06 24 2003 11 14

0160-4120 28 8 2003 Mar An assessment of the toxicity of pyridinium chlorides and their biodegradation intermediates. 687-90 Toxicity investigations were conducted for four pyridinium chlorides belonging to cationic surface-active substances (CSAS), which differed from each other in the numbers of methyl groups (CH(3)) in pyridinium ring.The crustacean Daphnia magna, the fish Lebistes reticulatus and the alga Scenedesmus quadricauda were chosen as biotests. Toxicity of examined preparations appeared to be very high but did not depend on their chemical structure. S. quadricauda was the most sensitive organism. Toxicity of intermediate products obtained in biological oxidation process was also examined. Biodegradation was conducted according to the "river water test". It was found that only partial degradation took place while pyridinium chlorides constituted main energy and carbon source. Presence of biodegradation intermediate products was shown on the basis of 1H NMR analysis. Intermediates were not toxic to any biotests. Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2, PL-44-101, Gliwice, Poland. Grabińska-Sota Elzbieta E Kalka Joanna J eng Journal Article

United States Environ Int 7807270 0 Pyridinium Compounds 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae, Green Animals Biodegradation Daphnia Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Poecilia Pyridinium Compounds metabolism toxicity Surface-Active Agents metabolism toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity 12605925 2003 02 27 2003 06 24 2003 11 14

0160-4120 28 8 2003 Mar Toxicity of copper in sewage sludge. 761-9 Sewage sludge is a source of organic matter and nutrients, but a major obstacle for its recycling is that the municipal wastewater sludge has low but significant levels of contaminants. This investigation, on the acute toxicity of copper in sewage sludge, was conducted with three organisms, Daphnia magna, Lemna minor and Raphanus sativus (seeds). The toxicity of the leakage water from sewage sludge spiked with CuSO(4) was studied for 64 days. The toxicity increased during the first 8-16 days and then started to decrease. The first increase in toxicity was due to ammonia, but after 32 days, a dose-related effect of copper was found. After 64 days, L. minor had an EC50 of 3800 mg Cu/kg dw for 7 days growth inhibition, a LOEC of 3200 mg Cu/kg dw and a NOEC of 1600 mg Cu/kg dw. D. magna had an EC50 of 18100 mg Cu/kg dw (24-h immobility) and a NOEC of 12800 mg Cu/kg dw. Root elongation of R. sativus was reduced at 25600 mg Cu/kg dw. Both for Daphnia and Lemna, the pH of the leakage water had an effect of the toxicity. This means that chemical speciation and bioavailability is very important for the hazard assessment of copper in sludge and soil. Department of Applied Environmental Science, Göteborg University, Box 464, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. bengt.fjallborg@miljio.gu.se Fjällborg B B Dave G G eng Journal Article

United States Environ Int 7807270 0 Water Pollutants 7440-50-8 Copper IM Animals Araceae Biological Availability Copper pharmacokinetics toxicity Daphnia Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lethal Dose 50 No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Raphanus Risk Assessment Seeds Sewage chemistry Water Pollutants pharmacokinetics toxicity 12605929 2003 02 27 2003 06 24 2003 11 14

0160-4120 28 8 2003 Mar Environmental risk assessment of metals: tools for incorporating bioavailability. 793-800 In this paper, some of the main processes and parameters which affect metal bioavailability and toxicity in the aquatic environment and its implications for metal risk assessment procedures will be discussed. It has become clear that, besides chemical processes (speciation, complexation), attention should also be given to physiological aspects for predicting metal toxicity. The development of biotic ligand models (BLMs), which combine speciation models with more biologically oriented models (e.g. GSIM), has offered an answer to this need. The various BLMs which have been developed and/or refined for a number of metals (e.g. Cu, Ag, Zn) and species (algae, crustaceans, fish) are discussed here. Finally, the potential of the BLM approach is illustrated through a theoretical exercise in which chronic zinc toxicity to Daphnia magna is predicted in three regions, taking the physico-chemical characteristics of these areas into account. Laboratory for Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Janssen C R CR Heijerick D G DG De Schamphelaere K A C KA Allen H E HE eng Journal Article

United States Environ Int 7807270 0 Ligands 0 Metals, Heavy 0 Water Pollutants IM Algae Animals Biological Availability Crustacea Daphnia Fishes Forecasting Ligands Metals, Heavy adverse effects chemistry pharmacokinetics Models, Theoretical Risk Assessment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants adverse effects pharmacokinetics 12615419 2003 03 04 2003 04 10 2003 11 14

0166-445X 63 1 2003 Mar 17 Ecotoxicological study of Lithuanian and Estonian wastewaters: selection of the biotests, and correspondence between toxicity and chemical-based indices. 27-41 The toxicity of industrial and urban wastewater (WW) samples collected in Lithuania and Estonia was evaluated by using a suite of biological tests comprising the Algaltoxkit F with Selenastrum capricornutum, the Charatox with Nitellopsis obtusa, Daphtoxkit F with Daphnia magna, Thamnotoxkit F with Thamnocephalus platyurus, Protoxkit F with Tetrahymena thermophila and the Microtox with Vibrio fischeri. The Charatox and Thamnotoxkit F tests showed highest relative sensitivity, responding to 80-90% of samples, respectively, and both expressed good discrimination capacity between samples. Principal Component and pairwise correlation analysis allowed to select test-battery consisting of Charatox, Thamnotoxkit and Microtox. The WW toxicity was evaluated by means of cumulative indices such as average toxicity (AvTx) and two indices derived from the PEEP-index (Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 8 (1993) 115). In addition to these integrated evaluations of test-battery response, WW toxicity was evaluated according to the most sensitive test (MST) in the battery. The linear regression analysis between cumulative toxicity indices and chemical-based indices (derived from comparison of WW chemical concentrations and their respective maximum allowable concentration) revealed positive linear relationships (r(2)=0.7-0.8), while toxicity evaluation based on the MST was less positively related with chemical analysis data (r(2)=0.5-0.6). Although better coincidence between the toxicity and chemical-based assessments was achieved when information from all tests in the battery was assembled, the prediction of toxicity from chemical data was still limited. In search of suitable test-battery for the screening of certain type of WWs, a preliminary study comprising excessive suite of tests might be useful. Aquatic Toxicology Unit, Institute of Botany, Z. Ezeru 49, 2021 Vilnius, Lithuania. levonas@botanika.lt Manusadzianas L L Balkelyte L L Sadauskas K K Blinova I I Põllumaa L L Kahru A A eng Journal Article

Netherlands Aquat Toxicol 8500246 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae, Green drug effects growth & development Animals Anostraca drug effects growth & development Comparative Study Crustacea drug effects growth & development Daphnia drug effects growth & development Environmental Monitoring methods Estonia Lithuania Reproducibility of Results Sensitivity and Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Tetrahymena thermophila drug effects growth & development Toxicity Tests methods statistics & numerical data Vibrio drug effects growth & development Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Water Pollution, Chemical analysis Water Supply 12617555 2003 03 05 2003 07 10 2003 11 14

0360-1234 38 2 2003 Mar Acute toxicity assessment of azadirachtin-based pesticides using murine hybridoma and oyster cells. 169-80 In vitro acute toxicities of azadirachtin-containing pesticides (Neemix and Bioneem), formulated with neem tree extracts, and pure azadirachtin (AZA), the believed active ingredient, were studied using hybridoma and oyster cells and were compared to results obtained using the standard in vivo Daphnia pulex toxicity assay. Neem-based pesticides showed relatively high toxicity to both hybridoma and oyster cells at concentrations of 1 microg AZA/mL and higher. The IC50 values for hybridoma cells were 2.15 microg AZA/mL for Neemix and 1.67 pg AZA/mL for Bioneem. Oyster cells had IC50 values of 2.18 microg AZA/mL for Neemix and 9.46 pg AZA/mL for Bioneem. Purified AZA, however, did not appear to be as toxic as the formulations. D. pulex was also more sensitive to neem-based pesticide exposure than that of pure AZA. The applications and limits of these two in vitro models for testing the acute toxicity of AZA-based pesticides are discussed in comparison with the in vivo D. pulex test. Department of Food Science, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station and Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA. Goktepe I I Plhak L C LC eng Journal Article

United States J Environ Sci Health B 7607167 0 Insecticides, Botanical 0 Limonins 11141-17-6 azadirachtin IM Acute Toxicity Tests Animals Biological Assay Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Hybridomas drug effects Insecticides, Botanical toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Limonins toxicity Mice Oysters cytology drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 12627637 2003 03 11 2003 04 17 2003 11 14

0730-7268 22 3 2003 Mar Measuring the bioavailability of two hydrophobic organic compounds in the presence of dissolved organic matter. 518-24 Bioavailability of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) was studied in natural lake water containing dissolved organic matter (DOM). Lake water was diluted to give a dissolved organic carbon (DOC) range of 1 to 20 mg/L. Partition coefficients for the model compounds were assessed at different DOM concentrations and over time with three different methods, namely equilibrium dialysis and reverse-phase and liquid-liquid extraction. In addition, biological partition coefficients were estimated from the difference in the bioconcentration of the model compounds in Daphnia magna in the presence and absence of DOM. Results showed that bioavailability of the model compounds was reduced by the presence of DOM. The equilibrium dialysis method gave the best estimates for bioavailability of the model compounds when compared with biologically determined values. Both the reverse-phase and the liquid-liquid extraction overestimated the bioavailable fraction. The more pronounced overestimation of bioavailable fraction of TCB suggested that the sorption of TCB was not only lower but the interaction was also weaker than that of BaP. Increasing DOM concentration produced lower partition coefficients and the effect seemed to be more pronounced when measured by the reverse-phase and the extraction methods. Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland. jarkko.akkanen@joensuu.fi Akkanen Jarkko J Kukkonen Jussi V K JV eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Organic Chemicals 0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1415-93-6 Humic Acids 32598-13-3 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl 50-32-8 Benzo(a)pyrene IM Animals Benzo(a)pyrene chemistry pharmacokinetics Biological Availability Daphnia chemistry Fresh Water chemistry Humic Acids chemistry Hydrophobicity Models, Biological Organic Chemicals chemistry Polychlorinated Biphenyls chemistry pharmacokinetics Solubility Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical pharmacokinetics 12627639 2003 03 11 2003 04 17 2003 11 14

0730-7268 22 3 2003 Mar Identification of phototransformation products of prednisone by sunlight: toxicity of the drug and its derivatives on aquatic organisms. 534-9 Solar simulator irradiation of an aqueous suspension of prednisone, a widely prescribed drug, produces seven photochemical derivatives. The compounds have been identified on the basis of their physical features. All the chemicals have been tested to evaluate their toxic effects on freshwater organisms from different trophic levels. The rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and two crustaceans, the cladoceran Daphnia magna and the anostracan Thamnocephalus platyurus, were used to perform acute toxicity tests. Chronic toxicity tests have been performed on the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (formerly known as Selenastrum capricornutum) and the crustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia. The results showed low acute and chronic toxicity of prednisone. Some of the photoproducts had high toxic effects on C. dubia. Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Università Federico II, Via Cynthia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy. dellagre@unina.it DellaGreca Marina M Fiorentino Antonio A Iesce Maria Rosaria MR Isidori Marina M Nardelli Angela A Previtera Lucio L Temussi Fabio F eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 53-03-2 Prednisone IM Acute Toxicity Tests Algae drug effects Animals Crustacea drug effects Prednisone analogs & derivatives radiation effects toxicity Rotifera drug effects Sunlight Toxicity Tests, Chronic Water Pollutants, Chemical radiation effects toxicity 12651192 2003 03 24 2003 07 15 2003 11 14

0147-6513 54 3 2003 Mar Predicting petroleum phototoxicity. 355-65 Phototoxicity to Daphnia magna was studied on 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 22 petroleum products (ranging from diesel to crude oil). The phototoxicity ranking of pure PAHs was about the same as found in another study on fish gill cells in vitro (Toxicology 127 (1998) 143), suggesting that the relative acute phototoxicity does not differ significantly between different species. Most petroleum products were found to be phototoxic, although the results differ somewhat between test methods (preparation of water-accommodated fractions or petroleum ether dissolved oil slurries). The degree of phototoxicity of a sample is related to both the source and the refining process of the crude oil. The best chemical predictors found were the concentrations of eight phototoxic parent PAHs. An even simpler analytical technique suggested for initial screening would be direct measurements of "total PAH," where samples having more than 3% PAH should be studied further. Department of Applied Environmental Science, Göteborg University, Box 464, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden. ann-sofie.wernersson@miljo.gu.se Wernersson Ann-Sofie AS eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic IM Animals Daphnia Forecasting Lethal Dose 50 Models, Theoretical Petroleum toxicity Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 12656261 2003 03 26 2003 04 29 2003 11 14

0045-6535 50 3 2003 Jan Acute toxicity and quantitative structure-activity relationships of alpha-branched phenylsulfonyl acetates to Daphnia magna. 403-8 The acute toxicity (48 h-EC50, microM) of 20 alpha-substituted phenylsulfonyl acetates was measured using Daphnia magna with a static method. On the basis of physicochemical parameters (octanol/water partition coefficient logK(ow) and aqueous solubility logS(w)), the theoretical linear solvation energy relationships (TLSER) and Charge model descriptors, QSARs were calculated for the immobilization of D. magna. For the models with the physicochemical parameters logK(ow) and logS(w), the low squared correlation coefficients indicate that hydrophobicity plays a dominant role on the toxicity and hydrophobicity is not the only factor that influences the activity of the compounds. For the TLSER model and the Charge model, the great squared correlation coefficients suggest that the models have good predictive capability. The higher activity of the compounds can be explained with the disruption of van der Waals interactions between lipid and/or protein compounds within the membrane and the possibility of the compounds to form hydrogen bonds with the receptor molecules. The models may more completely illustrate the toxicity mechanisms. Institute of Environmental Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China. lxh065@yahoo.com Liu Xinhui X Wang Bin B Huang Zhi Z Han Shuokui S Wang Liansheng L eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Sulfones 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Sulfones toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12659004 2003 03 27 2003 05 05 2003 11 14

1519-6984 62 4A 2002 Nov Water mite predation on zooplankton of a tropical lake. 565-71 Water mite (Krendowskia sp.) predation on zooplanktonic species from Lake Monte Alegre (São Paulo State, Brazil) was tested in laboratory experiments. One cladoceran, Daphnia gessneri, two copepods, Tropocyclops prasinus and Thermocyclops decipiens, and Chaoborus larvae III and IV were supplied as prey to adult mites. The cladoceran Ceriodaphnia cornuta was used in the experiment with mite nymphs. Only D. gessneri was preyed on by mites, at an average rate of 7 ind./mite/day, at 23-24 degrees C. Although Chaoborus was not eaten by the predator in the experiment, in direct observations older larvae were seen to be seized by several mites, both predators and prey sinking to the bottom of the vessel. Adult Daphnia was grabbed by its dorsal side, swimming together with the mite. There was an increase in predatory activity two hours after sunset. Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, CEP 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Cassano C R CR Castilho-Noll M S M MS Arcifa M S MS eng Journal Article

Brazil Braz J Biol 101129542 IM Animals Crustacea Mites physiology Predatory Behavior physiology Seasons Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Zooplankton 12661597 2003 03 28 2003 04 29 2003 11 14

1474-905X 1 12 2002 Dec Photorepair activity and protective compounds in two freshwater zooplankton species (Daphnia menucoensis and Metacyclops mendocinus) from Patagonia, Argentina. 996-1000 The impact of ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280-315 nm) on the cladoceran Daphnia menucoensis Paggi and the copepod Metacyclops mendocinus (Wierzejski) was determined in experiments designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the photorepair mechanism and the role of UV-absorbing compounds. In both species UV-B caused significant mortality at doses of approximately 40 kJ m(- 2) or higher. At lower UV-B doses, however, no significant mortality was detected in M. mendocinus; moreover, this species seems to have a threshold below which no UV-B induced mortality is determined. D. menucoensis, on the other hand, was very sensitive to UV-B, and significant mortality of 15% (p < 0.05) was observed when doses were as low as 10 kJ m(-2). Both species showed high efficiency for photorepairing UV-B-induced damage to the DNA molecule, with a significant decrease of mortality when the species were exposed to visible radiation, PAR (55 W m(-2)), in addition to UV-B. The higher resistance of M. mendocinus to UV-B as compared to that of D. menucoensis might be also related to the presence of mycosporine-like amino acids, MAAs (i.e., shinorine and porphyra-334), and carotenoids, which would add an adaptive advantage to the copepod. Estación de Fotobiología Playa Unión, Casilla de Correo 153, 9100 Trelew, Chubut, Argentina. Gonçalves Rodrigo J RJ Villafañe Virginia E VE Helblingh E Walter EW eng Journal Article

England Photochem Photobiol Sci 101124451 0 Protective Agents IM Animals Argentina Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects growth & development radiation effects Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation Fresh Water Photobiology Protective Agents chemistry pharmacology Radiation Protection Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Ultraviolet Rays Zooplankton classification drug effects growth & development radiation effects 12663198 2003 03 28 2003 05 13 2003 11 14

0048-9697 304 1-3 2003 Mar 20 Effects of intensive fishing on the structure of zooplankton communities and mercury levels. 377-90 Following the impoundment of hydroelectric reservoirs, a small fraction of the mercury (Hg) in the flooded soils is transformed and released into the ecosystem. This causes an increase in the mercury level in the food chain, particularly in piscivorous fish, and represents a potential risk for human health. In 1998, Hydro-Québec carried out an intensive fishing campaign to examine the feasibility of using intensive fishing as a mitigation tool. The goal of this particular part of the project was to evaluate the impact of intensive fishing on the zooplanktonic communities' structure and mercury levels. Specifically, the effects of intensive fishing on: (1) total biomass and zooplankton size structure (>500, 200-500, 100-200 and 53-100 microm); (2) species composition; and (3) total mercury and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in zooplankton of different size fractions were studied. Although important decreases were observed in total zooplankton biomass or its size structure, it cannot be related to the intensive fishing. The results, however, show major changes in the dominance of macrozooplanktonic species in fished lakes as opposed to reference lakes. Similarly, in contrast to the reference lakes, mercury and MeHg concentrations in the four size fractions of the zooplanktonic communities changed from 1998 to 2000 in the fished lakes. The MeHg concentration increased from approximately 20 to 200 ng/gdw from the 53 to 500 microm mesh size fraction, showing a biomagnification in the food chain. The canonical correspondence analysis showed that lakes dominated by Holopedium gibberum presented higher concentrations of Hg and MeHg than lakes dominated by Daphnia spp. Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et en Environnement Aquatique, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128 Station Main, Montreal, Que., Canada H3C-3J7. massonst@megantic.net Masson Stéphane S Tremblay Alain A eng Journal Article

Netherlands Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Water Pollutants 7439-97-6 Mercury IM Animals Biomass Body Constitution Cladocera Daphnia Ecosystem Fisheries Food Contamination Great Lakes Region Mercury analysis pharmacokinetics Population Dynamics Power Plants Risk Assessment Water Pollutants analysis pharmacokinetics Water Supply Zooplankton 12677383 2003 04 04 2003 06 18 2003 11 14

0007-4861 70 4 2003 Apr Comparative study of the toxicity of molinate for freshwater organisms. 723-30 Department of Animal Biology (Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Valencia, Dr Moliner-50, 46100-E Burjassot, Valencia, Spain. Sancho E E Sanchez M M Ferrando M D MD Andreu-Moliner E E eng Journal Article

United States Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Azepines 0 Herbicides, Carbamate 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 2212-67-1 molinate IM Algae, Green Animals Azepines toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia Feeding Behavior drug effects Food Chain Herbicides, Carbamate toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12676482 2003 04 04 2003 05 07

0378-4274 140-141 2003 Apr 11 Ecotoxicological studies and risk assessment on the cyanide contamination in Tisza river. 333-42 As a result of the dam failure of January 30, 2000 in Rumania, water and a huge amount of sediment contaminated with cyanide and later heavy metals entered the Tisza river system. In order to determine the chronic consequences of the contamination, periphyton and sediment samples were collected from River Tisza and her tributaries over the next 2 years. After flooding periods, the sediment deposited in the foreshore was also sampled. Applying the ICP-AES analysis method, the amounts of major heavy metals in the periphyton and sediment samples were measured, and the related concentration factors were calculated. Attempts were also made to find a correlation with the toxicity data. Ecotoxicological analyses were performed on the sediment using the following test techniques: Daphnia test, static fish test, alga test (chlorophyll content measurements), seedling test (Sinapis) and Lemna test (increase in mass and measurements on the chlorophyll concentration). Examinations on the chronic effects of heavy metals deposited in the periphyton and sediment can be regarded as an important factor in assessing ecological-conservational disasters and in carrying out biomonitoring activities in the future. Department of Applied Ecology, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 22, H-4010, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, Hungary.lakgyu@delfin.klte.hu Lakatos Gyula G Fleit Erno E Mészáros Ilona I eng Journal Article

Netherlands Toxicol Lett 7709027 0 Cyanides 0 Metals, Heavy 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Cyanides analysis Environmental Monitoring methods Hungary Metals, Heavy analysis Risk Assessment methods Soil Pollutants analysis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 12676489 2003 04 04 2003 05 07 2003 11 14

0378-4274 140-141 2003 Apr 11 Evaluation of some alternative guidelines for risk assessment of various habitats. 411-7 Recently, some relatively inexpensive and simple methods suitable for classification of dangerous wastes and pollution of surface water have been developed. In order to compare the performance of the various alternative bioassays a series of examinations have been carried out with Thamnotox kits and Daphnia heart test. In addition, duckweed, as a relatively new bioindicator has been used. The alternative methods have been used for the monitoring of river Tisza, and for detection of the pollution of some watersheds. The results revealed that the alternative tests are sensitive to indicate the combined effect of various pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. It seems to be that the tests using crustacean species would give realistic results in well-defined point sources, but they can be accepted somewhat more sceptic way when comparing samples taken from different habitats. Daphnia heart rate were specific only to a limited number of compounds like pyrethroid type pesticides. For some mixtures of pollutants there was a correlation between Thamnotox and Daphnia heart data. In the case of Lemna minor at some sites instead of growth inhibition a stimulation can be detected. The toxicity estimation with Lemna strains will give us a habitat-specific indication of the pollution. An important conclusion of the results is that there is no universal bioassay available for detection of all types of pollution. The best results can be obtained with employment of a battery of bioassays. Zoological Department, University of Veszprém, H-8200, Egyetem u. 10, Veszprém, Hungary. zoologia@almos.vein.hu Kiss Istvan I Kováts Nóra N Szalay Timea T eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

Netherlands Toxicol Lett 7709027 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia Ecosystem Environment Environmental Monitoring methods Fresh Water Guidelines Heart Rate drug effects Hungary Risk Assessment methods Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 16 12688696 2003 04 11 2003 04 25 2003 11 14

0043-1354 37 3 2003 Feb Estimation of demographic toxicity through the double bootstrap. 618-26 Toxicity to organisms is usually expressed in terms of an observable effect on individuals from which a summary endpoint (such as the NOEC or ECx) is derived for risk assessment and environmental quality standards. However, toxicity evaluated in terms of a demographic endpoint may be more relevant to such regulatory applications. In this paper the effect of toxicity on population growth rate r is explored in tandem with a 'double bootstrap' to incorporate uncertainty. Exemplifying the approach with a set of individualized life table response data obtained for Daphnia magna exposed to zinc sulphate solution, the influence of increasing concentrations is assessed. A demographic-based metric for r, the ErCx (effect on r concentration percentage), is defined to permit alternative population level estimation of a 'safe effect' concentration. School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK. Grist Eric P M EP Crane Mark M Jones Claire C Whitehouse Paul P eng Journal Article

England Water Res 0105072 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Daphnia Endpoint Determination Life Tables Models, Theoretical Population Dynamics Risk Assessment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants toxicity 12691712 2003 04 14 2003 05 20 2003 11 14

0378-4274 142 3 2003 May 15 Aquatic ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals including the assessment of combination effects. 185-94 To evaluate the ecotoxicological potential of ten prescription drugs against aquatic organisms from different taxonornical classes, a set of biotests were performed using the cladoceran Daphnia magna, the chlorophyte Desmodesmus subspicatus and the macrophyte Lemna minor. Endpoints were immobilisation for Daphnia and inhibition of the average growth rate for Desmodesmus and Lemna. For most of the substances, toxicities were moderate, with EC(50)s in the range from 10 to 100 mgl(-1) or even far above, whereas Lemna was the most sensitive test species in the majority of all tested compounds. Tests with combinations of various pharmaceuticals revealed stronger effects than expected from the effects measured singly. Clofibrinic acid and Carbamazepine have been found to act by a non-specific mode of action (non-polar narcosis), and with Daphnia the combination effect of these substances followed the concept of concentration addition, while in the algae test the concept of independent action could be used to calculate the mixture toxicity. The anti-inflammatory drugs Diclofenac and Ibuprofen have also been found to act unspecific by non-polar narcosis and to follow the concept of concentration addition in the algal test as well as in the Daphnia test. The measured toxicities of the tested pharmaceuticals shows that acute effect of single substances in the aquatic environment are very unlikely. But we should keep in mind that considerable combination effects can occur and that toxicity data from chronic studies are needed to assess the environmental risk of drug residues. Department of General Biology, Aachen University of Technology, Germany. cleuvers@bio2.rwth-aachen.de Cleuvers Michael M eng Journal Article

Netherlands Toxicol Lett 7709027 0 Drug Combinations 0 Pharmaceutical Preparations 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae, Green drug effects growth & development Animals Araceae drug effects growth & development Daphnia drug effects physiology Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Drug Combinations Ecosystem Environmental Monitoring methods Pharmaceutical Preparations adverse effects Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical adverse effects 12697214 2003 04 16 2003 08 05 2003 11 14

0043-1354 37 8 2003 Apr Responses in sediment bioassays used in the Netherlands: can observed toxicity be explained by routinely monitored priority pollutants? 1691-710 In order to identify the cause of toxicity in sediments and suspended matter, a large number of samples with different degrees of contamination was taken at various locations in The Netherlands. Standard acute bioassays were carried out with the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and the anostracan Thamnocephalus platyurus. Chronic standard tests were performed using the water flea Daphnia magna and larvae of the midge Chironomus riparius. Some novel bioassays were performed as well. Most toxic effects observed in standard bioassays with sediments from polluted sediments (class 3 and 4 on a scale of 0-4 according to the Dutch criteria) could be partly explained by toxic concentrations of known persistent priority pollutants, mainly heavy metals and occasionally polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In some of the samples, ammonia toxicity was a confounding factor during testing. Suspended matter from the Meuse river at Eijsden, which may be considered as 'new' sediment (pollution class 2), was moderately to highly toxic in almost all bioassays. This could have been associated with a combination of heavy metals, PAHs and ammonia. At two locations from the Lake IJssel area with no apparent persistent pollution, moderate and strong effects were nonetheless observed in invertebrate tests. This might have been due to agricultural run-off of pesticides, which are not routinely measured in sediments. A few effects on V. fischeri in canals and a small stream could not be explained with standard chemical analysis, but seemed associated with the outlets of sewage water treatment plants and industrial effluents. Additional chemical analysis of pore water samples from five selected sediments yielded more identified substances such as phtalates, decanes, cosanes and fragrances, but it was estimated that their contribution to the effects observed on V. fischeri, D. magna and C. riparius was negligible. AquaSense Consultants, P.O. Box 95125, 1090 HC Amsterdam, The Netherlands. joost.lahr@aquasense.nl Lahr Joost J Maas-Diepeveen Johanna L JL Stuijfzand Suzanne C SC Leonards Pim E G PE Drüke Jeanette M JM Lücker Simone S Espeldoorn Albert A Kerkum Lia C M LC van Stee Leo L P LL Hendriks A Jan AJ eng Journal Article

England Water Res 0105072 IM Animals Anostraca Biological Assay Chironomidae Daphnia Environmental Monitoring methods Geologic Sediments chemistry Larva Netherlands Reference Values Reproducibility of Results Rotifera Toxicity Tests Vibrio 12699225 2003 04 17 2003 05 13 2003 11 14

0003-0147 161 3 2003 Mar Nonlinear effects of an aquatic consumer: causes and consequences. 478-96 The assumption that per capita consumer effects on prey density are independent of consumer and prey density is examined with a large-scale manipulation of an aquatic herbivore (Daphnia). A gradient of consumer removal was maintained long enough to allow the abundances of both consumer and prey (phytoplankton) to equilibrate to the manipulation. Strong and unequivocal nonlinearities were found in the effect of Daphnia on total phytoplankton abundance and the abundance of most of the common phytoplankton species. Daphnia's suppression of phytoplankton was strong between 0 and approximately 400 microg Daphnia L(-1) but essentially nil from approximately 400 to 900 microg Daphnia L(-1). The sharp deceleration in Daphnia's effect was not caused by a shift within the phytoplankton community toward consumption-resistant forms. The most likely explanation for the deceleration was a reduction in Daphnia's filtering effort at low phytoplankton abundance, that is, a Type III functional response. A review of experimental literature suggested that decelerating effects of consumers are the norm in aquatic systems. Nonlinear effects present problems for the estimation of interaction strength and the building of community interaction models from the results of predator manipulations. It is suggested that the role of field experiments in community ecology should be to test rather than to parameterize models. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. sarnelle@msu.edu Sarnelle Orlando O eng Journal Article

United States Am Nat 2984688R IM Animals Daphnia physiology Ecosystem Models, Biological Phytoplankton physiology Population Density Predatory Behavior Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Time Factors 12708674 2003 04 23 2003 07 08 2003 11 14

0047-2425 32 2 2003 Mar-Apr Occurrence of metals in soil and ground water near chromated copper arsenate-treated utility poles. 507-14 To thoroughly investigate the metal contamination around chromated copper arsenate (CCA)/polyethylene glycol (PEG)-treated utility poles, a total of 189 soil samples obtained from different depths and distances near six treated poles in the Montreal area (Canada) were analyzed for Cu, Cr, and As content. Various soil physicochemical properties were also determined. Ground water samples collected below the poles were analyzed for metals and bioassays with Daphnia magna were conducted. Generally, sandy soils had lower contaminant levels than clayey and organic soils. Copper concentrations in soil were highest followed by As and Cr. The highest Cu (1460 +/- 677 mg kg(-1)), As (410 +/- 150 mg kg(-1)), and Cr (287 +/- 32 mg kg(-1)) concentrations were found at the ground line and immediately adjacent to the pole. Contaminant levels then decreased with distance, approaching background levels within 0.1 m from the pole for Cr and 0.5 m for Cu and As. Chromium and Cu levels generally approached background levels at a depth of 0.5 m. Average As content near the pole on all study sites was three to eight times higher than Quebec's Level C criterion (50 mg kg(-1)), although it dropped to 31 mg kg(-1) at 0.1 m. Results also showed that As persisted up to 1 m in soil depth (17-54 mg kg(-1)). Copper and Cr concentrations in ground water samples were always <1.000 mg L(-1) and <0.05 mg L(-1), respectively and Cr(VI) was <0.02 mg L(-1). One sample contained an As concentration >0.025 mg L(-1) but bioassays showed that, overall, ground water had a low ecotoxic potential. Dep. of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079 Station Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7. gerald.zagury@polymtl.ca Zagury Gérald J GJ Samson Réjean R Deschênes Louise L eng Journal Article

United States J Environ Qual 0330666 0 Aluminum Silicates 0 Arsenates 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants 1302-87-0 clay 37337-13-6 chromated copper arsenate 7440-47-3 Chromium 7440-50-8 Copper 7631-86-9 Silicon Dioxide IM Aluminum Silicates Animals Arsenates analysis Biological Assay Chromium analysis toxicity Copper analysis toxicity Daphnia Environmental Monitoring Silicon Dioxide Soil Pollutants analysis toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants analysis toxicity 12712289 2003 04 24 2003 06 05 2003 11 14

0090-4341 44 3 2003 Apr Laboratory evaluation of the toxicity of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) on Selenastrum capricornutum, Chlorella vulgaris, Lemna gibba, Daphnia magna, and Daphnia pulicaria. 307-13 Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is an anthropogenic compound found in trace amounts in many environmental compartments far from areas of production. This, along with the highly persistent nature of PFOS, presents a concern for possible effects in aquatic ecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the toxicity of PFOS in representative freshwater organisms. Toxicity testing using standard laboratory protocols was performed on the green algae Selenastrum capricornutum and Chlorella vulgaris, the floating macrophyte Lemna gibba, and the invertebrates Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulicaria. No observable effect concentration (NOEC) values were generated from the most sensitive endpoints for all organisms. Autotroph inhibition of growth NOEC values were 5.3, 8.2, and 6.6 mg/L for S. capricornutum, C. vulgaris, and L. gibba, respectively. The 48-h immobility NOEC values for D. magna and D. pulicaria were 0.8 and 13.6 mg/L, respectively. In comparison to immobility, the 21-day lethality NOEC for D. magna was 5.3 mg/L. Based on effect (immobility) values, the most sensitive of all test organisms was D. magna. The most sensitive organism based on 50% inhibition of growth (IC(50)) was L. gibba, with an IC(50) value of 31.1 mg/L determined from wet weight. This is 4.3 times less than the LC(50) for D. pulicaria, which was 134 mg/L. Significant adverse effects (p < or = 0.05) were observed for all organisms in concentrations >134 mg/L. The results indicate that under laboratory conditions PFOS is acutely toxic to freshwater organisms at concentrations at or near 100 mg/L. Based on known environmental concentrations of PFOS, which occur in the low ng/L to low microg/L range, there is no apparent risk to freshwater systems. However, further work is required to investigate long-term effects in these and other freshwater organisms. Centre for Toxicology, Department of Environmental Biology, Bovey Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada. tboudrea@evb.uoguelph.ca Boudreau T M TM Sibley P K PK Mabury S A SA Muir D G C DG Solomon K R KR eng Journal Article

United States Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Alkanesulfonic Acids 0 Fluorocarbons 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1763-23-1 perfluorooctane sulfonic acid IM Algae, Green drug effects Alkanesulfonic Acids toxicity Animals Araceae drug effects Daphnia drug effects Fluorocarbons toxicity Lethal Dose 50 No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12712291 2003 04 24 2003 06 05 2003 11 14

0090-4341 44 3 2003 Apr Field and laboratory assessment of a coal processing effluent in the Leading Creek Watershed, Meigs County, Ohio. 324-31 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has not recommended water quality criteria (WQC) to protect aquatic life from elevated sodium and sulfate concentrations, such as those associated with the coal-processing effluent of Meigs County Mine #31. This discharge, received by a tributary of the Leading Creek Watershed (SE Ohio), had a mean specific conductivity (SC) of 8,109 (7,750-8,750) microS/cm and total metal concentrations below acute WQC. The mean 48-h LC(50) for Ceriodaphnia dubia in the effluent was 6,713 +/- 99 microS/cm; mean 48-h survival was 44% for study sites downstream of the effluent. The best indicators of impairment used in this study were Ceriodaphnia fecundity, in situ Corbicula fluminea growth, EPT minus Hydropsychidae (richness and relative abundance), and relative Ephemeroptera abundance. Mayflies, reduced by more than 99% below the effluent, were absent from all but the furthest downstream study site. SC was strongly correlated with Corbicula growth (r = -0.9755, p = 0.0009) and EPT minus Hydropsychidae richness (r = -0.8756, p < 0.0001), suggesting the effluent was primarily responsible for biotic impairment. Our results indicated that SC levels, a measure of dissolved solids, in the Leading Creek Watershed that exceeded approximately 3,700 microS/cm impaired sensitive aquatic fauna. Department of Biology, 2119 Derring Hall, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. alkenne1@vt.edu Kennedy A J AJ Cherry D S DS Currie R J RJ eng Journal Article

United States Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Beetles drug effects growth & development Coal Mining Daphnia drug effects growth & development Fresh Water chemistry Invertebrates drug effects growth & development Mollusca drug effects growth & development Ohio Perciformes growth & development Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12712292 2003 04 24 2003 06 05 2003 11 14

0090-4341 44 3 2003 Apr The acute toxicity of gluconic acid, beta-alaninediacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepentakismethylenephosphonic acid, and nitrilotriacetic acid determined by Daphnia magna, Raphidocelis subcapitata, and Photobacterium phosphoreum. 332-5 Acute toxicity of four relatively new chelating agents and their equimolar manganese and cadmium complexes was studied. The chelating agents studied were gluconic acid (GA), beta-alaninediacetic acid (ADA), diethylenetriaminepentakismethylenephosphonic acid (DTPMP), and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA). Three common bioassays, namely Daphnia magna, Raphidocelis subcapitata, and Photobacterium phosphoreum (Microtox bioassay) were applied. R. subcapitata proved the most sensitive to these compounds. With D. magna bioassay the LC(50) values were 600-900 mg/L with all other studied chelates and their Mn complexes, except Mn-GA, which yielded LC(50) value of 240 mg/L. The Cd-chelate complexes proved highly more toxic compared to Mn-chelate complexes or uncomplexed chelates exhibiting LC(50) values of 130-200 microg/L. However, Cd-DTPMP was an exception exhibiting LC(50) value of 2170 microg/L. That is to say, DTPMP proved the strongest chelating agent to reduce the Cd toxicity in the present study. The results from these bioassays were well in agreement to each other as well as with the results published elsewhere. Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FIN-90014 University of Oulu, Finland. Sillanpää Mika M Pirkanniemi Kari K Dhondup Pasang P eng Journal Article

United States Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Chelating Agents 0 Gluconates 0 Organophosphorus Compounds 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 0 alaninediacetic acid 107-95-9 beta-Alanine 139-13-9 Nitrilotriacetic Acid 15827-60-8 diethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonic) acid 526-95-4 gluconic acid 64-19-7 Acetic Acid IM Acetic Acid toxicity Acute Toxicity Tests Algae drug effects Animals Chelating Agents toxicity Daphnia drug effects Gluconates toxicity Inhibitory Concentration 50 Lethal Dose 50 Nitrilotriacetic Acid toxicity Organophosphorus Compounds toxicity Photobacterium drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity beta-Alanine toxicity 12713752 2003 04 25 2003 08 14 2003 11 14

0962-8452 270 1516 2003 Apr 7 Trade-offs in the vertical distribution of zooplankton: ideal free distribution with costs? 765-73 Zooplankton vertical migratory patterns are a classic example of optimal habitat choice. We hypothesize that zooplankton distribute themselves vertically in the water column according to an ideal free distribution (IFD) with costs such as to optimize their fitness. In lakes with a deep-water chlorophyll maximum, zooplankton are faced with a trade-off, either experiencing high food (high reproductive potential) but low temperature (slow development) in the hypolimnion or high temperature and low food in the epilimnion. Thus, in the absence of fish predation (e.g. at night) they should allocate the time spent in the different habitats according to fitness gain dependent on the temperature gradient and distribution of food. We tested this hypothesis with a Daphnia hyalina x galeata clone in large indoor columns (Plön Plankton Towers) and with a dynamic energy budget model. In the tower experiments, we simulated a deep-water algal maximum below the thermocline with epilimnetic/hypolimnetic temperature differences of 2, 5 and 10 degrees C. Experimental data supported the model. We found a significantly larger proportion of daphniids in the hypolimnion when the temperature difference was smaller. Our results are consistent with the concept of IFD with costs originally developed for stream fishes. This concept can be applied to predict the vertical distribution of zooplankton in habitats where fish predation is of minor importance. Max Planck Institute of Limnology, Postfach 165, 24302 Plön, Germany. lampert@mpil-ploen.mpg.de Lampert Winfried W McCauley Edward E Manly Bryan F J BF eng Journal Article

England Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 7505889 IM Animals Daphnia physiology Environment Feeding Behavior Food Fresh Water Models, Biological Population Dynamics Reproduction Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Temperature Zooplankton physiology 12719808 2003 04 29 2003 06 10 2003 11 14

0007-4861 70 5 2003 May Rapid bioassay for microcystin toxicity based on feeding activity of Daphnia. 861-7 Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yusong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea. Kim J-H JH Yoon B-D BD Oh H-M HM eng Journal Article

United States Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Bacterial Toxins 0 Marine Toxins 0 Peptides, Cyclic 101043-37-2 cyanoginosin LR IM Animals Bacterial Toxins Biological Assay methods Cyanobacteria Daphnia Feeding Behavior Marine Toxins Peptides, Cyclic toxicity 12722450 2003 04 30 2003 09 03 2003 11 14

1001-9332 14 1 2003 Jan [Toxicity identification evaluation on efficiency of chemical effluent treatment] 105-9 Acute toxicity tests of the effluents from both inlet and outlet of the treatment system in a chemical plant in Jiangsu Province were conducted with Daphnia magna. The results showed that both effluents were toxic to this species. Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) was used to identify the key toxicants in the effluent before and after treatment. The results indicated that Cu2+ was the key toxicant causing the toxicity of input water, and some metals and polar organics were the coexistent toxicants in the water. The toxicity of output water was caused by some toxic organics, which were easy to be oxidized under acidic conditions. The results also showed that the toxicity removal efficiency reached 77.6% through the treatment process. It could be seen that the effluent treatment process in this plant had a higher efficiency of removing heavy metals, but the removal rate of organic compounds was quite low. It was concluded that the production techniques and the effluent treatment process of this plant were not perfect, and needed to be improved. School of the Environment, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China. yangyi529@163.net Yang Yi Y Yu Hongxia H Cui Yuxia Y Jin Hongjun H Tang Songlin S Zhou Chunhong C chi Journal Article

China Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 9425159 0 Industrial Waste 0 Metals, Heavy 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-50-8 Copper IM Acute Toxicity Tests methods standards Animals Copper toxicity Daphnia drug effects growth & development English Abstract Environmental Monitoring methods Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Industrial Waste analysis Lethal Dose 50 Metals, Heavy toxicity Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 12722646 2003 04 30 2003 06 20 2003 11 14

0016-6758 39 3 2003 Mar [Molecular genetic diagnostics of some Daphnia species (Crustacea, Cladocera) from the Volga river] 439-41 Population genetic structure of the widespread Daphnia species from Kuibyshev and Saratov reservoirs was examined by use of RAPD-PCR technique with four mitochondrial DNA (16S rRNA) specific primers. One of the examined Daphnia clones from the Volga region appeared to be conspecific to the North American Daphnia galeata, while another clone was most likely a hybrid between D. galeata and D. cucullata. Institute of Ecology of the Volga Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, Togliatti, 445003 Russia. bychek@tlt.volga.ru Bychek E A EA Müller J J rus Journal Article Molekuliarno-geneticheskaia diagnostika nekotorykh vidov (Crustacea, Cladocera) iz Volgi.

Russia Genetika 0047354 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 0 RNA, Ribosomal, 16S IM Animals Crosses, Genetic DNA, Mitochondrial Daphnia genetics English Abstract Female Fresh Water Genetics, Population Molecular Diagnostic Techniques RNA, Ribosomal, 16S Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique Russia 12727245 2003 05 02 2003 09 16 2003 11 14

0043-1354 37 10 2003 May Use of a mathematical model in the analysis of survival curves of Daphnia magna exposed to toxicants. 2357-64 Chronic toxicity tests carried out on species of the genus Daphnia (Crustacea: Cladocera) are bioassays commonly used in ecotoxicology. Mortality in the cohorts exposed to toxicants can be examined by the analysis of survival curves. The shape of these curves may be very different because of inter-individual heterogeneity: the less rectangular is the shape the more different is the probability of dying of daphnids in the cohort. Aim of this paper is to analyze the characteristics-in particular the shape-of survival curves of cohorts of Daphnia magna exposed to heavy metals in chronic toxicity tests. Experimental curves were fitted by a mathematical model recently proposed, which puts emphasis just on this heterogeneity, described by the parameter of the model S(0). The information contained in S(0) is very useful for the present purposes: the higher the value of S(0) the less rectangular the shape of the curve and, as a consequence, the higher the age-at-death heterogeneity of the cohort is thought to be. The model contains a second parameter, omega, representing the maximum potential ability of the individuals to survive in a specific environment and is related with the maximal life span. The model fitted well the survival curves in most cases and both S(0) and omega showed statistically different values between treatments, useful for comparisons. It was concluded that S(0) provides a quantitative estimation of curve "rectangularization", useful to check different sensitivities to a specific toxicant concentration among daphnids belonging to the same cohort, while omega provides an estimate of maximal life span. Istituto di Ricerche sulla Pesca Marittima (IRPEM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Largo Fiera della Pesca, Ancona I-60125, Italy. santojanni@irpem.an.cnr.it Santojanni Alberto A Rossolini Giuliana G Gorbi Gessica G Piantanelli Lucio L Sartore Franco F eng Journal Article

England Water Res 0105072 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Daphnia Longevity Models, Theoretical Survival Analysis Water Pollutants toxicity 12729231 2003 05 05 2003 07 08 2003 11 14

0730-7268 22 5 2003 May Using a freshwater amphipod in situ bioassay as a sensitive tool to detect pesticide effects in the field. 1172-6 In situ testing represents an alternative to conventional laboratory toxicity testing of field samples. Juvenile Paramelita nigroculus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) were exposed in situ in two rivers downstream of fruit orchard areas in the Western Cape, South Africa. Exposure took place during six time intervals (3-7 d), of which three represented the first rainfall-induced edge-of-field runoff events of the wet season, which was about two months after the last pesticide application. Survival rates were significantly reduced (35-70%) during runoff events 1 and 2 at both sites. No difference was observed from the respective no-runoff survival rate (>90%) during event 3. Peak levels of total insecticides (azinphosmethyl, chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, and prothiofos) in samples taken with water level-triggered samplers during the runoff events were between 0.03 and 0.26 microg/L in filtered water and between 305 and 870 microg/kg in suspended particles during runoff events 1 and 2 and only up to 0.01 microg/L and 101 microg/kg during event 3. Total suspended solids (TSS) varied between 400 and 700 mg/L during all three runoff events but never exceeded 65 mg/L during no-runoff time intervals. A laboratory experiment revealed that uncontaminated TSS levels of 1,500 mg/L during a 7-d exposure caused insignificant mortality (<2.5%) in P. nigroculus. No acute toxicity was observed in standard 48-h toxicity tests with juvenile Daphnia pulex using the filtered water samples taken during runoff and no-runoff conditions. It is concluded that the observed mortalities were caused by particle-associated pesticides and that the present amphipod in situ bioassay represents a sound and sensitive tool to detect runoff-related insecticide effects under field conditions. Department of Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa. Ralf.Schulz@syngenta.com Schulz Ralf R eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Biological Markers 0 Pesticides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 115-29-7 Endosulfan 2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos 86-50-0 Azinphosmethyl IM Agriculture Amphipoda drug effects Animals Azinphosmethyl analysis Biological Assay methods Biological Markers Chlorpyrifos analysis Endosulfan analysis Fresh Water analysis Fruit Geologic Sediments analysis Pesticides analysis toxicity Rain Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 12729688 2003 05 05 2003 06 24 2003 11 14

0045-6535 52 1 2003 Jul Deriving freshwater quality criteria for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol for protection of aquatic life in China. 67-73 Freshwater quality criteria of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) were developed with particular reference to the aquatic biota in China, and based on USEPA's guidelines. Acute toxicity tests were performed on nine different domestic species indigenous to China to determine 48 h LC(50) and 96 h LC(50) values for 2,4,6-TCP. In addition, 21 d survival-reproduction test with Daphnia magna, 30 d embryo-larval test with Carassius auratus, 60 d fry-juvenile test with Ctenopharyngodon idellus, 30 d early life stage test with Bufo bufo gargarizans and 96 h growth inhibition test with Scenedesmus obliqaus were also conducted to estimate lower chronic limit and upper chronic limit values. The final acute value (FAV) was 2.01 mg/l 2,4,6-TCP. Acute-to-chronic ratios ranged from 5.01 to 12.2. The final chronic value (FCV) and the final plant value (FPV) of 2,4,6-TCP were 0.226 and 2.24 mg/l respectively. Based on FAV, FCV and FPV for 2,4,6-TCP, a criteria maximum concentration of 1.01 mg/l and a criterion continuous concentration of 0.226 mg/l were derived. The results of this study provide useful data for deriving national or local water quality criteria for 2,4,6-TCP based on aquatic biota in China. Department of Environmental Science of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China. yindq@nju.edu.cn Yin Daqiang D Hu Shuangqing S Jin Hongjun H Yu Lingwei L eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Chlorophenols 0 Mutagens 88-06-2 2,4,6-trichlorophenol IM Animals Bufonidae China Chlorophenols adverse effects Daphnia Fishes Food Chain Goldfish Guidelines Insects Larva Lethal Dose 50 Mutagens adverse effects Quality Control Reference Values Risk Assessment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollution prevention & control 12729690 2003 05 05 2003 06 24 2003 11 14

0045-6535 52 1 2003 Jul Toxicity identification evaluation of leachates from municipal solid waste landfills: a multispecies approach. 85-94 The toxicity of leachates from two municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in Southern Italy was characterized using a toxicity identification evaluation procedure. The chemical and physical fractionation techniques were: pH adjustment, pH adjustment/filtration, pH adjustment/C(18) solid phase extraction, graduated pH and EDTA chelation. All the samples exhibited acute toxicity towards the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and the freshwater crustaceans Thamnocephalus platyurus and Daphnia magna. Statistical techniques were used to determine the discriminatory power and the toxicity detection capacity of the different assays and to choose a minimal battery of tests for the toxicity identification of leachates. Toxicity was closely associated with pH, generally increasing at higher pH levels and decliming at lower ones. Furthermore, results showed that toxicants could be characterized as cations, basic chemicals, suspended solids and apolar compounds. Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli, via A. Vivaldi, 43 I-81100, Caserta, Italy. marina.isidori@unina2.it Isidori Marina M Lavorgna Margherita M Nardelli Angela A Parrella Alfredo A eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Chelating Agents 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants 60-00-4 Edetic Acid IM Animals Biological Assay methods Chelating Agents chemistry Crustacea Daphnia Edetic Acid chemistry Environmental Monitoring methods Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lethal Dose 50 Refuse Disposal Rotifera Sensitivity and Specificity Soil Pollutants toxicity Vibrio Water Pollutants toxicity 12729696 2003 05 05 2003 06 24 2003 11 14

0045-6535 52 1 2003 Jul Waterborne and sediment toxicity of fluoxetine to select organisms. 135-42 Ecological risk assessments of pharmaceuticals are currently difficult because little-to-no aquatic hazard and exposure information exists in the peer-reviewed literature for most therapeutics. Recently several studies have identified fluoxetine, a widely prescribed antidepressant, in municipal effluents. To evaluate the potential aquatic toxicity of fluoxetine, single species laboratory toxicity tests were performed to assess hazard to aquatic biota. Average LC(50) values for Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas were 0.756 (234 microg/l), 2.65 (820 microg/l), and 2.28 microM (705 microg/l), respectively. Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata growth and C. dubia fecundity were decreased by 0.044 (14 microg/l) and 0.72 microM (223 microg/l) fluoxetine treatments, respectively. Oryias latipes survival was not affected by fluoxteine exposure up to a concentration of 28.9 microM (8.9 mg/l). An LC(50) of 15.2 mg/kg was estimated for Chironomus tentans. Hyalella azteca survival was not affected up to 43 mg/kg fluoxetine sediment exposure. Growth lowest observed effect concentrations for C. tentans and H. azteca were 1.3 and 5.6 mg/kg, respectively. Our findings indicate that lowest measured fluoxetine effect levels are an order of magnitude higher than highest reported municipal effluent concentrations. Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of North Texas, P.O. Box 310559, Denton, TX 76203, USA. bryan_brooks@baylor.edu Brooks Bryan W BW Turner Philip K PK Stanley Jacob K JK Weston James J JJ Glidewell Elizabeth A EA Foran Christy M CM Slattery Marc M La Point Thomas W TW Huggett Duane B DB eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 54910-89-3 Fluoxetine IM Algae Amphipoda Animals Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation toxicity Cyprinidae Daphnia Fertility drug effects Fluoxetine toxicity Geologic Sediments chemistry Lethal Dose 50 Population Dynamics Risk Assessment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Survival Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12740806 2003 05 12 2003 09 16 2003 11 14

1520-4081 18 3 2003 Jun Effects of microcystin-free and microcystin-containing strains of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on growth of the grazer Daphnia magna. 202-10 Harmful effects of the common bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on the grazer Daphnia have been explained from morphological features, nutritional insufficiency, and the production of toxins called microcystins. The effects of four M. aeruginosa strains, including one free of microcystins, on the growth of Daphnia magna were examined. Population growth was measured in Daphnia fed each M. aeruginosa strain alone and fed mixtures of each strain with the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus to avoid nutritional deficiency. The presence of Microcystis in the food resulted in decreased Daphnia population growth rates. A significant correlation (P < 0.001) was found between the amount of microcystins (MC) in the food and the population growth rate, but growth inhibition in Daphnia fed with the MC-free strain could not be explained by the toxicity of the microcystins. Inasmuch as there was greater reduction in growth of the Daphnia fed mixtures of the MC-free strain with Scenedesmus than of the Daphnia fed only the same amount of Scenedesmus as in the mixtures, other factors associated with this Microcystis strain must have inhibited growth. However, morphology and nutritional insufficiency could be excluded as causal factors. The strong relationship between Daphnia feeding activity and population growth suggests that feeding inhibition may have caused the observed detrimental effects on the animals. Copyright 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Department of Environmental Sciences, Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 8080, 6700 DD Wageningen, The Netherlands. miquel.lurling@wur.nl Lürling M M eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 0 Bacterial Toxins 0 Peptides, Cyclic 77238-39-2 microcystin IM Animals Bacterial Toxins biosynthesis toxicity Comparative Study Cyanobacteria classification genetics metabolism Daphnia drug effects growth & development Eutrophication physiology Feeding Behavior Life Cycle Stages drug effects physiology Peptides, Cyclic biosynthesis deficiency toxicity Plankton physiology Species Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 12742372 2003 05 13 2003 09 09 2003 11 14

0147-6513 55 2 2003 Jun Application of toxicity identification evaluation procedures to an effluent from a nitrogenous fertilizer plant in China. 223-6 The integrated method combining chemistry and toxicology, toxicity identification evaluation (TIE), was conducted to identify key toxicants in an effluent from a nitrogen fertilizer plant in China. Toxicity characterization, phase I of TIE, revealed that the suspected toxicant in the effluent was an anion that could be changed into a volatile acid. The results of toxicity identification and confirmation procedures indicated potassium cyanide to be the primary toxicant in the effluent. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China. Yu Hongxia H Shang Huihua H Xu Tielian T Cui Yuxia Y Yang Ling L Jin Hongjun H Wang Liansheng L eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Fertilizers 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 151-50-8 Potassium Cyanide IM Algorithms Animals Chemical Industry China Daphnia Fertilizers Industrial Waste adverse effects analysis Potassium Cyanide analysis toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical adverse effects analysis 12742373 2003 05 13 2003 09 09 2003 11 14

0147-6513 55 2 2003 Jun Effect of ammonia toxicity on the competition among three species of cladocerans (Crustacea: Cladocera). 227-35 Among the natural abiotic variables affecting the species density and composition of cladocerans, ammonia is important. Using population growth data as tool, we studied the competitive outcome of three cladoceran species (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia pulex, and Moina macrocopa) grown alone and together at three different concentrations (0, 25, and 100 mg L(-1)) of ammonia at one density (1 x 10(6)cells ml(-1)) of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Regardless of the presence or absence of competing species, C. dubia showed little population growth at 100 mg L(-1) of ammonia. At 25 mg L(-1) of ammonia, the population density of C. dubia increased but the value was much lower than that in control. D. pulex was able to grow at the ammonia concentration of 25 mg L(-1), comparable to controls. However, at 100 mg L(-1) of ammonia, the population declined and more rapidly when competed with other cladocerans. M. macrocopa showed decreased population density with increasing ammonia concentration in the medium. This trend was accelerated by the presence of competing cladocerans. M. macrocopa was benefited by the presence of D. pulex at 0 and 25 mg L(-1) of ammonia in the medium. The peak population density of C. dubia varied from 0.5 to 9 ind.ml(-1), whereas for D. pulex and M. macrocopa, these values varied from 1 to 3 ind.ml(-1) and 7 to 18 ind.ml(-1), respectively, depending on the ammonia concentration and the presence of competing species. The rates of population increase per day of C. dubia, D. pulex, and M. macrocopa ranged from -0.12+/-0.001 to 0.30+/-0.01, 0.04+/-0.001 to 0.22+/-0.002, and 0.201+/-0.028 to 0.235+/-0.019, respectively, depending on the ammonia concentration and the presence of competitors. Our study showed that while competition within the chosen cladoceran species caused suppression of one or two competing species, the presence of ammonia expedited this process based on the relative sensitivities of the tested zooplankton. Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Division of Research and Postgraduate Studies, Campus Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, AP314 Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de Mexico, CP 54000, Los Reyes, State of Mexico, Mexico. sarma@servidor.unam.mx Sarma S S S SS Mangas-Ramírez Ernesto E Nandini S S eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 7664-41-7 Ammonia IM Ammonia toxicity Animals Cladocera growth & development physiology Comparative Study Competitive Behavior drug effects Daphnia Population Species Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 12742374 2003 05 13 2003 09 09 2003 11 14

0147-6513 55 2 2003 Jun Separation and toxicity of enantiomers of organophosphorus insecticide leptophos. 236-42 Enantiomers of leptophos were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography with a Whelk-O1 column using 3% dichloromethane in n-hexane as mobile phase. Toxicity tests of leptophos enantiomers and racemate were performed with daphnia. Enzyme inhibition of leptohpos was carried out by using butyryl cholinesterase from horse serum and acetylcholinesterase from housefly heads. From the inhibition test of butyrylcholinesterase, the half-inhibitory concentrations, IC(50), of (+)-leptophos, (-)-leptophos, and (+/-)-leptophos were 0.241, 1.17, and 1.05 gmL(-1), respectively. No significant difference in IC(50) in (-)-leptophos and (+/-)- leptophos was found. However, the IC(50) of (+)-leptophos was significantly different from those of the others. In the inhibition test of acetylcholinesterase, the IC(50) values of (+)-leptophos, (-)-leptophos, and (+/-)-leptophos were 14.01, 24.32, and 13.22 gmL(-1), respectively. There was no significant difference in IC(50) in (+)-leptophos and (+/-)-leptophos, although the IC(50) of (-)-leptophos was significantly different from those of the others. From these results, leptophos-both enantiomers and racemate-seems to have higher neurotoxicity for mammals than for the target insects. In the toxicity test of daphnia, the half-lethal concentrations, LC(50), of (+)-leptophos, (-)-leptophos, and (+/-)-leptophos were 0.0387, 0.802, and 0.0409 gL(-1), respectively. There is no significant difference in LC(50) in (+)-leptophos and (+/-)-leptophos. The LC(50) of (-)-leptophos is significantly higher than those of the others. From these results, (-)-leptophos has lower toxicity to daphnia. Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. sonny@ccms.ntu.edu.tw Yen Jui-Hung JH Tsai Chia Chun CC Wang Yei Shung YS eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 21609-90-5 Leptophos EC 3.1.1.- Butyrylcholinesterase EC 3.1.1.7 Acetylcholinesterase IM Acetylcholinesterase metabolism Algorithms Animals Butyrylcholinesterase metabolism Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Daphnia physiology Insecticides, Organothiophosphate chemistry isolation & purification toxicity Leptophos chemistry isolation & purification toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Stereoisomerism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 12756467 2003 05 20 2003 09 16 2003 11 14

0007-4861 70 6 2003 Jun Sensitivity of Ceriodaphnia dubia of different ages to sodium chloride. 1247-50 CETESB-Setor de Ecotoxicologia Aquática (DAHI), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr. 345, Alto de Pinheiros, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05459-900, Brazil. Aragão M A MA Pereira E V EV eng Journal Article

United States Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants 7647-14-5 Sodium Chloride IM Age Factors Animals Comparative Study Daphnia physiology Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Environmental Monitoring methods standards Lethal Dose 50 Sensitivity and Specificity Sodium Chloride toxicity Toxicity Tests, Chronic methods standards Water Pollutants toxicity 12756470 2003 05 20 2003 09 16 2003 11 14

0007-4861 70 6 2003 Jun Acute and chronic toxicity of dimethylsulfoxide to Daphnia magna. 1264-8 Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Rua do Norte, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal. Barbosa I R IR Martins R M RM Sá E Melo M L ML Soares A M V M AM eng Journal Article

United States Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Solvents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 67-68-5 Dimethyl Sulfoxide IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Dimethyl Sulfoxide toxicity Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Hydrophobicity Lethal Dose 50 Luminescence, Bacterial Photobacterium drug effects physiology Solvents toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12758000 2003 05 21 2003 08 20 2003 11 14

0166-445X 63 4 2003 May 29 Influence of suspended solids on acute toxicity of carbofuran to Daphnia magna: I. Interactive effects. 333-42 This study explored the effects on Daphnia magna from exposure to the pesticide carbofuran in combination with stress from suspended solids exposure. Our objective was to assess whether suspended solids affects the toxicodynamic response of D. magna to carbofuran. A series of laboratory experiments was performed where animals were exposed to carbofuran concentrations ranging from 0 to 160 microg/l in combination with suspended solids concentrations ranging from 0 to 10000 mg/l. In the absence of suspended solids, effects of carbofuran were dose dependent and resulted in an EC(50) of 92 microg/l. Exposure to suspended solids, up to extreme levels that may be encountered in the environment and in the absence of carbofuran, showed no measurable toxicity. When D. magna were exposed to a constant carbofuran concentration, the numbers of affected organisms increased with increasing suspended solids concentrations. At a suspended solids concentration of 1000 mg/l, the EC(50) for carbofuran was reduced by half to 45 microg/l. The relationship between the toxicity of carbofuran (microg/l) and the concentration of suspended solids (mg/l) can be described with the following equation: carbofuran EC(50)=72 exp(-0.00014 [suspended solids]). An analysis of the data indicates that this relationship is consistent with a potentiated toxicity mechanism rather than an additive model. National Biological Service, Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Minnesota, 200 Hodson Hall, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. Herbrandson Carl C Bradbury Steven P SP Swackhamer Deborah L DL eng Journal Article

Netherlands Aquat Toxicol 8500246 0 Cholinesterase Inhibitors 0 Insecticides, Carbamate 0 Pesticide Synergists 0 Suspensions 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1563-66-2 Carbofuran 7732-18-5 Water IM Acute Toxicity Tests Algae chemistry Animals Carbofuran chemistry toxicity Cholinesterase Inhibitors toxicity Daphnia physiology Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Environmental Exposure Insecticides, Carbamate chemistry toxicity Pesticide Synergists chemistry toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Suspensions Water chemistry Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12758001 2003 05 21 2003 08 20 2003 11 14

0166-445X 63 4 2003 May 29 Influence of suspended solids on acute toxicity of carbofuran to Daphnia magna: II. An evaluation of potential interactive mechanisms. 343-55 It has been demonstrated that simultaneous exposure of Daphnia magna to suspended solids and a carbamate pesticide potentiates the toxic response to the pesticide. The toxicodynamics between these stressors were investigated to determine possible mechanisms of interaction. Three experimental series were conducted with D. magna to determine: the effect of food availability on carbofuran toxicity; the effect of food availability on jointly administered carbofuran and suspended solids; and changes in the magnitude of effects which can occur with suspended solids of different composition. These experiments demonstrated that both carbofuran toxicity and the joint toxicity of carbofuran and suspended solids to D. magna can be modulated by food availability. While it is clear that food dilution could contribute to energy stress, it appears likely that additional interactive processes also contribute to the observed synergism between carbofuran and suspended solids. Additionally, decomposed peat was shown to be less of a stressor to these pelagic invertebrates than inorganic subsoil. National Biological Service, Minnesota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, 200 Hodson Hall, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. Herbrandson Carl C Bradbury Steven P SP Swackhamer Deborah L DL eng Journal Article

Netherlands Aquat Toxicol 8500246 0 Cholinesterase Inhibitors 0 Pesticide Synergists 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1563-66-2 Carbofuran 7732-18-5 Water IM Acute Toxicity Tests Algae chemistry Animals Biological Availability Biomass Carbofuran pharmacokinetics toxicity Cholinesterase Inhibitors pharmacokinetics toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia metabolism Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Drug Synergism Environmental Exposure Evaluation Studies Food Deprivation physiology Half-Life Pesticide Synergists toxicity Soil Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water chemistry Water Microbiology Water Pollutants, Chemical pharmacokinetics toxicity 12758031 2003 05 21 2003 09 04 2003 11 14

0269-7491 124 3 2003 Integrated assessment of the impacts of agricultural drainwater in the Salinas River (California, USA). 523-32 The Salinas River is the largest of the three rivers that drain into the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary in central California. Large areas of this watershed are cultivated year-round in row crops and previous laboratory studies have demonstrated that acute toxicity of agricultural drainwater to Ceriodaphnia dubia is caused by the organophosphate (OP) pesticides chlorpyrifos and diazinon. In the current study, we used a combination of ecotoxicologic tools to investigate incidence of chemical contamination and toxicity in waters and sediments in the river downstream of a previously uncharacterized agricultural drainage creek system. Water column toxicity was investigated using a cladoceran C. dubia while sediment toxicity was investigated using an amphipod Hyalella azteca. Ecological impacts of drainwater were investigated using bioassessments of macroinvertebrate community structure. The results indicated that Salinas River water downstream of the agricultural drain is acutely toxic to Ceriodaphnia, and toxicity to this species was highly correlated with combined toxic units (TUs) of chlorpyrifos and diazinon. Laboratory tests were used to demonstrate that sediments in this system were acutely toxic to H. azteca, which is a resident genus. Macroinvertebrate community structure was moderately impacted downstream of the agricultural drain input. While the lowest macroinvertebrate abundances were measured at the station demonstrating the greatest water column and sediment toxicity and the highest concentrations of pesticides, macroinvertebrate metrics were more significantly correlated with bank vegetation cover than any other variable. Results of this study suggest that pesticide pollution is the likely cause of laboratory-measured toxicity in the Salinas River samples and that this factor may interact with other factors to impact the macroinvertebrate community in the system. Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. anderson@ucdvis.edu Anderson B S BS Hunt J W JW Phillips B M BM Nicely P A PA Vlaming V de V Connor V V Richard N N Tjeerdema R S RS eng Journal Article

England Environ Pollut 8804476 0 Insecticides, Organophosphate 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Agriculture Amphipoda drug effects Animals California Daphnia drug effects Ecosystem Environmental Monitoring methods Fresh Water Insecticides, Organophosphate toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12763675 2003 05 23 2003 08 20 2003 11 14

0166-445X 64 1 2003 Jun 19 Biotransformation and bioconcentration of pyrene in Daphnia magna. 53-61 Water fleas (Daphnia magna) were exposed to [14C]pyrene in the presence and absence of piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a general cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitor, in organic carbon-free artificial freshwater (AFW, DOC<0.2 mg l(-1)) and in natural lake water (DOC=19.9 mg l(-1)) for 24 h. The bioconcentration of total radioactivity after 24 h exposure was 50% lower in the natural lake water, indicating decreased bioavailability of pyrene by the dissolved organic matter. However, the proportions of parent compound were only ca. 12 and 19% of the total body burden in daphnids exposed in AFW and natural lake water, respectively. Therefore, the tissue concentration of the parent pyrene was not significantly different in the daphnids exposed in the two different waters. Due to extensive biotransformation the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of parent pyrene was only 16 and 23% of the BCF calculated on the basis of total radioactivity in the daphnids in AFW and natural lake water, respectively. The proportion of parent pyrene was significantly higher (over 60%) in the daphnids exposed simultaneously to PBO, which indicates the involvement of CYP monooxygenases in the biotransformation. Furthermore, increasing PBO concentration decreased the accumulation of total radioactivity in AFW but not in the natural lake water. The data demonstrate capability and importance of CYP monooxygenases in biotransformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in D. magna. Department of Biology, Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80101, Joensuu, Finland. jarkko.akkanen@joensuu.fi Akkanen Jarkko J Kukkonen Jussi V K JV eng Journal Article

Netherlands Aquat Toxicol 8500246 0 Carbon Radioisotopes 0 Enzyme Inhibitors 0 Organic Chemicals 0 Pesticide Synergists 0 Pyrenes 0 Radioactive Tracers 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 51-03-6 Piperonyl Butoxide 9035-51-2 Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System IM Animals Biological Availability Biotransformation physiology Carbon Radioisotopes Comparative Study Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System metabolism Daphnia enzymology metabolism Enzyme Inhibitors pharmacokinetics Fresh Water chemistry Organic Chemicals chemistry Pesticide Synergists pharmacokinetics Piperonyl Butoxide pharmacokinetics Pyrenes pharmacokinetics Radioactive Tracers Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical pharmacokinetics 12762863 2003 05 23 2003 09 26 2003 11 14

0007-4853 93 3 2003 Jun Diving beetles (Dytiscidae) as predators of mosquito larvae (Culicidae) in field experiments and in laboratory tests of prey preference. 219-26 Field experiments were performed in artificial ponds to evaluate how the density of predatory diving beetles (Dytiscidae) would affect the population levels of mosquito larvae (Culicidae). Mosquitoes colonizing the ponds were predominantly species of the genus Culex. In 2000, most of the dytiscids colonizing the ponds were small (Hydroporus spp.), and these predators had no impact on the size of larval mosquito populations, not even in ponds with added dytiscids. In 2001, larger beetles (Ilybius, Rhantus, and Agabus spp.) were more common, and there were significantly fewer mosquito larvae in ponds with the highest numbers of dytiscids. There was a negative correlation between numbers of diving beetles in the ponds and the mean body length of mosquito larvae. In neither year could dytiscid densities be maintained above a certain level owing to emigration. In laboratory tests, there were marked differences between three common dytiscid species in regard to preferences for Daphnia and Culex species as prey: Colymbetes paykulli Erichson chose mosquito larvae more often, whereas both Ilybius ater (De Geer) and I. fuliginosus (Fabricius) preferred Daphnia spp. All of the tested dytiscids consumed large numbers of prey. Since some dytiscid species can efficiently decrease populations of mosquito larvae, they are probably important in the natural control of these dipterans. Department of Biology, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden. elilu@ifm.liu.se Lundkvist E E Landin J J Jackson M M Svensson C C eng Journal Article

England Bull Entomol Res 2984715R IM Animals Beetles physiology Culex growth & development Culicidae growth & development Female Larva growth & development Male Pest Control, Biological Population Dynamics Predatory Behavior Seasons Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Sweden 12785520 2003 06 05 2003 09 12 2003 11 14

0013-936X 37 10 2003 May 15 Temperature-dependent effects of cadmium on Daphnia magna: accumulation versus sensitivity. 2145-51 Standard toxicity tests are performed at one constant, optimal temperature (usually 20 degrees C), while in the field variable and suboptimal temperatures may occur. Lack of knowledge on the interactions between chemicals and temperature hampers the extrapolation of laboratory toxicity data to ecosystems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of temperature on cadmium toxicity to the waterflea Daphnia magna and to address possible processes responsible for temperature-dependent toxicity. This was investigated by performing standard toxicity tests with D. magna under a wide temperature range. Thermal effects on accumulation kinetics were determined by estimating uptake and elimination rates from accumulation experiments. To study temperature dependency of the intrinsic sensitivity of the daphnids to cadmium, the DEBtox model was used to estimate internal threshold concentrations (ITCs) and killing rates from the toxicity and accumulation data. The results revealed that increasing temperature lowered the ITC and increased the killing rate and the uptake rate of the metal. Enhanced sensitivity of D. magna was shown to be the primary factor for temperature-dependent toxicity. Since temperature has such a major impact on toxicity, a temperature correction may be necessary when translating toxicity data from the laboratory to the field. Department of Aquatic Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94084, 1090 GB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. heugens@science.uva.nl Heugens Evelyn H W EH Jager Tjalling T Creyghton Reanne R Kraak Michiel H S MH Hendriks A Jan AJ Van Straalen Nico M NM Admiraal Wim W eng Journal Article

United States Environ Sci Technol 0213155 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 10108-64-2 Cadmium Chloride IM Acute Toxicity Tests Animals Cadmium Chloride pharmacokinetics toxicity Daphnia drug effects metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Temperature Toxicity Tests, Chronic Water Pollutants, Chemical pharmacokinetics toxicity 12785585 2003 06 05 2003 10 09 2003 11 14

0730-7268 22 6 2003 Jun Life-history characteristics of Daphnia exposed to dissolved microcystin-LR and to the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa with and without microcystins. 1281-7 In the current study, the role of microcystin(MC)-LR in inhibiting Daphnia growth was examined. Somatic growth, time to first reproduction, number of newborns, mortality, and population growth were measured in Daphnia fed mixtures of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa (with and without microcystin) with a high quality green algal food (Scenedesmus obliquus) to avoid nutritional deficiency. Microcystin-LR-containing cells caused a dramatic reduction in growth and resulted in death of the animals, but the addition of purified toxin (microcystin-LR) had no effect on Daphnia growth. In contrast with the nutritional inadequacy hypothesis, growth on a mixture of Scenedesmus and the microcystin-free food was significantly reduced. This observation could not be explained from morphological characteristics of the strains that were uni- and bicellular. Clearance rates of Daphnia fed mixtures of Microcystis and Scenedesmus were significantly lower than rates of animals fed solely Scenedesmus. The results of an additional life-history experiment with different quantities of Scenedesmus could not reject the hypothesis that reduced feeding may be the causal factor in explaining reduced Daphnia growth on the food mixture with microcystin-free Microcystis. Thus, feeding inhibition should be considered in explaining the food quality of Microcystis and other cyanobacteria, as it could affect the total food intake and consequently Daphnia growth. Department of Environmental Sciences, Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, PO. Box 8080, 6700DD Wageningen, The Netherlands. miquel.lurling@wur.nl Lürling Miquel M van der Grinten Esther E eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Bacterial Toxins 0 Marine Toxins 0 Peptides, Cyclic 101043-37-2 cyanoginosin LR IM Analysis of Variance Animals Bacterial Toxins toxicity Cyanobacteria classification metabolism Daphnia drug effects growth & development physiology Feeding Behavior Female Food Marine Toxins toxicity Peptides, Cyclic toxicity Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests methods 12785586 2003 06 05 2003 10 09 2003 11 14

0730-7268 22 6 2003 Jun Effect of dissolved organic matter of various origins and biodegradabilities on the bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Daphnia magna. 1288-94 As a preliminary study of the influence of urban organic matter on the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the effect of different types of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the bioaccumulation of fluoranthene, pyrene, or benzo[a]pyrene in Daphnia magna was studied. Commercial humic substances, DOM from the aeration basin of a wastewater treatment plant, and highly biodegradable DOM (algae or animal extracts) were tested. The bioaccumulation of benzo[a]pyrene was reduced by each DOM (up to 80% reduction with humic substances). Pyrene bioaccumulation was also decreased by each DOM to a lesser extent. Fluoranthene bioaccumulation was affected by the presence of humic acids only. In each experiment, the solution containing humic DOM led to the lowest bioaccumulation. Supposing that only dissolved PAHs were bioavailable, the reduction of bioaccumulation allowed a biological estimate of the partition coefficients of DOM and PAH, K(DOC). The estimated coefficients were positively related to the aromaticity of DOM and negatively related to its biodegradability. Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherches Eau-Ville-Environnement, ENPC, Cité Descartes, 77455 Marne La Vallée 02, France. gourlay@cereve.enpc.fr Gourlay Catherine C Tusseau-Vuillemin Marie-Hélène MH Garric Jeanne J Mouchel Jean-Marie JM eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Organic Chemicals 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1415-93-6 Humic Acids IM Animals Biodegradation Biological Availability Daphnia metabolism Humic Acids chemistry pharmacokinetics Hydrophobicity Organic Chemicals analysis pharmacokinetics Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic chemistry pharmacokinetics Reproducibility of Results Solubility Spectrometry, Fluorescence Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis pharmacokinetics 12785595 2003 06 05 2003 10 09 2003 11 14

0730-7268 22 6 2003 Jun Mechanism of acute silver toxicity in Daphnia magna. 1361-7 Daphnids (Daphnia magna) were exposed to AgNO3 at 0.303 +/- 0.017 microg silver/L (46.9% as Ag+), in the absence of food, in moderately hard synthetic water under static conditions for up to 48 h. Results from accumulation experiments demonstrated that silver body burden was inversely related to body mass. Daphnids exposed to silver exhibited ionoregulatory disturbance, which was characterized by decreases in whole-body sodium concentration. This ionoregulatory disturbance was explained, at least in part, by a competitive inhibition of the whole-body sodium uptake (six- to sevenfold increase in the Michaelis constant with no change in maximal velocity), which was complete by 1 h of exposure, and resulted in approximately 40% inhibition of sodium influx from the water. A rapidly developing inhibition of whole-body Na+,K(+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K(+)-ATPase) activity, significant by 2 h and complete at 90% blockade by 12 h, also was observed during exposure to AgNO3. Therefore, these findings clearly demonstrate that the key mechanism involved in acute Ag+ toxicity in D. magna, the most sensitive freshwater organism tested to date, resembles that described for freshwater fish--that is, inhibition of active sodium uptake by blockade of Na+,K(+)-ATPase. Furthermore, the results showed that Na+,K(+)-ATPase inhibition was directly related to silver accumulation in the whole body of D. magna. However, the nature of the sodium uptake inhibition (competitive vs noncompetitive in fish) and the fact that whole-body chloride concentration was not disturbed in daphnids was different from fish. With regard to the biotic ligand model (BLM) for silver, our results yielded a log K value of about 8.9. However, the current version of the BLM uses a rainbow trout log K value (7.3) but achieves the correct sensitivity of the model for daphnids by reducing the saturation of toxic sites needed to cause toxicity. An alternative way may be to use the log K value derived from the present results. Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Rua Eng. Alfredo Huch, 475, 96.201-900 Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. adalto@octopus.furg.br Bianchini Adalto A Wood Chris M CM eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Chlorides 0 Ligands 7440-23-5 Sodium 7761-88-8 Silver Nitrate EC 3.6.1.37 Na(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase IM Acute Toxicity Tests methods Animals Chlorides metabolism Daphnia drug effects physiology Environmental Exposure adverse effects Ligands Models, Biological Na(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase antagonists & inhibitors Silver Nitrate chemistry metabolism toxicity Sodium metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 12785598 2003 06 05 2003 10 09 2003 11 14

0730-7268 22 6 2003 Jun Prediction of ecological no-effect concentrations for initial risk assessment: combining substance-specific data and database information. 1387-93 A new method is proposed to derive predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for initial risk assessments for aquatic ecosystems from a limited set of single-species toxicity data. The method includes three steps. First, acute toxicity data are divided by an acute-to-chronic assessment factor to obtain chronic toxicity data. Subsequently, chronic toxicity data are averaged to obtain an average hazardous concentration (HC50). Finally, the HC50 is divided by an interspecies assessment factor to obtain a PNEC. Both assessment factors are derived as probability distributions from an extensive ecotoxicological database. The interspecies assessment factor is combined with substance-specific toxicity data using Bayesian statistics. The proposed method optimizes the use of the available ecotoxicological information and it produces an uncertainty estimate of the PNEC. Sample calculations indicate that the proposed method may provide a good alternative for currently applied methods for initial risk assessment, particularly if few toxicity data are available. Department of Environmental Studies, University of Nijmegen, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. willem.roelofs@rivm.nl Roelofs Willem W Huijbregts Mark A J MA Jager Tjalling T Ragas Ad M J AM eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Water Pollutants IM Acute Toxicity Tests Algae drug effects Animals Bayes Theorem Daphnia drug effects Databases, Factual Ecosystem Fishes Forecasting Models, Statistical No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Probability Risk Assessment Toxicity Tests, Chronic Water Pollutants analysis toxicity 12787610 2003 06 05 2003 10 17 2003 11 14

0025-326X 47 1-6 2003 Toxicity of 17alpha-ethynylestradiol and norethindrone, constituents of an oral contraceptive pill to the swimming and reproduction of cladoceran Daphnia magna, with special reference to their synergetic effect. 139-42 Toxicity of 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) and norethindrone (NOR), constituents of low dosage oral contraceptives, was assessed for the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna. Acute toxicity tests showed that 5 ppm of EE2, the highest concentration in this study, never inhibited swimming, whereas NOR inhibited swimming at >3 ppm: 48 h EC(50) for NOR was 6.41 ppm. Chronic toxicity tests were carried out for 25 days by measuring the number of offspring, moltings and sex ratios of neonates at 20, 100 and 500 ppb. EE2>100 ppb significantly decreased the number of offspring to 75% of the control; however, no effect was observed in molting and sex ratios at <500 ppb. NOR did not affect reproduction and sex ratios at <500 ppb. Mixture of EE2 (5.88 ppb) and NOR (94.12 ppb) also significantly decreased the number of offspring to 57% of the control. This result indicates the importance of examining synergetic effects of chemicals in the context of natural environments which face exposure to myriad chemicals. Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, 252-8510, Kanagawa, Japan. utogo@mac.com Goto Takashi T Hiromi Juro J eng Journal Article

England Mar Pollut Bull 0260231 0 Contraceptives, Oral 0 Estradiol Congeners 0 Progesterone Congeners 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 57-63-6 Ethinyl Estradiol 68-22-4 Norethindrone IM Animals Contraceptives, Oral chemistry Daphnia physiology Estradiol Congeners toxicity Ethinyl Estradiol toxicity Female Fertility drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Male Molting drug effects Norethindrone toxicity Progesterone Congeners toxicity Sex Ratio Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12798767 2003 06 11 2003 09 16 2003 11 14

0147-6513 55 3 2003 Jul The effects of 4-nonylphenol and ethanol on acute toxicity, embryo development, and reproduction in Daphnia magna. 330-7 The mean 48-h EC(50) (n=3) of 4-nonylphenol (NP) using ethanol as the carrier solvent was 155 microg/L, compared to a mean 48-h EC(50) (n=3) of 281 microg/L without ethanol. The 96-h EC(50)'s for embryo lethality (arrested egg development) and deformities (curved or unextended shell spines and undeveloped second antennae) were 738 and 263 microg/L, respectively. Reproduction studies were conducted using conditions that stimulate male production (i.e., reduced photoperiod and food levels). An increase in neonate deformities was observed at 50 microg/L (without ethanol), but no changes were observed in fecundity or sex ratios. A decrease in sex ratios was observed at 25 and 50 microg/L (with ethanol) compared to the ethanol control. However, an increase in sex ratios was observed in the ethanol control compared to media controls. The use of ethanol as a solvent carrier confounds the effects of 4-NP on acute toxicity and male production in daphnids. The McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-8591, USA. Zhang L L Gibble R R Baer K N KN eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Anti-Infective Agents, Local 0 Phenols 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 104-40-5 4-nonylphenol 64-17-5 Ethanol IM Animals Anti-Infective Agents, Local toxicity Daphnia physiology Drug Interactions Embryo, Nonmammalian growth & development Ethanol toxicity Female Fertility drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Male Phenols toxicity Sex Ratio Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12816073 2003 06 20 2003 08 25 2003 11 14

1026-3470 3 2003 May-Jun [Effect of household sewage on the fertility and size of Ceriodaphnia affinis Lill. in series of generations] 375-7 Seven generations of Ceriodaphnia affinis were kept in water of a household sewer. No animal death was observed in the experiment. In a series of generations, the fertility as well as dimensions of newborn water fleas decreased starting from the third generation. These indices in the subsequent generations changed in parallel with the control line. Papanin Institute of Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Yaroslavl Region, 152742 Russia. Flerov B A BA Gremiachikh V A VA Iziumov Iu G IuG rus Journal Article Plodovitost' i razmery Ceriodaphnia affinis Lill. v riadu pokoleniĭ pri deĭstvii bytovykh stochnykh vod.

Russia Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol 9300152 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development English Abstract Female Fertility drug effects Sewage Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12816661 2003 06 20 2003 09 02 2003 11 14

0962-8452 270 1520 2003 Jun 7 Absence of sterols constrains carbon transfer between cyanobacteria and a freshwater herbivore (Daphnia galeata). 1209-14 A key process in freshwater plankton food webs is the regulation of the efficiency of energy and material transfer. Cyanobacterial carbon (C) in particular is transferred very inefficiently to herbivorous zooplankton, which leads to a decoupling of primary and secondary production and the accumulation of cyanobacterial biomass, which is associated with reduced recreational quality of water bodies and hazards to human health. A recent correlative field study suggested that the low transfer efficiency of cyanobacterial C is the result of the absence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the diet of the zooplankton. By supplementation of single-lipid compounds in controlled growth experiments, we show here that the low C transfer efficiency of coccal and filamentous cyanobacteria to the keystone herbivore Daphnia is caused by the low sterol content in cyanobacteria, which constrains cholesterol synthesis and thereby growth and reproduction of the herbivore. Estimations of sterol requirement in Daphnia suggest that, when cyanobacteria comprise more than 80% of the grazed phytoplankton, growth of the herbivore may be limited by sterols and Daphnia may subsequently fail to control phytoplankton biomass. Dietary sterols therefore may play a key role in freshwater food webs and in the control of water quality in lakes dominated by cyanobacteria. Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, 78434 Konstanz, Germany. eric.vonelert@uni-konstanz.de von Elert Eric E Martin-Creuzburg Dominik D Le Coz Jean R JR eng Journal Article

England Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 7505889 0 Sterols 7440-44-0 Carbon IM Animals Carbon metabolism Cyanobacteria metabolism Daphnia growth & development metabolism Ecosystem Energy Transfer Food Chain Fresh Water microbiology parasitology Sterols metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Zooplankton metabolism 12820993 2003 06 24 2003 08 29 2003 11 14

0045-6535 52 7 2003 Aug Toxicity of fluoranthene and its biodegradation metabolites to aquatic organisms. 1125-33 The toxicity of nine stable products of the biodegradation of fluoranthene with the pure bacterial strain Pasteurella sp. IFA was studied. For their quantification, an improved analytical procedure with two-step liquid-liquid extraction, derivatisation and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric detection was used. Growth inhibition and immobility tests for fluoranthene and its metabolites were carried out using algae (Scenedesmus subspicatus), bacteria (Pseudomonas putida) and crustaceans (Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus). Tests using the alga S. subspicatus revealed that with the exception of 9-hydroxyfluorene, which was only four times less toxic than fluoranthene, all the other metabolites were 37 to approximately 3000 times less toxic than the parent material. P. putida cells were resistant to fluoranthene and its primary metabolites, but were inhibited by low molecular weight intermediates, especially benzoic acid. Fluoranthene was not toxic to T. Platyurus, but was toxic to D. magna. Its primary metabolites (including 9-fluorenone and 9-hydroxyfluorene) were toxic to D. magna, and a low molecular weight metabolite (2-carboxybenzaldehyde) was highly toxic to T. platyurus. Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia. ester.sepic@ijs.si Sepic Ester E Bricelj Mihael M Leskovsek Hermina H eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Fluorenes 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 206-44-0 fluoranthene IM Algae, Green drug effects Animals Biodegradation Crustacea drug effects Fluorenes metabolism toxicity Inhibitory Concentration 50 Pseudomonas putida drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity 12831038 2003 06 30 2003 10 07 2003 11 14

0013-936X 37 11 2003 Jun 1 Photocatalytic treatment of diuron by solar photocatalysis: evaluation of main intermediates and toxicity. 2516-24 The technical feasibility, mechanisms, and performance of degradation of aqueous diuron (22 mg/L) have been studied at pilot scale in two well-defined photocatalytic systems of special interest because natural UV light can be used: heterogeneous photocatalysis with titanium dioxide and homogeneous photocatalysis by photo-Fenton. Equivalent pilot-scale (made up of Compound Parabolic Collectors (CPCs) specially designed for solar photocatalytic applications) and field conditions used for both allowed adequate comparison of the degree of mineralization and toxicity achieved as well as the transformation products generated en route to mineralization by both systems. Total disappearance of diuron is attained by both phototreatments in 45 min. 100% of chlorine was recovered as chloride, but total recovery of nitrogen as inorganic ions was not attained. 90% of mineralization was reached after 200 min of photocatalytic treatment, but toxicity measured by two different bioassays (Daphnia magna and a Microalga) was reduced to below the threshold (EC50%) in a shorter time. Transformation products evaluated by LC-IT-MS by direct injection of the samples were the same in both cases. The main differences between the two processes were in the amount of transformation products (DPs) generated, not in the DPs detected, which were always the same. Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra. Senés Km. 4, 04200-Tabernas, Almería, Spain. Sixto.Malato@psa.es Malato S S Cáceres J J Fernández-Alba A R AR Piedra L L Hernando M D MD Agüera A A Vial J J eng Journal Article

United States Environ Sci Technol 0213155 0 Dyes 0 Fenton's reagent 0 Herbicides, Urea 13463-67-7 titanium dioxide 330-54-1 Diuron 7439-89-6 Iron 7440-32-6 Titanium 7722-84-1 Hydrogen Peroxide IM Algae Animals Biological Assay Catalysis Daphnia Diuron analysis chemistry toxicity Dyes chemistry Herbicides, Urea analysis chemistry toxicity Hydrogen Peroxide Iron Lethal Dose 50 Photochemistry Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Titanium chemistry Ultraviolet Rays 12836990 2003 07 02 2003 10 07 2003 11 14

0730-7268 22 7 2003 Jul The missing biomarker link: relationships between effects on the cellular energy allocation biomarker of toxicant-stressed Daphnia magna and corresponding population characteristics. 1632-41 The cellular energy allocation (CEA) methodology was used to assess the adverse effects of toxic stress on the energy budget of test organisms. This biochemical assay is quantified by determining changes in the available energy reserves, Ea (total carbohydrate, protein, and lipid content) and the energy consumption, Ec (electron transport activity). The CEA methodology was fully explored by using neonates of Daphnia magna exposed for 96 h to six model toxicants (CdCl2, K2Cr2O7, tributyltin chloride, linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid, sodium pentachlorophenolate, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). To evaluate the ecological relevance of the CEA parameter, we compared the suborganismal responses with population-level parameters (obtained from 21-d life-table experiments) such as the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) and the mean total offspring per female. The observed reductions in CEA values were both the result of a decrease in Ea and an increase in Ec. From all individual CEA components analyzed, the lipid reserve criterion was the most sensitive endpoint studied. Both the CEA-based lowest-observed-adverse-effect concentration (LOAEC) values and the effective concentration of 10% (EC10) values were significantly (p < 0.05) and linearly correlated with the chronic (21-d) LOAEC and EC10 values based on growth, survival, and reproduction. This relationship demonstrates the usefulness of the methodology to predict long-term effects. Furthermore, significant (p < 0.0001) sigmoid relationships between the 96-h CEA value (expressed as percentage relative to the control) and population-level effects were observed. Laboratory for Ecophysiology and Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium. wim.decoen@ua.ac.be De Coen Wim M WM Janssen Colin R CR eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Biological Markers 0 Carbohydrates 0 Lipids 0 Proteins 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Biological Assay methods Biological Markers analysis Carbohydrates metabolism Daphnia physiology Energy Metabolism Female Lipids metabolism Models, Theoretical Population Dynamics Proteins metabolism Reproduction Survival Analysis Water Pollutants toxicity 12839198 2003 07 03 2003 09 12 2003 11 14

0044-7447 32 3 2003 Apr Reconstruction of centuries-old Daphnia communities in a lake recovering from acidification and metal contamination. 214-8 Paleolimnological and molecular genetic techniques were combined to reconstruct the long-term patterns in Daphnia community composition in Hannah Lake--a lake recovering from industrial acidification, metal contamination and faunal extirpation. Like many zooplankters, Daphnia produce diapausing eggs that can remain viable for decades and even over a century. Yet, the appearance of D. mendotae in Hannah Lake during the last two decades is likely the outcome of dispersal from other nearby lakes, not by colonization from the sediment egg-bank. Our genetic tests using PCR, SSCP and sequencing indicate that D. mendotae diapausing eggs are absent within the sediment record of the previous 250 years and that, prior to metal smelting operations in the region, the community was dominated by D. pulicaria. This species shift following the lake's chemical restoration is consistent with earlier historical changes in lake acidity. Environmental fluctuations may have governed community composition throughout Hannah Lake's more ancient past. Extending this molecular-paleolimnological approach to other lakes should help develop more accurate formulations of the biological recovery process. Cooperative Freshwater Ecology Unit, Larentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. heather.pollard@ene.gov.on.ca Pollard Heather G HG Colbourne John K JK Keller Wendel W eng Historical Article Journal Article

Sweden Ambio 0364220 0 Acid Rain 0 Water Pollutants 9007-49-2 DNA IM Acid Rain adverse effects Animals Base Sequence DNA analysis Daphnia genetics Geologic Sediments History of Medicine, 18th Cent. History of Medicine, 19th Cent. History of Medicine, 20th Cent. Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Industry Molecular Sequence Data Ontario Ovum Polymerase Chain Reaction Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational Population Dynamics Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants adverse effects history 12841692 2003 07 04 2003 10 23 2003 11 14

0167-6369 85 3 2003 Jul Toxicity of a complex mixture of atmospherically transported pesticides to Ceriodaphnia dubia. 309-26 The presence of several anthropogenic chemicals has been documented in the atmosphere of the Canadian prairies. The deposition of these chemicals as a mixture is of importance since little is known of the combined effects of these chemicals on aquatic organisms. This study was designed to evaluate the acute and chronic toxicity of a complex mixture of nine atmospherically transported pesticides to Ceriodaphnia dubia. The nine selected pesticides (bromoxynil, dicamba, 2,4-D, MCPA, triallate, trifluralin, pentachlorophenol, lindane, and 4,4'-DDT) were detected in appreciable quantities in dry atmospheric deposits. The concentration of each pesticide in the mixture was based on maximum measured daily dry deposition rates for central Canada, except for pentachlorophenol, which was estimated based on atmospheric concentrations. The 48-h LC50 estimate for C. dubia exposed to the pesticide mixture was 174.60 microg L(-1) (340 times the measured total dry deposition concentration). The estimated NOEC and LOEC for both survival and reproduction, as determined in the 7-d chronic toxicity test, were 51.3 (100 times) and 154 microg/L(-1) (300 times), respectively. A basic risk assessment, using the toxic unit approach, suggested that the toxicity of the pesticide mixture was mainly due to 4,4'-DDT. Overall, this atmospherically transported complex mixture of pesticides appears to pose a negligible toxicological risk to non-target aquatic invertebrates such as zooplankton. Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. George Tara K TK Waite Don D Liber Karsten K Sproull Jim J eng Journal Article

Netherlands Environ Monit Assess 8508350 0 Air Pollutants, Environmental 0 Pesticides IM Air Pollutants, Environmental toxicity Analysis of Variance Animals Canada Daphnia drug effects Ecosystem Lethal Dose 50 No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Pesticides toxicity Reproduction drug effects Risk Assessment Spectrum Analysis, Mass Toxicity Tests, Chronic Water Pollution, Chemical adverse effects Zooplankton drug effects 12845588 2003 07 07 2003 08 19 2003 11 14

0951-4198 17 14 2003 Effects of temperature on isotopic enrichment in Daphnia magna: implications for aquatic food-web studies. 1619-25 Laboratory experiments were conducted with Daphnia magna and Hyalella sp. grown on a single food source of known isotopic composition at a range of temperatures spanning the physiological optima for each species. Daphnia raised at 26.5 degrees C were enriched in delta(13)C and delta(15)N by 3.1 and 2.8 per thousand, respectively, relative to diet. Daphnia raised at 12.8 degrees C were enriched 1.7 and 5.0 per thousand in delta(13)C and delta(15)N, respectively. Results imply a significant negative relationship between the delta(13)C and delta(15)N of primary consumers when a temperature gradient exists. Similar responses were observed for Hyalella. Results indicate a general increase in delta(13)C enrichment and decrease in delta(15)N enrichment as temperature rises. Deviations from the commonly applied isotopic enrichment values used in aquatic ecology were attributed to changes in temperature-mediated physiological rates. Field data from a variety of sources also showed a general trend toward delta(13)C enrichment with increasing temperature in marine and lacustrine zooplankton. Multivariate regression models demonstrated that, in oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes, zooplankton delta(13)C was related to lake-specific POM delta(13)C, lake surface temperature and latitude. Temperature-dependent isotopic separation (enrichment) between predator and prey should be taken into consideration when interpreting the significance of isotopic differences within and among aquatic organisms and ecosystems, and when assigning organisms to food-web positions on the basis of observed isotope values. Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Biology Department, University of Waterloo, 200 Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada. m3power@sciborg.uwaterloo.ca Power M M Guiguer K R R A KR Barton D R DR eng Journal Article

England Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 8802365 0 Carbon Isotopes 0 Carbon Radioisotopes 0 Nitrogen Isotopes 0 Nitrogen Radioisotopes IM Algorithms Animals Carbon Isotopes analysis metabolism Carbon Radioisotopes analysis metabolism Daphnia metabolism Diet Food Chain Marine Biology methods Nitrogen Isotopes analysis metabolism Nitrogen Radioisotopes analysis metabolism Reproducibility of Results Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Temperature 12872914 2003 07 22 2003 09 11 2003 11 14

0016-6723 81 2 2003 Apr Correlated evolution of life-history with size at maturity in Daphnia pulicaria: patterns within and between populations. 123-32 Explaining the repeated evolution of similar sets of traits under similar environmental conditions is an important issue in evolutionary biology. The extreme alternative classes of explanations for correlated suites of traits are optimal adaptation and genetic constraint resulting from pleiotropy. Adaptive explanations presume that individual traits are free to evolve to their local optima and that convergent evolution represents particularly adaptive combinations of traits. Alternatively, if pleiotropy is strong and difficult to break, strong selection on one or a few particularly important characters would be expected to result in consistent correlated evolution of associated traits. If pleiotropy is common, we predict that the pattern of divergence among populations will consistently reflect the within-population genetic architecture. To test the idea that the multivariate life-history phenotype is largely a byproduct of strong selection on body size, we imposed divergent artificial selection on size at maturity upon two populations of the cladoceran Daphnia pulicaria, chosen on the basis of their extreme divergence in body size. Overall, the trajectory of divergence between the two natural populations did not differ from that predicted by the genetic architecture within each population. However, the pattern of correlated responses suggested the presence of strong pleiotropic constraints only for adult body size and not for other life-history traits. One trait, offspring size, appears to have evolved in a way different from that expected from the within-population genetic architecture and may be under stabilizing selection. Department of Biology, Jordan Hall, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. cbaer@bio.indiana.edu Baer Charles F CF Lynch Michael M eng Journal Article

England Genet Res 0370741 IM Animals Body Constitution genetics Daphnia anatomy & histology genetics growth & development Data Interpretation, Statistical Evolution Life Cycle Stages genetics Selection (Genetics) Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 12901073 2003 08 06 2003 08 29 2003 11 14

0269-4042 25 1 2003 Mar Is there a relationship between soil and groundwater toxicity? 9-16 Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 requires environmental regulators to assess the risk of contaminants leaching from soils into groundwater (DETR, 1999). This newly introduced legislation assumes a link between soil and groundwater chemistry, in which rainwater leaches contaminants from soil into the saturated zone. As the toxicity of both groundwater and overlying soils is dependent upon the chemicals present, their partitioning and their bioavailability, similar patterns of soil, leachates and groundwater toxicity should be observed at contaminated sites. Soil and groundwater samples were collected from different contaminated land sites in an urban area, and used to determine relationships between soil chemistry and toxicity, mobility of contaminants, and groundwater chemistry and toxicity. Soils were leached using water to mimic rainfall, and both the soils and leachates tested using bioassays. Soil bioassays were carried out using Eisenia fetida, whilst groundwater and leachates were tested using the Microtox test system and Daphnia magna 48 h acute tests. Analysis of the bioassay responses demonstrated that a number of the samples were toxic to test organisms, however, there were no significant statistical relationships between soil, groundwater and leachate toxicity. Nor were there significant correlations between soil, leachates and groundwater chemistry. Department of Geology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, TW20 0EX, Surrey, UK. Sheehan P P Dewhurst R E RE James S S Callaghan A A Connon R R Crane M M eng Journal Article

Netherlands Environ Geochem Health 8903118 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Biological Assay Biological Availability Cities Daphnia Lethal Dose 50 Oligochaeta Risk Assessment Soil Pollutants toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity 12927355 2003 08 20 2003 10 21 2003 11 14

0378-4274 144 3 2003 Oct 15 Probabilistic hazard assessment of environmentally occurring pharmaceuticals toxicity to fish, daphnids and algae by ECOSAR screening. 383-95 The risks associated with occurrence of pharmaceuticals in water resources are mostly unknown. In the absence of extensive toxicological data, we scanned all the compounds observed in the environment for toxicological properties by (Quantitative) Structure Activity Relationship ((Q)SAR). The results of the probabilistic distribution of environmental and effect concentrations and hazard quotients (HQs) do not indicate significant acute risks prior to application of assessment factors. Compared with measured effect concentrations SAR predictions were more "sensitive" 80% of the time. The long-term effects of subtle and chronic changes, additive or synergistic effects and effects on other endpoints e.g. reproduction, behavior, metabolism, bacterial resistance etc. are still uncertain. (Q)SAR's can be important prioritization tools for subsequent experimental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in surface waters, due to the prevalent lack of ecotoxicological data. Center for Toxicology, University of Guelph, Bovey Building, Gordon Street, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1. hsander@uoguelph.ca Sanderson Hans H Johnson David J DJ Wilson Christian J CJ Brain Richard A RA Solomon Keith R KR eng Journal Article

Netherlands Toxicol Lett 7709027 0 Cosmetics 0 Pharmaceutical Preparations 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae Animals Cosmetics toxicity Daphnia Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Fishes Food Chain Pharmaceutical Preparations adverse effects Risk Assessment Structure-Activity Relationship Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 12940150 2003 08 27 2003 11 12 2003 11 14

0012-4966 390 2003 May-Jun A biomanipulation bypassing the trophic cascade in a small reservoir. 235-6 Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia. Gladyshev M I MI Chuprov S M SM Kolmakov V I VI Dubovskaya O P OP Zadorin A A AA Zuev I V IV Ivanova E A EA Kravchuk E S ES eng Journal Article

Russia Dokl Biol Sci 7505459 IM Animals Biomass Carps anatomy & histology physiology Cyanobacteria growth & development Daphnia anatomy & histology physiology Ecosystem Esocidae anatomy & histology physiology Feeding Behavior Female Food Chain Fresh Water Male Population Density Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 12946399 2003 08 29 2003 11 04 2003 11 14

0045-6535 53 4 2003 Oct Ecological risk assessment of pollutant chemicals: extinction risk based on population-level effects. 421-5 The extinction probability is one of the most useful endpoints that are utilized in conservation biology. A parallel approach is advocated for the ecological risk assessment of chemical pollutants. The presented framework estimates extinction probability induced by pollutant chemicals in order to evaluate ecological hazards of pollution, and is applicable to any biological community (aquatic or terrestrial). The analytical framework, which is based on stochastic population dynamics theory, is briefly explained. The extinction risk estimation is feasible if ecotoxicological data concerning pollutant effects on population growth rate of organisms (the intrinsic rate of natural increase), and if environmental exposure concentration is provided. Tentative risk estimation was made for some agrochemicals and surfactants on zooplankton populations (Daphnia) as target organisms. Faculty of Economics, Chuo University, 742-1 Higashinakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0393, Japan. ytanaka@tamacc.chuo-u.ac.jp Tanaka Yoshinari Y eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Environmental Pollutants IM Agriculture Animals Daphnia Ecology Environmental Pollutants poisoning Population Dynamics Risk Assessment Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 12948174 2003 09 01 2003 09 16 2003 11 14

0090-4341 45 1 2003 Jul Derivation of aquatic screening benchmarks for 1,2-dibromoethane. 66-71 Ethylene dibromide (1,2-dibromoethane or EDB) was primarily used in the United States as an additive in leaded gasoline and as a soil and grain fumigant for worm and insect control until it was banned in 1983. Historical releases of EDB have resulted in detectable EDB in groundwater and drinking wells, and recently concentrations up to 16 microg/L were detected in ground water at two fuel spill plumes in the vicinity of the Massachusetts Military Reservation Base on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Because the ground water in this area is used to flood cranberry bogs for the purposes of harvesting, the U.S. Air Force sponsored the development of aquatic screening benchmarks for EDB. Acute toxicity tests with Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow), Daphnia magna, and Ceriodaphnia dubia were conducted to provide data needed for development of screening benchmarks. Using a closed test-system to prevent volatilization of EDB, the 48-h LC50S (concentration that kills 50% of the test organisms) for P. promelas, D. magna, and C. dubia were 4.3 mg/L, 6.5 mg/L, and 3.6 mg/L, respectively. The screening benchmark for aquatic organisms, derived as the Tier II chronic water quality criteria, is 0.031 mg EDB/L. The sediment screening benchmark, based on equilibrium partitioning, is 2.45 mg EDB/kg of organic carbon in the sediment. The screening benchmarks developed here are an important component of an ecological risk assessment, during which perhaps hundreds of chemicals must be evaluated for their potential to cause ecological harm. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6422, USA. kszosla@ornl.gov Kszos L A LA Talmage S S SS Morris L G W LG Konetsky B K BK Rottero T T eng Journal Article

United States Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 106-93-4 Ethylene Dibromide IM Animals Benchmarking Cyprinidae Daphnia Environmental Monitoring Ethylene Dibromide analysis toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Reference Values Risk Assessment Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 12948176 2003 09 01 2003 09 16 2003 11 14

0090-4341 45 1 2003 Jul A comparison of the daphnids Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia ambigua for their utilization in routine toxicity testing in the Southeastern United States. 79-85 U.S. regulatory agencies commonly require effluent toxicity testing with Ceriodaphnia dubia--a practice that has led to the criticism that this species and test protocol often does not reflect local taxa or site-specific conditions. Using an indigenous test species may produce a more realistic model of local effects and may minimize test endpoint variance due to regional differences in water quality. This study addressed the substitution of C. dubia with Daphnia ambigua for toxicity testing in the southeastern United States. This investigation determined that D. ambigua could be laboratory cultured with only minimal changes to established regulatory protocol and that the life-cycle characteristics of this species were conducive to traditional acute and chronic aquatic toxicity test methods used with other daphnids. Acute toxicity tests showed that D. ambigua was less sensitive to some toxicants (sodium chloride, copper sulfate, and sodium lauryl sulfate) but more sensitive to others (chlorpyrifos). Chronic tests with copper sulfate and sodium chloride resulted in lower EC50S for D. ambigua reproduction with both compounds. When exposed to low-alkalinity, low-pH stream waters typical of many southeastern United States watersheds, C. dubia demonstrated a significant reproductive depression in two of three streams tested, whereas D. ambigua experienced no chronic effect. These results suggest that D. ambigua may serve as a suitable surrogate for C. dubia as an toxicity indicator species in these types of receiving streams. University of South Carolina, Norman J. Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA. smharmon@csranet.com Harmon S M SM Specht W L WL Chandler G T GT eng Journal Article

United States Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Cladocera Daphnia Endpoint Determination Environment Lethal Dose 50 Reference Values Reproducibility of Results Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. United States Water Pollutants toxicity 14560370 2003 10 20 2003 11 04 2003 11 14

0007-4861 71 2 2003 Aug Characterization of cholinesterases from Daphnia magna straus and their inhibition by zinc. 219-25 National Institute of Industrial Engineering and Technology, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 1649-038 Lisbon, Portugal. Diamantino T C TC Almeida E E Soares A M V M AM Guilhermino L L eng Journal Article

United States Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants 7440-66-6 Zinc EC 3.1.1.8 Cholinesterases IM Animals Cholinesterases analysis pharmacology Daphnia enzymology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Tissue Distribution Water Pollutants toxicity Zinc toxicity 7874476 1995 04 06 1995 04 06 2003 11 14

0045-6535 30 2 1995 Jan Drinking water: for human consumption only? The amendment of directive 80/778/EEC parameter 55 in the light of aquatic toxicology. 307-12 In the current debate on the amendment of the European Drinking Water Directive (80/778/EEC) it is proposed that maximum admissible concentrations for pesticides and related products intended for human consumption shall be based on toxicological evidence. This paper compares limit values for human drinking water, based on mammal toxicology with aquatic toxicity data and water quality objectives for several pesticides proposed for the EC positive list. As aquatic organisms show higher sensitivities to pesticides it is concluded that sustainable water management practises require acknowledgement of ecotoxicological evidence. Pestizid Aktions-Netzwerk (PAN), Hamburg, Germany. Altenburger R R eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Pesticides IM Algae Animals Daphnia European Union Fishes Human Maximum Allowable Concentration Pesticides Water Supply legislation & jurisprudence standards 7723080 1995 05 25 1995 05 25 2003 11 14

0098-4108 44 4 1995 Apr Effects of a secondary-treated thermomechanical pulp mill effluent on aquatic organisms as assessed by short- and long-term laboratory tests. 485-502 The chronic effects of secondary-treated effluent from a thermomechanical pulp (TMP) mill were assessed by means of long-term and short-term laboratory toxicity tests. The effluent used for the tests was sampled at a western Canadian mill using mostly softwoods and < 10% recycled fiber as furnish. In the long-term test, the effects of the effluent on the life cycle of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were studied. In this experiment, which began with the egg stage and continued through to sexual maturity and reproduction, the fish were exposed in the laboratory to well water (control) and five concentrations (1.25%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, or 20%) of effluent for 202 d. None of the effluent concentrations significantly affected the hatching of the eggs, the mortality, weight, length, gonad size, gender balance, and reproduction of the hatched fish, the prevalence of gross morphological and histopathological changes, and the hatchability of the first generation eggs. Two short-term tests, each lasting 7 d, were also performed. In these tests, 100% effluent caused no change in the survival/growth of minnow larvae or in the survival/reproduction of Ceriodaphnia. Paprican, Pointe Claire, Quebec, Canada. Kovacs T G TG Gibbons J S JS Martel P H PH O'Connor B I BI Voss R H RH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Toxicol Environ Health 7513622 0 Industrial Waste 0 Water Pollutants IM Age Factors Animals Body Weight drug effects Canada Cyprinidae embryology growth & development Daphnia drug effects Female Industrial Waste adverse effects Male Reproduction drug effects Sex Ratio Statistics Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants administration & dosage toxicity 7735523 1995 06 07 1995 06 07 2003 11 14

0962-1083 4 2 1995 Apr Mitochondrial DNA diversity in an apomictic Daphnia complex from the Canadian high arctic. 149-61 Cyclic parthenogenesis is the ancestral mode of reproduction in the cladoceran crustacean, Daphnia pulex, but some populations have made the transition to obligate parthenogenesis and this is the only mode of reproduction known to occur in arctic populations. Melanism and polyploidy are also common in arctic populations of this species. Prior allozyme studies of arctic D. pulex revealed substantial levels of clonal diversity on a regional scale. Clonal groupings based on cluster analysis of allozyme genotypes do not conform to groupings based on the presence/absence of melanin or on ploidy level. In order to further elucidate genetic relationships among arctic D. pulex clones, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation was examined in 31 populations from two Canadian high-arctic sites. The data were also compared to a previous study of mtDNA variation in populations from a Canadian low-arctic site. Cladistic analysis of restriction site variation of the entire mitochondrial genome and nucleotide sequence variation of the mitochondrial control region was used to construct genetic relationships among mitochondrial genotypes. Three distinct mitochondrial lineages were detected. One lineage was associated with diploid, nonmelanic clones and is the same as the lineage that is found in temperate populations of D. pulex. The other two lineages (A & B) were associated with polyploid, melanic clones. Sequence divergence between the A and B lineages was 2.4%. Sequence divergence between D. pulex and either of these two lineages exceeded 3%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Van Raay T J TJ Crease T J TJ eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Mol Ecol 9214478 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 0 Isoenzymes IM Animals Arctic Regions Base Sequence Canada Comparative Study DNA, Mitochondrial genetics Daphnia genetics Female Genotype Haplotypes Isoenzymes genetics Molecular Sequence Data Polymerase Chain Reaction Restriction Mapping Sequence Analysis, DNA Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) 7756772 1995 06 23 1995 06 23 2003 11 14

0007-4861 54 1 1995 Jan Development of automated methods of identifying toxicants in the environment. 104-11 Stover Biometric Laboratories, Inc., Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075, USA. Fort D J DJ Delphon J J Powers C R CR Helems R R Gonzalez R R Stover E L EL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Toxins 333-41-5 Diazinon 7440-50-8 Copper 7647-14-5 Sodium Chloride 7664-41-7 Ammonia 87-86-5 Pentachlorophenol IM Ammonia analysis toxicity Animals Bacteria drug effects Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography, Ion Exchange Copper analysis toxicity Cost-Benefit Analysis Cyprinidae Daphnia Diazinon analysis toxicity Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Pentachlorophenol analysis toxicity Reference Standards Reproducibility of Results Sodium Chloride analysis toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxins analysis toxicity United States United States Environmental Protection Agency 7756782 1995 06 23 1995 06 23 2003 11 14

0007-4861 54 1 1995 Jan Development of a water-effect ratio for copper, cadmium, and lead for the Great Works River in Maine using Ceriodaphnia dubia and Salvelinus fontinalis. 29-35 Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Wareham, Massachusetts 02571, USA. Jop K M KM Askew A M AM Foster R B RB eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Trace Elements 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7429-90-5 Aluminum 7439-92-1 Lead 7439-97-6 Mercury 7440-02-0 Nickel 7440-22-4 Silver 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-47-3 Chromium 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Aluminum analysis toxicity Animals Cadmium analysis toxicity Chromium analysis toxicity Copper analysis toxicity Daphnia Fresh Water analysis Lead analysis toxicity Maine Mercury analysis toxicity Metallurgy Nickel analysis toxicity Reference Standards Silver analysis toxicity Software Trace Elements analysis toxicity Trout United States United States Environmental Protection Agency Waste Disposal, Fluid standards Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Zinc analysis toxicity 7756784 1995 06 23 1995 06 23 2003 11 14

0007-4861 54 1 1995 Jan Chronic toxicity of methylparathion to Daphnia magna: effects on survival, reproduction, and growth. 43-9 Department of Animal Biology (Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain. Fernández-Casalderrey A A Ferrando M D MD Andreu-Moliner E E eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 298-00-0 Methyl Parathion IM Analysis of Variance Animals Daphnia growth & development physiology Female Methyl Parathion toxicity Pest Control Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7767041 1995 06 30 1995 06 30 2003 11 14

0007-4861 54 4 1995 Apr Need for environmental quality guidelines based on ambient freshwater quality criteria in natural waters--case study "zinc". 626-32 Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA. Magliette R J RJ Doherty F G FG McKinney D D Venkataramani E S ES eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Bromides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 0 Zinc Compounds 7440-66-6 Zinc 7699-45-8 zinc bromide IM Animals Bromides toxicity Crustacea Cyprinidae Daphnia Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Fresh Water analysis Guidelines Larva Lethal Dose 50 Reference Standards Species Specificity United States United States Environmental Protection Agency Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis Zinc analysis toxicity Zinc Compounds toxicity 7780209 1995 07 14 1995 07 14 2003 11 14

0007-4861 54 5 1995 May Use of toxicity identification evaluation procedures in the assessment of sediment pore water toxicity from an urban stormwater retention pond in Madison, Wisconsin. 676-82 College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point 54481, USA. Wenholz M M Crunkilton R R eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7439-89-6 Iron 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-66-6 Zinc 7664-41-7 Ammonia IM Ammonia toxicity Animals Biological Assay statistics & numerical data Copper toxicity Daphnia drug effects Iron toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests methods Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Wisconsin Zinc toxicity 7780215 1995 07 14 1995 07 14 2003 11 14

0007-4861 54 5 1995 May Relative sensitivity of some selected aquatic organisms to phenol. 717-23 National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Tisler T T Zagorc-Koncan J J eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Phenols 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae drug effects Animals Bacteria drug effects Daphnia drug effects Oncorhynchus mykiss physiology Phenols toxicity Photobacterium drug effects Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7540536 1995 07 27 1995 07 27 2003 11 14

0147-6513 30 1 1995 Feb Rapid toxicity assessment using an in vivo enzyme test for Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifera). 47-53 A 1-hr in vivo enzyme inhibition assay based on esterase activity has good potential for marine toxicity assessment. A test was developed for the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis based on the nonfluorescent substrate fluorescein diacetate (FDA), which is metabolized by esterases to a fluorescent product. Enzyme inhibition, as determined by reduced fluorescence, can be scored visually or quantified using a fluorometer. Quantification of fluorescence permits the calculation of NOEC, LOEC, chronic value, and IC20. The 1-hr esterase inhibition test has sensitivity comparable to that of 24-hr rotifer acute tests for several compounds. The toxicity of six compounds was examined using the quantified assay. The resulting IC20s were within a factor of 3 of the 24-hour LC50s. IC20 values ranged from 0.017 mg/l for tributyltin to 3.1 mg/l for zinc, with an average coefficient of variation of 17.8%. Electrophoretic analysis of rotifer homogenates suggested that a single C esterase (acetylesterase) was responsible for FDA metabolism in B. plicatilis. Several other aquatic species are capable of metabolizing FDA, including Brachionus calyciflorus, Mysidopsis bahia, Menidia beryllina, Pimephales promelas, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia pulex, Artemia salina, and Ophryotrocha sp. The esterase inhibition test is an attractive tool for assessing aquatic toxicity because of its speed, simplicity, sensitivity, and applicability to a broad range of aquatic species. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of South Florida, Tampa 33612, USA. Moffat B D BD Snell T W TW eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Calcium Compounds 0 Fluoresceins 0 Trialkyltin Compounds 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 596-09-8 3',6'-diacetylfluorescein 688-73-3 tributyltin 7439-97-6 Mercury 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-66-6 Zinc 7778-54-3 calcium hypochlorite 87-86-5 Pentachlorophenol EC 3.1. Esterases IM Animals Calcium Compounds analysis toxicity Copper analysis toxicity Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Electrophoresis Esterases antagonists & inhibitors metabolism Fluoresceins metabolism Fluorometry Mercury analysis toxicity Pentachlorophenol analysis toxicity Rotifera drug effects enzymology Seawater Substrate Specificity Trialkyltin Compounds analysis toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Zinc analysis toxicity 7540539 1995 07 27 1995 07 27 2003 11 14

0147-6513 30 1 1995 Feb The kinetics of cadmium in Daphnia magna as affected by humic substances and water hardness. 72-6 In order to investigate mechanisms causing enhanced toxicity of cadmium in humic lake waters the kinetics of cadmium in Daphnia magna was studied. The uptake rate of cadmium was two times faster in humic lake water than in the humic-free reference water. On the other hand, the depuration rate was equal in humic and reference waters. Thus the acutely lethal concentration in animal is reached faster in humic than in humic-free water. However, altered kinetics of cadmium in humic lake water was also affected by lower water hardness compared to the reference. Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, Finland. Penttinen S S Kukkonen J J Oikari A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1415-93-6 Humic Acids 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Analysis of Variance Animals Biological Availability Body Burden Cadmium pharmacokinetics toxicity Daphnia drug effects metabolism Fresh Water chemistry Humic Acids metabolism Lethal Dose 50 Reference Standards Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Temperature Water Pollutants, Chemical pharmacokinetics toxicity 7541337 1995 08 09 1995 08 09 2003 11 14

0147-6513 30 3 1995 Apr Review of whole-organism bioassays: soil, freshwater sediment, and freshwater assessment in Canada. 221-51 Whole organism bioassays for the assessment of soil, freshwater sediment, and freshwater quality were evaluated for their application in the assessment and remediation of contaminated sites in Canada under the National Contaminated Sites Remediation Program. Using 3 essential and 12 desirable methodological criteria, bioassays were categorized as currently usable, prototype, or under development. Based on further considerations related to bioassay application, a battery of usable screening and definitive tests was recommended (with suggestions for augmentation) for each medium. Of the 18 bioassays reviewed for soil quality assessment, 6 were usable, 5 were prototypes, and 7 were under development. Battery screening and definitive tests included 14-day Eisenia andrei survival, 120-hr lettuce and radish seedling emergence, and 72-hr Selenastrum capricornutum growth inhibition. Augmentation with the following bioassays was recommended: soil/freshwater bacterial growth, arthropod reproduction, earthworm reproduction, and reproduction of other soil-dependent organisms. Of the 9 bioassays reviewed for freshwater sediment quality assessment, 1 was usable, 2 were prototypes, and 6 were under development. Three bioassays in the latter two groups were considered usable with the imminent completion of research underway. Screening tests selected included 10-day Chironomus tentans survival, 10-day Hyalella azteca survival, 10-day Hexagenia spp. survival, and 72-hr S. capricornutum growth inhibition. Definitive tests included screening tests, substituting 28-day H. azteca sexual maturation for 10-day survival. Augmentation with the following bioassays was recommended: sediment/freshwater bacterial test, 28-day Tubifex tubifex reproduction, and rooted aquatic plant growth. Of the 25 bioassays considered for freshwater quality assessment, 8 were usable, 7 were prototypes, and 10 were under development. Screening tests selected included 72-hr S. capricornutum growth inhibition; 48-hr Daphnia sp. survival, and 5- and 15-min Photobacterium phosphoreum bioluminescence. Definitive tests included first screening test, 7-day Ceriodaphnia dubia, 7-day fathead minnow larval survival, or 96-hr rainbow trout survival. Augmentation with the following bioassays was recommended: Brachionus calyciflorus 24-hr survival, 48-hr reproduction; freshwater bacterial growth; and aquatic vascular plant growth. Department of Civil Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331-2302, USA. Keddy C J CJ Greene J C JC Bonnell M A MA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Soil Pollutants IM Algae growth & development Animals Arthropods growth & development Bacteria growth & development Biological Assay methods Canada Comparative Study Evaluation Studies Fishes growth & development Helminths growth & development Plants growth & development Sensitivity and Specificity Soil Microbiology Soil Pollutants analysis Toxicity Tests Water Microbiology Water Pollution, Chemical analysis 7624884 1995 08 29 1995 08 29 2003 11 14

0300-483X 100 1-3 1995 Jun 26 The toxicity of the mutagen 'MX' and its analogue, mucochloric acid, to rainbow trout hepatocytes and gill epithelial cells and to Daphnia magna. 69-77 The cytotoxicity of the, in Salmonella, potent mutagenic compound, 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) and its structural analogue 3,4-dichloro-5-hydroxy-2[5H]-furanone (mucochloric acid, MCA), was studied in freshly isolated rainbow trout hepatocytes and gill epithelial cells by determining 86Rb-leakage and decrease in fluorescence intensity in calcein AM-loaded cells. The acute toxicity of the compounds to Daphnia magna was studied by determining the concentration causing immobilization of the organism. MX proved to be more toxic than MCA both in the cellular assays and in the acute toxicity test with D. magna. MX was more toxic to hepatocytes than to gill epithelial cells. The uptake of [14C]MX was also much more efficient in hepatocytes than in gill epithelial cells. The uptake of [14C]MX in hepatocytes was not inhibited by taurocholic acid in excess, indicating that MX is not taken up by the carrier complex responsible for the uptake of taurocholate in the hepatocytes. Both the acute toxicity to D. magna and cytotoxicity of MX and MCA was rather low (EC50 values > 0.1 mM) and we conclude that it is very unlikely that MX and MCA at concentrations occurring in recipients receiving chlorination effluents from pulp mills or chlorinated domestic sewage, as regards their acute toxicity, implies a risk for aquatic animals. Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Turku/Abo, Finland. Isomaa B B Holmström T H TH Lilius H H Franzén R R Kronberg L L eng Journal Article

IRELAND Toxicology 0361055 0 Fluoresceins 0 Furans 0 Indicators and Reagents 0 Mutagens 0 Rubidium Radioisotopes 0 Water Pollutants 1461-15-0 fluorexon 77439-76-0 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone 81-24-3 Taurocholic Acid 87-56-9 mucochloric acid IM Animals Cell Separation Cells, Cultured Daphnia Epithelial Cells Epithelium drug effects Fluoresceins chemistry Furans toxicity Gills drug effects Indicators and Reagents Liver cytology drug effects Mutagens toxicity Oncorhynchus mykiss Rubidium Radioisotopes metabolism Salmonella metabolism Sewage Structure-Activity Relationship Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Taurocholic Acid pharmacology Water Pollutants 7663096 1995 10 10 1995 10 10 2003 11 14

0007-4861 55 1 1995 Jul Reduction of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) toxicity to the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia following photolysis in sunlight. 89-95 University of Maryland System, Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown 21658, USA. Burton D T DT Turley S D SD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Rodenticides 0 Triazines 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 121-82-4 cyclonite 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Chi-Square Distribution Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Half-Life Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Oxygen metabolism Photolysis Rodenticides radiation effects toxicity Sunlight Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Triazines radiation effects toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical radiation effects toxicity 7663949 1995 10 10 1995 10 10 2003 11 14

0045-6535 31 2 1995 Jul Assessment of structurally related chemicals: toxicity and ecotoxicity of acrylic acid and acrylic acid alkyl esters (acrylates), methacrylic acid and methacrylic acid alkyl esters (methacrylates). 2637-59 BUA compiled the available data on toxicity and ecotoxicity for several acrylic and methacrylic acid esters and their corresponding acids. A comparison of these data revealed a qualitative similarity in the toxicological and ecotoxicological properties of the compounds considered. The data indicate that methacrylates are less reactive than the corresponding acrylates. GSF Institut für Toxikologie, Oberschleissheim, Germany. Greim H H Ahlers J J Bias R R Broecker B B Hollander H H Gelbke H P HP Jacobi S S Klimisch H J HJ Mangelsdorf I I Mayr W W eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Acrylates 0 Carcinogens 0 Methacrylates 79-10-7 acrylic acid 79-41-4 methacrylic acid IM Acrylates chemistry metabolism toxicity Algae drug effects Animals Bacteria drug effects Biodegradation Carcinogens toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Fishes Human Lethal Dose 50 Methacrylates chemistry metabolism toxicity Rats Skin drug effects Structure-Activity Relationship 25 7663952 1995 10 10 1995 10 10 2003 11 14

0045-6535 31 2 1995 Jul Acute and prolonged toxicity to aquatic organisms of new and existing chemicals and pesticides. 2707-26 The relation of acute to prolonged toxicity of existing and new chemicals and active ingredients of numerous pesticides in the aquatic environment have been compared with their physico-chemical properties. The data had been presented to the authorities in behalf of the pesticide registrations, the notification of new chemicals or research projects. The ecotoxicity ratios are expressed as acute to prolonged ratios (APR). They are determined for fish and crustacea with existing and new chemicals and pesticides. In the case of the pesticides the data are subsummarized into fungicides, herbicides, insecticides. The variability of the APR is evaluated. According to the statistic evaluation of the data it must be summarized, that the toxic effects are often extremely specific and depend not only on the substance, but also on the aquatic species, the duration of the exposure, and the endpoint of the test. In general, a factor of 100 between the EC/LC50 of acute toxicity and NOEC of prolonged toxicity is scientifically justified. The data indicate that there is no significant correlation between lipophilic properties (logPow) or water solubility and toxicity in aquatic organisms. For that reason structure-activity relationships based on lipophilic properties of the substance cannot lead to reasonable results. It must be stated, that the prolonged ecotoxicity can not be exactly extrapolated from acute toxicity data on the basis of physico-chemical properties. Umweltbundesamt, Berlin, Germany. Heger W W Jung S J SJ Martin S S Peter H H eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Pesticides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia Data Interpretation, Statistical Fishes Pest Control Pesticides toxicity Species Specificity Structure-Activity Relationship Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7556027 1995 11 02 1995 11 02 2003 11 14

0091-6765 103 Suppl 4 1995 May Commentary on effects of anthropogenic and natural organic chemicals on development, swimming behavior, and reproduction of Daphnia, a key member of aquatic ecosystems. 7-11 Because of their trophodynamic role, small invertebrates are often critical components of ecosystems. An especially important group of freshwater invertebrates is the water fleas of the genus Daphnia. These animals are often the dominant herbivores in lakes and ponds. They play a key role in determining water clarity (by grazing on algae) and they are an important part of the diet of fish. Natural chemical signals (kairomones) produced by predators affect the development, life history strategy, and behavior of zooplankton. Laboratory studies of anthropogenic chemicals that have biological activity (xenobiotics), such as the insecticide carbaryl, have demonstrated effects of concentrations in the 1 to 5 ppb range on Daphnia development, growth rate, and swimming behavior in our laboratory experiments. Low concentrations of carbaryl inhibit growth and reproduction and delay maturation, whereas survivorship was not effected. These sublethal exposures to carbaryl reduced Daphnia population growth rate (productivity) by about 15% (at 5 ppb), enough to have significant ecological effects on the rest of the lake community. The insecticide carbaryl showed synergistic interactions with natural chemicals associated with predators (kairomones) that modify Daphnia development and life history characteristic. In addition, there were complex synergisms between carbaryl, the predator odors, and oxygen concentration (low oxygen concentration can be either a natural environmental stress or an anthropogenic stress). Daphnia produce males facultatively, usually in late fall; at other times, reproduction is asexual.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA. Dodson S I SI Hanazato T T eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Insecticides, Carbamate 0 Xenobiotics 63-25-2 Carbaryl IM Animals Carbaryl adverse effects Daphnia growth & development physiology Ecosystem Female Fresh Water Insecticides, Carbamate adverse effects Male Reproduction drug effects physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Swimming physiology Xenobiotics adverse effects 60 7550639 1995 11 02 1995 11 02 2003 11 14

1064-3745 43 1995 Allium test. 119-27 Institute of Genetics, University of Lund, Sweden. Fiskesjö G G eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Methods Mol Biol 9214969 0 Environmental Pollutants 64-86-8 Colchicine IM Algae Allium Animals CHO Cells cytology Colchicine pharmacology Comparative Study Daphnia Environmental Pollutants toxicity Fishes Hamsters Human Lymphocytes cytology Plant Roots drug effects Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytology Tetrahymena pyriformis cytology Toxicity Tests methods 8555689 1996 02 26 1996 02 26 2003 11 14

0007-4861 55 4 1995 Oct Toxicity of methyl tertiary butyl ether to Daphnia magna and Photobacterium phosphoreum. 618-20 Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne 21853, USA. Gupta G G Lin Y J YJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Air Pollutants 0 Ethers 0 Methyl Ethers 0 Solvents 1634-04-4 methyl tert-butyl ether IM Air Pollutants Animals Daphnia drug effects Ethers toxicity Gasoline analysis Luminescence Methyl Ethers Photobacterium drug effects Reproducibility of Results Solvents toxicity 7498069 1996 01 17 1996 01 17 2003 11 14

0147-6513 31 3 1995 Aug An evaluation of the aquatic hazard of cumene (isopropyl benzene). 287-9 Cumene manufacturers were required under a TSCA Section 4(a) test rule to evaluate the aquatic toxicity of cumene to daphnids, rainbow trout, mysid shrimp, and sheepshead minnows. Because of cumene's high volatility (vapor pressure, 3.2 mm Hg at 20 degrees C), all tests were conducted under flowthrough conditions using a proportional diluter system. The 96-hr LC50s for rainbow trout, sheepshead minnow, and mysid shrimp, based on mean measured concentrations, were 4.8, 4.7, and 1.3 mg/liter, respectively. The 48-hr daphnid EC50 was 4.0 mg/liter. Although cumene is considered moderately toxic to aquatic organisms under rigorous laboratory conditions, its volatility and biodegradability greatly reduce its hazard to the aquatic environment. Chevron Research and Technology Company, Richmond, California 94706, USA. Glickman A H AH Alexander H C HC Buccafusco R J RJ Morris C R CR Francis B O BO Surprenant D C DC Ward T J TJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Benzene Derivatives 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 98-82-8 cumene IM Animals Benzene Derivatives toxicity Cyprinidae metabolism Daphnia drug effects Decapoda (Crustacea) drug effects Evaluation Studies Fresh Water Lethal Dose 50 Oncorhynchus mykiss Seawater Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 7579929 1995 11 27 1995 11 27 2003 11 14

0007-4861 55 2 1995 Aug Toxic and genotoxic activity of water samples from the River Ljubljanica. 237-44 Institute of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Filipic M M Lovincic D D Erjavec M M Glavic D D Planina P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Acids 0 Anions 0 Benzene Derivatives 0 Metals 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Acids analysis toxicity Animals Anions analysis toxicity Benzene Derivatives analysis toxicity Daphnia drug effects Fresh Water Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lethal Dose 50 Metals analysis toxicity Mutagenicity Tests Mutation drug effects genetics Slovenia Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 8533036 1996 01 29 1996 01 29 2003 11 14

0035-7715 46 2 1995 [Effect of water contamination with surface active substances and plant protecting agents on aquatic organisms] 175-81 The purpose of the study was establishing in what degree the presence of surface-active substances affects the influence of herbicides present in surface waters on aquatic organisms. The study was carried out under laboratory conditions using as herbicides promethrin (triazine group) and dichlorophenoxy-acetate sodium (2,4 D), and detergents - sodium alkylsuphonate ABS and non-ionic detergent Rokafenol N8P7. The effect of these substances was studied on the test organisms from own cultures - Daphnia magna Straus, larvae of insects Chironomus plumosus L, and young fish Lebistes reticulatus. The study showed that promethrin was the herbicide with stronger action on the studied organisms than 2,4 D. The presence of single detergents and their mixtures increased promethrin effects by 10-13% on the testes invertebrates even in concentrations permitted in surface waters. The toxic effect of the herbicide 2,4 D was potentiated by detergents in much higher concentrations, exceeding the permitted values. Contamination of surface waters with detergents may endanger the trophic chain of aquatic biocenoses. Zakładu Higieny Komunalnej Państwowego Zakładu Higieny w Warszawie. Ranke-Rybicka B B Płachta J J Zyciński D D pol Journal Article Wpływ zanieczyszczenia wód substancjami powierzchniowo-czynnymi i środkami ochrony roślin na organizmy wodne.

POLAND Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 0414756 0 Defoliants, Chemical 0 Detergents 0 Herbicides 0 Insecticides, Botanical 0 Pesticide Synergists 0 Pyrethrins 1746-01-6 Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin 39277-47-9 Agent Orange 52645-53-1 Permethrin 93-76-5 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid 94-75-7 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid IM 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid chemistry toxicity 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid chemistry toxicity Animals Chironomidae drug effects Daphnia drug effects Defoliants, Chemical chemistry toxicity Detergents chemistry English Abstract Herbicides chemistry toxicity Insecticides, Botanical chemistry toxicity Larva drug effects Lethal Dose 50 No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Permethrin Pesticide Synergists Poecilia Pyrethrins chemistry toxicity Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin chemistry toxicity Water Pollution 8563194 1996 03 05 1996 03 05 2003 11 14

0007-4861 55 5 1995 Nov Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and linear solvation energy relationship for studies of alkyl (1-phenylsulfonyl) cycloalkane-carboxylates. 635-42 Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Republic of China. He Y B YB Zhu J J JJ Wang L S LS Zhang Z Z eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Carboxylic Acids 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Octanols 0 Sulfuric Acid Esters 111-87-5 1-Octanol 7704-34-9 Sulfur 7732-18-5 Water IM 1-Octanol Animals Carboxylic Acids chemistry metabolism Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Daphnia drug effects Environmental Pollutants analysis metabolism toxicity Octanols chemistry Reproducibility of Results Structure-Activity Relationship Sulfur analysis chemistry toxicity Sulfuric Acid Esters analysis metabolism toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water chemistry 8521776 1996 01 24 1996 01 24 2003 11 14

0147-6513 31 2 1995 Jul Toxicity of DTPA to Daphnia carinata as modified by oxygen stress and food limitation. 117-26 First-instar Daphnia carinata were exposed to one of four or five sublethal concentrations of the industrial chelating agent diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) either alone, or in conjunction with, high (90-100%) or low (10-25%) oxygen saturation and high (2 x 10(5) cells/ml) or low (2 x 10(4) cells/ml) food conditions for 6 to 7 days, in a series of three experiments. Survival, growth, reproduction, and hemoglobin (Hb) content were assessed. Mortality increased significantly from 6.5 +/- 4.2 to 38.9 +/- 5.2%, and mean length was significantly reduced from 2.73 +/- 0.02 to 1.37 +/- 0.01 mm at 100 mg/liter DTPA in experiment 1. Mean length was also significantly reduced from 2.64 +/- 0.12 to 1.9 +/- 0.1 mm at 50 mg/liter DTPA in experiment 3. This was attributed to an indirect effect via the food supply in the third experiment. There was a significant decrease in the mean number of first-brood eggs at 10 mg/liter DTPA in all three experiments. Hemoglobin concentration was significantly increased under low oxygen conditions from 27.6 +/- 1.7 to 65.5 +/- 4.6 mg Hb/g Daphnia dry wt, and 23.0 +/- 1.8 to 49.4 +/- 3.5 mg Hb/g Daphnia dry wt in experiments 2 and 3, respectively. However, DTPA had no effect on hemoglobin concentration in any experiment. DTPA toxicity to D. carinata was not significantly altered by oxygen stress or food limitation and could not be attributed to an inhibition of Hb synthesis. Increased exposure times may result in further reproductive effects and also an indirect effect on hemoglobin concentration via the gradual depletion of iron stores. The no-observed effect concentration and the lowest observed effect concentration for D. carinata in this study were 1.0 and 10 mg/liter DTPA, respectively, based on reproduction, giving an estimated threshold concentration of 3.2 mg/liter DTPA. Key Centre for Applied and Nutritional Toxicology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Van Dam R A RA Barry M J MJ Ahokas J T JT Holdway D A DA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Chelating Agents 0 Hemoglobins 67-43-6 Pentetic Acid IM Algae drug effects metabolism Analysis of Variance Animals Chelating Agents toxicity Daphnia drug effects growth & development metabolism Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Environmental Exposure Food Deprivation Hemoglobins metabolism Oxidative Stress Pentetic Acid toxicity Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8521783 1996 01 24 1996 01 24 2003 11 14

0147-6513 31 2 1995 Jul An aquatic toxicological evaluation of fenthion in the context of finch control in South Africa. 164-72 Queletox, containing fenthion as active ingredient, is the avicide formulation used in South Africa to control red-billed finches (Quelea quelea). Control measures involve night spraying of roosting areas with a light aircraft. Since roosting areas often include reedbeds along riversides and on islands, proper control is difficult without exposing the aquatic environment to some risk of contamination. This study tested the acute effects of fenthion, in association with the queletox formulation, on the cladocerans Daphnia pulex and Ceriodaphnia dubia and the fish species Poecilia reticulata, Tilapia rendalli, Cyprinus carpio, and Oreochromis mossambicus. The chronic effects of fenthion on D. pulex were evaluated in a 14-day reproduction test. Mean 48-hr LC50 values estimated for D. pulex and C. dubia were 1.30 and 1.72 micrograms liter-1 respectively. For the fish estimated 96-hr LC50 values were as follows: 2.12 (P. reticulata), 2.53 (C. carpio), 2.92 (T. rendalli) and 1.71 micrograms liter-1 (O. mossambicus). In the chronic test reproduction of the exposed population was stimulated at the lowest two fenthion concentrations (0.1 and 0.6 ng liter-1), while a reproductive impairment was recorded at concentrations varying from 1 to 10 ng liter-1. Concentrations of fenthion measured in dams after spraying are given to indicate the levels of contamination that may occur. QSAR was used to estimate the toxicity of some fenthion metabolites. The results of this study reveal that fenthion, at the concentrations occurring in the environment after aerial spraying, can have marked effects on the survival and reproduction of D. pulex for long periods after spraying. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Hydrological Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa. Roux D D Jooste S S Truter E E Kempster P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 55-38-9 Fenthion IM Animals Carps metabolism Chromatography, Gas Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Female Fenthion toxicity Fresh Water chemistry Insecticides, Organothiophosphate analysis toxicity South Africa Species Specificity Tilapia metabolism Tissue Distribution Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 8520149 1996 01 24 1996 01 24 2003 11 14

0007-4861 55 3 1995 Sep Acute toxic effect of River Yodo water (Japan) on Daphnia magna. 419-25 Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Japan. Hosokawa M M Endo G G Kuroda K K eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Insecticides 0 Metals 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Environmental Exposure Fresh Water Insecticides toxicity Japan Metals toxicity Sewage Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 8564853 1996 03 05 1996 03 05 2003 11 14

1062-936X 3 3 1995 Experiences with the application of QSAR in the routine of the notification procedure. 171-7 On behalf of the Umweltbundesamt the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft has developed a software system (SAR-system) comprising more than 90 estimation models for endpoints relevant in environmental risk assessment. These estimation models are based on the approach of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). All models were checked for their validity and application range. In the last months the Umweltbundesamt started to test the applicability of some models concerning the endpoints fish acute toxicity, daphnia acute toxicity and ready (i.e., ultimate) biodegradability in the daily routine of the notification procedure. For testing these models the corresponding confidential data given in the dossiers of substances notified 1993 in Germany, were used. We were able to make calculations for 36% of the notified substances. For the remaining 64% of the chemicals it was impossible to accomplish SAR estimations due to several reasons, e.g., ionic structure of the compounds. Different results for the applicability of the mentioned endpoints are obtained. The predictions of the fish and Daphnia toxicity are in sufficient agreement with the experimental results, in case of the fish toxicity we receive 58% agreement, for the Daphnia toxicity 56%. The corresponding values which were obtained in the US EPA/E.C. Joint Project on the evaluation of (quantitative) structure activity relationships were 82.3% and 70.9%. About 300 different models were used for the calculations of these endpoints within the framework of the EPA/EC project. The SAR-system presented here contains 8 models for estimating the fish toxicity and 6 models for the Daphnia toxicity. For the prediction of the biodegradability the results obtained with the SAR-system are rather poor and have to be improved. Meanwhile the SAR-system is commercially available and can be ordered at the Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Schmallenberg (Germany). Lange A W AW Vormann K K eng Journal Article

ENGLAND SAR QSAR Environ Res 9440156 0 Environmental Pollutants IM Animals Biodegradation Daphnia Environmental Pollutants analysis toxicity Risk Assessment Software Structure-Activity Relationship 8564855 1996 03 05 1996 03 05 2003 11 14

1062-936X 3 3 1995 The application of structure-activity relationships (SARs) in the aquatic toxicity evaluation of discrete organic chemicals. 203-15 The Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) routinely uses structure-activity relationships (SAR) for the aquatic hazard assessment of new chemicals submitted under Section 5 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). With 15 years of experience and the general acceptance of toxicity predictions based on SARs, OPPT has expanded the use and application of the methodology to include existing chemicals used in printing, dry cleaning, and paint stripping. SAR analysis has also been used in the hazard evaluation of the U.S. and EU/OECD high production volume (HPV) chemicals. This paper describes the assumptions, limitations, and methodology for the use of SARs to evaluate large sets of discrete organic chemicals. Environmental Effects Branch (7403), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460-0001, USA. Clements R G RG Nabholz J V JV Zeeman M G MG Auer C M CM eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

ENGLAND SAR QSAR Environ Res 9440156 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Chemical Industry Daphnia Fishes Structure-Activity Relationship United States Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 25 8575358 1996 03 12 1996 03 12 2003 11 14

0147-6513 32 2 1995 Nov Toxicity evaluations of wastewaters in Austria with conventional and cost-effective bioassays. 139-46 The acute toxicity of 42 samples of different types of domestic and industrial discharges was assessed with a battery of tests comprising the standard Daphnia magna bioassay and three cost-effective new microbiotests (cyst-based Toxkits): the Rotoxkit F with the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and the Streptoxkit F and Thamnotoxkit F tests with the freshwater fairy shrimps Streptocephalus proboscideus and Thamnocephalus platyurus, respectively. Chemical analyses were performed for conventional water quality parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), NO2, NH3, NH4+, O2, and pH. Toxicity of the samples, expressed as German regulatory G-values, was found to vary between 1 and 128. The results of these toxicity tests indicate that the Toxkit bioassays were as sensitive as the D. magna acute test. The crustacean T. platyurus was in 75% of the toxic samples more sensitive than D. magna. Relationships between the chemical composition and the toxicity of the discharges could be established in some cases, but not in others, which confirms the difficulties of extrapolating toxic hazards of complex wastes from (mostly restricted) chemical analyses. This study demonstrates the potential of cost-effective bioassays (such as, e.g., cyst-based Toxkits) as attractive alternatives to (expensive) conventional bioassays for routine monitoring of effluents and wastes. Technische Universität Wien, Institut für Wassergüe, Austria. Muna L L Guido P P Colin J J Wim D C DC Karl S S eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 IM Animals Austria Biological Assay methods Cost-Benefit Analysis Crustacea drug effects metabolism Daphnia drug effects metabolism Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Quality Control Reference Values Sewage Waste Management economics standards Waste Products 8601477 1996 05 06 1996 05 06 2003 11 14

0016-6731 141 4 1995 Dec Ribosomal DNA evolution at the population level: nucleotide variation in intergenic spacer arrays of Daphnia pulex. 1327-37 Nucleotide variation was surveyed in 21 subrepeat arrays from the ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer of three Daphnia pulex populations. Eighteen of these arrays contained four subrepeats. Contrary to expectations, each of the four positions within the array had a different consensus sequence. However, gene conversion, involving sequences less than the length of a subrepeat, had occurred between subrepeats in different positions. Three arrays had more than four subrepeats and were undoubtedly generated by unequal crossing over between standard-length arrays. The data strongly suggested that most unequal exchanges between arrays are intrachromosomal and that they occur much less frequently than unequal exchanges at the level of the entire rDNA repeat. Strong associations among variants at different positions allowed the recognition of five groups of arrays, two of which were found in more than one population. Five of the seven individuals surveyed had arrays from more than one group. Analysis of the distribution of nucleotide variation suggested that the populations were quite divergent, a result that is concordant with previous surveys of allozyme and mitochondrial DNA variation. It was suggested that some of the subrepeat array types are quite old, at least predating the recolonization of pond habitats in the midwestern United States after the last glaciation. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. tcrease@uoguelph.ca Crease T J TJ eng GENBANK U34752 U34782 U34783 U34784 U34785 U34786 U34787 U34788 U34789 U34790 U34791 U34792 U34864 U34865 U34866 U34867 U34868 U34869 U34870 U34871 Journal Article

UNITED STATES Genetics 0374636 0 DNA, Ribosomal IM Animals Base Sequence Consensus Sequence DNA, Ribosomal genetics Daphnia genetics Evolution Molecular Sequence Data Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid Sequence Alignment Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Variation (Genetics) 8604152 1996 05 16 1996 05 16 2003 11 14

0098-4108 47 3 1996 Feb 23 Inactivation of glutaraldehyde by reaction with sodium bisulfite. 299-309 The microbiocidal activity of glutaraldehyde was inactivated by reaction with sodium bisulfite via formation of a proposed glutaraldehyde-bisulfite complex. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of 2% (0.2M) alkaline glutaraldehyde indicated complete loss of glutaraldehyde at a 2.2:1 molar ratio of sodium bisulfite to glutaraldehyde. Neither 1.7% (0.17 M) sodium bisulfite alone nor the glutaraldehyde-bisulfite complex was microbiocidal when tested against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Polybac Polyseed BOD seed inoculum. Bacterial inhibition tests indicated that the glutaraldehyde-sodium bisulfite complex had no effect on the growth of sewage microorganisms at concentrations as high as 50-100 ppm (5 x 10(-4)-1 x 10(-3) M), with an IC50 of 230-440 ppm (2.3 x 10(-3)-4.4 x 10(-3) M), based on glutaraldehyde concentration. A 28-close bottle test showed a 5-d biodegradation of 48% and 51%, and a 15-d biodegradation of 57% and 63% for 3:1 and 2.2:1 bisulfite to glutaraldehyde molar ratios, respectively. Acute aquatic toxicity testing with Daphnia magna demonstrated an LC50 of 41-109 ppm (4.1 x 10(-4)-10.9 x 10(-4) M) and a no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) of 16 ppm (1.6 x 10(-4) M) for the proposed glutaraldehyde-bisulfite complex (based on glutaraldehyde concentration), approximately 10-fold higher than found for glutaraldehyde alone, indicating that the proposed glutaraldehyde-bisulfite complex is less toxic to the environment than glutaraldehyde. Union Carbide Corporation, Bound Brook, NJ 08805, USA. Jordan S L SL Russo M R MR Blessing R L RL Theis A B AB eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Toxicol Environ Health 7513622 0 Antioxidants 0 Disinfectants 0 Sulfites 111-30-8 Glutaral 7631-90-5 sodium bisulfite IM Animals Antioxidants metabolism toxicity Biological Assay Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Daphnia Disinfectants metabolism toxicity Enterobacter drug effects Escherichia coli drug effects Glutaral metabolism toxicity Pseudomonas aeruginosa drug effects Sulfites metabolism toxicity 8606032 1996 05 17 1996 05 17 2003 11 14

0278-6915 34 2 1996 Feb Safety evaluation of a lipase expressed in Aspergillus oryzae. 161-6 A programme of studies was conducted to establish the safety of a lipase artificially expressed in Aspergillus oryzae to be used in the detergent industry and as a processing aid in the baking industry. Laboratory animal studies were used to assess general and inhalation toxicity, skin sensitization, and skin and eye irritation. Its potential to cause mutagenicity and chromosomal aberrations was assessed in microbial and tissue culture in vitro studies. The pathogenicity of A. oryzae, the organism used to produce the lipase, was also assessed in laboratory animals. Basic ecotoxicity in a variety of test species was studied. General and inhalation toxicity was low. There was evidence of mild skin irritation. There was no evidence of eye irritation, skin sensitization, mutagenic potential, chromosomal aberrations, exotoxicity or notable pathogenicity. Comparison of these results with human exposure levels and previously published data indicates that the lipase appears safe for consumers in the given applications, requires no special occupational health precautions in manufacture and is of low environmental impact. Furthermore, the organism used in production of the lipase hs no notable pathogenicity. Inveresk Research International Ltd, Tranent, UK. Greenough R J RJ Perry C J CJ Stavnsbjerg M M eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Food Chem Toxicol 8207483 0 Detergents EC 3.1.1.3 Lipase IM Administration, Inhalation Administration, Oral Algae drug effects growth & development Animals Aspergillus oryzae enzymology pathogenicity Biodegradation Carps Chromosome Aberrations Comparative Study Consumer Product Safety Daphnia Detergents Eye drug effects Female Food-Processing Industry Guinea Pigs Lethal Dose 50 Lipase administration & dosage biosynthesis metabolism toxicity Male Mice Mutation drug effects Rabbits Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Rats, Wistar Skin drug effects 8653582 1996 07 30 1996 07 30 2003 11 14

1096-4959 113 2 1996 Feb Expression and induction of an immunochemically related class of glutathione S-transferases in Daphnia magna. 261-7 The cytosolic glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are dimeric enzymes that are responsible for the conjugation of glutathione to an electrophilic center of a variety of lipophilic compounds. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the GSTs of Daphnia magna with respect to enzyme multiplicity, molecular weight, isoelectric points, and immunochemical distinction and to determine the inducibility of these enzymes by the prototypical mammalian GST inducer, phenobarbital. GSTs were purified from crude cystosols prepared from daphnids by glutathione-sepharose affinity chromatography. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the affinity purified GSTs revealed the presence of multiple subunits with molecular weights ranging from 26.9 to 30.2 kDa. Preparative electrofocusing separated GST activity into three major fractions having approximate isoelectric points of 4.5, 4.8 and 5.6. All of the catalytically active fractions contained a single protein band of the same molecular weight (30.2 kDa) during SDS-PAGE. A monoclonal antibody, prepared against the affinity-purified GST proteins, recognized three distinct proteins separated during analytical-scale isoelectric focusing (pI 4.6, 4.7 and 4.8). These proteins may represent a class of GSTs distinct from the GST having a pI of 5.6. Treatment of daphnids with phenobarbital elevated both GST catalytic activity and immunodetectable protein. These results demonstrate that multiple immunochemically related proteins of the same molecular weight but varying isoelectric points are responsible for most of the GST catalytic activity with the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Department of Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, USA. Baldwin W S WS LeBlanc G A GA eng ES07046 ES NIEHS Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 9516061 0 Isoenzymes 50-06-6 Phenobarbital EC 2.5.1.18 Glutathione Transferase IM Animals Chromatography, Affinity Cytosol enzymology Daphnia enzymology Enzyme Induction drug effects Glutathione Transferase biosynthesis immunology isolation & purification Immunoblotting Isoelectric Focusing Isoenzymes biosynthesis immunology isolation & purification Kinetics Phenobarbital pharmacology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 8661857 1996 08 26 1996 08 26 2003 11 14

0007-4861 56 5 1996 May Comparison of recirculating, static, and elutriate aquatic sediment bioassay procedures. 742-9 National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA. Schuytema G S GS Nebeker A V AV Cairns M A MA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Biological Assay methods Comparative Study Daphnia Filtration Fresh Water Geologic Sediments analysis Reference Standards Reproducibility of Results Soil analysis Soil Pollutants analysis toxicity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 8688961 1996 08 23 1996 08 23 2003 11 14

0962-1083 5 3 1996 Jun RAPD identification of microsatellites in Daphnia. 437-41 Simple sequence repeats (SSRs, or microsatellites) have been constantly gaining importance as single-locus DNA markers in population genetics and behavioural ecology. We tested a PCR-based strategy for finding microsatellite loci in anonymous genomes, which avoids genomic library construction and screening, and the need for larger amounts of DNA. In the first step, parts of a genome are randomly amplified with arbitrary 10mer primers using RAPD fingerprinting. Labelled SSR-oligonucleotides serve as probes to detect complementary sequences in RAPD products by means of Southern analyses. Subsequently, positive RAPD fragments of suitable size are cloned and sequenced. Using GA and GT probes, we applied this approach to waterfleas (Daphnia) and revealed 37 hybridization signals in 20 RAPD profiles. Thirteen positive RAPD fragments from three Daphnia species and two hybrid 'species' were cloned and sequenced. In all cases simple sequence repeats were detected. We characterized seven perfect repeat loci, which were found to be polymorphic within and between species. J.W. Goethe-Universität, Abteilung Okologie & Evolution, Frankfurt, Germany. Ender A A Schwenk K K Städler T T Streit B B Schierwater B B eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Mol Ecol 9214478 0 DNA Primers 0 DNA, Satellite IM Animals Base Sequence DNA Primers DNA, Satellite genetics Daphnia genetics Evolution Genomic Library Microsatellite Repeats genetics Molecular Sequence Data Polymerase Chain Reaction methods Polymorphism (Genetics) Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8661886 1996 09 05 1996 09 05 2003 11 14

0007-4861 56 6 1996 Jun Hazard evaluation of soil contaminants with aquatic animals and plant toxicity tests. 956-63 Water Quality Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA. Ramanathan A A Burks S L SL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Hazardous Substances 0 Soil Pollutants IM Animals Comparative Study Cyprinidae Daphnia drug effects Hazardous Substances Lethal Dose 50 Oryza sativa drug effects Petroleum toxicity Soil Pollutants analysis toxicity Species Specificity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 8661888 1996 09 05 1996 09 05 2003 11 14

0007-4861 56 6 1996 Jun Toxicity of chlorine and other chlorinated compounds to some Australian aquatic organisms. 971-6 Centre for Ecotoxicology, NSW Environment Protection Authority, Locked Bag 1502, Bankstown NSW 2200, Australia. Manning T M TM Wilson S P SP Chapman J C JC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Disinfectants 7681-52-9 Sodium Hypochlorite 7782-50-5 Chlorine 7783-20-2 Ammonium Sulfate IM Ammonium Sulfate toxicity Analysis of Variance Animals Australia Chlorine toxicity Daphnia Decapoda (Crustacea) Disinfectants toxicity Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lethal Dose 50 Sodium Hypochlorite toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Purification 8661463 1996 09 05 1996 09 05 2003 11 14

0007-4861 57 1 1996 Jul Quantitative structure-activity relationships and mixture toxicity studies of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds. 77-83 Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China. Chen J J Liao Y Y Zhao Y Y Wang L L Lu G G Zhao T T eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Heterocyclic Compounds 0 Nitrogen Compounds IM Animals Daphnia Drug Interactions Drug Synergism Heterocyclic Compounds chemistry toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Nitrogen Compounds chemistry toxicity Regression Analysis Software Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet Structure-Activity Relationship Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8661467 1996 09 05 1996 09 05 2003 11 14

0007-4861 57 1 1996 Jul Correlation between the in vitro cytotoxicity of inorganic metal compounds to cultured fathead minnow fish cells and the toxicity to Daphnia magna. 107-10 Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Toxicology Division, Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Dierickx P J PJ Bredael-Rozen E E eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Metals 553-24-2 Neutral Red IM Animals Cell Line Cyprinidae Daphnia Lethal Dose 50 Linear Models Metals toxicity Neutral Red metabolism Species Specificity 8661471 1996 09 05 1996 09 05 2003 11 14

0007-4861 57 1 1996 Jul Toxicity of fluoranthene to Daphnia magna, Hyalella azteca, Chironomus tentans, and Stylaria lacustris in water-only and whole sediment exposures. 132-8 Dames and Moore, 5 Industrial Way, Salem, New Hampshire 03079, USA. Suedel B C BC Rodgers J H JH Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Fluorenes 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 206-44-0 fluoranthene IM Animals Chironomidae Comparative Study Crustacea Daphnia Electric Conductivity Fluorenes metabolism toxicity Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Larva Lethal Dose 50 Oligochaeta Soil Pollutants metabolism toxicity Species Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States United States Environmental Protection Agency Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity 8661472 1996 09 05 1996 09 05 2003 11 14

0007-4861 57 1 1996 Jul Accumulation of tetradifon in an algae (Nannochloris oculata) and the cladoceran, Daphnia magna. 139-45 Department of Animal Biology (Animal Physiology), University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain. Ferrando M D MD Sancho E E Andreu-Moliner E E eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Culture Media 0 Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 0 Pesticide Residues 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 116-29-0 tetradifon IM Algae, Green drug effects metabolism Animals Chromatography, Gas Culture Media Daphnia drug effects metabolism Fresh Water Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated metabolism toxicity Insecticides, Organochlorine metabolism toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Pesticide Residues metabolism toxicity Reference Standards Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity 8661903 1996 08 13 1996 08 13 2003 11 14

0007-4861 57 2 1996 Aug Comparative acute toxicity of two herbicides, paraquat and glyphosate, to Daphnia magna and D. spinulata. 229-35 Ecotoxicology Research Program, Department of Basic Sciences, National University of Luján, cc 221 (6700) Luján (B), Argentina. Alberdi J L JL Sáenz M E ME Di Marzio W D WD Tortorelli M C MC eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Herbicides 1071-83-6 glyphosate 4685-14-7 Paraquat 56-40-6 Glycine IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Glycine analogs & derivatives toxicity Herbicides toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Paraquat toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors 8661905 1996 08 13 1996 08 13 2003 11 14

0007-4861 57 2 1996 Aug Quantitative structure-activity relationships of organic acids and bases. 242-9 Department of Environmental Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China. Zhao Y H YH Yuan X X Yang L H LH Wang L S LS eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Benzoates 0 Phenols 0 Phthalic Acids IM Aniline Compounds toxicity Animals Benzoates toxicity Carps Daphnia drug effects Phenols toxicity Photobacterium drug effects Phthalic Acids toxicity Structure-Activity Relationship Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8730787 1996 10 24 1996 10 24 2003 11 14

0962-8436 351 1337 1996 Mar 29 The systematics of North American Daphnia (Crustacea: Anomopoda): a molecular phylogenetic approach. 349-60 Despite extensive studies on the ecology and evolution of the freshwater microcrustacean Daphnia, there is little understanding of the evolutionary history of the genus. Past attempts at reconstructing phylogenetic relationships among Daphnia species have been highly controversial, mainly because of the poor taxonomy of the genus. However, following a revised taxonomy of the daphniid fauna of North America, we conducted a comprehensive appraisal of systematic relationships within the genus through the analysis of sequence diversity in 503 b.p. of the 12S rRNA gene of the mtDNA. The large sequence divergence among its 34 North American members indicates that the genus Daphnia originated during the Mesozoic, even though many lineages exhibit extreme morphological stasis. Results from both cladistic and phenetic analyses indicate the presence of three subgenera comprised of 15 species complexes. Only four of these lineages have shown active speciation over the past 3 Ma, suggesting that cladogenesis in the genus has been constrained. Our study also reveals that interspecific hybridization occurs between taxa which show very large sequence divergence (up to 14%), suggesting that reproductive isolation within the genus evolves slowly. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Colbourne J K JK Hebert P D PD eng GENBANK X03240 Z15015 Journal Article

ENGLAND Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 7503623 0 DNA, Ribosomal IM Animals Base Sequence DNA, Ribosomal analysis genetics Daphnia classification genetics Molecular Sequence Data North America Phylogeny Sequence Analysis, DNA Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) 8744919 1996 09 25 1996 09 25 2003 11 14

0147-6513 33 1 1996 Feb The effects of near ultraviolet radiation on the toxic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in animals and plants: a review. 1-24 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common contaminants of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Traditional, toxicological studies for defining the potential hazard of PAHs in wildlife have been conducted in the absence of UV radiation. However, recent toxicology studies particularly in the discipline of aquatic toxicology have presented evidence that PAHs may become toxic or substantially more toxic upon coexposure to UV light (300-400 nm). In this paper, a comprehensive review of the literature pertaining to the toxicological interaction of PAHs and UV light in aquatic and terrestrial organisms is presented. It is concluded that the acute phototoxic effects of PAHs should be considered when conducting environmental risk assessments; however, more research needs to be conducted to address the lack of data on the enhancement of UV-induced carcinogenesis by PAH compounds. Karch & Associates, Inc., Washington, DC 20006, USA. Arfsten D P DP Schaeffer D J DJ Mulveny D C DC eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Carcinogens 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic IM Animals Carcinogens toxicity Cells drug effects radiation effects Daphnia drug effects radiation effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Insects drug effects radiation effects Invertebrates Lethal Dose 50 Models, Theoretical Plants drug effects radiation effects Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic toxicity Protozoa drug effects radiation effects Ultraviolet Rays adverse effects Vertebrates 109 8744925 1996 09 25 1996 09 25 2003 11 14

0147-6513 33 1 1996 Feb Acute toxicity of fire control chemicals to Daphnia magna (Straus) and Selenastrum capricornutum (Printz). 62-72 Acute toxicity tests were conducted exposing Daphnia magna Straus (daphnid) in soft and hard reconstituted waters (hardness 42 and 162 mg/liter as CaCO3, respectively), and Selenastrum capricornutum Printz (algae) in ASTM algal assay medium (hardness 15 mg/liter as CaCO3) to fire retardants Fire-Trol GTS-R, Fire-Trol LCG-R, and Phos-Chek D75-F, and foam suppressants Phos-Check WD-881 and Silv-Ex. The chemicals were slightly toxic to practically harmless to daphnids and moderately toxic to algae. Water quality did not consistently alter the toxicity of the test chemicals to daphnids. The most toxic chemical to daphnids was Silv-Ex (48-hr EC50 7 mg/liter in soft and hard waters), whereas the least toxic chemical to daphnids was Fire-Trol LCG-R (48-hr EC50 848 mg/liter in soft water, 813 mg/liter in hard water). The most toxic chemical to algae was Fire-Trol LCG-R (96-hr IC50 10 mg/liter), and the least toxic chemical was Phos-Chek D75-F (96-hr IC50 79 mg/liter). Un-ionized ammonia concentrations near the EC50 or IC50 value in tests with the Fire-Trol compounds were frequently equal to or above reported LC50 un-ionized ammonia concentrations. Un-ionized ammonia concentrations in tests with Phos-Chek D75-F were low, thus other toxic components present in the compounds probably contributed to the toxicity. When compared to the daphnids tested in ASTM soft water, the Fire-Trol compounds were most toxic to algae, whereas Phos-Chek D75-F and the foam suppressants were most toxic to daphnids. The results of these tests are comparable to those obtained from research conducted in other laboratories with the same species and similar chemicals. Accidental entry of fire-fighting chemicals into aquatic environments could adversely affect algae and aquatic invertebrates, thus disrupting ecosystem function. Midwest Science Center, US National Biological Service, Yankton, South Dakota 57078, USA. McDonald S F SF Hamilton S J SJ Buhl K J KJ Heisinger J F JF eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Culture Media 0 Flame Retardants 0 Nitrates 0 Nitrites 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7664-41-7 Ammonia IM Algae drug effects Ammonia analysis toxicity Animals Comparative Study Culture Media Daphnia drug effects Ecosystem Flame Retardants toxicity Fresh Water Lethal Dose 50 Nitrates analysis toxicity Nitrites analysis toxicity Quality Control Regression Analysis Reproduction drug effects Species Specificity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 8722775 1996 10 11 1996 10 11 2003 11 14

0016-6731 143 1 1996 May Change of genetic architecture in response to sex. 203-12 A traditional view is that sexual reproduction increases the potential for phenotypic evolution by expanding the range of genetic variation upon which natural selection can act. However, when nonadditive genetic effects and genetic disequilibria underlie a genetic system, genetic slippage (a change in the mean genotypic value contrary to that promoted by selection) in response to sex may occur. Additionally, depending on whether natural selection is predominantly stabilizing or disruptive, recombination may either enhance or reduce the level of expressed genetic variance. Thus, the role of sexual reproduction in the dynamics of phenotypic evolution depends heavily upon the nature of natural selection and the genetic system of the study population. In the present study, on a permanent lake Daphnia pulicaria population, sexual reproduction results in significant genetic slippage and a significant increase in expressed genetic variance for several traits. These observations provide evidence for substantial genetic disequilibria and nonadditive genetic effects underlying the genetic system of the study population. From these results, the fitness function of the previous clonal selection phase is inferred to be directional and/or stabilizing. The data are also used to infer the effects of natural selection on the mean and the genetic variance of the population. Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403, USA. deng@hgc.sph.uth.tmc.edu Deng H W HW Lynch M M eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Genetics 0374636 IM Analysis of Variance Animals Daphnia genetics physiology Evolution Female Fertilization Life Tables Linkage Disequilibrium Male Models, Genetic Multivariate Analysis Phenotype Reproduction genetics Selection (Genetics) Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Variation (Genetics) 8765902 1996 11 01 1996 11 01 2003 11 14

1062-936X 4 1 1995 Classification of contaminants by mode of action based on in vitro assays. 39-50 A concept for toxicity assessments based on in vitro assays of variant levels (i.e., from whole cells to isolated enzymes) is presented. Due to the complexity of organisms of different species, it is evident that no single in vitro test can represent the entire spectrum of toxic potency of chemicals, rather a carefully designed battery of tests has to be employed to account for the various targets attacked in organisms yielding the different modes of action. Cytotoxicity tests like the Neutral-Red Assay predominantly reflect non-specific toxicity, which can be modelled according to a log Pow dependent baseline QSAR. Specific toxicants (e.g., decouplers, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or photosystem II inhibitors) may be identified based on according in vitro tests and eventually modelled by the respective mode of action related QSARs employing also, e.g., steric or polarizability descriptors to account for specific interactions. The complementation and partial replacement of in vivo (eco)toxicological testing by in vitro assays depends on two criteria: (a) the sensitivity of the tests to reliably detect environmentally relevant concentrations of toxicants and (b) the specificity of the assays to provide an unambiguous classification of toxicants by modes of action: the pattern of interaction with the various targets allows to recognize those compounds of specific effects that frequently occur as outliers in QSAR analyses. Analytisches Laboratorium für Umweltuntersuchungen und Auftragsforschung, Luhnstedt (Germany). Nendza M M Wenzel A A Wienen G G eng Journal Article

ENGLAND SAR QSAR Environ Res 9440156 0 Chlorobenzenes 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Phenols 107-02-8 Acrolein 108-90-7 chlorobenzene 1912-24-9 Atrazine 51-84-3 Acetylcholine 56-38-2 Parathion IM Acetylcholine antagonists & inhibitors Acrolein toxicity Algae drug effects Animals Atrazine toxicity Chlorobenzenes toxicity Daphnia drug effects Environmental Pollutants classification toxicity Fishes metabolism Mitochondria drug effects metabolism Parathion toxicity Phenols pharmacology toxicity Photosynthesis drug effects Sensitivity and Specificity Structure-Activity Relationship Toxicity Tests methods 8723750 1996 09 26 1996 09 26 2003 11 14

0147-6513 33 2 1996 Mar Effects of algae frozen at different temperatures on chronic assessment endpoints observed with Daphnia magna. 137-42 The Daphnia magna 21-day juvenile production test is not yet fully standardized because of many sources of variation. One is the diet provided to daphnids: the ration must be sufficient and the quality of algal cells must be optimal for achieving the required number of offspring defined by the new OECD guidelines. The experiments reported herein first examined the effects of Raphidocelis subcapitata after it had been maintained under four different conditions of storage (4, -20, -80, and -196 degrees C) on the survival, reproductive performance (over 21 days), and growth (ascertained by dry weight) of individually held D. magna for three generations. Under all of the four regimes tested, daphnids survived and reproduced in a manner which fulfilled the current OECD guidelines for a valid test, but the best results were obtained with fresh algae and algae frozen at -80 degrees C. Second, although D. magna has been widely used to determine toxicity of chemical substances, there are no reports in the literature that describe a rigorous study of the nutritional quality of the algae given to daphnids. Therefore, cell number, optical density, amount of organic carbon, and esterasic activity (assessed by intracellular breakdown of FDA to fluorescein) of algae that have been preserved at 4, -20, -80, and -196 degrees C were investigated. This part of the study indicated that freezing had no effect on cell numbers, in contrast to optical density, amount of organic carbon, and esterasic activity. First, it was found that esterasic activity was closely correlated to the reproductive performance of daphnids. It appears important, therefore, to consider the inclusion of this enzymatic activity as part of the routine quality control given to this microinvertebrate chronic procedure. Laboratoire d'Ecotoxicologie, Université de Metz, France. Cotelle S S Ferard J F JF eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Culture Media IM Algae, Green metabolism Analysis of Variance Animal Feed Animals Cold Cryopreservation Culture Media Daphnia growth & development physiology Diet Food Preservation Guidelines Nutritive Value Reproduction physiology 8723752 1996 09 26 1996 09 26 2003 11 14

0147-6513 33 2 1996 Mar Sensitivity of Daphnia carinata sensu lato to the insect growth regulator, pyriproxyfen. 154-6 This paper reports the sensitivity of Daphnia carinata sensu lato to pyriproxyfen, a promising chironomid control agent. Neonates exposed to pyriproxyfen in acute toxicity trials produced 48-hr LC50 of 0.08 ppm, eight times the concentration known to control the emergence of nuisance chironomids. However, continuous exposure to pyriproxyfen (0.01 ppm) during a 3-brood, 14-day life cycle test, suppressed the growth of D.carinata and reduced reproduction by as much as 80%. School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia. Trayler K M KM Davis J A JA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Juvenile Hormones 0 Pyridines 95737-68-1 pyriproxyfen IM Analysis of Variance Animals Biomass Chironomidae Daphnia drug effects Female Juvenile Hormones toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Pyridines toxicity Random Allocation Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8694886 1996 10 22 1996 10 22 2003 11 14

0007-4861 57 4 1996 Oct Chronic toxicity of acrylonitrile and acetonitrile to Daphnia magna in 14-d and 21-d toxicity tests. 655-9 Department of Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China. Tong Z Z Huailan Z Z Hongjun J J eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Acetonitriles 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 107-13-1 Acrylonitrile 75-05-8 acetonitrile IM Acetonitriles metabolism toxicity Acrylonitrile metabolism toxicity Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects metabolism Female Fresh Water Lethal Dose 50 Quality Control Reference Standards Reproduction drug effects Species Specificity Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity Water Purification 8694887 1996 10 22 1996 10 22 2003 11 14

0007-4861 57 4 1996 Oct Inter- and intra-laboratory testing of the Daphnia magna IQ toxicity test. 660-6 Aqua Survey Inc., 499 Pt Breeze Road, Flemington, New Jersey 08822, USA. Hayes K R KR Douglas W S WS Fischer J J eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Culture Media 0 Fluorescent Dyes 0 Galactosides 6160-78-7 4-methylumbelliferyl-galactopyranoside 7440-50-8 Copper 7758-98-7 Copper Sulfate 90-33-5 Hymecromone IM Animals Biological Assay Copper toxicity Copper Sulfate Culture Media Daphnia drug effects metabolism Fluorescent Dyes chemistry Galactosides chemistry Guidelines Hymecromone analogs & derivatives chemistry Lethal Dose 50 Observer Variation Reference Standards Reproduction drug effects Toxicity Tests United States United States Environmental Protection Agency 8747296 1996 10 23 1996 10 23 2003 11 14

1055-7903 4 4 1995 Dec A hierarchical molecular phylogeny within the genus Daphnia. 395-407 The nucleotide sequences of two mitochondrial DNA regions were used to determine phylogenetic relationships in the genus Daphnia (water fleas), a group for which systematics are historically unstable. A portion of the small ribosomal RNA was used to reconstruct higher-level relationships among species, while a portion of the more rapidly evolving control region was used to reconstruct lower-level relationships among populations. Two unexpected results were obtained. First, the subgeneric status of Ctenodaphnia falls into uncertainty on the basis of the failure of the 12S rRNA sequences to support these species as comprising an outgroup to the remainder of Daphnia species. Second, the high similarity of 12S rRNA sequences of Daphnia pulex and Daphnia pulicaria samples, coupled with the dual paraphyly of these samples as reconstructed from control-region analysis, suggests that they are two clonotype constellations within the same species complex. A combination of a variety of ecological influences has apparently resulted in the evolution of sets of Daphnia genotypes that are genetically cohesive despite their phenotypic divergence. Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403, USA. Lehman N N Pfrender M E ME Morin P A PA Crease T J TJ Lynch M M eng GENBANK Z15015 Journal Article

UNITED STATES Mol Phylogenet Evol 9304400 0 DNA Primers 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 0 RNA, Ribosomal 0 RNA, ribosomal, 12S IM Alleles Animals Base Sequence Comparative Study DNA Primers genetics DNA, Mitochondrial genetics Daphnia classification genetics Female Genetics, Population Male Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Ribosomal genetics Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid Species Specificity Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 8744763 1996 11 08 1996 11 08 2003 11 14

1055-7903 5 3 1996 Jun Phylogenetics and evolution of the Daphnia longispina group (Crustacea) based on 12S rDNA sequence and allozyme variation. 495-510 Although members of the crustacean genus Daphnia have been the target of much research, there is little understanding of the group's evolutionary history. We addressed this gap by inferring a phylogeny for one of the major species groups (longispina) using nucleotide sequence variation of a 525-bp segment of the mitochondrial 12S rDNA and allozyme variation at 21 loci. We identified the major lineages and their relationships, assessed the phylogenetic utility of the few morphological characters in the group, and examined Daphnia phylogeography. Nuclear and mtDNA phylogenies were generally concordant in recognizing the same four species complexes. An exception was the position of Daphnia galeata mendotae. The allozyme tree paired this species with the Daphnia rosea lineage, whereas the mtDNA trees grouped D. g. mendotae with Daphnia galeata galeata. This discordance was consistent with the reticulate evolution of nuclear genes supporting the hypothesis that D. g. mendotae represents a case of homoploid hybrid speciation. Striking morphological stasis in the longispina group was evidenced by its very limited morphological divergence over an estimated 100 MY, and by the unusual transitional saturation of the conservative 12S rRNA gene within a species group. Phylogenetic inference also provided evidence that similarities in cephalic crest shape likely resulted from convergent or parallel evolution among species. Endemism at the continental level was indicated for previously cosmopolitan species, but the estimated times of these divisions were inconsistent with vicariance events suggesting recent dispersal among continents. A significant role for divergent selection in new habitats during speciation was suggested by the neighboringly sympatric distributions of four sister species pairs over broad geographic areas. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Taylor D J DJ Hebert P D PD Colbourne J K JK eng GENBANK U34638 U34639 U34640 U34641 U34642 U34643 U34644 U34645 U34646 U34647 U34648 U34649 U34650 U34651 U34652 U34732 U34733 U34734 U34735 U34736 U34737 U34738 U34739 Journal Article

UNITED STATES Mol Phylogenet Evol 9304400 0 DNA Primers 0 DNA, Ribosomal 0 Isoenzymes 0 RNA, Ribosomal 0 RNA, ribosomal, 12S IM Alleles Animals Base Sequence Comparative Study Consensus Sequence DNA Primers DNA, Ribosomal chemistry genetics Daphnia classification genetics Evolution, Molecular Gene Frequency Geography Isoenzymes genetics Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Ribosomal genetics Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) 8781077 1997 03 07 1997 03 07 2003 11 14

0090-4341 31 2 1996 Aug Bioavailability and effect of pirimicarb on Daphnia magna in a laboratory freshwater/sediment system. 252-5 In tests with newborn and one-week-old Daphnia magna, 48-h EC50 values of 21-24 microg/L and 16 microg/L pirimicarb, respectively, were found. Older animals thus were as sensitive to pirimicarb as newborn animals. In an experiment with sediment included in the test system, all mother animals survived for 72 h at 20 microg/L, and the number of offspring was not reduced relatively to the control. Addition of sediment thus reduced the toxicity of pirimicarb toward Daphnia magna.Pirimicarb was accumulated 12-16 times (5-7% of total) in the sediment, but the water concentrations of pirimicarb were not reduced significantly during the experiment, due to the small amount of sediment used. Accumulation in the sediment was found independent of the water concentration used. This was also the case with bioaccumulation in Daphnia magna, where a bioaccumulation factor of 31-37 was found on a dry weight basis. In water without sediment a BCF of 50 was found. Addition of sediment also reduced the accumulation of pirimicarb in the daphnids. The reduced bioavailability of pirimicarb may derive from humic acid and related compounds released from the sediment. Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. Kusk K O KO eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Carbamates 0 Insecticides, Carbamate 0 Pesticide Residues 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 23103-98-2 pirimicarb IM Animals Biological Availability Carbamates pharmacokinetics toxicity Daphnia drug effects metabolism Denmark Female Fresh Water analysis Geologic Sediments analysis Insecticides, Carbamate metabolism toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Pesticide Residues pharmacokinetics toxicity Soil Pollutants metabolism toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity 8964255 1996 12 05 1996 12 05 2003 11 14

0147-6513 32 3 1995 Dec Effect of algal food concentration on toxicity of two agricultural pesticides to Daphnia carinata. 273-9 The effects of algal concentration (Selanastrum capricornatum) on the toxicity of the organochlorine pesticide endosulfan and the synthetic pyrethroid esfenvalerate to Daphnia carinata was investigated. The study progressed through four stages: (1) A dose-response experiment on the effects of endosulfan and esfenvalerate on the survival, growth, and reproduction of D. carinata at a single nonlimiting food level. (2) An experiment to investigate the effects of five different food concentrations on survival, growth, and reproduction of D. carinata at sublethal concentrations of endosulfan and esfenvalerate compared with nonexposed controls. (3) An experiment to investigate the effects of route of exposure (water, food-borne, or water+food-borne exposure) on the toxicity of endosulfan to D. carinata. (4) An experiment to investigate the effects of algal concentration on persistence of endosulfan in the water column and on the relative toxicity of the alpha and beta isomers and of endosulfan sulfate to D. carinata. In the first experiment all daphnids exposed to 500 ng/liter esfenvalerate died within 3 days. There was a significant effect of esfenvalerate on reproduction at 50 ng/liter by the second brood. Endosulfan did not cause significant mortality to daphnids but brood size was reduced at 320 micrograms/liter. In the second experiment the toxicity of esfenvalerate increased significantly with decreasing food concentration. In contrast, the toxicity of endosulfan to D. carinata was greatest at the higher food concentrations. Direct water-borne exposure to endosulfan was the most toxic route of exposure and the presence of algae decreased toxicity of this pesticide. The total amount of endosulfan (alpha + beta + endosulfan sulfate) persisting in the water column after 24 hr was greater at high food levels, suggesting that this may be one mechanism for increased toxicity at high food concentrations. The 48-hr LC50s of technical endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, and a 50:50 mixture of alpha, and beta endosulfan were 478, 756, 249, 205, and 234 micrograms/liter, respectively. Key Centre for Applied and Nutritional Toxicology, RMIT-University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Barry M J MJ Logan D C DC Ahokas J T JT Holdway D A DA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Enzyme Inhibitors 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 0 Pesticide Residues 0 Pyrethrins 115-29-7 Endosulfan 51630-58-1 fenvalerate IM Algae metabolism Analysis of Variance Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development metabolism Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Eating Endosulfan toxicity Enzyme Inhibitors toxicity Insecticides, Organochlorine toxicity Pesticide Residues toxicity Poisoning mortality Pyrethrins toxicity Reproduction drug effects Stereoisomerism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 9026147 1997 02 20 1997 02 20 2003 11 14

0007-4861 56 1 1996 Jan Bioconcentration and toxicity effect on lipid content of aquatic organisms. 135-42 Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, People's Republic of China. Liu Z T ZT Kong Z M ZM Zhou F F Wang L S LS eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Fungicides, Industrial 0 Lipids 0 Plant Growth Regulators 0 Triazoles 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 10028-17-8 Tritium IM Algae, Green Animals Bufo bufo Daphnia Environmental Exposure Fishes Fungicides, Industrial metabolism toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Lipids metabolism Plant Growth Regulators metabolism toxicity Regression Analysis Species Specificity Triazoles analysis metabolism toxicity Tritium metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical 8812193 1996 11 27 1996 11 27 2003 11 14

0147-6513 34 3 1996 Aug Effects of an organochlorine pesticide on different levels of biological organization in Daphnia. 239-51 The toxicity of the organochlorine pesticide, endosulfan, to Daphnia carinata was measured at three levels of biological organization: allocation of resources to reproduction, growth and reproductive rates, and population dynamics. The mechanisms by which responses at one level of organization manifest at higher levels are discussed. Two experiments were performed: in the first experiment, groups of Daphnia were exposed to endosulfan at one of three concentrations (0, 40, or 80 microg/liter) and two algal food levels (Selanastrum capricornatum) (1 x 10(5) or 5 x 10(4) cells/ml). Animals were subsampled daily and length, dry weight, egg number, total egg mass, mean egg weight, and timing of reproduction measured. The fraction of available resources that were allocated to reproduction was calculated. In the second experiment, 12 populations of Daphnia were established in flowthrough culture systems. Populations were allowed to grow for 45 days before addition of endosulfan at 0, 40, 80, or 160 microg/liter. Population density, the number of egg-bearing females, and the chlorophyll a concentration in each culture were measured at weekly intervals. The effects of endosulfan on length, dry weight, brood size, and total egg mass were greater at the high food level; however, the timing of reproduction was significantly delayed for the low-food endosulfan-exposed animals. A model is proposed whereby the low-food animals increased the intermolt period to partially offset the costs of endosulfan toxicity. The fraction of available resources allocated to reproduction increased with each instar, although no endosulfan-induced changes could be detected. Daphnia population densities fluctuated in a cyclic manner. Chlorophyll a concentration also fluctuated with peaks coinciding with depressions in the daphnid population density. The effect of endosulfan was to dampen the amplitude of the cycles. Key Centre for Applied and Nutritional Toxicology, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, RMIT-University, City Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia. Barry M J MJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Culture Media 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 0 Pigments 115-29-7 Endosulfan 1406-65-1 Chlorophyll 479-61-8 chlorophyll a IM Algae Analysis of Variance Animal Feed Animals Body Weight drug effects Chlorophyll metabolism Comparative Study Culture Media Daphnia drug effects growth & development physiology Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Endosulfan toxicity Insecticides, Organochlorine toxicity Pigments metabolism Population Dynamics Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8816934 1996 11 04 1996 11 04 2003 11 14

0098-4108 49 1 1996 Sep Aquatic risk assessment of a polycarboxylate dispersant polymer used in laundry detergents. 67-82 Polycarboxylates enhance detergent soil removal properties and prevent encrustation of calcium salts on fabrics during washing. Laundry wastewater typically reaches wastewater treatment plants, which then discharge into aquatic environments. The yearly average concentration of a 4500 molecular weight (MW) sodium acrylate homopolymer reaching U.S. wastewater treatment plants will be approximately 0.7 mg/L. Publications showing the low to moderate acute aquatic toxicity of polycarboxylates are readily available. However, there are no published evaluations that estimate wastewater removal and characterize the probability of exceedance of acceptable chronic aquatic exposure. WW-TREAT can be used to estimate removal during wastewater treatment and PG-GRIDS can be applied to characterize risk for exceedance in wastewater treatment plant outfalls. After adjustments for the MW distribution of the homopolymer, WW-TREAT predicted that 6.5% will be removed in primary treatment plants and 60% will be removed in combined primary and activated sludge treatment plants. These estimates are consistent with wastewater fate tests, but underestimate homopolymer removal when homopolymer precipitation is included. Acceptable levels of chronic outfall (receiving water) exposure were based on aquatic toxicity testing in algae, fish, and Daphnia magna. PG-GRIDS predicted that no unreasonable risk for exceedance of acceptable chronic exposure will occur in the outfalls of U.S. wastewater plants. Future development of wastewater treatment models should consider polymer MW distribution and precipitation as factors that may alter removal of materials from wastewater. Engineering and Regulatory Services, SC Johnson Wax, Inc., Racine, Wisconsin, USA. Hamilton J D JD Freeman M B MB Reinert K H KH eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

UNITED STATES J Toxicol Environ Health 7513622 0 Acrylates 0 Detergents 0 Industrial Waste 0 Polymers 0 Water Pollutants IM Acrylates toxicity Algae drug effects Animals Daphnia drug effects Detergents analysis Environmental Monitoring Fishes Human Industrial Waste analysis Polymers analysis toxicity Risk Assessment Statistics Water Pollutants analysis toxicity Water Supply standards 36 8867149 1996 11 18 1996 11 18 2003 11 14

0045-6535 32 4 1996 Feb Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity as effect criterion in acute tests with juvenile Daphnia magna. 727-38 In this work we investigated the possibility of using the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in Daphnia magna homogenates, both in vivo and in vitro conditions, as a specific method for rapid toxicity evaluations. The results from in vivo and in vitro AChE inhibition tests were compared with 48 hours EC50 values obtained in conventional acute bioassays. EC50 values from in vivo AChE inhibition tests were: 2.4 micrograms/l for parathion, 0.2 microgram/l for paraoxon; DCA and cadmium at the concentrations tested had no effects on enzyme activity. I50 values were 764 micrograms/l for parathion, 0.08 micrograms/l for paraoxon and 3367 micrograms/l for cadmium; DCA did not affect AChE activity measured in in vitro conditions. EC50 values from conventional acute tests were: 2.2 micrograms/l for parathion, 0.2 microgram/l for paraoxon, 163 micrograms/l for DCA and 9.5 micrograms/l for cadmium. Our results indicated that the in vivo AChE inhibition test is selective, being very sensitive to detect toxicity of the organophosphates tested. The in vitro AChE inhibition assay is less time consuming, requires less human effort and produces less toxic waste than conventional acute bioassays and the in vivo AChE inhibition test. However, it does not take into account the effect of the metabolization of the toxicants inside live organisms; since the organophosphate metabolism may be activative or degradative, the toxic potential of the parent compound may be under or over evaluated in in vitro conditions. Instituto do Ambiente e Vida, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal. Guilhermino L L Celeste Lopes M M Carvalho A P AP Soares A M AM eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Cholinesterase Inhibitors 0 Insecticides, Organophosphate 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 311-45-5 Paraoxon 56-38-2 Parathion 7440-43-9 Cadmium 95-76-1 3,4-dichloroaniline IM Aniline Compounds toxicity Animals Cadmium toxicity Cholinesterase Inhibitors pharmacology Daphnia enzymology Insecticides, Organophosphate toxicity Insecticides, Organothiophosphate toxicity Paraoxon toxicity Parathion toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicology methods 8875848 1996 12 10 1996 12 10 2003 11 14

0007-4861 57 6 1996 Dec Acetylcholinesterase activity in juveniles of Daphnia magna Straus. 979-85 Departamento de Estudos de Populações, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. Guilhermino L L Lopes M C MC Carvalho A P AP Soares A M AM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Cholinesterase Inhibitors 0 Insecticides, Organophosphate 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical EC 3.1.1.7 Acetylcholinesterase IM Acetylcholinesterase metabolism Analysis of Variance Animals Cholinesterase Inhibitors toxicity Daphnia drug effects enzymology Insecticides, Organophosphate toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 9147686 1997 05 12 1997 05 12 2003 11 14

0962-1083 5 1 1996 Feb Molecular characterization of clonal population structure and biogeography of arctic apomictic Daphnia from Greenland and Iceland. 107-18 As part of a continuing international project to characterize the population genetic (clonal) structure of arctic members of the Daphnia pulex complex, 34 populations from western Iceland (N = 1373), and 76 populations from western Greenland (N = 2917), were surveyed for allozymic variation at six polymorphic enzyme loci. Mean clonal richness (+/- SE) was 1.91 +/- 0.19 and 1.50 +/- 0.12 for Iceland and Greenland populations, respectively. Mean clonal diversity (+/-1 SE) was 1.20 +/- 0.07 and 1.13 +/- 0.04 for Iceland and Greenland populations, respectively. Four widely distributed clones constituted 92.2% of the total animals surveyed from Iceland, while three locally abundant clones constituted 80.1% of the total animals collected primarily from Disko Island, western Greenland. Selected populations were screened for mitochondrial (mt)DNA variation using PCR-based RFLP analysis of a 2100 bp fragment containing part of the ND4 and ND5 genes. One mtDNA haplotype was very widespread in both western Greenland and western Iceland, although, a number of mutational derivatives were also detected. These data indicate the potential for long-distance dispersal of mtDNA lineages, of the order of hundreds or thousands of kilometers across the arctic. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence of a 254 base pair (bp) fragment of the control region of the mtDNA molecule revealed two major clades one of which consisted solely of non-melanic lineages, and the other of which consisted almost exclusively of melanic lineages (i.e. one non-melanic lineage also clustered in this clade). Sequence divergence between the two clades averaged 7.3%. Both mitochondrial analyses did not reveal any distinct intraregional clustering of lineages. We discuss our results in reference to previous molecular work done on this arctic Daphnia complex, and we attempt to infer phylogeographic patterning based on geological/glaciological historical events in this region of the arctic. Max-Planck-Institut fur Limnologie, Abteilung Okophysiologie, Plon, Germany. Weider L J LJ Hobaek A A Crease T J TJ Stibor H H eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Mol Ecol 9214478 0 DNA Primers 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 0 Isoenzymes IM Animals Base Sequence DNA Primers genetics DNA, Mitochondrial genetics Daphnia enzymology genetics Genetics, Population Greenland Iceland Isoenzymes genetics Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Polymorphism (Genetics) Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) 8920594 1996 12 23 1996 12 23 2003 11 14

0045-6535 32 6 1996 Mar Characterization of Lake Ladoga sediments. I. Toxicity to Chironomus riparius and Daphnia magna. 1165-78 Toxicity of surficial sediment of Lake Ladoga, Russia, was studied using bioassays with a midge, Chironomus riparius and Daphnia magna. Many Lake Ladoga sediments caused high mortality of midge larvae in 10-d growth and 40-d emergence tests. In most sediments the biomass production of chironomids was also lowered. However, no statistically significant effect on timing of emergence was observed. Sediment elutriate or pore water tests did not exhibit toxicity to Daphnia magna. The adverse effects observed in midge bioassays indicate the presence of toxic chemicals. It cannot be excluded, however, that the variable sediment physico-chemical characteristics could also have had some effect. Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, FIN. Ristola T T Pellinen J J Leppänen M M Kukkonen J J eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Chironomidae drug effects Daphnia drug effects Fresh Water Soil Pollutants toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants toxicity 8930499 1997 05 12 1997 05 12 2003 11 14

0147-6513 35 1 1996 Oct Use of a miniaturized test system for determining acute toxicity of toxicity identification evaluation fractions. 1-6 A miniaturized test system was developed and used to determine the acute toxicity of effluent fractions separated by HPLC to Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas. The miniaturized test system consists of exposing test organisms in 1 ml of test solution using 48-well microtiter plates for the test vessels. Several factors were investigated to determine the acceptability of this test system. These factors included organism biomass to test solution ratio, toxicity of the microtiter plates to the organisms, dissolved oxygen in the test solution, partitioning of the test chemicals to the walls of the test vessels, and dilution of the test solution when the organisms are transferred. Toxicity of four reference chemicals to D. magna and P. promelas was also determined using the miniaturized test systems. It was concluded that the test system could be miniaturized and still provide results comparable to those obtained when standard U.S. EPA test procedures were used. The major benefit of using the miniaturized test system is that less solution is required for conducting a toxicity test. This becomes important when only a small amount of test solution is available, as might occur during a toxicity identification evaluation, after an effluent has been fractionated by HPLC. Other benefits include less space required to conduct a test, less time necessary to prepare test solutions, and a reduced volume of waste for disposal. Environmental Sciences Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. Powell R L RL Moser E M EM Kimerle R A RA McKenzie D E DE McKee M M eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Solvents 0 Xenobiotics IM Animals Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Daphnia drug effects Predictive Value of Tests Reference Values Solvents Structure-Activity Relationship Tissue Culture United States United States Environmental Protection Agency Xenobiotics toxicity 8950532 1997 03 06 1997 03 06 2003 11 14

0147-6513 35 2 1996 Nov Comparison between a normal and a Cr-tolerant strain of Scenedesmus acutus as a food source to Daphnia magna. 109-11 A normal (S2-N) and a Cr-tolerant (S2-T) strain of Scenedesmus acutus, grown in Cr-free medium or in the presence of 1, 5, or 10 mg/liter Cr(VI), were fed to Daphnia magna. An increase of growth and fecundity was observed in the daphnids when the algae had undergone an increase of dry mass following Cr treatment, which happened in S2-N in the presence of 1 mg/liter and in S2-T in the presence of 5 mg/liter. When the algae were pretreated with 10 mg/liter, growth and fecundity were reduced in the daphnids fed on S2-N, but remained normal in the daphnids fed on S2-T. It is concluded that the tolerant strain remains a good food source even if grown in the presence of a Cr concentration that reduces the nutritional value of the normal strain. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Parma, Italy. Gorbi G G Corradi M G MG Torelli A A Bassi M M eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Carbohydrates 0 Plant Proteins 7440-47-3 Chromium IM Algae, Green drug effects isolation & purification metabolism Animals Carbohydrates biosynthesis Chromium pharmacology Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects growth & development Food Supply Plant Proteins biosynthesis Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 8950533 1997 03 06 1997 03 06 2003 11 14

0147-6513 35 2 1996 Nov Chronic toxicity of fenitrothion to an algae (Nannochloris oculata), a rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus), and the cladoceran (Daphnia magna). 112-20 Chronic toxicity studies were conducted with an algae (Nannochloris oculata), a rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus), and a cladoceran (Daphnia magna) to determine their relative sensitivities to the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion. The cladoceran D. magna was the most sensitive of the three species. The no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) for the study with the algae (1.0 mg/liter) and for the rotifer (1.0 mg/liter) were higher than the NOEC (0.009 microgram/liter) and the LC50 of 24 hr (0.067 microgram/liter) for D. magna. Most of the algal populations were not initially affected by exposure to fenitrothion. Pesticide concentrations higher than 1.0 mg/liter significantly reduced algal densities after 72 hr exposure. The effects of chronic exposure of the rotifer B. calyciflorus to fenitrothion were evaluated using some demographic parameters: intrinsic rate of natural increase (r), generation time, net reproductive rate, and life expectancy. All the parameters studied decreased with increasing toxicant concentrations. The parameters used to determine the effect of the pesticide on D. magna reproduction were mean total young per female, mean brood size, mean time to first reproduction, and r. The r and the rest of the studied parameters were affected at 0.011-microgram/liter and higher fenitrothion concentrations. Growth, as measured by body length, was only depressed significantly at 0.011 microgram/liter pesticide. Department of Animal Biology (Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Spain. Ferrando M D MD Sancho E E Andreu-Moliner E E eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 122-14-5 Fenitrothion IM Algae, Green drug effects growth & development Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development Female Fenitrothion toxicity Fertility drug effects Growth drug effects In Vitro Insecticides, Organothiophosphate toxicity Rotifera drug effects growth & development Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Survival Rate Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 8968413 1997 01 14 1997 01 14 2003 11 14

0098-4108 49 5 1996 Dec 6 Improved effluent quality at a bleached kraft mill as determined by laboratory biotests. 533-61 A life-cycle experiment with fathead minnows and Ceriodaphnia survival/reproduction tests were used to evaluate the quality of the effluent from a bleached kraft mill after the implementation of various process modifications and effluent treatment changes. In the life-cycle experiment, the fish were exposed in the laboratory to well water (control) and five concentrations (1.25%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, or 20%) of effluent from the egg stage to sexual maturity and reproduction (approximately 190 d). None of the effluent concentrations significantly affected the hatching of the eggs, the mortality, weight, length, gender balance, reproduction, and prevalence of visible morphological or histopathological abnormalities of the hatched fish, and the hatchability of the first generation eggs. In Ceriodaphnia tests, the IC25 of the effluent affecting reproduction was approximately 80%. This threshold concentration is well above the 0.7% average yearly concentration of the effluent that exists in the recipient near the point of discharge. The results of these biotests were compared to the results of the same biotests conducted earlier with the effluent from the mill prior to process and treatment modifications. The comparison indicated that since the earlier work, the quality of the mill's effluent improved substantially. Threshold concentrations affecting fathead minnows in the life-cycle experiment and the Ceriodaphnia tests increased by more than eightfold and approximately twofold, respectively. While the most important change in the mill operating conditions responsible for the improvement could not be identified, these results indicate that mills can undertake process and treatment modifications that result in the discharge of effluents seemingly compatible with the aquatic environment. Paprican, Pointe Claire, Quebec, Canada. Kovacs T G TG Gibbons J S JS Martel P H PH Voss R H RH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Toxicol Environ Health 7513622 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Canada Cyprinidae abnormalities physiology Daphnia drug effects Industry Ovum drug effects physiology Paper Sex Maturation drug effects Sex Ratio Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Survival Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 8975804 1997 04 04 1997 04 04 2003 11 14

0007-4861 58 2 1997 Feb Lethal and sublethal effects of azulene and longifolene to Microtox(R), Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas. 268-74 Department of Environmental and Industrial Health, School of Public Health, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. Sweet L I LI Meier P G PG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Cycloheptanes 0 Sesquiterpenes 275-51-4 azulene 475-20-7 longifolene IM Animals Comparative Study Cycloheptanes analysis toxicity Cyprinidae metabolism Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Lethal Dose 50 No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Sesquiterpenes analysis toxicity Structure-Activity Relationship Vibrio drug effects 9000380 1997 03 10 1997 03 10 2003 11 14

0172-8083 31 1 1997 Jan Partial sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the crustacean Daphnia pulex. 48-54 A 4062-nucleotide (nt) fragment of the mitochondrial genome of the crustacean Daphnia pulex was sequenced and found to contain the complete genes for eight tRNAs and five proteins (ATP6, ATP8, COII, COIII, ND3) and the partial sequence of COI. In combination with data described previously, approximately 50% of the D. pulex mitochondrial genome has been sequenced. The gene order in this half of the genome is identical to that of Drosophila yakuba which differs from that of the other completely sequenced crustacean mitochondrial genome, Artemia franciscana. Comparison of seven mitochondrial proteins among D. pulex, A. franciscana, D. yakuba, Anopheles gambiae, Locusta migratoria and Apis mellifera showed that, with one exception, the D. pulex proteins are most similar in length and sequence to the proteins of the dipteran insects. Conversely, patterns of nucleotide bias at third codon positions in fourfold degenerate codon families are very similar in the two crustaceans but differed substantially from the insects. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada. Crease T J TJ Little T J TJ eng GENBANK U65669 Journal Article

UNITED STATES Curr Genet 8004904 0 Codon 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 0 Insect Proteins 9014-25-9 RNA, Transfer IM Amino Acid Sequence Animals Anopheles genetics Artemia genetics Base Composition Base Sequence Bees genetics Chromosome Mapping Codon analysis DNA, Mitochondrial analysis Daphnia genetics Drosophila genetics Grasshoppers genetics Insect Proteins genetics Mitochondria genetics Molecular Sequence Data Molecular Structure RNA, Transfer genetics Sequence Homology, Amino Acid Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 9002434 1997 06 12 1997 06 12 2003 11 14

0090-4341 32 1 1997 Jan Ecotoxicology of organisms adapted to life in temporary freshwater ponds in arid and semi-arid regions. 50-7 Hot arid and semi-arid zones are characterized by an abundance of temporary ponds. Most of these depend on rain for their existence. These habitats are distinguished by fluctuating and unpredictable changes in their hydrological regime and of physical and chemical conditions.They contain a uniquely-adapted fauna that copes in different ways with changing and often extreme temperatures, oxygen levels, pH, salinity and turbidity. A classification is presented of the most distinctive adaptations,the various tactics that organisms apply to survive dry periods. The main strategies are dormancy (escape in time) and dispersal (escape in space). These adaptations may affect the impact of toxicants on individuals, populations and communities of temporary ponds. The physiological adaptations of species found in temporary ponds are likely to alter the sensitivity to pollutants of characteristic species. Results from laboratory experiments,for example, suggest that fairy shrimp (Branchiopoda, Anostraca) may react differently to heavy metals and pesticides as the standard test species Daphnia. Life history strategies influence recovery rates of populations after exposure to acutely toxic substances such as pesticides. It is also suggested that slow growth and decreased reproductive capacity of organisms caused by toxicants may, in ephemeral ponds, result in the failure of annual recruitment. Whether assemblages of organisms in temporary ponds are generally more vulnerable or more resilient than those in permanent waters or temperate regions could not be determined conclusively with the limited data available. Ecological concepts for studying the habitat and the development of risk assessment methods for temporary ponds are briefly discussed. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, LOCUSTOX Project, B.P. 3300, Dakar, Senegal. Lahr J J eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7647-14-5 Sodium Chloride IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Ecosystem Environmental Exposure Fresh Water analysis Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Predictive Value of Tests Risk Assessment Sodium Chloride metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 74 9006994 1997 02 20 1997 02 20 2003 11 14

0147-6513 35 3 1996 Dec Toxicity evaluation of waters from a tributary of the River Po using the 7-Day Ceriodaphnia dubia test. 199-208 Seven-day toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia were used to assess ambient water toxicity in the River Lambro, a tributary of the River Po, and in the corresponding stretch of the main river located downstream from their confluence. About once a month, toxicity tests were conducted on water samples of the River Lambro, using as dilution water the water of the main river collected upstream from the confluence. With a lower frequency, the downstream stretch of the River Po was tested for ambient toxicity at four sites located at 6, 11, 16, and 21 km from the emission of the tributary. The River Lambro demonstrated variable toxicity in different time periods, although the most frequent effects were sublethal, on both reproduction and growth. Ammonia, nickel, and zinc can be indicated as possible toxicants. Acute toxic effects to C. dubia were observed with spring samples only, when the action of some pesticides, likely insecticides, have to be taken into account. Tests conducted on downstream water gave limited results, seemingly because the dilution capacity of the River Po reduced Lambro toxicity to a level close to and often below the detection limit of the 7-day test. Accordingly, toxic effects at downstream sites could only be observed on the growth of C. dubia, which was found to be the most sensitive endpoint. Fairly good agreement was found between predictions based on toxicity tests of the River Lambro and the effects observed for downstream samples. Water Research Institute, CNR, Brugherio (Milan), 20047, Italy. Viganò L L Bassi A A Garino A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Pesticides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-02-0 Nickel 7440-66-6 Zinc 7664-41-7 Ammonia IM Ammonia metabolism toxicity Analysis of Variance Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development metabolism Female Fresh Water analysis Italy Nickel metabolism toxicity Pesticides metabolism toxicity Reproduction drug effects Toxicity Tests United States United States Environmental Protection Agency Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity Zinc metabolism toxicity 9060378 1997 05 15 1997 05 15 2003 11 14

0007-4861 58 4 1997 Apr Synthetic estrogenic agents do not interfere with sex differentiation but do inhibit molting of the cladoceran Daphnia magna. 596-602 Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA. Zou E E Fingerman M M eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 115-29-7 Endosulfan 56-53-1 Diethylstilbestrol IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Diethylstilbestrol toxicity Endosulfan toxicity Insecticides, Organochlorine toxicity Molting drug effects Sex Differentiation drug effects Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 9056397 1997 05 19 1997 05 19 2003 11 14

0147-6513 36 1 1997 Feb Influence of the energy relationships of organic compounds on toxicity to the cladoceran Daphnia magna and the fish Pimephales promelas. 27-37 A concern of ecotoxicology is to predict the toxicity of substances to living systems. Existing models of structure-activity relationships (SARs) are statistical and applicable within classes of substances only. Predictive models derived from first principles are wanting. Transformity, a measure of the relative amount of energy required to generate a component or a flow in a transformation process, may help predict toxicity. This notion derives from two concepts. First, common substances are more likely to be processed by the biosphere than are rare substances. Second, transformity expresses energy relationships between parts of a system. Substances that require more energy to form are also the more unusual and the more difficult to process. A correlation was hypothesized to occur between the rarity and complexity of a substance, and thus its transformity, and its toxicity. To search for general patterns that transcend individual studies, this hypothesis was tested by using data available for 79 compounds, including simple and chlorinated alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, benzenes, phenols, biphenyls, organic acids, and acetaldehyde. Published data on their Gibbs energy of formation were used as an estimate of transformity. These were compared to published data on their acute toxicity to the cladoceran Daphnia magna and the fish Pimephales promelas (measured as the 48- and 96-hr LC50 values, respectively). For both species there were significant positive correlations across compound classes between transformity and toxicity. In contrast, some correlations within classes were negative, with chemical reactivity and physicochemical properties presumably exerting the prevailing influences within these classes. This suggests that the general (across-classes) and smaller-scale (within-class) patterns are complementary perspectives. The functional relationship across classes was a monotonous increase in toxicity followed by a plateau, though the exact form could not be established with certainty. Gibbs energy of formation has limitations as an estimate of transformity and therefore these observations await confirmation. The correlation between transformity and toxicity may be an important generalization in ecotoxicology, because it may contribute a conceptual framework for making a cross-class comparisons of toxicity. Moreover, transformity may provide a unifying approach to the study of bioaccumulation, toxicity, and specificity. Department of Hydrobiology and Limnology, Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG), Duebendorf, Switzerland. Genoni G P GP eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Hydrocarbons 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1997 Dec;38(3):336-8 9469888 Animals Comparative Study Cyprinidae Daphnia Hydrocarbons chemistry metabolism toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Predictive Value of Tests Reference Values Regression Analysis Structure-Activity Relationship Thermodynamics Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity 95 9119327 1997 04 24 1997 04 24 2003 11 14

0278-6915 34 11-12 1996 Nov-Dec Mixture risk assessment: a case study of Monsanto experiences. 1139-45 Monsanto employs several pragmatic approaches for evaluating the toxicity of mixtures. These approaches are similar to those recommended by many national and international agencies. When conducting hazard and risk assessments, priority is always given to using data collected directly on the mixture of concern. To provide an example of the first tier of evaluation, actual data on acute respiratory irritation studies on mixtures were evaluated to determine whether the principle of additivity was applicable to the mixture evaluated. If actual data on the mixture are unavailable, extrapolation across similar mixtures is considered. Because many formulations are quite similar in composition, the toxicity data from one mixture can be extended to a closely related mixture in a scientifically justifiable manner. An example of a family of products where such extrapolations have been made is presented to exemplify this second approach. Lastly, if data on similar mixtures are unavailable, data on component fractions are used to predict the toxicity of the mixture. In this third approach, process knowledge and scientific judgement are used to determine how the known toxicological properties of the individual fractions affect toxicity of the mixture. Three examples of plant effluents where toxicological data on fractions were used to predict the toxicity of the mixture are discussed. The results of the analysis are used to discuss the predictive value of each of the above mentioned toxicological approaches for evaluating chemical mixtures. Monsanto Company, St Louis, MO 63167, USA. Nair R S RS Dudek B R BR Grothe D R DR Johannsen F R FR Lamb I C IC Martens M A MA Sherman J H JH Stevens M W MW eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Food Chem Toxicol 8207483 0 Adipic Acids 0 Carcinogens, Environmental 0 Glutarates 0 Hazardous Substances 0 Ion Exchange Resins 0 Solvents 0 Succinates 10043-52-4 Calcium Chloride 106-65-0 dimethyl succinate 1119-40-0 dimethyl glutarate 18540-29-9 chromium hexavalent ion 50-00-0 Formaldehyde 627-93-0 dimethyladipate 7440-47-3 Chromium 7647-14-5 Sodium Chloride 7664-41-7 Ammonia IM Adipic Acids toxicity Ammonia toxicity Animals Calcium Chloride toxicity Carcinogens, Environmental toxicity Chemical Fractionation Chromium toxicity Daphnia Formaldehyde toxicity Glutarates toxicity Hazardous Substances adverse effects toxicity Human Ion Exchange Resins adverse effects Lethal Dose 50 Mice Risk Assessment Skin Diseases chemically induced Sodium Chloride toxicity Solvents toxicity Succinates toxicity 9119330 1997 04 24 1997 04 24 2003 11 14

0278-6915 34 11-12 1996 Nov-Dec Regulations for combined effects of pollutants: consequences from risk assessment in aquatic toxicology. 1155-7 In the analysis of combined effects two reference concepts are currently considered as equally valid for the assessment of mixture toxicities: these are LOEWE additivity (concentration addition) and BLISS independence (response addition) (Greco et al., 1995). The aim of this study of 137 binary mixtures of pesticides and surfactants using an algal biotest was to find rational procedures for the assessment of mixture toxicities in the aquatic environment. By introducing an index on prediction quality the quantitative relationships between predicted and observed effects are evaluated for each concept. It is shown that LOEWE additivity leads to good predictions of mixture toxicities for most combinations, whereas BLISS independence tends to underestimate mixture toxicities. By this it is reaffirmed that there is a solid basis for forthcoming regulatory activities on mixtures of chemicals. Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department of Chemical Ecotoxicology, Leipzig, Germany. Altenburger R R Boedeker W W Faust M M Grimme L H LH eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

ENGLAND Food Chem Toxicol 8207483 0 Pesticides 0 Surface-Active Agents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae drug effects Animals Biological Assay Comparative Study Daphnia Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Drug Synergism Fishes Pesticides toxicity Predictive Value of Tests Risk Assessment Structure-Activity Relationship Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Surface-Active Agents toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 19 8975814 1997 06 13 1997 06 13 2003 11 14

0090-4341 31 4 1996 Nov Comparative acute and chronic toxicity of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) and ferric-complexed DTPA to Daphnia carinata. 433-43 The acute and chronic toxicity of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) and ferric complexed DTPA (Fe[III]-DTPA) to Daphnia carinata were compared, while the effects of DTPA exposure prior to and/or during 1st brood embryogenesis were also assessed. For chronic exposures, daphnids were exposed to DTPA at high or low food levels, or to Fe(III)-DTPA at high food level until the 6th reproductive instar. The 48 h LC50S of DTPA and Fe(III)-DTPA to D. carinata were 245 mg/L and > 1,000 mg/L, respectively. Chronic exposure to 10 mg/L DTPA resulted in a significant reduction in all individual brood sizes, while it increased the age at each reproductive instar. Ten mg/L DTPA also significantly decreased the cumulative number of offspring per adult at high and low food level from 161.3 +/- 14.6 to 11.3 +/- 4.9 offspring, and 56.4 +/- 1.8 to 0 +/- 0 offspring, respectively, while a similar effect was observed for the number of offspring per adult per day. Both the 3rd and 5th brood sizes were also significantly reduced at 1 mg/L DTPA, but only at high food level, from 39.0 +/- 2.9 to 27.6 +/- 3.8 offspring, and 49.3 +/- 5.0 to 39.9 +/- 4.2 offspring, respectively. Chronic exposure to Fe(III)-DTPA had little effect on D. carinata, but there was a significant negative relationship between Fe(III)-DTPA and the number of offspring per adult per day (y = -0.024x + 14.048, r2 = 0.20, n = 26, P < 0.02). This was due to a 25% reduction in reproduction at 134 mg/L Fe(III)-DTPA, the highest test concentration, compared to controls. The no-observed-effect concentrations (NOEC) and lowest-observed-effect concentrations (LOEC) for DTPA and Fe(III)-DTPA following chronic exposure to D. carinata were 1.0 and 10 mg/L, and 67 and 134 mg/L, respectively, although the possibility of effects occurring below 10 mg/L DTPA could not be discounted. Exposure to DTPA prior to 1st brood embryogenesis significantly decreased the 1st brood size but did not affect the 2nd brood size, while exposure during 1st brood embryogenesis significantly decreased the 2nd brood size, but did not affect the 1st brood size, indicating the reproductive impairment was due to maternally-mediated factors and not direct toxicity to the eggs. The decrease in DTPA toxicity when complexed with Fe(III) was attributed to preferential binding with that metal, thereby limiting any further chelating ability. Concentrations of DTPA in receiving waters are unlikely to be toxic to D. carinata. Department of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, RMIT-University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. van Dam R A RA Barry M J MJ Ahokas J T JT Holdway D A DA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Ferric Compounds 0 Iron Chelating Agents 67-43-6 Pentetic Acid IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Ferric Compounds Iron Chelating Agents toxicity Pentetic Acid toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors 9096075 1997 05 01 1997 05 01 2003 11 14

0090-4341 32 3 1997 Apr Phototoxicity identification by solid phase extraction and photoinduced toxicity to Daphnia magna. 268-73 The photoinduced toxicity of several environmental pollutants (some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons [PAHs]) is a potential threat to aquatic organisms. To identify the cause/s of photoinduced toxicity of a sample, it is not sufficient to simply analyze the content of some known phototoxic compounds; so far too few substances of environmental concern have ever been tested for their photoinduced toxicity. The PAHs as well as other known phototoxic compounds are hydrophobic and are expected to bind to C18 columns. The use of Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) is typically part of the procedure identifying any primary nonpolar toxicant/s, and adding phototoxicity tests to these manipulations would not substantially increase the workload. In this study, therefore, the difference in acute toxicity to Daphnia magna before and after 2 h of UV irradiation was determined for six PAHs. The ratio between EC50 values before and after UV irradiation ranged from 4.6 (for benzo-a-pyrene) to >244 (for 3, 4-benzofluoranthene), demonstrating that the UV enhances the PAH-toxicity. A further characterization technique using binding to Sep-Pak SPE C18 columns and recovery with methanol as an eluting agent was then tested in combination with UV irradiation. The mean recovered UV induced toxicity after binding and elution of the six PAHs was 119% according to the phototoxicity tests made. A linear relationship, between the log10 Kow values for the PAHs and the log10 for the concentration of methanol at peak elution was found. The combined use of C18 column separation and UV activation may, therefore, be used in toxicity identification evaluations (TIE) of organic phototoxic compounds. Institute of Applied Environmental Science, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 20B, 413 90 Göteborg, Sweden. Wernersson A A Dave G G eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Dermatitis, Phototoxic etiology Ultraviolet Rays Water Pollutants, Chemical isolation & purification toxicity 9096076 1997 05 01 1997 05 01 2003 11 14

0090-4341 32 3 1997 Apr Environmental health assessment of the benthic habitat adjacent to a pulp mill discharge. I. Acute and chronic toxicity of sediments to benthic macroinvertebrates. 274-84 In this study, we assessed the acute and chronic toxicity of sediments contaminated by bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKME). Sediments were collected in August 1991 and 1992, and May 1993 from eight stations exposed directly to the effluent and from four reference sites.Acute toxicity was determined for five macroinvertebrates (Hyalella azteca, Daphnia magna, Chironomus riparius, Hexagenia spp., and Tubifex tubifex) using pore water, elutriate, and bulk sediment exposures. Chronic toxicity was assessed using C. tentans and H. azteca (growth and survival) and D. magna and T. tubifex (reproduction) in bulk sediment exposures. Mortality declined with decreasing proximity to the outfall; acute toxicity (>20% mortality after 48 h)was observed at the two stations closest to the outfall (300 and 400 m). At 300 m, pore water was consistently more toxic than elutriate or bulk sediment phases, resulting in 100% mortality for all invertebrates except T. tubifex (23%). Elutriate exposures were toxic to C. riparius (88%), D. magna (54%), and Hexagenia (47%), but not H. azteca. Bulk sediments were toxic to Hexagenia (100%) and D. magna(88%), but not to C. riparius or H. azteca. In chronic tests, mortality in H. azteca and T. tubifex was highest at 300 and 400 m, indicating that toxicity observed in the short-term aqueous exposures adequately predicted long-term toxicity in bulk sediments. In both acute and chronic tests, mortality was significantly correlated with the concentration of extractable organic chlorines (EOCl) in the sediment, with LC50 values ranging from 4500 to 5500 mg EOCl/kg organic carbon. Growth of C. tentans larvae was depressed at 300 and 400 m in August 91 but enhanced in May 93 relative to the reference sites. Growth of H.azteca also declined near the outfall in August 91 sediments and was approximately one half that observed in 92/93 sediments; however, growth did not differ among stations in 92 or 93. Reproductive output in D. magna (neonates) and T. tubifex (cocoons) was highest at 300 and 400 m. In T. tubifex, the number of hatched young was lowest at these stations. This study provides evidence that toxicity may occur in sediments exposed to BKME, and emphasizes the need to incorporate sediment toxicity bioassessment as part of efforts directed toward remedial action in the pulp and paper industry. Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada. Sibley P K PK Legler J J Dixon D G DG Barton D R DR eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Geologic Sediments Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 9136645 1997 07 08 1997 07 08 2003 11 14

0007-4861 58 6 1997 Jun Comparative aqueous toxicity of silver compounds: laboratory studies with freshwater species. 851-8 Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA. Rodgers J H JH Jr Deaver E E Suedel B C BC Rogers P L PL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Culture Media 0 Silver Compounds 0 Thiosulfates 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 23149-52-2 silver thiosulfate 7440-22-4 Silver 7761-88-8 Silver Nitrate 7783-90-6 silver chloride IM Animals Chironomidae Comparative Study Crustacea Culture Media Cyprinidae Daphnia Fresh Water analysis Larva Lethal Dose 50 No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Quality Control Silver toxicity Silver Compounds analysis toxicity Silver Nitrate analysis toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Thiosulfates analysis toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 9161414 1997 06 23 1997 06 23 2003 11 14

0378-1119 189 1 1997 Apr 11 Cloning and analysis of a cDNA encoding a two-domain hemoglobin chain from the water flea Daphnia magna. 73-8 A cDNA encoding a two-domain hemoglobin (Hb) chain of Daphnia magna was cloned and its nucleotide (nt) sequence of 1261 bp was determined. The nt sequence contained 74 bp of the leader sequence, 1047 bp of an open reading frame (ORF), and 119 bp of the 3'-untranslated region (UTR), excluding the polyadenylation tail. A sequence, AATACA, located 24 bp upstream from the polyA sequence was considered to be a polyadenylation signal. cDNA-derived amino acid (aa) sequence revealed that D. magna Hb chain is synthesized as a secretory precursor with a signal peptide of 18 aa. Mature D. magna Hb chain consists of 330-aa residues with a calculated molecular weight of 36227, which is composed of two large repeated domains, domain 1 and 2. Several key aa that are invariant in all or most of other Hb and required for functional heme-binding are conserved in each of the two domains. The N-terminal extension (pre-A segment) of domain 1 was unusually long and contained an unusual threonine-rich sequence. The homology between the aa sequences of the two domains (24% identity) was much lower than that observed in other two-domain Hb chains from clams or nematode. Hb mRNA level in D. magna reared under low oxygen concentration was more than 12 times higher than that in D. magna reared with sufficient aeration, indicating that the expression of Hb gene is regulated by mRNA level. Laboratory of Environmental and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Japan. Tokishita S S Shiga Y Y Kimura S S Ohta T T Kobayashi M M Hanazato T T Yamagata H H eng GENBANK U67067 Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Gene 7706761 0 DNA, Complementary 0 Hemoglobins 0 RNA, Messenger IM Amino Acid Sequence Animals Base Sequence Cloning, Molecular Comparative Study DNA, Complementary isolation & purification Daphnia chemistry genetics Hemoglobins chemistry genetics Molecular Sequence Data Protein Structure, Tertiary RNA, Messenger metabolism Sequence Analysis, DNA Sequence Homology, Amino Acid Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 9162107 1997 07 17 1997 07 17 2003 11 14

0172-8083 31 5 1997 May From Daphnia to yeast - two decades of mitochondrial research in Munich. 371-4 Institut für Biologie IV (Mikrobiologie), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Worringer Weg, D-52056 Aachen, Germany. Wolf K K eng Biography Historical Article Journal Article

UNITED STATES Curr Genet 8004904 IM Q Animals Daphnia ultrastructure Genetics history Germany History of Medicine, 20th Cent. Mitochondria genetics Saccharomyces cerevisiae ultrastructure Kaudewitz F F 9175501 1997 07 28 1997 07 28 2003 11 14

0090-4341 32 4 1997 May Evaluation of bleached kraft mill process water using Microtox(R), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Menidia beryllina toxicity tests. 367-75 To determine whether a 7- to 10-d embryo toxicity/teratogenicity test with the inland silverside fish, Menidia beryllina, is a sensitive indicator for evaluation of bleached kraft mill effluents, we compared this test with the Microtox(R) 15-min acute toxicity test and the Ceriodaphnia dubia 7-d chronic toxicity test. Water samples used in each test were collected from three areas in a bleached kraft pulp and paper mill using a 100% chlorine dioxide bleaching process: 1) river water prior to use in the mill; 2) the combined acid/base waste stream from the pulping process prior to biological treatment in the aerated stabilization basin (ASB); and 3) the effluent from the ASB with a retention time of approximately 11 d. Relative toxicity determined by the three tests for each water sampling location was compared. All three toxicity tests were predictive indicators of toxicity; however, the C. dubia and M. beryllina tests were the more similar and sensitive indicators of toxicity. Process water (ASB influent) prior to biological treatment in the ASB was toxic at all concentrations using the Microtox(R) and C. dubia tests. The fish embryo test showed no toxicity at 1% concentrations, slight toxicity at 10%, and acute toxicity at the 100% ASB influent concentration. Tests with biologically-treated ASB effluent indicated a substantial reduction in observed toxicity to Microtox(R) bacteria, C. dubia, and M. beryllina. No toxic responses were observed in any test at a 1% ASB effluent concentration which was the approximate effluent concentration in the receiving river following mixing. No relationship was found among any toxicological response and effluent levels of adsorbable organic halides, polychlorinated phenolic compounds, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran, total suspended solids, color, chemical oxygen demand, or total organic carbon. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Ecology Division, Environmental Research Laboratory, 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561, USA. Middaugh D P DP Beckham N N Fournie J W JW Deardorff T L TL eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Embryo, Nonmammalian drug effects Fishes Fresh Water chemistry Paper Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 9201362 1997 09 11 1997 09 11 2003 11 14

0105-4538 52 5 1997 May Cross-reactivity between IgE-binding proteins from Anisakis, German cockroach, and chironomids. 514-20 Anisakis simplex larvae parasitize animals used as seafood and can produce a specific immune response in man. The ingestion of seafood contaminated with stage three of A. simplex larvae can induce a specific IgE response with clinical symptoms, usually urticaria, even if the fish is cooked before ingestion and the invasive infestation power destroyed by heating. Our preliminary studies showed a strong association of A. simplex sensitization with Ascaris lumbricoides, Daphnia, chironomid spp., Atlantic shrimp (Pandalus borealis), and German cockroach (Blattella germanica). We conducted the cross-reactivity study with cockroach, a ubiquitous insect, and Chironomidae (red mosquito larvae), a work-related allergen, without any possibility of Anisakis contamination. Serum samples were collected from 60 pediatric patients, with serum specific IgE to A. simplex. Both specific-IgE and immunoblot-inhibition studies, with a serum pool from 18 patients, were performed to determine whether the association of sensitizations to nematodes and arthropods was due to immunologic cross-reactivity. In addition, serum samples from 21 of 60 patients who showed also sensitization to German cockroach were used for individual immunoblot studies. In the serum pool, dose-dependent inhibition of B. germanica and Chironomus spp, was observed after preincubation with the A. simplex extract. Immunoblot of Anisakis, inhibited with Chironomus and German cockroach, yielded a partial blot inhibition but mainly on bands below 41 kDa. Blot inhibition of German cockroach and Chironomus with Anisakis was dose related. The band patterns in individual blots were heterogeneous, but most of them had bands of 30-43 kDa. None of these sera recognized allergens in the 14-kDa area. In our study, CAP-inhibition and immunoblot-inhibition analysis of Anisakis showed that several IgE-binding components could be shared by the three allergens. Hospital Universitario LA PAZ, Madrid, Spain. Pascual C Y CY Crespo J F JF San Martin S S Ornia N N Ortega N N Caballero T T Muñoz-Pereira M M Martin-Esteban M M eng Journal Article

DENMARK Allergy 7804028 0 Allergens 37341-29-0 Immunoglobulin E IM Allergens immunology Animals Anisakis immunology Child Child, Preschool Chironomidae immunology Cockroaches immunology Cross Reactions immunology Food Hypersensitivity immunology Human Immunoblotting Immunoglobulin E analysis blood immunology Seafood Skin Tests Urticaria immunology 9237324 1997 08 21 1997 08 21 2003 11 14

0273-2300 25 3 1997 Jun Environmental hazard assessment of pharmaceuticals. 220-5 The pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical metabolites salicylic acid, paracetamol, clofibrinic acid, and methotrexate were examined with regard to their biological degradability and toxicity toward algae, Daphnia, fish embryos, luminescent bacteria, ciliates, and the fish cell line BF-2. The EC50 values calculated for the most sensitive organismic test (all except cell cultures) in each case were for salicylic acid, 37 mg/L (fish embryos); for paracetamol, 50 mg/L (Daphnia); for clofibrinic acid, 86 mg/L (fish embryos); and for methotrexate, 45 mg/L (ciliates). However, in the case of paracetamol, clofibrinic acid, and methotrexate, the fish cell line BF-2 reacted even more sensitively with EC50 values of 19 mg/L (paracetamol), 14 mg/L (clofibrinic acid), and 3 mg/L (methotrexate). Salicylic acid and paracetamol proved to be easily degradable. The predicted exposure concentration calculated according to the procedure of the EU Draft Phase I for new pharmaceuticals (CEC III/5504/94, draft 4) was based on the total estimated quantity of these substances consumed and indicated that their entry into the environment is theoretically possible. These results show that (1) the four tested pharmaceuticals may be present in the environment, (2) the substances led to effects in at least one ecotoxicological test, and (3) the most sensitive reactions were observed for a nonstandard test which incorporates relevant end points for the respective pharmaceuticals. This demonstrates that a limitation to the standard tests (algae, Daphnia, and fish) would have underestimated the toxicity of paracetamol, clofibrinic acid, and methotrexate. In addition to improved exposure estimates, the EU guideline should therefore contain a test strategy adapted to their modes of action, which permits the definite identification of pharmaceuticals with high ecotoxic potential, and consequently the appropriate provisions. Fraunhofer-Institut für Umweltchemie und Okotoxikologie, Abt. Biochemische Okotoxikologie, Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Germany. Henschel K P KP Wenzel A A Diedrich M M Fliedner A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 8214983 0 Analgesics, Non-Narcotic 0 Anti-Arrhythmia Agents 0 Anticholesteremic Agents 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Salicylic Acids 103-90-2 Acetaminophen 59-05-2 Methotrexate 69-72-7 Salicylic Acid 882-09-7 Clofibric Acid IM Acetaminophen adverse effects Algae drug effects Analgesics, Non-Narcotic adverse effects Animals Anti-Arrhythmia Agents adverse effects Anticholesteremic Agents adverse effects Bacteria drug effects Clofibric Acid adverse effects Daphnia drug effects Ecosystem Environmental Pollutants Fishes Methotrexate adverse effects Risk Assessment Salicylic Acid Salicylic Acids adverse effects 9262957 1997 09 23 1997 09 23 2003 11 14

0147-6513 37 2 1997 Jul Ecotoxicity hazard assessment of styrene. 173-80 The ecotoxicity of styrene was evaluated in acute toxicity studies of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), daphnids (Daphnia magna), amphipods (Hyalella azteca), and freshwater green algae (Selenastrum capricornutum), and a subacute toxicity study of earthworms (Eisenia fostida). Stable exposure levels were maintained in the studies with fathead minnows, daphnids, and amphipods using sealed, flowthrough, serial dilution systems and test vessels. The algae were evaluated in a sealed, static system. The earthworms were exposed in artificial soil which was renewed after 7 days. Styrene concentrations in water and soil were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection following extraction into hexane. Test results are based on measured concentrations. Styrene was moderately toxic to fathead minnows, daphnids, and amphipods: fathead minnow: LC50 (96 hr), 10 mg/liter, and NOEC, 4.0 mg/liter; daphnids: EC50 (48 hr), 4.7 mg/liter, and NOEC, 1.9 mg/liter; amphipods: LC50 (96 hr), 9.5 mg/liter, and NOEC, 4.1 mg/liter. Styrene was highly toxic to green algae: EC50 (96 hr), 0.72 mg/liter, and NOEC, 0.063 mg/liter; these effects were found to be algistatic rather than algicidal. Styrene was slightly toxic to earthworms: LC50 (14 days), 120 mg/kg, and NOEC, 44 mg/kg. There was no indication of a concern for chronic toxicity based on these studies. Styrene's potential impact on aquatic and soil environments is significantly mitigated by its volatility and biodegradability. Chevron Research and Technology Company, Richmond, California 94804, USA. Cushman J R JR Rausina G A GA Cruzan G G Gilbert J J Williams E E Harrass M C MC Sousa J V JV Putt A E AE Garvey N A NA St Laurent J P JP Hoberg J R JR Machado M W MW eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Styrenes 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 100-42-5 Styrene IM Algae, Green drug effects Animals Crustacea drug effects Cyprinidae Daphnia drug effects Ecosystem Lethal Dose 50 Oligochaeta drug effects Soil Pollutants toxicity Styrene Styrenes analysis toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 9256396 1997 10 27 1997 10 27 2003 11 14

0007-4861 59 3 1997 Sep Prediction of bioaccumulation potential of some aromatic hydrocarbons in indicator species of ecotoxicity. 422-9 Environmental Toxicology, Department Institute of Health Carios III, Madrid, Spain. Mancha R R Díaz G G Arese A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Benzene Derivatives IM Algae metabolism Animals Benzene Derivatives chemistry metabolism Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Comparative Study Daphnia metabolism Environmental Monitoring methods Fishes metabolism Models, Theoretical Predictive Value of Tests Regression Analysis Solubility Spain Species Specificity 9286675 1997 12 08 1997 12 08 2003 11 14

0016-6731 147 1 1997 Sep Inbreeding depression and inferred deleterious-mutation parameters in Daphnia. 147-55 DENG and LYNCH recently proposed a method for estimating deleterious genomic mutation parameters from changes in the mean and genetic variance of fitness traits upon inbreeding in outcrossing populations. Such observations are readily acquired in cyclical parthenogens. Selfing and life-table experiments were performed for two such Daphnia populations. We observed a significant inbreeding depression and an increase of genetic variance for all traits analyzed. DENG and LYNCH's original procedures were extended to estimate genomic mutation rate (U), mean dominance coefficient (h), mean selection coefficient (s), and scaled genomic mutational variance (Vm/Ve). On average, U, h, s and Vm/Ve (indicates an estimate) are 0.84 [corrected], 0.30, 0.14 and 4.6E-4, respectively. For the true values, the U and h are lower bounds, and s and Vm/Ve upper bounds. The present U, h and Vm/Ve are in general concordance with earlier results. The discrepancy between the present s and that from mutation-accumulation experiments in Drosophila (approximately 0.04) is discussed. It is shown that different reproductive modes do not affect gene frequency at mutation-selection equilibrium if mutational effects on fitness are multiplicative and not completely recessive. Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403, USA. deng@creighton.edu Deng H W HW Lynch M M eng R01 GM-36827-01 GM NIGMS Journal Article

UNITED STATES Genetics 0374636 IM Genetics 1998 Jan;148(1):537 Animals Daphnia genetics Inbreeding Mutation Parthenogenesis Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Variation (Genetics) 9294247 1997 10 16 1997 10 16 2003 11 14

0090-4341 33 2 1997 Aug Experimental factors that may affect toxicity of cadmium to freshwater organisms. 188-93 The effects of exposure duration, test organism, and test endpoint on the toxicity of cadmium to a variety of freshwater species were evaluated. Toxicity of cadmium was assessed by monitoring the survival and reproduction of Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard; the survival of Daphnia magna Straus; and the survival and growth of Hyalella azteca Saussure, Chironomus tentans Fabricius, and Pimephales promelas Rafinesque. Organisms were exposed in static systems for 48 h, 96 h, 7 d, 10 d, and 14 d to determine acute and chronic toxicity. Relative sensitivities of test organisms exposed to aqueous cadmium varied with test duration and test endpoint. In general, H. azteca was the most sensitive organism tested, followed in decreasing sensitivity by P. promelas, C. dubia, D. magna, and C. tentans. Mortality of C. dubia and D. magna was consistent up to 7 d, after which little additional mortality occurred. Effects of test duration on cadmium toxicity were most pronounced for H. azteca and C. tentans, with mortality and growth becoming increasingly sensitive with increasing test duration. ENTRIX, Inc., 5252 Westchester, Suite 250, Houston, Texas 77005, USA. Suedel B C BC Rodgers J H JH Jr Deaver E E eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Chironomidae drug effects Crustacea drug effects Fishes Fresh Water chemistry Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 9294248 1997 10 16 1997 10 16 2003 11 14

0090-4341 33 2 1997 Aug Salinity tolerance of Daphnia magna and potential use for estuarine sediment toxicity tests. 194-8 Daphnia magna Straus, a common organism used for freshwater sediment toxicity tests, was evaluated to determine its tolerance to salinity and suitability for tests with estuarine water and sediments. Daphnids were exposed for 2 to 21 days to salinity in a variety of water-only tests, in tests with freshwater sediment overlain by salt water, and in tests with estuarine sediments overlain by freshwater. Daphnid age, test length, and temperature seemed to have little effect upon the range of LC50, NOAEL, and LOAEL values. LC50s for all tests ranged from 5.10 to 7.81 g/L, with a mean of 6.6 g/L salinity (measured conductivity 10.0 mS/cm) [corrected]. The mean NOAEL and LOAEL values based on production of young were 4.6 and 6.9 g/L salinity (measured conductivity 7.1 and 10.5 mS/cm) [corrected], respectively. The results indicate that D. magna will survive and reproduce well in water with salinities below 4 g/L and demonstrate the potential usefulness of this organism in monitoring sediment toxicity from both freshwater and estuarine wetland sites. National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA. Schuytema G S GS Nebeker A V AV Stutzman T W TW eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Soil Pollutants 7647-14-5 Sodium Chloride IM Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1998 Jan;34(1):107 Animals Daphnia drug effects Fresh Water chemistry Sodium Chloride pharmacology Soil Pollutants toxicity Toxicity Tests 9308158 1997 10 23 1997 10 23 2003 11 14

0045-6535 35 6 1997 Sep Identification of environmental hazards of gasoline oxygenate tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME). 1199-214 The physico-chemical and environmental properties of a new gasoline component tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME, 2-methoxy-2-methylbutane) were determined experimentally and environmental hazards of the new component were thereafter identified. The methodology was based on the chemical regulations of the European Union (EU). On the basis of the experimental results, TAME is a volatile, non-hydrophobic and water-soluble liquid, which is not expected to be adsorbed onto organic matter in soil or sediment. It is not readily biodegradable. TAME has very low acute toxicity to aquatic organisms and is not expected to bioaccumulate. Neste Oy, Oil Product Development, Porvoo, Finland. Huttunen H H Wyness L E LE Kalliokoski P P eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 901-47-3 Tosylarginine Methyl Ester IM Adsorption Algae, Green physiology Animals Biodegradation Chemistry, Physical Daphnia Environmental Pollutants adverse effects analysis Gasoline Oncorhynchus mykiss Soil Pollutants analysis Tosylarginine Methyl Ester chemistry toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis 9308162 1997 10 23 1997 10 23 2003 11 14

0045-6535 35 6 1997 Sep Variation in the sensitivity of aquatic species in relation to the classification of environmental pollutants. 1311-27 Differences in species sensitivity to toxicants can be substantial. In this study this among-species variation in sensitivity was analyzed in relation to chemical's mode of action. Chemicals were classified as: non-polar narcotics, polar narcotics, reactive compounds and specifically acting compounds. Acute toxicity data of aquatic species were derived from the literature. Levels of enhanced toxicity, averaged over all species, and interspecies variation in sensitivity were analyzed for 35 chemicals, with data ranging from 12 to 62 aquatic species per compound. Non-polar and polar narcotic chemicals demonstrate the smallest variation in sensitivity and have levels of toxicity, which are highly predictable on the basis of their hydrophobicity. Reactive and specifically acting compounds can be much more toxic than predicted and variation in species sensitivity can be as large as 10(5) to 10(6). In general, the larger this interspecies variation the more asymmetric is the toxicity distribution due to extremely sensitive species. Reactive and specifically acting compounds pose a potentially larger risk for species in ecosystems than polar and non-polar narcotic compounds. They will need more testing to derive precisely equal estimates of safe environmental concentrations. National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Vaal M M van der Wal J T JT Hoekstra J J Hermens J J eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Metals, Heavy IM Animals Chemistry, Physical Comparative Study Daphnia Databases, Factual Environmental Pollutants analysis toxicity Fishes Lethal Dose 50 Metals, Heavy toxicity Species Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 9307436 1997 10 23 1997 10 23 2003 11 14

0007-4861 59 4 1997 Oct Effect of dissolved humic material on the toxicity of tributyltin chloride and triphenyltin chloride to Daphnia magna. 671-6 Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Environmental Analytical Chemistry, University of Florence, Via G. Capponi 9, 50121 Florence, Italy. Bao M L ML Dai S G SG Pantani F F eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Organotin Compounds 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Trialkyltin Compounds 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 639-58-7 triphenyltin chloride 688-73-3 tributyltin IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Organotin Compounds toxicity Soil Pollutants toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Trialkyltin Compounds toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 9323237 1997 11 06 1997 11 06 2003 11 14

0007-4861 59 5 1997 Nov Toxicity to Daphnia pulex and QSAR predictions for polycyclic hydrocarbons representative of Great Lakes contaminants. 834-40 U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Great Lakes Science Center, 1451 Green Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA. Passino-Reader D R DR Hickey J P JP Ogilvie L M LM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia drug effects Polycyclic Hydrocarbons toxicity Structure-Activity Relationship Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 9354280 1998 01 15 1998 01 15 2003 11 14

23 1997 May Image analysis to measure activity index of animals. 16-9 The objective of the study was to present a method to quantify the behavioural response of animals to their micro-environment by using a camera system and a digitiser board. An algorithm was developed for analysing images and calculating activity, occupied zone and boundary of the animals. The developed method was tested on 3 different applications and animals. In the first application, the behavioural responses of broiler chickens to their thermal environment was measured. In the second application behavioural responses of pigs to their thermal environment were measured. In the third application, the response of water fleas to a chromium pollution was measured using the developed technique. Based on the experimental results, it can be concluded that the developed image analysis technique can be employed to quantify the behavioural responses of the tested animals to their micro-environment, in an easy and accurate way. Laboratory for Agricultural Building Research, Heverlee, Belgium. Bloemen H H Aerts J M JM Berckmans D D Goedseels V V eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Equine Vet J Suppl 9614088 7440-47-3 Chromium 7732-18-5 Water IM Adaptation, Physiological Algorithms Animals Behavior, Animal physiology Chickens physiology Chromium pharmacology Daphnia physiology Image Processing, Computer-Assisted methods Linear Models Locomotion physiology Male Movement physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Swimming physiology Swine physiology Temperature Water analysis standards 9378357 1997 11 07 1997 11 07 2003 11 14

0016-9900 5 1997 Sep-Oct [Hygienic assessment of hazards of diphenyl alkanes as substitutes of polychlorinated biphenyls according to the stability in water criterion] 6-9 Zholdakova Z I ZI Kustova E V EV Kharchevnikova N V NV rus Journal Article Gigienicheskaia otsenka opasnosti difenilalkanov kak zameniteleĭ polikhlorirovannykh bifenilov po kriteriiu stabil'nosti v vode.

RUSSIA Gig Sanit 0412700 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 0 Xylenes 108-88-3 Toluene 26898-17-9 dibenzyltoluene 27776-01-8 monobenzyl toluene 40766-31-2 (1-phenylethyl)xylene 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals Biodegradation Chromatography, Gas Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Mass Fragmentography Maximum Allowable Concentration Photochemistry Time Factors Toluene analogs & derivatives analysis toxicity Toxicity Tests Water chemistry Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity Xylenes analysis toxicity 9419269 1998 02 25 1998 02 25 2003 11 14

0090-4341 34 1 1998 Jan Alteration of [14C]-testosterone metabolism after chronic exposure of Daphnia magna to tributyltin. 21-5 Tributyltin (TBT) is a marine biocide that has been shown to alter the activity of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and elicit toxicity indicative of androgenization in some species. The present study was conducted to determine whether TBT altered P450-, reductase-, and transferase-mediated testosterone metabolic processes in Daphnia magna at sublethal exposure concentrations. Two generations of daphnids were continuously exposed for 21 days to nominal TBT concentrations ranging from 0.31 to 2.5 microg/L TBT. The highest TBT concentration (2.5 microg/L) was lethal to 60% of the exposed organisms. Lower TBT concentrations elicited no adverse effects on molting or reproduction of the daphnids. No differences were observed in the response of the first- and second-generation daphnids to the toxicity of TBT. The ability of daphnids to metabolize [14C]-testosterone in vivo was assessed following exposure of each generation to TBT. Production of hydroxylated, reduced/dehydrogenated, and glucose-conjugated metabolites of testosterone were all elevated following exposure of both generations to 1.25 microg/L TBT. These findings indicate that, under these conditions, TBT elicits no discernible effects on molting and reproduction of daphnids at sublethal concentrations, and testosterone metabolism is enhanced at concentrations approaching those that are lethal to organisms. Alterations of steroid metabolism by xenobiotics can be used as a more sensitive indicator of sublethal exposure in daphnids than reproductive endpoints. Duke University Marine Laboratory, 135 Duke Marine Lab Rd, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA. Oberdörster E E Rittschof D D LeBlanc G A GA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Carbon Radioisotopes 0 Trialkyltin Compounds 58-22-0 Testosterone 688-73-3 tributyltin IM Animals Carbon Radioisotopes diagnostic use Daphnia drug effects growth & development metabolism Female Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Testosterone metabolism Trialkyltin Compounds pharmacology 9442311 1998 03 04 1998 03 04 2003 11 14

0171-9750 20 1998 Variability in the response of Daphnia clones to toxic substances: are safety margins being compromised? 399-406 Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland. Baird D J DJ Barata C C eng Journal Article

GERMANY Arch Toxicol Suppl 7802567 0 Fluorenes 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 206-44-0 fluoranthene 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Ecology Fluorenes toxicity No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Reproducibility of Results Risk Assessment Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 9442312 1998 03 04 1998 03 04 2003 11 14

0171-9750 20 1998 Sources and implications of variability in sensitivity to chemicals for ecotoxicological risk assessment. 407-18 Variability among individuals in their responses to toxic chemicals arises from several sources, the most important of which are genetic differences, environmental influences (including maternal effects and historical factors) and measurement error. Effective risk assessment requires that estimates of toxicant response (e.g., LD50, EC50, LOEC, NOEC) are precise--that is, have narrow confidence limits-, repeatable--that is, different laboratories must obtain the same or very similar result-, and accurate--that is, they must provide a reasonable approximation of the effects of toxicants on real ecological systems. Determining which of the above-mentioned sources of variability has the greatest influence on toxicant response has implications for both the design and interpretation of ecotoxicological tests. If, for example, genetic influences are of overriding importance, controlling genotype (by using clones or inbred strains) can lead to greater precision but at the expense of accuracy when the objective is to estimate toxicant response for the species as a whole. Likewise, if environmental influences are of primary importance in controlling the response to toxicants, performing experiments under a standard temperature, light, and food regime may provide highly repeatable test results that have little relevance to the responses of populations in nature. Although there is little doubt that the development of standard ecotoxicological test guidelines (e.g., by the OECD), that control genetic and environmental sources of variability, has led to improvements in the practice of risk assessment, further advances will require a more sophisticated approach for dealing with these sources of uncertainty. There is a need for more systematic approaches for quantifying the sources of variability in toxicant response and for formally combining the error associated with each source in key risk assessment endpoints. Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Roskilde University, Denmark. Forbes V E VE eng Journal Article

GERMANY Arch Toxicol Suppl 7802567 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Daphnia Ecology Fish Diseases chemically induced Fishes No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Reproducibility of Results Risk Assessment Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 9470992 1998 03 24 1998 03 24 2003 11 14

0007-4861 60 2 1998 Feb Evaluation of the sensitivity of rapid toxicity tests relative to daphnid acute lethality tests. 292-9 Technical Services Center, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado 80225, USA. Nelson S M SM Roline R A RA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Dicarboxylic Acids 0 Hazardous Substances 0 Metals, Heavy 0 Pesticides 121-75-5 Malathion 145-73-3 endothall 94-75-7 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid IM 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid toxicity Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Dicarboxylic Acids toxicity Escherichia coli drug effects Hazardous Substances toxicity Malathion toxicity Metals, Heavy toxicity Pesticides toxicity Toxicity Tests 9469875 1998 05 19 1998 05 19 2003 11 14

0147-6513 38 3 1997 Dec A review of the effects of bromate on aquatic organisms and toxicity of bromate to oyster (Crassostrea gigas) embryos. 238-43 A critical literature review has been undertaken of the effects that bromate (BrO3-) has on aquatic organisms. Chronic (multigeneration) studies using four marine phytoplankton species indicate a stimulation of cell division at concentrations up to 13.6 mg BrO3- liter-1, such that the EC50 is > 13.6 mg BrO3- liter-1 (exposure period unspecified). No published data were available for any freshwater algal or phytoplankton species. For freshwater invertebrates, the available data are limited to acute studies using two species: the water flea, Daphnia magna, with a 48-h LC50 of 179 mg BrO3- liter-1; and the planarian ("flatworm"), Polycelis nigra, with a 48-h LC50 of 2258 mg BrO3- liter-1. For saltwater invertebrates, there is a greater variety in the spread of species sensitivity to bromate. For crustaceans, the lowest reported acute value is a 24-h LC50 of 176 mg BrO3- liter-1 for mysid shrimp. For molluscs, the published data are somewhat contradictory, with different workers reporting EC50 values to oyster embryo-larvae of either 0.05-0.1 or 30 mg BrO3- liter-1. Following repeated attempts to resolve these differences using the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) embryo development assay, a 24-h EC50 of 170 mg BrO3- liter-1 was observed. Reported 96-h LC50 values for juvenile saltwater fish range from 427 to 512 mg BrO3- liter-1, while a 10-day LC50 of 279 mg BrO3- liter-1 is also reported. For fish early lifestages, newly hatched larvae are more sensitive than embryo hatching, with a larval 96-h LC50 of 31 mg BrO3- liter-1 being observed. Less severe effects have been reported for older larvae (pro-larvae), for which a 96-h LC50 of 404 mg BrO3- liter-1 is reported. In conclusion, a number of studies provide evidence for the acute toxicity of bromate to invertebrates and fish in the lowest region of 30 mg BrO3- liter-1. Applying the factor of 10 used to extrapolate from acute to potential chronic toxicity, the available data suggest that to protect aquatic organisms from long-term adverse effects, concentrations should not exceed approximately 3.0 mg BrO3- liter-1. Brixham Environmental Laboratory, ZENECA Limited, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham, Devon, United Kingdom. Hutchinson T H TH Hutchings M J MJ Moore K W KW eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Bromates 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Bromates toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Embryo, Nonmammalian drug effects Fishes Larva drug effects Marine Biology Oysters drug effects embryology Planarians drug effects Species Specificity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 17 9469881 1998 05 19 1998 05 19 2003 11 14

0147-6513 38 3 1997 Dec Effects of estrogenic xenobiotics on molting of the water flea, Daphnia magna. 281-5 The effects of five xenobiotics, 2,4,5-trichloribiphenyl (PCB29), the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) Aroclor 1242, diethyl phthalate, lindane, and 4-octylphenol, on molting of Daphnia magna were investigated. All except PCB29 are known to have unexpected estrogenicity in vertebrates. Daphnids exposed to PCB29, Aroclor 1242, and diethyl phthalate took significantly more time to complete four molts than did the controls. The inhibitory effects of these ortho-chlorinated PCBs suggest that certain structural features, most probably including ortho-chlorination, are related to the ability of a PCB to affect molting. Agents with multicyclic structures, such as PCBs, are more effective in inhibiting molting than are single-ringed xenobiotics, such as diethyl phthalate, which suggests that hydrophobicity may be a requirement for binding to the ecdysteroid receptor. These molt-inhibiting agents with multiple rings appear to bear more structural resemblance to the steroidal molting hormones of arthropods, the ecdysteroids, than do the single-ringed ones. While the possibility of alternative mechanisms, such as impairment of ecdysteroidogenesis exists, the results obtained herein support the hypothesis that some xenobiotics which disrupt endocrine processes in vertebrates can also interfere with the hormonally regulated molting process in arthropods through acting as antagonists of endogenous ecdysteroids by binding to and thereby blocking the ecdysteroid receptor. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118-5698, USA. Zou E E Fingerman M M eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Aroclors 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Insect Hormones 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 0 Phthalic Acids 0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 0 Receptors, Steroid 0 Xenobiotics 0 ecdysteroid receptor 16606-02-3 2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl 53469-21-9 aroclor 1242 84-66-2 diethyl phthalate IM Animals Aroclors toxicity Daphnia drug effects Environmental Pollutants toxicity Insect Hormones antagonists & inhibitors Insecticides, Organochlorine toxicity Molting drug effects Phthalic Acids toxicity Polychlorinated Biphenyls toxicity Receptors, Steroid antagonists & inhibitors Structure-Activity Relationship Xenobiotics toxicity 9469883 1998 05 19 1998 05 19 2003 11 14

0147-6513 38 3 1997 Dec Suitability of test media containing EDTA for the evaluation of acute metal toxicity to Daphnia magna straus. 292-5 The acute toxicity of six metals [Hg, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr(II), and Cr(VI)] to Daphnia magna neonates was evaluated using three different test media (Elendt M7, a complex medium containing EDTA; ASTM hard water and EEC, two simple media free of chelators). The EC50 values, at both 24 and 48 h, obtained for Zn, Cr(II), and Cr(VI) were similar in all of the media tested. Hg was more toxic in ASTM than in M7 and in EEC media. The toxicity of Cd and Cu was similar in ASTM and EEC media and higher when evaluated in M7 medium. Thus, M7 should be used only carefully for the toxicity evaluation of mixtures and effluents containing metals. It is recommended, however, that it be excluded from use in tests evaluating samples of unknown composition, or those known to contain Cu and Cd. For the metals tested in this study, a factor of five applied to each 48-h EC50 would be sufficient in order to attain the respective acute NOECs for immobility. Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Departamento de Estudos de Populações, Universidade do Porto, Portugal. lguilher@ICBAS.up.pt Guilhermino L L Diamantino T C TC Ribeiro R R Gonçalves F F Soares A M AM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Chelating Agents 0 Culture Media 0 Metals 60-00-4 Edetic Acid 7439-97-6 Mercury 7440-43-9 Cadmium 7440-47-3 Chromium 7440-50-8 Copper 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Animals Cadmium toxicity Chelating Agents chemistry Chromium toxicity Comparative Study Copper toxicity Culture Media chemistry Daphnia drug effects Edetic Acid chemistry Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Mercury toxicity Metals toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Zinc toxicity 9469888 1998 05 19 1998 05 19 2003 11 14

0147-6513 38 3 1997 Dec Influence of the energy relationship of organic compounds on toxicity to the cladoceran Daphnia magna and the fish Pimephales promelas. 336-8 Schultz T W TW eng Comment Letter

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Chlorophenols 0 Organic Chemicals IM Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1997 Feb;36(1):27-37 9056397 Animals Chlorophenols toxicity Comparative Study Cyprinidae metabolism Daphnia drug effects Organic Chemicals toxicity Structure-Activity Relationship Thermodynamics 9493355 1998 03 26 1998 03 26 2003 11 14

0022-2844 46 3 1998 Mar The unusually long small-subunit ribosomal RNA of the crustacean, Daphnia pulex: sequence and predicted secondary structure. 307-13 The small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene of the Branchiopod crustacean, Daphnia pulex, was isolated from a phage library and subcloned into the plasmid pBluescript. Determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of this gene revealed it to be 2293 nt in length with a G + C content of 53.7%. This is the longest SSU rRNA gene yet reported from a crustacean. The predicted secondary structure of the rRNA is quite typical for eukaryotes except for length expansion in four regions that are known to be highly variable: V2, V4, V7, and V9. Increases in V4 and V7 were most notable. RT-PCR analysis of these two variable regions showed that they are present in the mature rRNA molecule. Potential secondary structures for these regions are proposed based on energetic criteria. Sequence simplicity analysis of V4 and V7 did not reveal the occurrence of clustered simple sequence motifs. This suggests that replication slippage may not be an important mechanism generating the length expansion in these regions as has been proposed for unusually long regions in insect SSU rRNA genes. On the other hand, there was a pronounced bias in nucleotide composition in the variable regions (G + C = 56.6% in V4 and 60% in V7) which is typical of long SSU rRNA genes in insects. Comparison of the lengths of regions V2, V4, V7, and V9 among diverse arthropods revealed that substantial increases in V4 and V7 tend to co-occur. This suggests the possibility of a functional relationship between these variable regions. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. tcrease@uoguelph.ca Crease T J TJ Colbourne J K JK eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Mol Evol 0360051 0 RNA, Ribosomal 9007-49-2 DNA IM Animals Base Sequence Cloning, Molecular DNA Daphnia classification genetics Molecular Sequence Data Nucleic Acid Conformation RNA, Ribosomal chemistry genetics Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 9500040 1998 04 27 1998 04 27 2003 11 14

0065-2598 428 1997 Gas exchange and gas transport in a water breather of millimetre size. 139-45 Institut für Zoophysiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany. Pirow R R Wollinger F F Paul R J RJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Adv Exp Med Biol 0121103 0 Hemoglobins 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Daphnia anatomy & histology physiology Hemoglobins analysis Luminescence Microscopy, Fluorescence instrumentation methods Oxygen analysis Oxygen Consumption Partial Pressure Respiration Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 9509554 1998 05 11 1998 05 11 2003 11 14

1052-9411 5 3 1997 Jul-Sep The Bílovka River case study: the ecotoxicology component of stream reclamation. 243-52 The Bílovka River is one of the most extensively drained rivers in the Odra catchment. The problem of the naturalization of the downstream part of the river is complicated by enormous pollution of surface water. The investment into the catchment requires a complex approach to provide successful ecological conditions in the reclaimed part of the river. The treatment must resolve the problems, not just reduce their influences. An ecological study of such a treatment must consider ecotoxicological effects as well. The results of an ecotoxicological evaluation of the catchment are demonstrated and discussed. These results contribute to the final goal of the ecological study: to prepare conditions for regeneration of the catchment in terms of primary needs for stable ecological conditions near the mouth of the river. University of Ostrava, Czech Republic. skacel@prf1.osu.cz Skácel A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Qual Assur 9214530 IM Animals Conservation of Natural Resources Czech Republic Daphnia Ecosystem Environmental Monitoring Fresh Water Human Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollution prevention & control 9515082 1998 05 15 1998 05 15 2003 11 14

0147-6513 39 2 1998 Feb Altered metabolic elimination of testosterone and associated toxicity following exposure of Daphnia magna to nonylphenol polyethoxylate. 104-11 The ability of nonylphenol polyethoxylate (nonylphenyl polyethylene glycol, NPPG) to alter the metabolic elimination of testosterone and elicit reproductive toxicity to Daphnia magna was assessed. NPPG (5.0 mg/liter) inhibited the elimination of testosterone as glucose and sulfate conjugates, but had minimal effect on the rate of elimination of oxido-reduced and hydroxylated derivatives of the steroid hormone. This exposure concentration of NPPG also approximated the acute threshold-effect concentration and the chronic value for daphnids. Results demonstrated that NPPG qualitatively elicits similar effects on the metabolic elimination of testosterone by daphnids as previously characterized with its degradation product 4-nonylphenol. Unlike 4-nonylphenol, significant chronic toxicity of NPPG, due to effects on steroid elimination processes, was not evident. Results from the present study provide no indication that concentrations of nonylphenol polyethoxylates typically measured in the environment pose a risk of chronic toxicity to invertebrates. Department of Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7633, USA. Baldwin W S WS Graham S E SE Shea D D LeBlanc G A GA eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Culture Media 0 Detergents 0 Ethylene Glycols 0 Phenols 0 Sulfates 104-40-5 4-nonylphenol 27986-36-3 terics 50-99-7 Glucose 58-22-0 Testosterone IM Animals Comparative Study Culture Media Daphnia drug effects physiology Detergents toxicity Ethylene Glycols toxicity Female Glucose metabolism Phenols metabolism Sulfates metabolism Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Testosterone metabolism 9515086 1998 05 15 1998 05 15 2003 11 14

0147-6513 39 2 1998 Feb Modeling acute and chronic toxicity of nonpolar narcotic chemicals and mixtures to Ceriodaphnia dubia. 136-46 The response of the daphnid Ceriodaphnia dubia to six widely used industrial chemicals acting through nonpolar narcosis and a mixture was determined. Toxicological effect levels were based on reasonably steady-state, measured concentrations. Reproductive IC50S were 149 microM benzene, 82 microM trichloroethylene, 35 microM toluene, 31 microM ethylbenzene, 26 microM m-xylene, and 4 microM tetrachloroethylene. A QSAR describing 2-day LC50S as a function of log Kow accounted for 90.97% of the variation in response across chemical. A similar QSAR for chronic effects on reproduction accounted for 78.92%. Mixtures of benzene, trichloroethylene, and toluene had effects at concentrations below their individual LOELs. Observed effects of 20/24 mixtures tested fell within the 95% prediction interval for a concentration-addition model of joint action derived from tests with individual components. However, the observed response differed significantly from the predictive relationship. In general, the predictive relationship overestimated mixture toxicity. Fitted relationships reduced observed error by as much as 82% compared to the predictive model. Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, USA. Niederlehner B R BR Cairns J J Jr Smith E P EP eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Benzene Derivatives 0 Carcinogens 0 Narcotics 0 Solvents 0 Xylenes 100-41-4 ethylbenzene 108-38-3 3-xylene 108-88-3 Toluene 127-18-4 Tetrachloroethylene 71-43-2 Benzene 79-01-6 Trichloroethylene IM Animals Benzene toxicity Benzene Derivatives toxicity Carcinogens toxicity Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Drug Interactions Lethal Dose 50 Narcotics toxicity No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Solvents toxicity Structure-Activity Relationship Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Tetrachloroethylene toxicity Toluene toxicity Toxicity Tests Trichloroethylene toxicity Xylenes toxicity 9566294 1998 05 21 1998 05 21 2003 11 14

0045-6535 36 10 1998 Apr A review of the environmental fate, effects, and exposures of bisphenol A. 2149-73 Bisphenol A (CAS 85-05-7) may be released into the environment through its use and handling, and permitted discharges. BPA is moderately soluble (120 to 300 mg/L at pH 7), may adsorb to sediment (Koc 314 to 1524), has low volatility, and is not persistent based on its rapid biodegradation in acclimated wastewater treatment plants and receiving waters (half-lives 2.5 to 4 days). BPA is "slightly to moderately" toxic (algal EC50 of 1000 micrograms/L) and has low potential for bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms (BCFs 5 to 68). The chronic NOEC for Daphnia magna is > 3146 micrograms/L. Surface water concentrations are at least one to several orders of magnitude lower than chronic effects, with most levels nondetected. Assessment Technologies, Inc., Fairfax, VA 22030, USA. Staples C A CA Dorn P B PB Klecka G M GM O'Block S T ST Harris L R LR eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Air Pollutants, Occupational 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Phenols 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 80-05-7 bisphenol A IM Air Pollutants, Occupational chemistry toxicity Animals Biodegradation Environmental Pollutants analysis toxicity Half-Life Human Phenols chemistry toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 56 9569945 1998 05 22 1998 05 22 2003 11 14

0045-6535 34 4 1997 Feb Biodegradation and aquatic toxicity of beta-alaninediacetic acid (beta-ADA). 807-15 The aquatic toxicity and biodegradability of the new chelating agent beta-alaninediacetic acid (beta-ADA) were investigated. There is no inhibition effect of beta-ADA in the daphnia magna 24 h test up to a concentration of 1000 mg/L. The algal growth inhibition test resulted in an EC 50 of 19.7 mg/L. An EC 20 of 740 mg/L was determined in the luminescent bacteria test. An EC 50 was not obtained in this test up to a concentration of 2000 mg/L beta-ADA. The degree of biodegradation of beta-ADA was determined in a static and a continuous test. The beta-ADA removal reached 98% at the end of the test after eight weeks in the continuous test which was carried out with laboratory activated sludge units simulating a waste water treatment plant. Further, biodegradation and toxicity tests were coupled, i.e. the effluents of the laboratory activated sludge units were applied in the toxicity tests. A higher toxicity of the effluents of the test units in comparison with the control unit was not observed. Bavarian State Bureau for Water Resources Management, Institute for Water Research, Munich, Germany. Nitschke L L Wilk A A Cammerer C C Lind G G Metzner G G eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Chelating Agents 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 0 alaninediacetic acid 107-95-9 beta-Alanine 64-19-7 Acetic Acid IM Acetic Acid chemistry toxicity Algae drug effects Animals Biodegradation Chelating Agents toxicity Daphnia drug effects Luminescence, Bacterial Sewage chemistry microbiology Toxicity Tests Waste Management methods Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity beta-Alanine chemistry toxicity 9570911 1998 07 17 1998 07 17 2003 11 14

0147-6513 39 3 1998 Mar Evaluation of a high-hardness COMBO medium and frozen algae for Daphnia magna. 201-6 A new high-hardness (H-H) COMBO medium for long-term culturing and bioassay testing of Daphnia magna was evaluated in 21-day survival, growth, and reproduction studies. The COMBO medium originally designed for softwater daphnid species (i.e., D. pulicaria) was modified for the hardwater species D. magna. This medium also allowed continuous culturing of a green algal food source for daphnids, Ankistrodesmus falcatus. After 12 generations of culturing in H-H COMBO medium, the mean fecundity was 128 +/- 12 (coefficient of variation = 9.4%). No significant observations of dead young, aborted eggs, or reduced antennas were made during the 6 months of continuous culturing. The no-observable-effect concentration (NOEC) for a reference toxicant standard, 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA), was 8.3 micrograms/liter, which is similar to published values. These studies demonstrate that H-H COMBO is an acceptable medium for use for culturing and bioassay testing with D. magna. Additional experiments using frozen aliquots of A. falcatus were conducted. Although mean fecundity (64 +/- 7) and adult length were significantly decreased from the values for daphnids fed fresh algae, the NOEC for 3,4-DCA was > 25 micrograms/liter. The use of this alternative food source in bioassay testing appears promising, but further optimization of feeding rates is warranted. School of Pharmacy, Division of Toxicology, Northeast Louisiana University, Monroe, USA. pybaer@alpha.nlu.edu Baer K N KN Goulden C E CE eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Culture Media 0 Salts 0 Trace Elements 0 Vitamins 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 95-76-1 3,4-dichloroaniline IM Algae, Green chemistry Aniline Compounds toxicity Animal Feed Animals Biological Assay Culture Media Daphnia drug effects Hardness No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Reference Standards Refrigeration Reproduction drug effects Salts toxicity Toxicity Tests Trace Elements toxicity Vitamins Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 9570914 1998 07 17 1998 07 17 2003 11 14

0147-6513 39 3 1998 Mar The acute toxicity of selected alkylphenols to young and adult Daphnia magna. 227-32 Differences in sensitivity toward toxicants between young and adult individuals in a population are assumed to be primarily associated with their difference in body size. This assumption plays a key role in the modeling of effects of variable concentrations of toxicants on nonhomogeneous populations. The hazard-based no-effect-concentrations (NECs), killing rates, and elimination rates, estimated from the survival data of a series of acute toxicity tests with young and adults of Daphnia magna and six alkylphenols, were used to evaluated this assumption. The results lead to the conclusion that young and adult D. magna were equally sensitive in terms of NEC and killing rate and that the observed differences in elimination rates could be explained on the basis of a difference in body size. Furthermore, it was found that elimination rates estimated on the basis of the survival data were consistently smaller than those expected on the basis of a QSAR for Daphnia pulex, a comparable species. This discrepancy was likely due to a decreased uptake and elimination during a period of immobilization prior to death. Since it is unknown to what extent immobilized individuals are able to recover from short-term exposures, the observed deviation clearly identifies a complicating factor in the modeling of effects of variable concentrations of toxicants. Department of Environmental Toxicology, TNO-Toxicology, Delft, The Netherlands. Gerritsen A A van der Hoeven N N Pielaat A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Hazardous Substances 0 Phenols 104-40-5 4-nonylphenol 1806-26-4 4-octylphenol 98-54-4 butylphen IM Animals Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Comparative Study Daphnia metabolism Female Hazardous Substances analysis toxicity Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Phenols analysis toxicity Structure-Activity Relationship Toxicity Tests 9599706 1998 07 16 1998 07 16 2003 11 14

0091-6765 106 Suppl 2 1998 Apr Correlations of Vibrio fischeri bacteria test data with bioassay data for other organisms. 583-91 Linear relationships of the median lethal concentrations of several hundreds of chemicals for a variety of organisms with Vibrio fischeri median effective concentrations are investigated. Significant correlations can be developed for many aquatic species including the fishes fathead minnow, bluegill, catfish, goldfish, goldorfe, guppy, killifish, rainbow trout, sheepshead minnow, and zebrafish; the water flea Daphnia sp.; such crustaceans as Artemia sp. and Crangon sp.; the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis; and algae, such as Chlorella sp. These interspecies relationships can be used to estimate order-of-magnitude type toxic effects of many substances for these aquatic organisms. Highly significant relationships can be obtained when selecting compounds on a chemical basis, such as alcohols, ketones, aromatics, etc., which allow the calculation of the compounds' toxicities to the corresponding aquatic species with increased accuracy and confidence. Analogous correlations with mammalian (rat and mouse) oral, intraperitoneal, and intravenous median lethal dose (LD50) data are much weaker than those for most aquatic species. However, there are significant differences between these three routes of administration and the intravenous LD50 data show the best relationship with the Vibrio data. National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Ontario, Canada. klaus.kaiser@cciw.ca Kaiser K L KL eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

UNITED STATES Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 0 Xenobiotics IM Algae drug effects Animal Testing Alternatives Animals Crustacea drug effects Fishes Injections, Intravenous Lethal Dose 50 Luminescence Mice Predictive Value of Tests Rats Regression Analysis Vibrio drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Xenobiotics toxicity 55 9593627 1998 06 09 1998 06 09 2003 11 14

0013-9351 77 1 1998 Apr An assay system for detecting environmental toxicants with cultured cladoceran eggs in vitro: malformations induced by ethylenethiourea. 43-8 An in vitro assay system using cladoceran eggs was developed for the detection of toxic compounds in the aquatic environment. Parthenogenetic eggs of Daphnia magna were removed from the brood chambers of female adults and cultured individually in 96-well microtiter plates with Elendt M7 medium at 23 degrees C. Embryonic development proceeded completely in vitro with more than 95% hatchability. Egg development time in vitro was 2 days, which was almost equal to that in the brood chamber of the mother. Ethylenethiourea, a compound teratogenic to mammals, was investigated for toxicity to development of eggs. Isolated eggs were cultured in the presence of ethylenethiourea during the period of embryonic development for 3 days. Treatment with ethylenethiourea induced morphological abnormalities in the cladoceran carapace. Parthenogenetic eggs of Cladocera are genotypically identical, which makes them useful biological materials for a toxicity test on aquatic pollutants. School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Japan. ohta@ls.toyaku.ac.jp Ohta T T Tokishita S S Shiga Y Y Hanazato T T Yamagata H H eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Environ Res 0147621 0 Teratogens 96-45-7 Ethylenethiourea IM Animals Biological Assay methods Crustacea growth & development Embryo, Nonmammalian abnormalities Environmental Monitoring methods Ethylenethiourea toxicity Female In Vitro Ovum growth & development Parthenogenesis Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Teratogens toxicity Toxicity Tests methods 9606551 1998 06 12 1998 06 12 2003 11 14

0365-9615 125 3 1998 Mar [Effect of modulators of energy metabolism on cyclophosphane toxicity for Daphnia magna] 307-9 Ivnitskiĭ Iu Iu IuIu Sofronov G A GA Nosov A V AV rus Journal Article Vliianie modifikatorov énergeticheskogo metabolizma na toksichnost' tsiklofosfana dlia Daphnia magna.

RUSSIA Biull Eksp Biol Med 0370627 0 Alkylating Agents 0 Amino Acids 110-15-6 Succinic Acid 127-17-3 Pyruvic Acid 50-18-0 Cyclophosphamide 50-99-7 Glucose 53-84-9 NAD 77-92-9 Citric Acid 98-92-0 Niacinamide IM Alkylating Agents toxicity Amino Acids metabolism pharmacology Animals Biological Transport Citric Acid metabolism pharmacology Cyclophosphamide toxicity Daphnia drug effects metabolism Energy Metabolism Glucose metabolism pharmacology NAD metabolism Niacinamide metabolism pharmacology Pyruvic Acid metabolism pharmacology Succinic Acid metabolism pharmacology 9626539 1998 08 21 1998 08 21 2003 11 14

0147-6513 40 1-2 1998 May-Jun Adaptations and resistance of zooplankton to stress: effects of genetic, environmental, and physiological factors. 77-80 The ability of a species to adapt to stress factors such as exposure to toxicants depends to a large extent on the presence of individuals that are able to respond to the exposure in a successful way. Several strategies can be employed to cope with different stress factors. Investments on growth and reproduction, for instance, can be varied to meet the requirements of the environment. Large individuals generally have a high resistance against stress, but a large body size is often achieved at the cost of other characteristics. In the present study, the resistance of several clones of Daphnia to different stress factors, such as toxic cyanobacteria, a predator released chemical, and starvation, was investigated. The focus was on interactions among different factors and whether observed responses can be regarded as evolved adaptations for the different conditions. Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland. marko.reinikainen@sydvast.fi Reinikainen M M Hietala J J Walls M M eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 IM Adaptation, Physiological Animals Body Constitution Cyanobacteria Daphnia genetics physiology Environment Starvation Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 9626553 1998 08 21 1998 08 21 2003 11 14

0147-6513 40 1-2 1998 May-Jun Assessment of the ecotoxic potential of soil contaminants by using a soil-algae test. 173-6 To assess the ecotoxic potential of soil contaminants, a test with the soil alga Chlorococcum infusionum has been developed, enabling investigations of soil pollutions with soluble and fairly soluble chemicals. Three soil types artificially contaminated with Sb compounds and five soils from a historical mining area, which were highly polluted with Sb, As, Hg, and Cu, were used as test soils. For antimony, EC50 values from 125 mg/kg up to > 1000 mg/kg, depending on soil type, were determined. Two of five soils from the mining area caused toxic effects. Additionally, aqueous extracts of all soils were exposed in established tests (daphnid, alga, bacterium). In contrast with the soil-algae test, no toxic effects were found. Aquatic tests with SbO/K tartrate were performed to point out the toxicity of antimony. The following EC50 values in milligrams of Sb per liter were determined: Scenedesmus subspicatus, 59 mg/liter; Chlorococcum infusionum, 43 mg/liter; Daphnia magna, 8 mg/liter; and Vibrio fisheri, 7 mg/liter. Fraunhofer-Institut für Umweltchemie und Okotoxikologie, Schmallenberg, Germany. Hammel W W Steubing L L Debus R R eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Soil Pollutants IM Algae, Green drug effects metabolism Animals Comparative Study Daphnia Environmental Monitoring methods Soil Microbiology Soil Pollutants toxicity Toxicity Tests methods Vibrio 9646529 1998 07 27 1998 07 27 2003 11 14

0048-9697 216 3 1998 May 27 QSAR study of the toxicity of benzoic acids to Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna and carp. 205-15 The toxicities of benzoic acids to Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna and carp were measured. The results showed that the toxicity to V. fischeri and Daphnia decreased in the order of bromo > chloro > fluoro approximately equal to aminobenzoic acids. The toxicity of substituted benzoic acids to carp and Daphnia was much lower that to V. fischeri. The results also showed that the toxicity of benzoic acids to Daphnia decreased as the pH increased. It is suggested that ionized and non-ionized forms have different toxic responses. The non-ionized form may play an important role in toxicity because the toxicity of benzoic acids to Daphnia greatly decreases as the pH increases. The toxicity of benzoic acids to Daphnia may operate through non-polar narcosis, based on the regression results between the toxicities and partition coefficients (log P) and apparent partition coefficients (log D). However, toxicity cannot be predicted from non-polar baseline models because the ionized and non-ionized form of benzoic acids have different contributions to toxicity. Compared with the single descriptors, the prediction of toxicity of the benzoic acids was improved remarkably by using log P with pKa and log P with ELUMO. For the toxicity of benzoic acids to V. fischeri, it is suggested that the toxic mechanism may be different from the mechanism in Daphnia and carp. A probable reason is that V. fischeri is a unicellular organism with low lipid content, and hence both ionized and non-ionized forms of benzoic acids can easily cross the cell membrane and contribute to toxicity. Department of Environmental Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People's Republic of China. Zhao Y H YH Ji G D GD Cronin M T MT Dearden J C JC eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Benzoates 0 Ions 0 Lipids IM Animals Benzoates chemistry pharmacokinetics toxicity Carps metabolism Cell Membrane metabolism Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects metabolism Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Ions Lipids metabolism Species Specificity Structure-Activity Relationship Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vibrio drug effects metabolism 9650267 1998 08 04 1998 08 04 2003 11 14

0045-6535 37 2 1998 Jul The efficiency of different phenol-degrading bacteria and activated sludges in detoxification of phenolic leachates. 301-18 Phenolic composition, toxicity and biodegradability of three different phenolic leachates/samples was studied. Samples A and C were the leachates from the oil-shale industry spent shale dumps at Kohtla-Järve, Estonia. Sample B was a laboratory-prepared synthetic mixture of 7 phenolic compounds mimmicking the phenolic composition of the leachate A. Toxicity of these 3 samples was analyzed using two photobacterial test (BioTox and Microtox), Daphnia test (DAPHTOXKIT F pulex) and rotifiers' test (ROTOXKIT F). All the LC50 values were in the range of 1-10%, leachate A being the most toxic. The growth and detoxifying potential (toxicity of the growth medium was measured using photobacterial tests) of 3 different phenol-utilizing bacteria and acclimated activated sludges was studied in shake-flask cultures. 30% leachate A (altogether 0.6 mM total phenolic compounds) was too toxic to rhodococci and they did not grow. Cell number of Kurthia sp. and Pseudomonas sp. in 30% leachate A increased by 2 orders of magnitude but despite of the growth of bacteria the toxicity of the leachate did not decrease even by 7 weeks of cultivation. However, if the activated sludge was used instead of pure bacterial cultures the toxicity of the 30% leachate A was eliminated already after 3 days of incubation. 30% samples B and C were detoxified by activated sludge even more rapidly, within 2 days. As the biodegradable part of samples A and B should be identical, the detoxification of leachate A compared to that of sample B was most probably inhibited by inorganic (e.g. sulphuric) compounds present in the leachate A. Also, the presence of toxic recalcitrant organic compounds in the leachate A (missed by chemical analysis) that were not readily biodegradable even by activated sludge consortium should not be excluded. Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia. anne@kbfi.ee Kahru A A Reiman R R Rätsep A A eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Phenols 56-65-5 Adenosine Triphosphate IM Adenosine Triphosphate analysis Animals Biodegradation Colony Count, Microbial Daphnia drug effects Estonia Fossil Fuels Phenols analysis metabolism toxicity Photobacterium drug effects metabolism Proteus metabolism Pseudomonas metabolism Rhodococcus metabolism Rotifera drug effects Sewage chemistry microbiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Waste Management 9652130 1998 09 08 1998 09 08 2003 11 14

0048-9697 213 1-3 1998 Jun 10 Permanent impairment in the feeding behavior of grayling (Thymallus thymallus) exposed to methylmercury during embryogenesis. 247-54 Embryos of grayling (Thymallus thymallus) were exposed to different concentrations of methylmercury (0.16, 0.8, 4.0 and 20 micrograms Hg l-1) during the first 10 days of development. The exposure resulted in body concentrations in the newly hatched fry of 0.09, 0.27, 0.63 and 3.80 micrograms Hg g-1 wet wt., respectively. A control group had a body concentration of 0.01 microgram Hg g-1. Morphological disturbances were only found in the highest exposure group. Three years later, at a size of 13.8 +/- 0.8 cm, the different groups were tested for sublethal toxicant effects on foraging behavior. In the first series of experiments we tested the foraging efficiency of the fish when kept alone for 5 min in small flow-through aquariums. In the second series of experiments we tested the competitive ability of eight individuals from an exposed group vs. eight individuals from a control group when kept together for 30 min in a 300-1 aquarium. In both experiments live Dapnia magna were used as prey. We found impaired feeding efficiencies and reduced competitive abilities in grayling from the exposed groups which as yolk-fry had Hg concentrations of 0.27 microgram g-1 or more. In the foraging efficiency experiments these groups were 15-24% less efficient as compared to the control group. In the competitive ability experiments the control group caught two to six times as many preys as these exposed groups. Such harmful body concentrations of Hg (> 0.27 microgram g-1) may be found in eggs from piscivorous fishes in lakes receiving diffuse atmospheric depositions of mercury. We suggest such concentrations may have ecological consequences by reducing the fitness of the affected populations. Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway. Fjeld E E Haugen T O TO Vøllestad L A LA eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Methylmercury Compounds IM Animal Feed Animals Comparative Study Daphnia Embryo, Nonmammalian drug effects Feeding Behavior drug effects Female Male Methylmercury Compounds toxicity Norway Salmonidae embryology physiology Zygote drug effects 9662879 1998 08 10 1998 08 10 2003 11 14

0016-9900 3 1998 May-Jun [Comparative hygienic evaluation of nonionogenic surface-active agents with regard to stability and transformation] 7-10 The stability of the surfactants penazoline 10-16 B, neonol AF9-CN, and perfluorodecyl alcohol on boiling, exposure to ozone, ultraviolet and electromagnetic irradiation, biota in the model water reservoir, active sludge in the model air tank was evaluated. The transformation products forming under the influence of different damaging factors were assessed. The comparative hazard of parent compounds and their transformation products on biological test objects was studied. Zholdakova Z I ZI Berdina R B RB Kustova E V EV rus Journal Article Sravnitel'naia gigienicheskaia otsenka neionogennykh poverkhnostno-aktivnykh veshchestv s uchetom stabil'nosti i transformatsii.

RUSSIA Gig Sanit 0412700 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Surface-Active Agents IM Animals Biodegradation Biotransformation Comparative Study Daphnia Drug Stability English Abstract Environmental Pollutants pharmacokinetics toxicity Evaluation Studies Lethal Dose 50 Surface-Active Agents pharmacokinetics toxicity Time Factors Toxicity Tests 9679687 1998 10 05 1998 10 05 2003 11 14

0147-6513 40 3 1998 Jul Mortality and LC50 values for several stages of the marine copepod Tigriopus brevicornis (Müller) exposed to the metals arsenic and cadmium and the pesticides atrazine, carbofuran, dichlorvos, and malathion. 239-44 The toxicity of three insecticides (carbofuran, dichlorvos, malathion), an herbicide (atrazine), and two metals (arsenic and cadmium) to ovigerous females, copepodids, and nauplii of Tigriopus brevicornis was determined by 96-h semistatic (or static-renewal) bioassays. Freshly prepared aqueous stock solutions of these pesticides and metals were diluted to appropriate concentrations. Mortalities were recorded and test solutions were changed completely each day up to 96 h. The rate of mortality was analyzed for linear regressions, and LC50 values were determined by probit analysis. LC50 values for ovigerous T. brevicornis females were 153.2 micrograms liter-1 for atrazine, 59.9 micrograms liter-1 for carbofuran, 47.9 micrograms liter-1 for cadmium, 27.5 micrograms liter-1 for arsenic, 24.3 micrograms liter-1 for malathion, and 4.6 micrograms liter-1 for dichlorvos. Comparison of the overall toxicities of these pesticides and metals indicated that dichlorvos was the most toxic substance to T. brevicornis, followed by malathion, arsenic, cadmium, carbofuran, and atrazine. Available LC50 data indicate that marine copepods are more sensitive to pollutants than Daphnia magna, Acartia tonsa, and Tisbe battagliai, or as sensitive as the mysid Mysidopsis bahia. Laboratoire de Physiologie des êtres marins, Institut Oceanographique, Paris, France. Forget J J Pavillon J F JF Menasria M R MR Bocquené G G eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Pesticides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 121-75-5 Malathion 1563-66-2 Carbofuran 1912-24-9 Atrazine 62-73-7 Dichlorvos 7440-38-2 Arsenic 7440-43-9 Cadmium IM Animals Arsenic toxicity Atrazine toxicity Cadmium toxicity Carbofuran toxicity Crustacea drug effects Dichlorvos toxicity Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Environmental Exposure Larva drug effects Lethal Dose 50 Malathion toxicity Pesticides toxicity Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 9702368 1998 10 16 1998 10 16 2003 11 14

0007-4861 61 2 1998 Aug No estrogenic effects of Bisphenol A in Daphnia magna STRAUS. 143-8 Bayer AG, Institute of Environmental Analysis, Leverkusen, Germany. Caspers N N eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Air Pollutants, Occupational 0 Estrogens 0 Phenols 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 80-05-7 bisphenol A IM Air Pollutants, Occupational pharmacology toxicity Animals Daphnia drug effects physiology Estrogens physiology Molting drug effects Phenols pharmacology toxicity Reproduction drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical 9724359 1998 10 09 1998 10 09 2003 11 14

0007-4861 61 3 1998 Sep Development of a 7-day Daphnia magna growth test using image analysis. 355-62 WRc plc, Henley Road, Medmenham, Marlow, Buckinghamshire SL7 2HD, UK. Johnson I I Delaney P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Aniline Compounds 554-00-7 2,4-dichloroaniline 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Aniline Compounds toxicity Animals Behavior, Animal drug effects Daphnia growth & development Growth drug effects Image Processing, Computer-Assisted Regression Analysis Toxicology methods Zinc toxicity 9732475 1998 11 09 1998 11 09 2003 11 14

0090-4341 35 3 1998 Oct Chronic effects of the herbicide diuron on freshwater cladocerans, amphipods, midges, minnows, worms, and snails. 441-6 The chronic effects of the herbicide diuron on survival and reproduction of Daphnia pulex, and survival and growth of the amphipod Hyalella azteca, the midge Chironomus tentans, juvenile and embryo/larval fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, annelid worms, Lumbriculus variegatus, and snails, Physa gyrina, were determined in laboratory static and static-renewal tests. D. pulex 96-h and 7-day LC50 values were 17.9 and 7.1 mg/L; 7-day LOAEL and NOAEL values based on mortality and reproduction were 7.7 and 4.0 mg/L. H. azteca 96-h and 10-day LC50 values were 19.4 and 18.4 mg/L; 10-day LOAEL and NOAEL values based on survival and reduced weight were 15.7 and 7.9 mg/L. C. tentans 10-day LC50 value was 3.3 mg/L; 10-day LOAEL and NOAEL values based on growth were 7.1 and 3.4 mg/L, and 3.4 and 1.9 mg/L based on mortality. Juvenile fathead minnows had a 10-day LC50 of 27.1 mg/L and 10-day LOAEL and NOAEL values based on growth of 3.4 and <3.4 mg/L. The fathead minnow embryo-larval test had a 7-day LC50 value of 11.7 mg/L and 7-day LOAEL and NOAEL values based on reduced growth of 8.3 and 4.2 mg/L. L. variegatus had 10-day LOAEL and NOAEL values based on reduced weight of 3.5 and 1.8 mg/L. P. gyrina had 10-day LOAEL and NOAEL values based on reduced weight of 22.8 and 13.4 mg/L. Laboratory effects concentrations were higher that those found in normal field application situations, except in areas of localized pooling after recent herbicide applications, indicating that there would probably be little harm to these fish and invertebrates from diuron exposure in the field. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Ecological Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA. Nebeker A V AV Schuytema G S GS eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Herbicides, Urea 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 330-54-1 Diuron IM Animals Annelida Chironomidae Crustacea Cyprinidae Daphnia Diuron toxicity Fishes Fresh Water analysis Herbicides, Urea toxicity Lethal Dose 50 No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Snails Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 9732479 1998 11 09 1998 11 09 2003 11 14

0090-4341 35 3 1998 Oct A study of the lethal and sublethal toxicity of polyphase P-100, an antisapstain fungicide containing 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate (IPBC), on fish and aquatic invertebrates. 472-8 The acute toxicity of Polyphase P-100, an antisapstain wood preservative that contains 97% 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate (IPBC), was determined for three species of fish (coho salmon, rainbow trout, and starry flounder) and three species of aquatic invertebrates (Daphnia magna, Hyalella azteca, and Neomysis mercedis). The 96-h LC50 values for the various fish species exposed to Polyphase P-100 ranged from 95 ppb for coho smolts (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to 370 ppm for juvenile starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus). The sensitivity of coho to Polyphase P-100 was altered by their developmental stage. Coho embryos were six to nine times more tolerant of Polyphase P-100 than coho alevins, which were twice as tolerant as coho smolts. The 48-h LC50 values for the invertebrates D. magna, H. azteca, and N. mercedis were 40 ppb, 500 ppb, and 2,920 ppb, respectively. In addition to a wider range of sensitivity to Polyphase P-100 compared with the fish species, the invertebrate species were characterized by a shallower concentration-response. In acute, 24-h sublethal tests with juvenile starry flounder and rainbow trout, there was no primary or secondary stress response (changes in hematocrit, leucocrit, hemoglobin concentration, plasma lactate concentration, and plasma cortisol concentration) at concentrations up to 50% of the 96-h LC50 value. The acute toxicity of a 1:8 mixture of Polyphase P-100 and Bardac 2280 (another antisapstain compound that contains didecyldimethylammonium chloride [DDAC] as the active ingredient) was close to additive for fish, but not for invertebrate species. The acute toxicity of the mixture was seven to eight times more than additive for H. azteca, but two to three times less than additive for D. magna. Some sublethal stress responses were revealed with the mixture that were not observed with the test chemicals alone. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada. Farrell A P AP Stockner E E Kennedy C J CJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Carbamates 0 Fungicides, Industrial 55406-53-6 3-iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate IM Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2000 Feb;38(2):260-1 Animals Carbamates toxicity Crustacea physiology Daphnia Flounder Fungicides, Industrial toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Oncorhynchus kisutch Oncorhynchus mykiss Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 9734323 1998 09 29 1998 09 29 2003 11 14

0045-6535 37 7 1998 Sep The ecotoxicity and the biodegradability of lactic acid, alkyl lactate esters and lactate salts. 1317-33 The ecotoxicity of lactic acid, its alkyl esters and selected metal salts was studied experimentally with the micro alga Selenastrum capricornutum, the crustacean Daphnia magna and the fish species Brachydanio rerio and Pimephales promelas. In addition, the biodegradation of lactate esters was also studied. The aim of the study was to provide predicted environmental data for additional alkyl homologues and metal salts. The ecotoxicity data are evaluated by means of Structure Activity Relations (SAR), using literature data on a non-polar narcotic mechanism of toxicity as a baseline for comparison. Lactate salts were evaluated by comparison to the toxicity of the metal ion. For the fish and D. magna, it was evident that methyl, ethyl, propyl and to a lesser extent butyl lactate were slightly more toxic in comparison to baseline non-polar narcotic toxicity data. The toxicity tests carried out with lactate-salts demonstrated clearly that the toxicity in standard tests is only determined by the associated cation and not by the lactate part. Lactic acid and its alkyl esters were degraded for more than 60% in the ready biodegradability tests and from the data presented, it is evident that the majority of alkyl lactates are readily biodegradable. The results presented in this study indicate that alkyl lactate esters show some differences in their ecotoxicity when compared to non polar narcotic compounds in but that these differences are generally small. When aquatic toxicity is considered together with their rapid tendency to biodegrade, it is concluded that lactate esters show generally favourable environmental characteristics. Department of Environmental Toxicology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Delft, The Netherlands. Bowmer C T CT Hooftman R N RN Hanstveit A O AO Venderbosch P W PW van der Hoeven N N eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Esters 0 Lactates 50-21-5 Lactic Acid IM Algae, Green drug effects Animals Biodegradation Daphnia drug effects Ecology Ecosystem Esters toxicity Lactates toxicity Lactic Acid toxicity Structure-Activity Relationship Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Zebrafish physiology 9734324 1998 09 29 1998 09 29 2003 11 14

0045-6535 37 7 1998 Sep Effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the bioconcentration of organic chemicals in aquatic organisms--a review. 1335-62 Current knowledge on the effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the bioconcentration of organic chemicals in aquatic animals (water fleas, mussels, amphipods and fish) is summarized. A graphical representation of the available data gives an overview of the magnitude of the observed effects. Most of the studies have shown decreases in bioconcentration in the presence of DOM (2 to 98% relative to DOM-free controls). However, at low DOM levels, up to 10 mg/L, also enhancements of bioconcentration due to DOM, ranging from 2 to 303% have been reported. Generally, the change in BCFW (Bioconcentration factor on a wet weight basis) per mg/L DOC was most pronounced at low levels of DOC. The data also show that DOM from different sources with different characteristics and quality can lead to substantial variations in the bioconcentration of organic compounds at comparable levels of DOC. While decreases in bioconcentration have generally been attributed to a lack of bioavailability of DOM-bound chemical, no mechanisms have been proposed to explain increased uptake of xenobiotics caused by DOM. Universität München, Abt. Limnologie, Germany. Haitzer M M Höss S S Traunspurger W W Steinberg C C eng Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Organic Chemicals 0 Xenobiotics 1415-93-6 Humic Acids IM Animals Crustacea drug effects metabolism Daphnia drug effects metabolism Ecosystem Fishes metabolism Fresh Water Humic Acids pharmacology Mussels drug effects metabolism Organic Chemicals pharmacology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollution Xenobiotics pharmacokinetics 95 9756705 1998 12 04 1998 12 04 2003 11 14

0147-6513 41 2 1998 Oct Toxicity of ozone to fish larvae and Daphnia magna. 176-9 Ozone can be used as an alternative to chlorination to control biofouling in cooling water systems. The possible negative environmental impact of a discharge of ozone-containing cooling water was investigated. The acute toxicity of dissolved ozone was determined for fish larvae of three species [Cyprinus carpio (at 27 degrees C), Leuciscus idus (at 27 degrees C) and Clarias gariepinus (at 32 degrees C)] and to Daphnia magna (at 21 and 27 degrees C). The results indicate that ozone is very harmful to aquatic life. Daphnids are more sensitive to ozone than fish larvae. The mean 48-h LC50 value for the larvae amounts to about 35 microg/liter, while the 48-h NOEC for D. magna was 11 microg/liter (at 21 degrees C). It was concluded that, to protect aquatic life, discharged cooling water should not contain any dissolved ozone. This can be achieved in practice by mixing the treated cooling water with a source of organic substances before discharge, as free ozone will react immediately with organic matter and thus disappear. Copyright 1998 Academic Press. Laboratory of Ecology and Aquaculture, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium. Leynen M M Duvivier L L Girboux P P Ollevier F F eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Water Pollutants 10028-15-6 Ozone IM Animals Daphnia Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Fishes Lethal Dose 50 Ozone toxicity Power Plants Water Pollutants toxicity Water Supply 9756692 1998 11 24 1998 11 24 2003 11 14

0147-6513 41 1 1998 Sep Influence of an aquatic humic acid on the bioconcentration of selected compounds in Daphnia magna. 73-6 Several chemicals covering a wide range of octanol-water partition coefficients were assayed for their bioconcentration in Daphnia magna in the presence of an aquatic humic acid. Assuming the properties of the humic acid used were similar to those known for organic matter from soils, the influence of the aquatic humic acid on physicochemical moderation of bioconcentration could not be demonstrated experimentally in a log Kow range of the chemicals between 2 and 6. Thus, the lipophilic character of the aquatic humic acid and the related effect of solubilization of the chemicals in the aqueous phase are much less than expected. This result is confirmed by determining the octanol-water partition coefficient of the aquatic humic acid. Comparing this value with log Kow values of humic acids of terrestrial origin, it can be clearly demonstrated that the lipophilicity of the aquatic humic acid is lower by a factor of 50. Copyright 1998 Academic Press. Institute of Ecological Chemistry, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Oberschleissheim, D-85764, Germany. Schramm K W KW Behechti A A Beck B B Kettrup A A eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Organic Chemicals 111-87-5 1-Octanol 1415-93-6 Humic Acids 7732-18-5 Water IM 1-Octanol Animals Daphnia chemistry drug effects Humic Acids pharmacology Organic Chemicals analysis Solubility Water 11540458 1998 05 09 1998 05 09 2003 11 14

1069-9422 5 1 1998 An ecological life support system for fish for 100-day experiments. 107-16 An aquatic habitat of 1.7 L was designed to support three adult fish (medaka, Oryzias latipes) for 100 days with minimal exchange of water. The Aquatic Habitat consisted of a specimen chamber (800 ml), biofilter chamber and associated tubing (250 ml), and a microbial control chamber (650 ml), filled with water. Fish were fed daily. The water was oxygenated via a hollow fiber oxygenator. The liquid flow rate was 30 ml/min and the air flow as 100 ml/min. Six units were established. Fish mortalities, when they occurred, were often associated with failures of the water flow system and lack of oxygen being supplied from the oxygenator. The bacterial community, from three "Bio-Chem Stars" inoculated from a medaka aquarium, transformed ammonia and prevented toxic conditions from occurring. The bacteria were grazed by protozoa, rotifers, nematodes, oligochaetes, and ostracods in all habitats. In three of six habitats, Daphnia and amphipods had been purposely introduced; their survival was variable. Biofilm and settled particulates accumulated during the experiment and eventually exceeded the weight of the fish. Of six units, two supported the initial fish through the whole experiment, another experienced fish mortalities, but replacement fish survived, and three units did not support fish survival for the 100 days. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of the system, but many improvements are needed such as improved water flow and oxygen monitoring to assure prompt corrective action. University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA. taub@fish.washington.edu Taub F B FB Howell-Kubler A A Nelson M M Carrasquero J J eng NAS2-13227 NA NASA Journal Article

UNITED STATES Life Support Biosph Sci 9431217 7664-41-7 Ammonia 7727-37-9 Nitrogen 7782-44-7 Oxygen S Ammonia analysis Animals Biofilms Daphnia Ecological Systems, Closed Feasibility Studies Filtration instrumentation Housing, Animal Life Support Systems instrumentation Nitrogen analysis Oryzias growth & development Oxygen analysis Protozoa Rotifera Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Microbiology Water Purification 00021716 9798257 1999 01 11 1999 01 11 2003 11 14

0031-935X 71 6 1998 Nov-Dec Effect of salinity on the swimming velocity of the water flea Daphnia magna. 703-7 The swimming velocity of the water flea Daphnia magna is dependent on its body size. Therefore, environmental factors that influence growth also influence swimming velocity. This study examined whether exposure to increased salinity reduces swimming velocity only through its effect on body size or whether it also reduces size-specific swimming velocity. Initially, size-specific swimming velocity decreased in a salinity-dependent way. Thereafter, swimming velocities gradually returned to their expected values in all treatments. This acclimation coincided with considerable mortality in the highest-salinity treatment, indicating that daphnids in this treatment either acclimated or died. The initial decrease in size-specific swimming velocity could not be explained by decreased uptake of food. Thus, the results indicate that salinity temporarily impaired physiology. The experiment illustrates how size effects can be accounted for in swimming-velocity analysis and how size-specific swimming-velocity analysis can be used as a non-invasive method to detect stress-induced deviations from normal physiology. University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Belgium. marcb@ruca.ua.ac.be Baillieul M M De Wachter B B Blust R R eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Physiol Zool 0401142 7732-18-5 Water IM Adaptation, Physiological Animals Body Constitution Daphnia physiology Osmolar Concentration Swimming physiology Water chemistry 9799574 1998 12 30 1998 12 30 2003 11 14

0147-6513 41 3 1998 Nov A new low-cost microbiotest with the Protozoan spirostomum teres: culture conditions and assessment of sensitivity of the ciliate to 14 pure chemicals. 231-44 This paper defines the culture conditions of the ciliate Spirostomum teres and assesses its sensitivity to some xenobiotics for the development of a new low-cost microbiotest. The model was selected for its ubiquitous distribution, large size for a unicellular species, easy culture in holoxenic medium, moderate generation time, and high sensitivity to pure toxicants. The influence of different culture waters, inocula of ciliates, food, temperature, light, and darkness on the growth of the ciliate population was tested. The shortest generation time (average 39 h) was obtained for cultures incubated at 25 degreesC in the dark with an inoculum of 4 ciliates per ml in 25 ml of Volvic mineral water containing 8 boiled wheat grains, when preincubated without ciliates for the previous week. Under these conditions, it was possible to obtain about 3000 ciliates/ml 3 weeks later. Acute toxicity tests (24-h LC50) were carried out for CuSO4, HgCl2, CdCl2, K2Cr2O7, ZnSO4, Pb(NO3)2, thiram, carbaryl, lindane, parathion, parathion methyl, paraoxon, 2, 4,6-trichlorophenol, and sodium pentachlorophenolate (Na-PCP). Very high sensitivity of the model to Hg2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, thiram, and Na-PCP was established. Comparison of its sensitivity with that of Microtox (current results), Daphnia Magna, Tetrahymena pyriformis, Colpidium campylum, and murine fibroblasts (data from literature) confirms the high sensitivity of the model, especially to heavy metals. Easy-to-perform, cost-effective, and sensitive bioassays using S. teres are suitable for risk assessment and early detection of toxicity in fresh water. Copyright 1998 Academic Press. UPRESA 6023, Université Blaise Pascal/Clermont II, Aubière cedex, 63177, France. Twagilimana L L Bohatier J J Groliere C A CA Bonnemoy F F Sargos D D eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Culture Media 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 0 Xenobiotics IM Animals Culture Media Ecosystem Evaluation Studies France Lethal Dose 50 Light Microbial Sensitivity Tests economics Protozoa drug effects Risk Assessment Temperature Toxicity Tests economics Triticum Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Xenobiotics toxicity 9811946 1998 12 17 1998 12 17 2003 11 14

0007-4861 61 4 1998 Oct METIER (Modular ecotoxicity tests incorporating ecological relevance) for difficult substances. 5. Chlorpyrifos toxicity to Daphnia magna in static, semi-static, and flow-through conditions. 433-9 Instituto do Ambiente e Vida, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal. Diamantino T C TC Ribeiro R R Gonçalves F F Soares A M AM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 2921-88-2 Chlorpyrifos IM Analysis of Variance Animals Chlorpyrifos toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects physiology Half-Life Insecticides, Organothiophosphate toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests methods 9824216 1999 02 11 1999 02 11 2003 11 14

1387-2273 716 1-2 1998 Sep 25 Correlation analysis between fatty acid compositions of zooplankter individuals, fed on different phytoplankton species by means of pyrolysis-gas chromatography combined with on-line methylation. 39-45 Pyrolysis-gas chromatography (Py-GC) combined with on-line methylation was applied to a correlation analysis between the distributions of fatty acid components in the lipids of zooplankter individuals and those of ingested algae using principal component analysis (PCA). Py-GC in the presence of organic alkali, tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), was used to estimate the apparent distributions of fatty acid components contained in a single individual zooplankter weighing several tens of micrograms and a small sample size of ingested algae samples in the order of 10 microg. The observed fatty acid compositions were used as a database for the PCA in order to discriminate the zooplankton and ingested algae samples. The result obtained indicated that the fatty acid compositions of zooplankton individuals used in this work were significantly reflected in those of their ingested food in spite of some contribution from isomerization and/or elongation of fatty acid components during digestion of the ingested algae phytoplankton in living zooplankters. Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Japan. Ishida Y Y Yokoi H H Isomura S S Ohtani H H Tsuge S S Sekino T T Nakanishi M M Kimoto T T eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 9714109 0 Fatty Acids 0 Lipids IM Algae Animals Chlamydomonas chemistry Chromatography, Gas methods Comparative Study Daphnia chemistry Fatty Acids analysis Food Lipids analysis Methylation Phytoplankton Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 9827053 1998 12 14 1998 12 14 2003 11 14

1367-8280 120 3 1998 Oct Effects of different protective agents on the phototoxicity of fluoranthene to Daphnia magna. 373-81 Some compounds, accumulated by organisms, are transformed into toxic forms when irradiated with UV light. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fluoranthene is one such compound of environmental importance. In this study on Daphnia magna, fluoranthene toxicity increased significantly after a 2 h exposure to solar-simulating UV light, if organisms were allowed to accumulate the substance for 24 h prior to irradiation. Since no enhanced toxicity was observed if the solutions were irradiated before the daphnids were added and only a slight decrease in toxicity was observed if the daphnids were transferred to pure dilution water prior to exposure, it was concluded that the acute phototoxicity of fluoranthene was predominantly due to photoactivation of accumulated or adsorbed molecules. Thus, the enhanced toxicity of fluoranthene by UV light is thought to act through the production of either singlet oxygen or free radicals. Possible effects of different protective agents (antioxidants, free radical scavengers and UV-screening compounds) were examined in two cultured populations of Daphnia magna. One population received a synthetic diet and the other dried baker's yeast. The yeast-fed population became progressively more sensitive to the photoinduced toxicity of fluoranthene, and after 14 days it was significantly more sensitive than the population that received the synthetic feed. It was not obvious whether any of the additives influenced the UV-induced toxicity significantly, although, alpha-tocopherol, a known antioxidant, was the best candidate. Department of Applied Environmental Science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Ann-Sofie.Wernersson@miljo.gu.se Wernersson A S AS Dave G G eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 9516060 0 Antioxidants 0 Fluorenes 0 Free Radical Scavengers 0 Photosensitizing Agents 0 Sunscreening Agents 1406-18-4 Vitamin E 206-44-0 fluoranthene 83-88-5 Riboflavin IM Analysis of Variance Animals Antioxidants pharmacology Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Diet Fluorenes chemistry radiation effects toxicity Free Radical Scavengers pharmacology Photochemistry Photosensitizing Agents toxicity Regression Analysis Riboflavin pharmacology Sunscreening Agents pharmacology Time Factors Ultraviolet Rays Vitamin E pharmacology 9828258 1999 03 03 1999 03 03 2003 11 14

0090-4341 36 1 1999 Jan The use of bioassays and toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedures to assess recovery and effectiveness of remedial activities in a mine drainage-impacted stream system. 21-7 Effluents from Walker Mine and its tailings pile have resulted in toxic concentrations of metals in Dolly and Little Grizzly Creeks. Recent remedial structures have greatly reduced metal loading, however the need to assess recovery of the receiving aquatic ecosystem exists so that future remediation priorities can be established. The objective was to contribute to this assessment using Toxicity Identification Evaluation procedures. Water samples were collected at several sites in Dolly and Little Grizzly Creeks. Untreated samples and samples passed through ion exchange columns, which remove cationic metals, were compared in side-by-side bioassays using Pimephales promelas, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Selenastrum capricornutum. Samples were analyzed for total and dissolved copper, cadmium, zinc, and iron. Copper was the element responsible for toxicity. Toxicity was detected in the mine discharge and immediately downstream from the tailings where dissolved copper concentrations were 250 microg/L and 415 microg/L, respectively. Toxicity decreased at downstream sites but extended at least 6.4 km downstream. Improvement in bioassay performance by the treated waters verified metal toxicity. The results indicate that the mine effluent and tailings pile currently have the heaviest impact on Dolly and Little Grizzly Creeks and should be given the highest priority in future remedial programs. Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinarian Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. Deanovic L L Connor V M VM Knight A W AW Maier K J KJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae, Green drug effects Animals California Comparative Study Cyprinidae Daphnia drug effects Fresh Water analysis Mining Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 9839407 1998 12 22 1998 12 22 2003 11 14

0045-6535 37 14-15 1998 Dec Comparative sensitivity of 20 bioassays for soil quality. 2935-47 Increasing evidence suggests that the use of a single bioassay will never provide a full picture of the quality of the environment. Only a test battery, composed of bioassays of different animal and plant species from different trophic levels will reduce uncertainty, allowing an accurate assessment of the quality of the environment. In the present study, a test battery composed of 20 bioassays of varying biological endpoints has been compared. Apart from lethality and reproductive failure in earthworms, springtails, nematoda, algae and vascular plants, these endpoints also included bioavailibility of metals (bacteria), heat-shock induction (nematodes, algae), DNA damage (bacteria, earthworm, vascular plants), beta-galactosidase (Daphnia) and esterase activity (algae) and a range of immunological parameters (earthworm). Four chemicals (cadmium, phenol, pentachlorophenol and trifluralin)--each representing a different toxic mode of action--were applied in a dilution series (from 1 mg/kg up to 1000 mg/kg) onto OECD standard soil. The tests have been performed both on these artificially contaminated soil samples and on aqueous extracts subsequently obtained from these soils. The results show that the immunological parameters and the loss of weight in the earthworms were among the most sensitive solid-phase assays. Esterase inhibition and heat-shock induction in algae were shown to be extremely sensitive when applied to soil extracts. As previously shown at the species level, no single biological endpoint was shown to be the most sensitive for all four modes of toxic action. Flemish Institute for Technological Research-VITO, Mol, Belgium. Bierkens J J Klein G G Corbisier P P Van Den Heuvel R R Verschaeve L L Weltens R R Schoeters G G eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Soil Pollutants IM Algae Animals Belgium Biological Assay methods Comparative Study Daphnia Environmental Monitoring methods Oligochaeta Quality Control Soil analysis Soil Microbiology Soil Pollutants analysis toxicity Toxicity Tests 9839408 1998 12 22 1998 12 22 2003 11 14

0045-6535 37 14-15 1998 Dec Use of new microbiotests with Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornutum immobilized forms. 2949-55 A preliminary assessment of toxicity to aquatic life of water from rice fields treated with pesticides, and particularly with the herbicides molinate and quinclorac, was performed from June to August 1996 in a rice paddy area integrated in a Natural Reserve. New rapid-screening microbiotests with Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornutum were used. Water samples were collected from: a water source for irrigating the rice fields, two rice plots, a drainage channel and the river in which the water is discharged. The results showed that while the water for irrigation was not toxic to D. magna, the samples collected from the river were very toxic causing 100% immobility in D. magna and substantial inhibition of Selenastrum growth. This, however, is due to the brackish nature of the river water. Water collected in the drainage channel of the rice fields were also found to be quite toxic. A greater effect was detected in samples from the rice plot treated with molinate than from that treated with quinclorac, suggesting that molinate treatment was more toxic to both species. The results indicate that the rapidity, simplicity and relatively low cost of the new microbiotests make them very practical for initial acute toxicity screening and offer an alternative to provide evidence for changes needed in agriculture practices for a better protection of the aquatic environment. Instituto Superior de Agronomia (Technical University of Lisbon), Dept of Plant Protection and Phytoecology, Lisbon, Portugal. Cerejeira M J MJ Pereira T T Silva-Fernandes A A eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Azepines 0 Herbicides, Carbamate 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 2212-67-1 molinate IM Algae drug effects Animals Azepines analysis toxicity Daphnia drug effects Environmental Monitoring Fresh Water analysis Herbicides, Carbamate analysis toxicity Portugal Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 9838216 1999 01 28 1999 01 28 2003 11 14

0006-3002 1425 3 1998 Nov 27 Identification of an enzymatically formed glutathione conjugate of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR: the first step of detoxication. 527-33 Cyanobacterial toxins have adverse effects on mammals, birds and fish and are being increasingly recognised as a potent stress factor and health hazard factor in aquatic ecosystems. Microcystins, cyclic heptapeptides and a main group of the cyanotoxins are mainly retained within the producer cells during cyanobacterial bloom development. However, these toxins are released into the surrounding medium by senescence and lysis of the blooms. Any toxin present could then come into contact with a wide range of aquatic organisms including phytoplankton grazers, invertebrates, fish and aquatic plants.Recent studies showed the conversion of microcystin in animal liver to a more polar compound in correlation with a depletion of the glutathione pool of the cell. The present study shows the existence of a microcystin-LR glutathione conjugate formed enzymatically via soluble glutathione S-transferase in various aquatic organisms ranging from plants (Ceratophyllum demersum), invertebrates (Dreissena polymorpha, Daphnia magna) up to fish eggs and fish (Danio rerio). The main derived conjugate was characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry yielding a mass of m/z 1302, which is equivalent to the mass assumed for a glutathione microcystin-LR conjugate. This conjugate appears to be the first step in the detoxication of a cyanobacterial toxin in aquatic organisms. Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 256, 12561 Berlin, Germany. pflug@igb-berlin.de Pflugmacher S S Wiegand C C Oberemm A A Beattie K A KA Krause E E Codd G A GA Steinberg C E CE eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Biochim Biophys Acta 0217513 0 Bacterial Toxins 0 Peptides, Cyclic 101043-37-2 cyanoginosin LR 70-18-8 Glutathione 97-00-7 Dinitrochlorobenzene EC 2.5.1.18 Glutathione Transferase IM Animals Bacterial Toxins chemistry Biotransformation Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Cyanobacteria metabolism Dinitrochlorobenzene metabolism Fishes Glutathione chemistry Glutathione Transferase metabolism Peptides, Cyclic chemistry Spectrum Analysis, Mass Water Microbiology 9871002 1999 02 18 1999 02 18 2003 11 14

0007-4861 61 6 1998 Dec Ecotoxicity of pulp mill effluents from different prebleaching processes. 738-45 Instituto do Ambiente e Vida, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal. Sobral O O Ribeiro R R Gonçalves F F Soares A M AM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Aedes drug effects Animals Comparative Study Crustacea drug effects Daphnia drug effects Industry Paper Portugal Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 9878605 1999 01 27 1999 01 27 2003 11 14

0040-5809 54 3 1998 Dec Ontogenetic scaling of foraging rates and the dynamics of a size-structured consumer-resource model. 270-93 The ontogenetic scaling of foraging capacity strongly influences the competitive ability of differently sized individuals within a species. We develop a physiologically structured model to investigate the effect of different ontogenetic size scalings of the attack rate on the population dynamics of a consumer-resource system. The resource is assumed to reproduce continuously whereas the consumer only reproduces at discrete time instants. Depending on the ontogenetic size scaling, the model exhibited recruit-driven cycles, stable fixed point dynamics, non-recruit juvenile-driven cycles, quasiperiodic orbits, or chaotic dynamics. The kind of dynamics observed was related to the maintenance resource levels required of differently sized individuals. Stable fixed point dynamics was, besides at the persistence boundary, only observed when the minimum resource levels were similar for newborns and mature individuals. The tendency for large population fluctuations over a wide range of the parameter space was due to the consumer's pulsed reproduction. Background mortality and length of season were major determinants of cycle length. Model dynamics strongly resembled empirically observed dynamics from fish and Daphnia populations with respect to both patterns and mechanisms. The non-recruit juvenile-driven dynamics is suggested to occur in populations with size-dependent interference or preemptive competition like cicada populations. Copyright 1998 Academic Press. Department of Animal Ecology, University of Umeå, Umeå, S-90187, Sweden. Lennart.Persson@animecol.umu.se Persson L L Leonardsson K K de Roos A M AM Gyllenberg M M Christensen B B eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Theor Popul Biol 0256422 IM Animals Body Constitution physiology Energy Metabolism Feeding Behavior physiology Female Fishes physiology Food Chain Hemiptera physiology Life Cycle Stages physiology Male Models, Biological Mortality Periodicity Population Dynamics Reproducibility of Results Reproduction physiology Time Factors Zooplankton physiology 9888955 1999 02 12 1999 02 12 2003 11 14

0090-4341 36 2 1999 Feb Copper bioavailability in Steilacoom Lake sediments. 120-3 Sediments were collected from Steilacoom Lake, Pierce County, in Washington State, and amended with copper sulfate (nominal concentrations of 800, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 mg Cu/kg dry weight) to assess copper bioavailability to Hyalella azteca, Chironomus tentans, or Ceriodaphnia dubia. H. azteca survival and C. tentans survival and growth were not significantly affected, with 10-day no observed effects concentrations (NOEC) and lowest observed effects concentrations (LOEC) of 2,010 and >2,010 mg Cu/kg, respectively. C. dubia was the most sensitive organism tested with 10-day NOEC and LOECs for survival and reproduction of 906 and 1,469 mg Cu/kg, respectively. Sediment AVS concentrations were <0.15 micromol/g, while simultaneously extracted metal (SEM) concentrations were >/=5. 71 micromol Cu/g. Dissolved interstitial water concentrations ranged from below detection (0.010 mg/L) to 0.24 mg Cu/L, with interstitial water toxicity units as high as 3.4. Based on this study, effects to C. dubia may occur at bulk sediment concentrations >906 mg Cu/kg. Further, AVS and interstitial water concentrations are not accurate predictors of copper bioavailability in Steilacoom Lake. Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA. Huggett D B DB Gillespie W B WB Jr Rodgers J H JH Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Environmental Pollutants 7440-50-8 Copper IM Animals Biological Availability Chironomidae metabolism Copper pharmacokinetics Crustacea metabolism Daphnia metabolism Environmental Pollutants pharmacokinetics Geologic Sediments 9888958 1999 02 12 1999 02 12 2003 11 14

0090-4341 36 2 1999 Feb Contaminant assimilation within the water column of two newly created prairie wetlands. 140-5 This research examined the influence of abiotic factors on contaminant assimilation within the water column of two wetlands (RMA3 and RMA4) located on Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Area, north of Denver, Colorado, USA. We define contaminant assimilation as the ability of a wetland system to reduce negative impacts of contaminants on aquatic organisms. To examine the influence of abiotic factors (i.e., alkalinity, suspended solids), chronic toxicity tests were performed from February 1992 through November 1993. Ceriodaphnia dubia were exposed to water from the wetlands, which was spiked with Zn. These tests indicated higher assimilative capacity in wetland RMA4 relative to RMA3. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was significantly greater in RMA4 than in RMA3, suggesting that it may have influenced differences in bioavailability of Zn in wetland water. Suspended solids were also consistently higher in RMA4 than in RMA3. To test the influence of suspended solids on contaminant assimilation, C. dubia were exposed to filtered and unfiltered Zn-spiked water from RMA4. The greater toxicity of Zn to C. dubia in filtered water indicated that suspended solids were important in ameliorating impacts of Zn in RMA4. Results from this study suggest that from the suite of variables assessed, DOC and suspended solids were the most important physiochemical influences on Zn toxicity within the water column of these two wetlands. Differences in habitat characteristics of RMA3 and RMA4 demonstrated the importance of site-selection toward functional design of wetlands. City and County of Denver, Department of Environmental Health, 1391 Speer Blvd, Suite 700, Denver, Colorado 80204, USA. Polonsky A P AP Clements W H WH eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7440-66-6 Zinc IM Animals Biological Availability Daphnia drug effects metabolism Ecosystem Fresh Water Soil Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Zinc chemistry pharmacokinetics toxicity 9925609 1999 03 24 1999 03 24 2003 11 14

0099-2240 65 2 1999 Feb Role of microcystins in poisoning and food ingestion inhibition of Daphnia galeata caused by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. 737-9 The effects of microcystins on Daphnia galeata, a typical filter-feeding grazer in eutrophic lakes, were investigated. To do this, the microcystin-producing wild-type strain Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806 was compared with a mcy- PCC7806 mutant, which could not synthesize any variant of microcystin due to mutation of a microcystin synthetase gene. The wild-type strain was found to be poisonous to D. galeata, whereas the mcy- mutant did not have any lethal effect on the animals. Both variants of PCC7806 were able to reduce the Daphnia ingestion rate. Our results suggest that microcystins are the most likely cause of the daphnid poisoning observed when wild-type strain PCC7806 is fed to the animals, but these toxins are not responsible for inhibition of the ingestion process. Research Group Ecology, Department of Biology, Humboldt University, D-10099 Berlin, Germany. ThRohrlack@compuserve.com Rohrlack T T Dittmann E E Henning M M Börner T T Kohl J G JG eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Appl Environ Microbiol 7605801 0 Bacterial Toxins 0 Peptides, Cyclic 77238-39-2 microcystin EC 6.3.2. Peptide Synthases IM Animals Bacterial Toxins biosynthesis toxicity Cyanobacteria genetics growth & development metabolism Daphnia physiology Feeding Behavior Peptide Synthases genetics Peptides, Cyclic biosynthesis toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 9933320 1999 03 12 1999 03 12 2003 11 14

0007-4861 62 2 1999 Feb Evaluation of selected endocrine disrupting compounds on sex determination in Daphnia magna using reduced photoperiod and different feeding rates. 214-21 College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Division of Toxicology, Northeast Louisiana University, Monroe, LA 71209-0470, USA. Baer K N KN Owens K D KD eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 0 Plasticizers 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Daphnia physiology Eating Endocrine System drug effects Insecticides, Organochlorine toxicity Photoperiod Plasticizers toxicity Reproduction drug effects Sex Determination (Genetics) Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 9931232 1999 03 03 1999 03 03 2003 11 14

0147-6513 42 1 1999 Jan Altered cholinesterase and monooxygenase levels in Daphnia magna and Chironomus riparius exposed to environmental pollutants. 9-15 Biochemical indices were investigated for their potential use as variables of sublethal toxicity in Daphnia (cholinesterase) and Chironomus (cholinesterase and biotransformation enzymes). Parathion, dichlorvos, and aldicarb caused dose-related inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) in 24-h bioassays with both species. Ratios of Daphnia and Chironomus ChE IC50 values to corresponding immotility EC50 values derived from the same experiment covered the range 0.26 to 1.2. Estimates of the ChE inhibition caused by the immotility EC50 were in the range 53-99% below control activity. ChE IC50 values of dichlorvos, parathion, and aldicarb were 0.17, 0.61, and 95 microg/liter in Daphnia and 6.2, 2.9, and 27 microg/liter in Chironomus, respectively. Cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase activities (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, methoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, and ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase) were detectable in Chironomus but not in Daphnia. Chironomus monooxygenase activities were significantly inhibited to about 30% of control values after 4 days of exposure to 50 microg/liter 3, 4-dichloroaniline but remained unchanged by 0.5 microg/liter parathion. An approximately 1.3-fold induction of monooxygenase activities was caused by the model inducer naphthalene (0.1mg/liter). These results suggest that cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase activities may be useful variables in toxicity tests with aquatic insects. Copyright 1999 Academic Press. Department of Chemical Ecotoxicology, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig, 04318, Germany. Sturm A A Hansen P P eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Cholinesterase Inhibitors 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 Insecticides 116-06-3 Aldicarb 56-38-2 Parathion 62-73-7 Dichlorvos 9035-51-2 Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System EC 3.1.1.8 Cholinesterases IM Aldicarb toxicity Animals Chironomidae drug effects enzymology Cholinesterase Inhibitors toxicity Cholinesterases metabolism Comparative Study Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System metabolism Daphnia drug effects enzymology Dichlorvos toxicity Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Environmental Pollutants toxicity Insecticides toxicity Parathion toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 9931241 1999 03 03 1999 03 03 2003 11 14

0147-6513 42 1 1999 Jan A Daphnia magna first-brood chronic test: An alternative to the conventional 21-Day chronic bioassay? 67-74 In this study a comparison was made of the results obtained in Daphnia magna chronic bioassays after first-brood release and after 21 days of exposure, using inhibition of normal reproduction and growth as effect criteria and EC10, EC20, EC50, no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC), and lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC) as statistical parameters. Test substances were sodium bromide (NaBr), 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), cadmium, and parathion. For NaBr, DCA, and cadmium, toxicity evaluated after the first-brood release was similar to toxicity evaluated after 21 days, using reproduction as end point. Parathion did not affect either reproduction or growth. Thus, LC50, NOEC, and LOEC were calculated using mortality as the endpoint for parathion. Results indicate that the period until release of the first brood is sufficient to predict the toxicity of some chemicals to D. magna. Values estimated on the basis of a logistic model (EC10, EC20, and EC50) were more appropriate than NOECs and LOECs for evaluating toxicity of the test substances. Furthermore, classic endpoints used for the evaluation of chronic toxicity (inhibition of normal reproduction and growth) may not be adequate to evaluate the sublethal toxicity of compounds that induce cumulative effects leading to mortality within the test period and causing no observable effects on the reproduction and growth of the species. Endpoints indicative of biochemical stress or effects on specific targets of the test compound may be useful in sublethal toxicity evaluation. Copyright 1999 Academic Press. Departamento de Estudos de Populações, Lab. de Ecotoxicologia, Centro de Investigacão Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Lg. do Prof. Abel salazar, no. 2, Porto, 4050, Portugal. lguilher@ICBAS.up.pt Guilhermino L L Sobral O O Chastinet C C Ribeiro R R Gonçalves F F Silva M C MC Soares A M AM eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Aniline Compounds 0 Bromides 0 Sodium Compounds 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 10108-64-2 Cadmium Chloride 56-38-2 Parathion 7647-15-6 sodium bromide 95-76-1 3,4-dichloroaniline IM Aniline Compounds toxicity Animals Bromides toxicity Cadmium Chloride toxicity Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects growth & development Parathion toxicity Reproduction drug effects Sodium Compounds toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests methods Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 10028662 1999 03 23 1999 03 23 2003 11 14

0045-6535 38 5 1999 Feb The toxicity and concentrations of PAHs in creosote-contaminated lake sediment. 1135-44 Sediment samples, divided into three layers (0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm), were collected from 16 sites in Lake Jämsänvesi, Central Finland. The acute toxicity of pore waters and elutriates (sediment + water 1:4 v/v) were studied by bioluminescence inhibition test and by immobilisation of water fleas (Daphnia magna Straus). Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments and elutriates were measured by gas chromatography using flame ionization detection (GC/FID). The highest total PAH concentration was 3.3 mg/g dry weight in the sediment and up to 1.7 mg/l in the elutriate of the uppermost (0-10 cm) layer, also being the most toxic to photoluminencent bacteria and water flea. When sediment and water mix, like during dredging operations, toxic compounds may spread from the sediment to the water column and can pose on environmental risk. Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland. Hyötyläinen T T Oikari A A eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic 0 Soil Pollutants 8021-39-4 Creosote IM Animals Biological Assay Creosote chemistry Daphnia Finland Fresh Water chemistry Luminescence Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic analysis toxicity Soil Pollutants analysis toxicity Vibrio 10049890 1999 07 01 1999 07 01 2003 11 14

0099-2240 65 3 1999 Mar Morphological and compositional changes in a planktonic bacterial community in response to enhanced protozoan grazing. 1241-50 We analyzed changes in bacterioplankton morphology and composition during enhanced protozoan grazing by image analysis and fluorescent in situ hybridization with group-specific rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. Enclosure experiments were conducted in a small, fishless freshwater pond which was dominated by the cladoceran Daphnia magna. The removal of metazooplankton enhanced protozoan grazing pressure and triggered a microbial succession from fast-growing small bacteria to larger grazing-resistant morphotypes. These were mainly different types of filamentous bacteria which correlated in biomass with the population development of heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF). Small bacterial rods and cocci, which showed increased proportion after removal of Daphnia and doubling times of 6 to 11 h, belonged nearly exclusively to the beta subdivision of the class Proteobacteria and the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium cluster. The majority of this newly produced bacterial biomass was rapidly consumed by HNF. In contrast, the proportion of bacteria belonging to the gamma and alpha subdivisions of the Proteobacteria increased throughout the experiment. The alpha subdivision consisted mainly of rods that were 3 to 6 microm in length, which probably exceeded the size range of bacteria edible by protozoa. Initially, these organisms accounted for less than 1% of total bacteria, but after 72 h they became the predominant group of the bacterial assemblage. Other types of grazing-resistant, filamentous bacteria were also found within the beta subdivision of Proteobacteria and the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium cluster. We conclude that the predation regimen is a major structuring force for the bacterial community composition in this system. Protozoan grazing resulted in shifts of the morphological as well as the taxonomic composition of the bacterial assemblage. Grazing-resistant filamentous bacteria can develop within different phylogenetic groups of bacteria, and formerly underepresented taxa might become a dominant group when protozoan predation is the major selective pressure. Max-Planck-Institut für Limnologie, D-24302 Plön, Germany. juergens@mpi1-ploen.mpg.de Jürgens K K Pernthaler J J Schalla S S Amann R R eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Appl Environ Microbiol 7605801 0 Oligonucleotide Probes IM Animals Bacteria growth & development isolation & purification Daphnia physiology Ecosystem Fresh Water Image Processing, Computer-Assisted In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence Oligonucleotide Probes Plankton growth & development microbiology Protozoa physiology Water Microbiology 10070723 1999 04 29 1999 04 29 2003 11 14

0045-6535 38 6 1999 Mar Biodegradation and toxicity of wastewater from industry producing mineral fibres for thermal insulation. 1347-52 The water chemistry, toxicity, and biodegradation of wastewater from an industry producing mineral fibres for thermal insulation were studied. Values for COD, BOD5, suspended solids, and phenol exceeded permissible values for the wastewater discharged into a nearby river and acute toxicity was also detected. Consequently, the effluent should be treated in a municipal wastewater treatment plant so its ready biodegradability was investigated. We found that the wastewater was readily biodegradable, therefore we assume it can be treated in the wastewater treatment plant as the ratio of the wastewater flow rate and the minimal total inflow into the sewage treatment plant would be one to at least 30. National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Tisler T T Zagorc-Koncan J J Ros M M Cotman M M eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Industrial Waste 0 Mineral Fibers 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Biodegradation Daphnia drug effects Fresh Water analysis Industrial Waste adverse effects analysis Mineral Fibers Toxicity Tests Vibrio drug effects Waste Disposal, Fluid Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity 10090816 1999 05 04 1999 05 04 2003 11 14

0147-6513 42 3 1999 Mar Environmental risk assessment for the widely used iodinated X-ray contrast agent iopromide (Ultravist). 274-81 Iodinated X-ray contrast media are diagnostic pharmaceuticals that are applied to enhance the contrast between organs or vessels examined and surrounding tissues during radiography. These substances are applied in doses up to ca. 200 g per person (corresponding to approx 100 g iodine) and are rapidly excreted. In the sewage system they contribute to the burden of adsorbable organic halogens (AOX). To assess the potential environmental impact of this release, studies on environmental fate and effects were conducted for a risk assessment of the frequently used X-ray contrast medium iopromide (brand name: Ultravist). A screening test for biological degradation (OECD Screening Test 301 E) led to iopromide being classified as not readily biodegradable. Therefore, the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) in surface water was calculated in a first step. The resulting concentration of 2 microgram/liter was then compared in a second step with the predicted no-effect concentration as derived from a battery of ecotoxicity tests. In short-term toxicity tests with bacteria (Vibrio fisheri, Pseudomonas putida), algae (Scenedesmus subspicatus), crustaceans (Daphnia magna), and fish (Danio rerio, Leuciscus idus) no toxic effects were detected at the highest tested concentration of 10 g/liter. In a chronic toxicity test with D. magna no effect was observed at the highest tested concentration of 1 g/liter. Using an assessment factor of 100 the ratio between the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) and the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) was calculated to be </=0.0002. This low value indicates that no environmental risk has to be expected as a result of the release of iopromide into the aquatic environment. Copyright 1999 Academic Press. Research Laboratories, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany. Steger-Hartmann T T Länge R R Schweinfurth H H eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Contrast Media 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 66108-95-0 Iohexol 73334-07-3 iopromide IM Algae, Green drug effects growth & development Animals Biodegradation Chemistry, Physical Contrast Media chemistry toxicity Cyprinidae growth & development Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Environmental Monitoring methods Iohexol analogs & derivatives chemistry toxicity Luminescence Pseudomonas putida drug effects growth & development Risk Assessment Sewage Toxicology methods Vibrio drug effects Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity Zebrafish growth & development 10094726 1999 05 06 1999 05 06 2003 11 14

0007-4861 62 4 1999 Apr Contribution of nonpolar organic compounds to the toxicity of a chemical works effluent. 434-9 State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China, 210093, USA. Yang L L Yu H H Yin D D Jin H H eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 0 Naphthalenesulfonates 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Daphnia drug effects Environmental Monitoring Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Industrial Waste Industry Isomerism Mass Fragmentography Naphthalenesulfonates toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 10188202 1999 05 25 1999 05 25 2003 11 14

0748-2337 15 1-2 1999 Jan-Mar Dieldrin reduces male production and sex ratio in Daphnia galeata mendotae. 192-9 We used the sex ratio of neonate Daphnia, as well as the more standard endpoints of adult survivorship and fecundity and neonatal morphology, as an assay for detecting the effects of the insecticides endosulfan and dieldrin. Dieldrin caused a decrease in sex ratio (number of males/number of males plus females); we observed no endosulfan effect. We estimated (by extrapolation) that the sex ratio was reduced by dieldrin from concentrations of about 30 ppb and higher, based on a linear decrease in sex ratio with log dieldrin concentrations from 50 to 600 ppb. Neither insecticide significantly affected adult survival or clutch size. Because sex ratio changed but total neonate production did not change, the data suggest that the effect of dieldrin was on the sex-determining system during embryogenesis. Neither insecticide caused morphological abnormalities. Mixtures of the two pesticides produced only additive effects. Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706-1381, USA. sidodson@facstaff.wisc.edu Dodson S I SI Merritt C M CM Torrentera L L Winter K M KM Tornehl C K CK Girvin K K eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Toxicol Ind Health 8602702 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 60-57-1 Dieldrin IM Animals Daphnia drug effects embryology Dieldrin pharmacology toxicity Female Insecticides, Organochlorine pharmacology toxicity Male Sex Differentiation drug effects Sex Ratio Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical pharmacology toxicity 10187862 1999 05 03 1999 05 03 2003 11 14

0021-9258 274 15 1999 Apr 9 Heterogeneity and differential expression under hypoxia of two-domain hemoglobin chains in the water flea, Daphnia magna. 10649-53 Hemoglobin (Hb) purified from the water flea, Daphnia magna, reared under hypoxia was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The Hb was shown to be composed of six major subunit chain species (designated as DHbA to DHbF). The NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of DHbA, DHbB, DHbC, and DHbF are different from one another, indicating that at least four Hb genes are present in D. magna. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of DHbD and DHbE are the same as those of DHbA and DHbB, respectively. The six Hb chains were also found in the animal reared under normoxia in small amounts and with altered composition; the extent of decrease under normoxia was higher in the amounts of DHbC, DHbD, and DHbF than those of others. These results indicate that the Hb genes are differentially regulated by the ambient oxygen concentration. Four Hb genes constituting a cluster in the order, dhb4, dhb3, dhb1, and dhb2, were found on the chromosome of D. magna. The complete nucleotide sequences of the dhb1, dhb2, and dhb3 genes and their cDNAs showed that the genes have a seven-exon, six-intron structure. The structure consists of an intron separating an exon encoding a secretory signal sequence, two large repeated regions of a three-exon, two-intron structure that encode each a domain containing a heme-binding site, and an intron bridging the two repeated regions. The deduced amino acid sequences of the gene products showed higher than 79% identity to one another and showed unique features conserved in D. magna Hb chains. The analysis also suggested that DHbB (or DHbE), DHbF, and DHbC are encoded by the dhb1, dhb2, and dhb3 genes, respectively. Laboratory of Environmental and Molecular Biology, Environmental Science Division, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan. Kimura S S Tokishita S S Ohta T T Kobayashi M M Yamagata H H eng GENBANK AB021134 AB021136 AB021137 Journal Article

UNITED STATES J Biol Chem 2985121R 0 Hemoglobins 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM S Amino Acid Sequence Animals Base Sequence Daphnia metabolism Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional Hemoglobins biosynthesis chemistry genetics Molecular Sequence Data Oxygen metabolism Phylogeny Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 10210661 1999 07 01 1999 07 01 2003 11 14

0022-0949 202 ( Pt 10) 1999 May Prey capture in the weakly electric fish Apteronotus albifrons: sensory acquisition strategies and electrosensory consequences. 1195-203 Sensory systems are faced with the task of extracting behaviorally relevant information from complex sensory environments. In general, sensory acquisition involves two aspects: the control of peripheral sensory surfaces to improve signal reception and the subsequent neural filtering of incoming sensory signals to extract and enhance signals of interest. The electrosensory system of weakly electric fish provides a good model system for studying both these aspects of sensory acquisition. On the basis of infrared video recordings of black ghost knifefish (Apteronotus albifrons) feeding on small prey (Daphnia magna) in the dark, we reconstruct three-dimensional movement trajectories of the fish and prey. We combine the reconstructed trajectory information with models of peripheral electric image formation and primary electrosensory afferent response dynamics to estimate the spatiotemporal patterns of transdermal potential change and afferent activation that occur during prey-capture behavior. We characterize the behavioral strategies used by the fish, with emphasis on the functional importance of the dorsal edge in prey capture behavior, and we analyze the electrosensory consequences. In particular, we find that the high-pass filter characteristics of P-type afferent response dynamics can serve as a predictive filter for estimating the future position of the prey as the electrosensory image moves across the receptor array. Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The Neuroscience Program and The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. m-nelson@uiuc.edu Nelson M E ME Maciver M A MA eng R01MH49242 MH NIMH Journal Article

ENGLAND J Exp Biol 0243705 IM Animals Electric Fish physiology Electric Organ physiology Electricity Electrophysiology Image Processing, Computer-Assisted Predatory Behavior physiology Sensation physiology Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 10330328 1999 06 16 1999 06 16 2003 11 14

0147-6513 43 1 1999 May Culturing and bioassay testing of Daphnia magna using Elendt M4, Elendt M7, and COMBO media. 103-10 A performance-based, tiered approach was used to evaluate survival, growth, and reproduction of Daphnia magna in three selected synthetic media: Elendt M4, Elendt M7, and COMBO. Both Elendt M4 and Elendt M7 are high-hardness media currently recommended for Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) testing. COMBO is a softer medium similar in total hardness to natural water found in the environment. Tier I consistent of an acclimation phase; Tier II involved a 21-day evaluation of survival, growth, and reproduction; and Tier III used each medium in a 21-day chronic study using a reference toxicant, 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA). The evaluation of the performance of each medium was based on acceptance criteria similar to those used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the European Commission. Tests were run concurrently at three laboratories to assess interlaboratory variability. Daphnids were acclimated to the media for less than 1 month. Daphnid performance in all media exceeded the European Economic Community (EEC) validity criteria; however, reproductive performance and growth were significantly greater in the Elendt media than in COMBO. 3,4-DCA exerted more toxicity to daphnids in COMBO medium [no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC), <3.1microg/liter] compared with those in the Elendt media (NOEC, </=8.8 microg/liter). Elendt M7 medium provided the most consistent NOECs between laboratories (3. 1-8.8 microg/liter). However, results from two of three laboratories indicated decreases in fecundity over time in all media. The use of synthetic media for long-term culturing and bioassay testing of D. magna is still in question. Copyright 1999 Academic Press. DuPont Agricultural Products, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0402, USA. Samel A A Ziegenfuss M M Goulden C E CE Banks S S Baer K N KN eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Culture Media IM Animals Biological Assay methods Culture Media chemical synthesis Daphnia drug effects growth & development metabolism physiology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicology methods 10356849 1999 06 25 1999 06 25 2000 12 18

0004-1254 49 4 1998 Dec Quality assurance in aquatic biology--a user's perspective. 371-8 The essential elements of developing biological quality assurance systems are presented in terms of the 4M principles. These relate to methods, manpower, materials, and machines. The use of international or European standards is recommended where such standards exist. Users must be sure that these are appropriate to their specific needs as standardisation can require considerable compromise. Examples of limitations in international standards are given with reference to the coliform isolation by membrane filtration, Daphnia magna acute toxicity test and the luminescent bacteria test. The criteria for the selection and use of national methodologies are considered using macroinvertebrate, macrophytes, imposex, and the oyster embryo bioassay as examples. In recognising that the main resource in science is the skill, training, and dedication of the scientists themselves, the United Kingdom has developed a quality initiative aimed at best utilising the human resource, the so-called Investors in People (IIP) initiative. This contains the essential elements of any quality system: commitment, planning, action, and evaluation. Quality aspects of the materials and the machines used in biological analyses are briefly considered. Industrial and Technology Research Unit, Lisburn, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. p.hale@dedni.gov.uk Hale P R PR eng Journal Article

CROATIA Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 0373100 0 Water Pollutants IM Environmental Monitoring standards Europe Quality Control Water Microbiology Water Pollutants analysis 10365436 1999 06 29 1999 06 29 2003 11 14

0045-6535 38 15 1999 Jun Environmental risk assessment for trisodium [S,S]-ethylene diamine disuccinate, a biodegradable chelator used in detergent applications. 3597-625 Environmental safety data are presented for [S,S]-Ethylene Diamine Disuccinate ([S,S]-EDDS), a new, biodegradable, strong transition metal chelator. An environmental risk assessment for its use in detergent applications, which takes into account the chelating properties of [S,S]-EDDS, is proposed. A property of [S,S]-EDDS that distinguishes it from other strong transition metal chelators is its, "ready" and transparent (no recalcitrant metabolites) biodegradation profile. Because its sorption to activated sludge solids is low (Kp of 40 l/kg), removal of [S,S]-EDDS during sewage treatment, which is greater than 96% as determined by the Continuous Activated Sludge test, is mainly ascribed to biodegradation. At projected use volumes in detergent applications [S,S]-EDDS predicted steady-state concentration in rivers leaving the mixing zone will be below 5 micrograms/l due to rapid biodegradation. [S,S]-EDDS exhibits low toxicity to fish and Daphnia (both EC50S > 1000 mg/l). By contrast, due to limitation of the algal test for chelators apparent toxicity was observed (EC50 = 0.290 mg/l, NOEC--No observable Effect Concentration = 0.125 mg/l). Schowanek et al. [1] demonstrated that this is not toxicity sensu stricto but a chelation effect of trace metals in the test medium and of resulting essential nutrients limitation. This requires specific attention when the results of algal toxicity are to be extrapolated to a field situation to perform realistic risk assessment. Metal speciation calculations, using MINEQL+, show that at the predicted environmental concentrations of [S,S]-EDDS (1-5 micrograms/l), such a chelation effect would be insignificant. These calculations allow to estimate the NOEC for chelation effects in the field to be in the range of 0.250-0.500 mg/l, depending on the background water chemistry. These values are well above the laboratory NOEC. An environmental risk assessment was performed using the EUSES (1.0) program. EUSES is currently the EU recommended tool for conducting risk assessments (TGD 1995). It was applied to estimate the river water and soil concentrations from production, formulation and private use life stages. The estimated PEC/PNEC ratio in all relevant environmental compartments is smaller than 1, indicating "no immediate concern" at the anticipated usage level. Procter & Gamble, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium. jaworska.j@pg.com Jaworska J S JS Schowanek D D Feijtel T C TC eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Chelating Agents 0 Detergents 0 Environmental Pollutants 0 S,S-EDDS 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Succinates 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Biodegradation Chelating Agents Chemistry, Physical Daphnia Detergents Environmental Pollutants analysis metabolism toxicity Fishes Risk Assessment Sewage chemistry Soil Pollutants analysis metabolism Succinates chemistry metabolism toxicity Water Pollutants analysis metabolism 10375625 1999 08 05 1999 08 05 2003 11 14

0378-1119 233 1-2 1999 Jun 11 The complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of Daphnia pulex (Cladocera: Crustacea). 89-99 The sequence of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the branchiopod crustacean Daphnia pulex has been completed. It is 15333bp with an A+T content of 62.3%, and contains the typical complement of 13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) and two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Comparison of this sequence with the sequences of the other eight completely sequenced arthropod mtDNAs showed that gene order and orientation are identical to that of Drosophila but different from Artemia due to the rearrangement of two tRNA genes. Nucleotide composition, codon usage, and amino acid composition are very similar in the crustaceans, but divergent from insects and chelicerates which show a much higher bias towards A+T. However, with few exceptions, the mitochondrial proteins of Daphnia are more similar to those of the dipteran insects (Drosophila and Anopheles) than to those of Artemia, at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels, suggesting that Artemia mtDNA is evolving at an accelerated rate. These results also show that sequence evolution and the evolution of nucleotide composition can be decoupled. Analysis of nucleotide substitution patterns in COII showed that there has been an unbiased acceleration of the overall substitution rate in Artemia. In contrast, the accelerated substitution rate in Apis is due partly to extreme A+T mutation pressure. Secondary structures are proposed for the Daphnia tRNAs and rRNAs. The tRNAs are similar to those of other arthropods but tend to have TPsiC arms that are only 4bp long. The rRNA secondary structures are similar to those proposed for insects except for the absence of a small number of helices in Daphnia. Phylogenetic analysis of second codon positions grouped Daphnia with Artemia, as expected, despite the latter's accelerated divergence rate. In contrast, the unusual pattern of mtDNA divergence in Apis led to a topology in which the holometabolous insects (Anopheles, Drosophila, Apis) appeared to be paraphyletic with respect to the hemimetabolous insect, Locusta, due to the early branching of Apis. University of Guelph, Department of Zoology, Guelph, Ont. N1G 2W1, Canada. tcrease@uoguelph.ca Crease T J TJ eng GENBANK AF117817 SWISSPROT U65669 Z15015 Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Gene 7706761 0 DNA, Mitochondrial 9014-25-9 RNA, Transfer IM Animals Base Sequence DNA, Mitochondrial genetics Daphnia genetics Genome Molecular Sequence Data Nucleic Acid Conformation RNA, Transfer chemistry genetics Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 10375416 1999 07 13 1999 07 13 2003 11 14

0147-6513 43 2 1999 Jun Ecotoxicological characterization of energetic substances using a soil extraction procedure. 138-48 The acetonitrile-sonication extraction method (US EPA SW-846 Method 8330) and aquatic-based toxicity tests were used on laboratory and field samples, to characterize the ecotoxicity of soils contaminated with energetic substances. Spiked soil studies indicated that 2,4, 6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)-dependent soil toxicity could be measured in organic extracts and aqueous leachates using the 15-min Microtox (Vibrio fischeri, IC50=0.27 to 0.94 mg TNT/liter incubation medium) and 96-h Selenastrum capricornutum growth inhibition (IC50=0.62 to 1. 14 mg/liter) toxicity tests. Analyses of leachates of composite soil samples [containing TNT and some TNT metabolites, 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3, 5-triazacyclohexane (RDX), and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5, 7-tetrazacyclooctane (HMX)] from an explosives manufacturing facility, indicated toxicities similar to those found in the TNT-spiked soil studies and pure TNT in solution, and suggested that TNT was the major toxicant. Using TNT as a model toxicant in soils having different moisture contents (20% vs dry) and textures (sandy vs clayey-sandy) but similar organic matter content (3-4%), multi-factorial analyses of Microtox test data revealed that these soil factors significantly influenced the TNT extractability from soil and subsequent toxicity measurements. Taken together, data indicate that the modified Method 8330 may be used in conjunction with ecotoxicity tests to reflect the toxic potential of soils contaminated with energetic substances. Copyright 1999 Academic Press. Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montréal, Québec, H4P 2R2, Canada. geoffrey.sunahara@nrc.ca Sunahara G I GI Dodard S S Sarrazin M M Paquet L L Hawari J J Greer C W CW Ampleman G G Thiboutot S S Renoux A Y AY eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Acetonitriles 0 Industrial Waste 0 Soil Pollutants 118-96-7 Trinitrotoluene IM Acetonitriles chemistry Animals Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Ecosystem Environmental Monitoring Industrial Waste adverse effects Luminescence Soil Soil Pollutants analysis toxicity Toxicity Tests methods Trinitrotoluene metabolism toxicity Vibrio drug effects 10381301 1999 08 02 1999 08 02 2003 11 14

0147-6513 43 3 1999 Jul Applicability of CATALYST in ecotoxicology, a new promising tool for 3D-QSAR: study of chlorophenols. 241-51 With the aim of applying recent quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) descriptors coming from the pharmaceutical sciences to the modelization of ecotoxicity data, this work deals with the establishment of 3D-QSAR on chlorophenols by using for the first time in this field the recent CATALYST software. The training set has been intentionally chosen simply because of its homogeneous character and the abundance of reliable experimental values. Among 69 data sets collected in the literature on these chemicals, 9 were selected to have fulfilled CATALYST simulation conditions. The principle of CATALYST is briefly described. The different investigations have led to nine 3D-QSAR called "hypotheses," meeting the criteria of high statistical significance attested by costs and correlation coefficient values. The ecotoxicity values calculated from the 9 models established in this study. Analysis of the graphical representations of hypotheses led to hypotheses about the toxicity mechanisms. A comparison is finally made between the CATALYST models and those previously derived by other modeling methods. Copyright 1999 Academic Press. Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Caen Cedex, F-14032, France. Briens F F Bureau R R Rault S S eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Chlorophenols IM Animals Bacillus drug effects Chlorophenols chemistry toxicity Daphnia Ecology Fishes Fungi drug effects metabolism Lethal Dose 50 Models, Chemical Molecular Conformation Photobacterium drug effects Software Structure-Activity Relationship Toxicology instrumentation 10381304 1999 08 02 1999 08 02 2003 11 14

0147-6513 43 3 1999 Jul On the suitability of fiberglass reinforced polyester as building material for mesocosms. 267-73 Gel- and topcoat surface layers on fiberglass [glass-reinforced plastic (GRP)] made of unsaturated resin based on isophthalic acid polyester and neopentyl glycol (ISO-NPG) were tested for leaching, ecotoxicity of water eluates, and abrasion by river sediments at a current speed of 0.5 m * s-1. Leaching from topcoat tempered at low temperature was significant, whereas it was negligible from highly tempered gelcoat. Water eluates from both gel-and topcoat were nontoxic in routinely employed biotests (bacteria, algae, daphnids). No abrasion by river sediments was detectable. Based on these results, GRP with gelcoat made of ISO-NPG is considered a suitable building material for mesocosms. Copyright 1999 Academic Press. Umweltbundesamt, Institut für Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene, Versuchsfeld Marienfelde, Schichauweg 58, Berlin, 12307, Germany. Berghahn R R Brandsch J J Piringer O O Pluta H J HJ Winkler T T eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Caprylates 0 Glass 0 Phthalic Acids 0 Polyesters 0 Propylene Glycols 0 Resins, Plant 0 Solvents 0 fiberglass 121-91-5 isophthalate 129726-86-9 neopentyl glycol diisooctanoate 67-64-1 Acetone IM Acetone Algae physiology Algorithms Animals Caprylates chemistry toxicity Daphnia Ecological Systems, Closed Fresh Water Glass Kinetics Phthalic Acids chemistry toxicity Polyesters toxicity Propylene Glycols chemistry toxicity Resins, Plant Solvents Water Microbiology Water Movements 10414045 1999 08 05 1999 08 05 2003 11 14

0025-8326 1 1999 Jan-Mar [Optimization of the placement density and feed composition for the maintenance of the larvae of Anopheles superpictus Grassi and Anopheles pulcherrimus Theob] 38-40 The optimal density of placement of An. superpictus and An. pulcherrimus larvae in the culture is 50 individuals/dm2 of the water surface. This provided about 90% survival, 2.5- and 2.3-mg weights of chrysalids, respectively, 5.8 and 5.3 chrysalid multiplication per dm2 a day. A mixture containing ground combined fodder, Daphnia and wheat bran in a ratio of 2:1:4 is recommended for feeding both species of larvae. Iasiukevich V V VV rus Journal Article Optimizatsiia plotnosti posadki i sostava kroma dlia soderzhaniia lichinok Anopheles superpictus Grassi i Anopheles pulcherrimus Theob.

RUSSIA Med Parazitol (Mosk) 0376635 IM Animal Feed Animals Anopheles physiology Comparative Study Daphnia Dietary Fiber English Abstract Feeding Behavior Female Larva Population Density Pupa 10422248 1999 08 17 1999 08 17 2003 11 14

0045-6535 39 4 1999 Aug Determination photostability of selected agrochemicals in water and soil. 575-85 The photolysis of selected pesticides in aqueous solutions has been investigated. The photolysis produced different intermediate substances, which were also found to be soil and microbial degradation products. The phototransformation in the presence of TiO2 and humic substances leads to a disappearance of these compounds. The reaction rate is dependent on the semiconductor oxide and concentration. Photoproducts were isolated and characterized by different spectroscopic methods. Results from this study indicate that degradation products of isoproturon are more toxic on Daphnia magna than on the parent compound. GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Neuherberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Mansour M M Feicht E A EA Behechti A A Schramm K W KW Kettrup A A eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Herbicides, Urea 0 Methylurea Compounds 0 Pesticides 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 34123-59-6 isoproturon IM Animals Biodegradation Daphnia Herbicides, Urea metabolism toxicity Methylurea Compounds metabolism toxicity Pesticides metabolism Photolysis Soil Pollutants metabolism Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism 10423494 1999 10 13 1999 10 13 2003 11 14

0007-4861 63 1 1999 Jul Acute toxicity of malathion and the new surfactant "genapol OXD 080" on species of rice basins. 133-8 Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Applied Zoology, Seville University, Avda Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Seville codex, Spain. Cano E E Jimenez A A Cabral J A JA Ocete M E ME eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Insecticides, Organothiophosphate 0 Polyethylene Glycols 0 Surface-Active Agents 121-75-5 Malathion 7782-44-7 Oxygen 9043-30-5 genapol X 080 IM Agriculture Animals Astacoidea Chironomidae Culicidae Cyprinodontiformes Daphnia Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Insecticides, Organothiophosphate toxicity Insects Lethal Dose 50 Malathion toxicity Oryza sativa Oxygen analysis Polyethylene Glycols toxicity Portugal Spain Surface-Active Agents toxicity 10441632 1999 08 26 1999 08 26 2003 11 14

0007-4861 63 2 1999 Aug Effect of an acaricide on the reproduction and survival of Daphnia magna. 167-73 Department of Animal Biology (Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain. Villarroel M J MJ Sancho E E Ferrando M D MD Andreu-Moliner E E eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 116-29-0 tetradifon IM Animals Daphnia drug effects growth & development Female Fertility drug effects Growth drug effects Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated toxicity In Vitro Insecticides, Organochlorine toxicity Lethal Dose 50 No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests 10448574 1999 08 30 1999 08 30 2003 11 14

0045-6535 39 6 1999 Sep Sediment toxicity and stormwater runoff in a contaminated receiving system: consideration of different bioassays in the laboratory and field. 1001-17 Several field and laboratory assays were employed below an urban storm sewer outfall to define the relationship between stormwater runoff and contaminant effects. Specifically, two bioassays that measure feeding rate as a toxicological endpoint were employed in the field and in the laboratory, along with bioassays measuring survival and growth of test organisms. In 7 to 10 d in situ exposures, amphipod leaf disc processing, growth and survival were monitored. Different exposure scenarios were investigated by varying the mesh size (74 microns or 250 microns mesh) and method of deployment (water column, sediment surface, or containing sediment) of in situ exposure chambers. Hyalella azteca, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas survival were monitored in 48 h in situ exposures. Feeding inhibition was investigated via enzyme inhibition of H. azteca and D. magna and via leaf disc processing measurements of the detritivore H. azteca. Additionally, we investigated the extent of phototoxicity at this site via field exposures in sun and shade and laboratory exposures with and without UV light. The measurement of detritivore leaf disc processing, and thus its usefulness as an endpoint, was hindered by individual variability in the amount of leaf consumed and by leaf weight gain during the summer field exposures. For D. magna, enzyme inhibition measured in a laboratory exposure did not reveal the toxicity observed in field exposures. For H. azteca, enzyme inhibition measured in the laboratory indicated toxicity similar to that observed in short term chronic in situ exposures. Enzyme inhibition also did not detect differences in toxicity due to variations in flow conditions. There were no statistically significant effects of any exposure on P. promelas survival or H. azteca growth, and there were no statistically significant effects due to mesh size or sun exposure. Survival of H. azteca was the most sensitive and the least variable endpoint. Effects on survival were noted in the same treatments over short-term chronic exposures in the laboratory and in situ. Significant differences in survival were noted due to the method of deployment under low flow conditions. In situ chambers containing sediment resulted in greater mortality in the 10 d low flow in situ experiments. Under high flow conditions, significant reductions in survival and leaf disc processing were noted under all methods of deployment at the two impacted sites over a 7 d exposure. Also under high flow conditions, significantly greater mortality of H. azteca was reported at the downstream field site when sediment was included in the chamber at deployment. These results suggest that significant toxicity at this site is due to accumulation of contaminants in the sediment and the mobilization of these contaminants during a storm event. In situ exposures detected toxicity not observed in laboratory exposures. These results suggest that a combination of laboratory and field bioassays is most useful in defining field effects. Zoology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331. Hatch A C AC Burton G A GA Jr eng Journal Article

ENGLAND Chemosphere 0320657 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Animals Biological Assay Crustacea drug effects physiology Cyprinidae physiology Daphnia drug effects physiology Natural Disasters Soil Pollutants analysis toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 10461379 1999 10 20 1999 10 20 2003 11 14

0175-7598 52 1 1999 Jul Bioassays for risk assessment of coal conversion products. 127-30 Traditional as well as biotechnological processing of coal leads to complex mixtures of products. Besides chemical and physical characterization, which provides the information for product application, there is a need for bioassays to monitor properties that are probably toxic, mutagenic or cancerogenic. Investigations carried out focused on the selection, adaptation and validation of bioassays for the sensitive estimation of toxic effects. Organisms like bacteria, Daphnia magna and Scenedesmus subspicatus, representing different complexities in the biosphere, were selected as test systems for ecotoxicological and mutagenicity studies. The results obtained indicate that bioassays are, in principle, suitable tools for characterization and evaluation of coal-derived substances and bioconversion products. Using coal products, coal-relevant model compounds and bioconversion products, data for risk assessment are presented. DMT-Gesellschaft für Forschung und Prüfung mbH, Essen, Germany. schacht@dmt-fp.cubis.de Schacht S S Sinder C C Pfeifer F F Klein J J eng Journal Article

GERMANY Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 8406612 0 Hydrocarbons, Aromatic 1415-93-6 Humic Acids IM Algae, Green growth & development Animals Biodegradation Biological Assay methods Coal Daphnia growth & development Ecosystem Environmental Monitoring Humic Acids toxicity Hydrocarbons, Aromatic toxicity Mutagenicity Tests Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vibrio growth & development 10473788 1999 10 21 1999 10 21 2003 11 14

0090-4341 37 3 1999 Oct Comparing metal toxicity among Daphnia magna clones: an approach using concentration-time-response surfaces. 326-31 This study investigates the use of concentration-time-response surfaces as a tool to predict potential long-term effects of metals to Daphnia magna, using mortality as an endpoint. Specifically, concentration-time-response surfaces were determined for four D. magna clones exposed to four metals (Cd, Zn, Cu or U) in moderate-hard or hard synthetic freshwater for 24-96 h. Mortality data were log(e) transformed into probits and then regressed against the reciprocal of exposure time and concentration. The results obtained clearly showed that mortality was markedly affected at exposure periods longer than 48 h. Thus, an optimal exposure period of 72 h was selected to compare predicted lethality effects (LC) of different intensities (i.e., 10-50%) derived from concentration-time-response surfaces with measured chronic lethal levels obtained from the literature. Only the results of Cd and Cu show good agreement between predicted and measured chronic lethal concentration levels. The apparent disagreement observed for U could be attributed to differences in water quality, and hence, U bioavailability. The high levels of Zn toxicity observed in relation to the predicted values could indicate that chronic mortality of Zn is mediated by toxic anorexia. Overall, the results obtained show that concentration-time-response surfaces offered the potential to assess the effect of time on toxicity, which is desirable to credibly extrapolate from acute to chronic scenarios. Furthermore, by determining lower mortality thresholds (i.e., LC(10)) at different times, concentration-time-response surfaces were able to emulate the mode of action of the selected metals on chronic exposures. Therefore, the use of concentration-time-response surfaces has potential application in environmental risk assessment. Environment Group, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA. Barata C C Baird D J DJ Markich S J SJ eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Metals IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects genetics metabolism Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Ecosystem Fresh Water Genotype Metals pharmacokinetics toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors 10475905 1999 10 04 1999 10 04 2003 11 14

0007-4861 63 3 1999 Sep Suitability of high-hardness COMBO medium for ecotoxicity testing using algae, daphnids, and fish. 289-96 Northeast Louisiana University, School of Pharmacy, Division of Toxicology, Monroe, LA 71209, USA. Baer K N KN Ziegenfuss M C MC Banks S D SD Ling Z Z eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Culture Media 0 Minerals 0 Trace Elements 0 Vitamins 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 10108-64-2 Cadmium Chloride 7447-40-7 Potassium Chloride IM Algae, Green drug effects growth & development Animals Cadmium Chloride toxicity Culture Media analysis standards Cyprinidae growth & development Daphnia growth & development Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Lethal Dose 50 Minerals analysis Potassium Chloride toxicity Trace Elements analysis Vitamins analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 10475920 1999 10 04 1999 10 04 2003 11 14

0007-4861 63 3 1999 Sep Identification of ammonia and volatile phenols as primary toxicants in a coal gasification effluent. 399-406 State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, and the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China. Jin H H Yang X X Yu H H Yin D D eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 0046021 0 Industrial Waste 0 Phenols 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 7664-41-7 Ammonia IM Ammonia analysis toxicity Animals China Coal Daphnia physiology Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Industrial Waste analysis Lethal Dose 50 Phenols analysis toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 10486976 1999 10 18 1999 10 18 2003 11 14

0737-4038 16 9 1999 Sep Daphnia pulex didomain hemoglobin: structure and evolution of polymeric hemoglobins and their coding genes. 1208-18 The high-molecular-weight extracellular hemoglobin of Daphnia pulex is composed of at least three different didomain globin chains. The primary structure of one of these chains was determined at the protein and cDNA levels. Each globin domain of the polypeptide chain displays the standard structural characteristics. The first domain is preceded by a 30-residue extension containing an 18-residue unprecedented threonine-rich segment and a 12-residue preA segment which is homologous to the preA segments of other nonvertebrate globin chains. Both domains are linked together by a preA' segment, which is homologous to other preA segments and lacks the threonine-rich segment. Dimerization of the globin chains by the formation of a disulphide bridge linking the unique cysteines near the amino-termini results in a covalent, vertebrate-like tetradomain structure. The flexible amino-terminal extension most likely facilitates dimerization. The gene coding for this globin chain is interrupted by six small introns. Each domain displays two intradomain introns at the conserved positions B12.2 and G7.0. A precoding intron occurs at position preA(-27.0) and a bridge intron at occurs preA'(-13.2). We propose a crossover event as the most likely mechanism for duplication. Arthropod globin trees reflect the added effects of gene diversification, gene duplication, and species evolution. The position of monodomain intracellular globins in the tree suggests that they resemble the ancestral globin more than the derived didomain extracellular globins do. Department of Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Belgium. Dewilde S S Van Hauwaert M L ML Peeters K K Vanfleteren J J Moens L L eng GENBANK AF074722 Journal Article

UNITED STATES Mol Biol Evol 8501455 0 Biopolymers 0 DNA Primers 0 DNA, Complementary 0 Hemoglobins 9004-22-2 Globins IM Amino Acid Sequence Animals Base Sequence Biopolymers chemistry genetics DNA Primers genetics DNA, Complementary genetics Daphnia genetics Evolution, Molecular Globins chemistry genetics Hemoglobins chemistry genetics Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Protein Conformation Sequence Homology, Amino Acid Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 10499987 1999 10 26 1999 10 26 2003 11 14

0147-6513 44 1 1999 Sep Daphnia magna feeding behavior after exposure to tetradifon and recovery from intoxication. 40-6 The feeding behavior of the cladocera Daphnia magna subjected to a short-term exposure to the acaricide tetradifon (4-chlorophenyl 2,4, 5-trichlorophenyl sulfone) was studied. The experiments were performed using the unicellular algae Nannochloris oculata at a density of 5x10(5) cells/ml as food for the organisms. In a first experiment, three generations (F0, F1, and F3) of the daphnids were exposed to sublethal levels of tetradifon (0.1, 0.18, 0.22, and 0.44 mg/l) and the effect of the toxicant on filtration and ingestion rates was determined. Rates of filtration and ingestion of D. magna declined in the three generations studied with increasing toxicant concentrations; however, toxicant effect was greater in daphnids from generations F1 and F3 than in those from the parental generation F0. A second experiment was conducted in order to evaluate whether animals of a first (1) or third (F3) generation coming from parental daphnids (F0) previously exposed to those pesticide concentrations exhibited any alteration in feeding behavior when transferred to clean water (recovery period). The results indicated that the feeding rates of D. magna generations F1 and F3 were still affected during the recovery period but to a less degree. The effective tetradifon concentrations D. magna at which feeding rates were reduced to 50% that of controls (EC(50)) were also calculated. Copyright 1999 Academic Press. Department of Animal Biology (Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjasot, Valencia, E-46100, Spain. Villarroel M J MJ Ferrando M D MD Sancho E E Andreu E E eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 0 Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated 0 Insecticides, Organochlorine 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 116-29-0 tetradifon IM Animals Biological Assay Daphnia physiology Feeding Behavior Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated toxicity Insecticides, Organochlorine toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 10507161 1999 11 05 1999 11 05 2003 11 14

0048-9697 234 1-3 1999 Aug 30 Application of short-term bioassay guided chemical analysis for water quality of agricultural land run-off. 223-31 The effect of agricultural land run-off on the water quality of Lake Kojima, Japan, was investigated using a short-term bioassay-guided chemical analysis. Water samples were collected for 1 year starting from June 1995 to June 1996. Toxicity of the dissolved and adsorbed extracts in the water samples was evaluated using the Daphnia immobilization test and the concentrations of pesticides and putative toxic substance in the extracts were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Most of the dissolved extracts caused immobilization of the test Daphnia magna at low concentrations during the period of paddy pesticide application. Some extracts were found to contain pesticides such as dymron, mefenacet and flutolanil, but their concentrations were too low to have a toxic effect on the daphnia. An unknown toxic compound, Peak C, was isolated from some river water samples, but it produced only a relatively weak toxicity to Daphnia. To better understand the impact of agricultural run-off on a receiving water body, the relationship between the observed toxicity and the concentrations of pesticides and Peak C in the water samples was studied both temporally and spatially. Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan. hokamura@rib.okayama-u.ac.jp Okamura H H Omori M M Luo R R Aoyama I I Liu D D eng Journal Article

NETHERLANDS Sci Total Environ 0330500 0 Pesticides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Agriculture Animals Biological Assay methods Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Daphnia drug effects Evaluation Studies Fresh Water analysis Japan Pesticides analysis toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 11541881 1999 08 15 1999 08 15 2003 11 14

0914-9201 12 2 1998 Jun Analysis of lipid components in zooplankter individuals by reactive pyrolysis-gas chromatography in the presence of organic alkali. 131-5 It has been eagerly requested to develop a highly-sensitive method to characterize extremely minute amounts of natural organic materials occluded in meteorites and/or space dusts in order to confirm the existence of life in the extraterrestrial space. In this article, the reactive pyrolysis-gas chromatography (Py-GC) applied to the analysis of the lipid components contained in every zooplankter individual is introduced for the sake of its potential extension to the characterization of trace amounts of the extraterrestrial organic materials. Here, Py-GC was applied to 1) the discriminative analysis among zooplankter individuals cultured in different food concentrations, and 2) the correlation analysis between the distributions of fatty acid components in the lipids of zooplankter individuals and ingested algae phytoplankton. Department of Applied Chemistry, Nagoya University, Japan. Ishida Y Y Ohtani H H Tsuge S S Sekino T T Nakanishi M M Kimoto T T eng Journal Article

JAPAN Biol Sci Space 100972048 0 Ammonium Compounds 0 Fatty Acids 51-92-3 tetramethylammonium S Algae, Green chemistry metabolism Ammonium Compounds metabolism Animals Biomass Chlamydomonas Chlorella Daphnia chemistry metabolism Exobiology methods Fatty Acids analysis metabolism Food Heat Mass Fragmentography 00023831 11542491 1999 12 12 1999 12 12 2003 11 14

0914-9201 12 4 1998 Dec Behavior and reproduction of invertebrate animals during and after a long-term microgravity: space experiments using an Autonomous Biological System (ABS). 377-88 Aquatic invertebrate animals such as Amphipods, Gastropods (pond snails), Ostracods and Daphnia (water flea) were placed in water-filled cylindrical vessels together with water plant (hornwort). The vessels were sealed completely and illuminated with a fluorescent lamp to activate the photosynthesis of the plant for providing oxygen within the vessels. Such ecosystem vessels, specially termed as Autonomous Biological System or ABS units, were exposed to microgravity conditions, and the behavior of the animals and their reproduction capacity were studied. Three space experiments were carried out. The first experiment used a Space shuttle only and it was a 10-day flight. The other two space experiments were carried out in the Space station Mir (Shuttle/Mir mission), and the flight units had been kept in microgravity for 4 months. Daphnia produced their offspring during a 10-day Shuttle flight. In the first Mir experiment, no Daphnia were detected when recovered to the ground. However, they were alive in the second Mir experiment. Daphnia were the most fragile species among the invertebrate animals employed in the present experiments. All the animals, i.e., Amphipods, pond snails, Ostracods and Daphnia had survived for 4 months in space, i.e., they had produced their offspring or repeated their life-cycles under microgravity. For the two Mir experiments, in both the flight and ground control ecosystem units, an inverse relationship was noted between the number of Amphipods and pond snails in each unit. Amphipods at 10 hours after the recovery to the ground frequently exhibited a movement of dropping straight-downward to the bottom of the units. Several Amphipods had their legs bent abnormally, which probably resulted from some physiological alterations during their embryonic development under microgravity. From the analysis of the video tape recorded in space, for Ostracods and Daphnia, a half of their population were looping under microgravity. Such looping animals could be observed still at the end of the 4 month stay in space. No looping behavior was noted for Amphipods and pond snails. Radioisotope Center, University of Tokyo, Japan. ijiri@ric.u-tokyo.ac.jp Ijiri K K Mizuno R R Narita T T Ohmura T T Ishikawa Y Y Yamashita M M Anderson G G Poynter J J MacCallum T T eng Journal Article

JAPAN Biol Sci Space 100972048 S Angiosperms Animals Aquaculture instrumentation Behavior, Animal Crustacea Daphnia Ecological Systems, Closed Ecosystem Embryo, Nonmammalian Life Support Systems instrumentation Motor Activity Reproduction Snails Space Flight instrumentation Swimming Weightlessness 00024593 Flight Experiment Mir Project STS Shuttle Project STS-77 Shuttle Project long duration manned short duration 11308681 2001 04 19

1539-3755 63 3 Pt 1 2001 Mar Behavioral stochastic resonance: how a noisy army betrays its outpost. 031910 Juvenile paddlefish prey upon single zooplankton by detecting a weak electric signature resulting from its feeding and swimming motions. Moreover, it has recently been shown that paddlefish make use of stochastic resonance near the threshold for prey detection: a process termed behavioral stochastic resonance. But this process depends upon an external source of electric noise. A swarm of plankton, for example, Daphnia, can provide this noise. Assuming that juvenile paddlefish attack single Daphnia as outliers in the vicinity of the swarm, making use of noise from the swarm, we calculate the spatial distribution of the average phase locking period for the subthreshold signals acting at the paddlefish rostrum. Numeric evaluation of analytic formulas supports the notion of a noise-induced widening of the capture area quantitatively. Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 110, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. Freund J A JA Kienert J J Schimansky-Geier L L Beisner B B Neiman A A Russell D F DF Yakusheva T T Moss F F eng Journal Article 2001 02 27

United States Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 101136452 IM 12778547 2003 06 03

0014-3820 57 4 2003 Apr Test of synergistic interaction between infection and inbreeding in Daphnia magna. 777-83 It has been proposed that parasitic infections increase selection against inbred genotypes. We tested this hypothesis experimentally using pairs of selfed and outcrossed sibling lines of the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna, which can be maintained clonally. We studied the performance of selfed relative to outcrossed sibling clones during repeated pairwise clonal competition in the presence and absence of two species of microsporidian parasites. In 13 of the 14 pairs, the selfed clones did worse than the outcrossed ones in the control treatment, but the presence of either parasite did not result in an overall increase in this difference. Rather, it decreased the performance of the selfed relative to the outcrossed sibling in some pairs and increased it in others. Moreover, the two parasite species did not have the same effect in a given pair. This indicates that, contrary to the hypothesis that parasites generally lead to a decreased performance of inbred genotypes, their effect may depend on the genetic background of the host as well as on the parasite species, and suggests that inbreeding can lead to reduced or increased resistance to parasites. Our findings also indicate that there is variation for specific resistance to different species of parasites in the meta-population from which the hosts for this study were obtained. Université de Fribourg, Département de Biologie, Unité d'Ecologie et d'Evolution, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. christoph.haag@unifr.ch Haag Christoph R CR Sakwińska Olga O Ebert Dieter D eng Journal Article

United States Evolution Int J Org Evolution 0373224 IM 12778548 2003 06 03

0014-3820 57 4 2003 Apr Evidence for strong host clone-parasite species interactions in the Daphnia microparasite system. 784-92 Organisms are often confronted with multiple enemy species. Defenses against different parasite species may be traded off against each other. However, if resistance is based on (potentially costly) general defense mechanisms, it may be positively correlated among parasites. In an experimental study, we confronted 19 clones from one Daphnia magna population with two bacterial and three microsporidian parasite species. All parasites were isolated from the same pond as the hosts. Host clones were specific in their susceptibility towards different parasite species, and parasite species were host-clone specific in their infectivity, spore production, and virulence, resulting in highly significant host-parasite interactions. Since the Daphnia's resistance to different parasite species showed no obvious correlation, neither general defense mechanisms nor trade-offs in resistance explain our findings. None of the Daphnia clones were resistant to all parasite species, and the average level of resistance was quite similar among clones. This may reflect a cost of defense, so that the cumulative cost of being resistant to all parasite species might be too high. Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Catholic University of Leuven, Ch. De Bériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. ellen.decaestecker@bio.kuleuven.ac.be Decaestecker Ellen E Vergote Adelien A Ebert Dieter D De Meester Luc L eng Journal Article

United States Evolution Int J Org Evolution 0373224 IM 12805947 2003 06 13

1537-744X 2 4 2002 Apr 8 Zooplankton Structure and Potential Food Web Interactions in the Plankton of a Subtropical Chain-of-Lakes. 926-42 This study evaluates the taxonomic and size structure of macro-zooplankton and its potential role in controlling phytoplankton in the Kissimmee Chain-of-Lakes, six shallow interconnected lakes in Florida, U.S. Macro-zooplankton species biomass and standard limnological attributes (temperature, pH, total phosphorus [TP], chlorophyll a [Chl a], and Secchi transparency) were quantified on a bimonthly basis from April 1997 to February 1999. Concentrations of TP ranged from below 50 to over 150 1/4g l-1. Peak concentrations of particulate P coincided with maximal Chl a, and in one instance a high concentration of soluble reactive P followed. The cladoceran zooplankton was dominated by small species, including Eubosmina tubicen, Ceriodaphnia rigaudi, and Daphnia ambigua. The exotic daphnid, D. lumholtzii, periodically was abundant. The copepods were strongly dominated by Diaptomus dorsalis, a species previously shown to be highly resistant to fish predation. These results, and findings of controlled experiments on a nearby lake with a nearly identical zooplankton species complement, suggest that fish predation may be a major factor structuring the macro-zooplankton assemblage. Zooplankton biomass, on the other hand, may be affected by resource availability. There was a significant positive relationship between average biomass of macro-zooplankton and the average concentration of TP among the six lakes. No such relationship existed between zooplankton biomass and Chl a, suggesting that the predominant food web in these systems may be based on bacteria-plankton, as has been documented in nearby Lake Okeechobee. All of the zooplankton taxa encountered in the Kissimmee Chain-of-Lakes (except Mesocyclops edax) are known bacteria grazers in Florida lakes. Phytoplankton biomass, measured as Chl a, was strongly associated with TP, both within and across lakes. Phytoplankton biomass was not associated with the biomass of zooplankton. These results, when considered in the context of nutrient-addition, zooplankton-exclosure studies on Lake Okeechobee, support the hypothesis that phytoplankton biomass in subtropical lakes is regulated by "bottom-up," rather than "top-down" forces. Havens Karl E KE eng Journal Article

United States ScientificWorldJournal 101131163 IM 12805969 2003 06 13

1537-744X 2 4 2002 Apr 25 Toxicity of single and mixed contaminants in seawater measured with acute toxicity bioassays. 1115-20 Different types of organic pollutants commonly detected in seawater have been evaluated by acute toxicity bioassays. Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna, and Selenastrum capricornotum were selected to test toxic effects of individual compounds and mixtures of these compounds, obtaining EC50 values in the range of 0.001 to 28.9 mg/l. In the case of mixtures, synergistic toxic responses were seen for a clear majority of the cases (>60%). Mixtures containing methyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) exhibit accelerated processes that result in a change in concentration required to produce a toxic effect; for example, in the case of mixtures containing MTBE and Diuron and Dichlofluanid. Fernandez-Alba A R AR Piedra L L Mezcua M M Hernando M D MD eng Journal Article

United States ScientificWorldJournal 101131163 IM 12805908 2003 06 13

1537-744X 2 5 2002 May 8 Genotoxicity studies in groundwater, surface waters, and contaminated soil. 1247-53 It is at present considered important to include biological tests in measuring programmes of environmental samples to supplement the chemical and physical parameters that are currently used. A battery of tests is therefore necessary, also within a given "endpoint" (e.g., genotoxicity), because one single test will not give all the answers to our questions. As it is not possible to include all available tests in routine screening programmes, a selection of tests should be made. According to comparative investigations, the bacterial Ames test remains very important. When no preconcentration step is involved, other bacterial tests (e.g., the umu-C and VITOTOX tests) may be recommended. The comet assay may be used in Daphnia or human white blood cells. Further validations, comparisons, mechanistic investigations, etc. remain necessary as differences are often found between the tests that are not solely explained by differences in genetic endpoint and that therefore should further be investigated and understood. Verschaeve Luc L eng Journal Article

United States ScientificWorldJournal 101131163 IM 12782492 2003 06 17 2003 11 17

0091-6765 111 7 2003 Jun Insecticidal juvenile hormone analogs stimulate the production of male offspring in the crustacean Daphnia magna. 919-24 Juvenile hormone analogs (JHAs) represent a class of insecticides that were designed specifically to disrupt endocrine-regulated processes relatively unique to insects. Recently we demonstrated that the crustacean juvenoid hormone methyl farnesoate programs oocytes of the crustacean Daphnia magna to develop into males. We hypothesized that insecticidal JHAs might mimic the action of methyl farnesoate, producing altered sex ratios of offspring. Daphnids were exposed chronically (3 weeks) to sublethal concentrations of methyl farnesoate, the JHA pyriproxyfen, and several nonjuvenoid chemicals to discern whether excess male offspring production is a generic response to stress or a specific response to juvenoid hormones. Only methyl farnesoate and pyriproxyfen increased the percentage of males produced by exposed maternal organisms. As previously reported with methyl farnesoate, acute exposure (24 hr) to either pyriproxyfen or the JHA methoprene caused oocytes maturing in the ovary to develop into males. We performed experiments to determine whether combined effects of a JHA and methyl farnesoate conformed better to a model of concentration addition (indicative of same mechanism of action) or independent joint action (indicative of different mechanisms of action). Combined effects conformed better to the concentration-addition model, although some synergy, of unknown etiology, was evident between the insecticides and the hormone. These experiments demonstrate that insecticidal JHAs mimic the action of the crustacean juvenoid hormone methyl farnesoate, resulting in the inappropriate production of male offspring. The occurrence of such an effect in the environment could have dire consequences on susceptible crustacean populations. Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7633, USA. Olmstead Allen W AW LeBlanc Gerald A GA eng Journal Article

United States Environ Health Perspect 0330411 0 Juvenile Hormones IM Animals Daphnia physiology Female Juvenile Hormones chemistry pharmacology Male Sex Ratio Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 12827486 2003 08 07

0029-8549 136 3 2003 Aug How Daphnia copes with excess carbon in its food. 336-46 Animals that maintain near homeostatic elemental ratios may get rid of excess ingested elements from their food in different ways. C regulation was studied in juveniles of Daphnia magna feeding on two Selenastrum capricornutum cultures contrasting in P content (400 and 80 C:P atomic ratios). Both cultures were labelled with (14)C in order to measure Daphnia ingestion and assimilation rates. No significant difference in ingestion rates was observed between P-low and P-rich food, whereas the net assimilation of (14)C was higher in the treatment with P-rich algae. Some Daphnia were also homogeneously labelled over 5 days on radioactive algae to estimate respiration rates and excretion rates of dissolved organic C (DOC). The respiration rate for Daphnia fed with high C:P algae (38.7% of body C day(-1)) was significantly higher than for those feeding on low C:P algae (25.3% of body C day(-1)). The DOC excretion rate was also higher when animals were fed on P-low algae (13.4% of body C day(-1)) than on P-rich algae (5.7% of body C day(-1)). When corrected for respiratory losses, total assimilation of C did not differ significantly between treatments (around 60% of body C day(-1)). Judging from these experiments, D. magna can maintain its stoichiometric balance when feeding on unbalanced diets (high C:P) primarily by disposing of excess dietary C via respiration and excretion of DOC. URBO--Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium. Darchambeau François F Faerøvig Per J PJ Hessen Dag O DO eng Journal Article 2003 06 19

Germany Oecologia 0150372 IM 12909108 2003 08 11

0043-1354 37 16 2003 Sep Phenolic removal in a model olive oil mill wastewater using Pleurotus ostreatus in bioreactor cultures and biological evaluation of the process. 3897-904 Pleurotus ostreatus grown in bioreactor batch cultures in a model phenolic wastewater (diluted and sterilized olive oil mill wastewater-OMW), caused significant phenolic removal. Laccase, the sole ligninolytic enzyme detected in the growth environment, was produced during primary metabolic growth. The bioprocess was simulated with the aid of a mathematical model and the parameters of growth were determined. When the fungal biomass was increased in the reactor (during repeated batch experiments) the rate of reducing sugars consumption progressively increased, but a phenolic fraction seemed of being strongly resistant to oxidation. The toxicity of OMW against the seeds of Lepidium sativum and the marine Branchiopoda Artemia sp. was significantly decreased after biotreatment. On the contrary, the toxicity against the freshwater Branchiopoda Daphnia magna was not affected by the treatment, whereas on the soil and freshwater sediments Ostracoda Heterocypris incongruens was slightly decreased. Both treated and untreated OMWs, used as water for irrigation of lettuce and tomato plants, did not significantly affect the uptake of several nutrients by the cultivated plants, but resulted in a decrease in the plant yields, which was minimized when high OMW dilutions were used. As a conclusion, P. ostreatus is able to reduce phenolic content and toxicity of sterilized OMW, in bioreactor cultures. However, high OMW dilutions should be used, and/or additional treatment should be applied before use of the OMW in the environment, e.g. as water for irrigation. Further research should be done in order to transfer this technology under industrial conditions (e.g. by using unsterilized OMW). Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Votanikos, 11855 Athens, Greece. George.Aggelis@aua.gr Aggelis G G Iconomou D D Christou M M Bokas D D Kotzailias S S Christou G G Tsagou V V Papanikolaou S S eng Journal Article

England Water Res 0105072 IM 12916243 2003 08 14 2003 11 28

0201-8470 74 3 2002 May-Jun [Chemiluminescence of daphnia cultivating medium and optimization of conditions for its determination] 93-7 The article deals with the optimization of conditions for the chemiluminescence determination. The Daphnia habitat was shown to have no spontaneous chemiluminescence. This was revealed using hydrogen peroxide and luminol, the optimal concentrations of which were 23 and 1.6 x 10(-2) mmol/L. p-Iodphenol at low concentrations (4 x 10(-5)-2 x 10(-3) mmol/L) did not render its effect chemiluminescence signal while at high concentrations (4 x 10(-2) mmol/L) an inhibition of chemiluminescence was observed. To obtain the needed intensity of chemiluminescence no more than 5 daphnia persons is required to incubate in volume of 10 mL of sample for analyzing. The intensity of chemiluminescence of daphnia cultivating medium and the sensitivity of this organism to potassium chromate increased at the temperature increasing from 24 to 32 degrees C. Daphnia cultivating medium can be preserved in refrigerator for several hours without lost of chemiluminescence signal. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv. Ivashkevich S P SP Levkovets I A IA Nazarenko V I VI Starodub N F NF rus Evaluation Studies Journal Article Khemiliuminestsentsiia sredy kul'tivirovaniia dafniĭ i optimizatsiia usloviĭ ee opredeleniia.

Ukraine Ukr Biokhim Zh 7804246 0 Culture Media 0 Iodobenzenes 521-31-3 Luminol 540-38-5 4-iodophenol 7722-84-1 Hydrogen Peroxide IM Animals Chemiluminescence Culture Media Daphnia drug effects physiology Dose-Response Relationship, Drug English Abstract Evaluation Studies Hydrogen Peroxide pharmacology Iodobenzenes pharmacology Luminol pharmacology Temperature 12919485 2003 08 15

0962-1083 12 9 2003 Sep Molecular approach to aquatic environmental bioreporting: differential response to environmental inducers of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes in the detritivorous subalpine planktonic Crustacea, Daphnia pulex. 2473-81 In order to examine the usefulness of detoxifying genes as molecular markers in different chemical environments, isolation of cytochrome P450 genes (CYPs) belonging to the CYP4 family was performed in different samples from two subalpine populations of Daphnia pulex. The use of degenerate primers allowed us to isolate seven cDNAs. Four of them were assigned to the CYP4C subfamily, and were closely related to previously isolated crustacean CYP4s while the others were assigned to new CYP4AN and CYP4AP subfamilies. Expression studies, using semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by Southern blot hybridization with specific probes revealed differences in CYP4C32 and CYP4AP1 expressions between the two populations, which differ in the polyphenol richness of the vegetation surrounding their aquatic habitat. Further exposure to toxic dietary polyphenols showed different CYP induction patterns. Taken together, these preliminary results suggest a possible involvement of CYP4s in the ecological differentiation of subalpine D. pulex populations related to the polyphenol richness of the environmental vegetation. CYP4s may thus be considered as possible molecular markers in aquatic environmental bioreporting. Laboratoire Ecosystèmes et Changements Environnementaux, EA 3112, Centre de Biologie Alpine, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France. David P P Dauphin-Villemant C C Mesneau A A Meyran J C JC eng Journal Article

England Mol Ecol 9214478 IM 12924025 2003 08 19

0201-8470 74 6 2002 Nov-Dec [Application of chemiluminescent technique for determination of Daphnia magna sensitivity to various types of toxic agents] 120-4 The character and intensity of activated chemiluminescence of Daphnia living medium are investigated depending on the effect on them of various concentration different in nature toxic substances, such, as potassium bichromate, methomyl and tween-80. It is shown, that the toxic influence of these agents can be defined by registration of stimulating effect of Daphnia's exometabolites on the process of chemiluminescence. The sensitivity of the method makes: for potassium chromate--0.005 mg/l, methomyl--0.0013 mg/l and tween-80--0.1 mg/l. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv. Levkovets' I A IA Ivashkevych S P SP Nazarenko V I VI Starodub M F MF ukr Journal Article Zastosuvannia khemiliuminestsentnoho metodu dlia vyznachennia chutlyvosti Daphnia magna do riznykh typiv toksychnykh rechovyn.

Ukraine Ukr Biokhim Zh 7804246 IM 12946890 2003 08 29

0043-1354 37 17 2003 Oct Combined toxicity effects of MTBE and pesticides measured with Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna bioassays. 4091-8 Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a fuel oxygenate that is added to gasoline, commonly contaminates aquatic systems, many of which are already contaminated with pesticides. The toxic effects (EC(50) value) of several pure pesticides (Diuron, Linuron, Dichlofluanid, Sea nine, Irgarol and tributyltin (TBT)) were measured and compared with the EC(50) value of the pesticide mixed with MTBE, using the Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna acute toxicity assays. The interaction between chemicals was evaluated in terms of the effects of mixing on the EC(50) value (i.e. the concentration (mg/L) of a compound or mixture that is required to produce a 50% change in a toxic response parameter) and the time required to generate the toxic response. Presence of MTBE enhanced the EC(50) value of several pesticides (Diuron, Dichlofluanid, TBT and Linuron) and/or the toxic response manifested more rapidly than with pure pesticides. Toxicity enhancements were quite substantial in many cases. For example, the presence of MTBE increased the toxicity of Diuron by more than 50% when tested with the V. fischeri assay (5, 15 and 30 min exposure). Also, the toxic response manifested itself within 5 min whereas without the MTBE the same response arose in 30 min. Presence of MTBE increased the toxicity of Dichlofluanid by 30% when measured with the D. magna assay. Toxicities of only two pesticides (Sea nine and Irgarol) were not raised by the presence of MTBE. Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain. Hernando M D MD Ejerhoon M M Fernández-Alba A R AR Chisti Y Y eng Journal Article

England Water Res 0105072 IM 12956505 2003 09 05

0098-0331 29 8 2003 Aug Isolation, characterization, and quantitative analysis of Microviridin J, a new Microcystis metabolite toxic to Daphnia. 1757-70 This paper describes the purification and characterization of microviridin J. a newly discovered metabolite of Microcystis that causes a lethal molting disruption in Daphnia spp., upon ingestion of living cyanobacterial cells. Microviridin J consists of an acetylated chain of 13 amino acids arranged in three rings and two side chains. Unlike other known isoforms of microviridin, microviridin J contains arginine that imparts a unique solution conformation characterized by proximal hydrophobic interactions between Arg and other regions of the molecule. This eventually results in the formation and stabilization of an additional ring system. Microviridin J potently inhibits porcine trypsin, bovine chymotrypsin, and daphnid trypsin-like proteases. The activity against trypsin is most likely due to Arg and its distinctive conformational interactions. Overall, the data presented for microviridin J emphasize once again the ability of cyanobacteria to produce numerous and potent environmental toxins. Freshwater Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Helsingørsgade 51, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark. trohrlack@zi.ku.dk Rohrlack Thomas T Christoffersen Kirsten K Hansen Poul Erik PE Zhang Wei W Czarnecki Olaf O Henning Manfred M Fastner Jutta J Erhard Marcel M Neilan Brett A BA Kaebernick Melanie M eng Journal Article

United States J Chem Ecol 7505563 IM 12959529 2003 09 08

0730-7268 22 9 2003 Sep Intraclonal variability in Daphnia acetylcholinesterase activity: the implications for its applicability as a biomarker. 2042-7 The relationship between individual growth and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was evaluated for Daphnia magna. Analysis on the influence of two different culture media on baseline AChE activity was performed with Daphnia similis. The results indicated an inverse relationship between D. magna body length and AChE activity. An increase in total protein, which was not proportional to an increase in the rate of the substrate hydrolysis (delta absorbance/min), seems to be the reason for this inverse size versus AChE activity relationship. Therefore, toxicants such as phenobarbital, which affect protein and size but not AChE activity directly, have an overall affect on AChE activity. In contrast, the AChE inhibitor parathion altered AChE activity but not protein. Culture medium also had a significant affect on AChE activity in D. similis. Changes in total protein seem to be the main reason for the variations in baseline AChE activity in Daphnia observed in the different evaluations performed in this work. Therefore, AChE activity in Daphnia must be interpreted carefully, and variations related to changes in total protein must be taken into account when applying this enzyme as a biomarker in biological monitoring. Division of Zoology, School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O Box 228, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AJ, United Kingdom. Printes Liane Biehl LB Callaghan Amanda A eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 IM 12959530 2003 09 08

0730-7268 22 9 2003 Sep Toxicity and chemistry of aspen wood leachate to aquatic life: field study. 2048-56 A dark, toxic leachate has been observed around woodpiles of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) cut in winter for pulp or structural lumber. We measured production of leachate from 18 m3 of harvestable aspen logs stacked in an open field near Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada. The logpile began producing leachate during the first winter thaw and continued to do so for the duration of the two-year study (mean, 250 L/collection). Aspen leachate was characterized by dark color, acidic pH (5.0-6.5), elevated conductivity (200-500 microS/cm), high to very high biochemical oxygen demand (500-5,000 mg/L) and total organic carbon concentrations (500-2,000 mg/L), variable levels of phenolic compounds (2-27 mg/L), and low dissolved oxygen tensions (<2 mg/L). In tests with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Daphnia magna, and luminescent bacteria, the leachate varied from weakly toxic (median lethal concentration, >10%) to very toxic (median lethal concentration, <1%). The volume of leachate generated by the logpile was correlated with total precipitation (rain or snow) since the last collection. Loads of chemical constituents or toxicity (lethal concentration x volume) in the leachate did not decline over the duration of the study. Less than 10% of the total mass of leachable material in the aspen logs was removed during two years of exposure. Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5 Canada. btaylor@stfx.ca Taylor Barry R BR Carmichael N Bruce NB eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 IM 12959546 2003 09 08

0730-7268 22 9 2003 Sep Evaluation of brominated diphenyl ether-99 toxicity with Raphidocelis subcapitata and Daphnia magna. 2167-72 Brominated flame retardants belong to a new class of environmental contaminants. To obtain new information regarding the effects of 2,2',4,4',5-brominated diphenyl ether (BDE-99), one of the most frequently reported congeners in freshwater biota, the inhibition of algal growth of Raphidocelis subcapitara (also known as Selenastrum capricornutum) and acute toxicity to Daphnia magna were examined. The experimental design also involved a comparison with the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) Aroclor 1254. The uptake of BDE-99 by R. subcapitata and the transfer to D. magna (i.e., a higher level of aquatic biota in the food chain) was also assessed to verify the bioaccumulation phenomenon. After 24 h, BDE-99 appeared to be less toxic than Aroclor 1254 to D. magna, but the two compounds showed a similar toxicity at 48 h. In contrast to Aroclor 1254, BDE-99 was nontoxic to R. subcapitata at up to 100 microM, the highest tested concentration. However, the dose-dependent decrease in survival and impairment of reproduction of D. magna fed with BDE-99-treated algal culture demonstrate uptake by R. subcapitata. Because of the high persistence and bioconcentration, polybrominated diphenyl ethers as well as PCBs might be of environmental concern for years. Department of Pharmacology of Natural Substances and General Physiology, University La Sapienza P.le Aldo Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy. mariagrazia.evandri@uniroma1.it Evandri Maria Grazia MG Costa Lucio Guido LG Bolle Paola P eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 IM 12959551 2003 09 08

0730-7268 22 9 2003 Sep A multivariate biomarker-based model predicting population-level responses of Daphnia magna. 2195-201 A multivariate model is proposed relating short-term biomarker measurements in Daphnia magna to chronic effects (21-d exposure) occurring at the population level (time to death, mean brood size, mean total young per female, intrinsic rate of natural increase, net reproductive rate, and growth). The results of the short-term exposure (48 h-96 h) to eight model toxicants (cadmium, chromium, mercury, tributyl tin, linear alkylsulfonic acid, sodium pentachlorophenolate, lindane, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) on the following biomarkers were used for the multivariate model: digestive enzymes (amylase, cellulase, beta-galactosidase, trypsin, and esterase), enzymes of the intermediary metabolism (glycogen phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase), cellular energy allocation (CEA) (protein, carbohydrate, and lipid content and electron transport activity), and DNA damage and antioxidative stress activity. Using partial least squares to latent structures (PLS), a two-component model was obtained with R2 of 0.68 and a Q2 value of 0.60 based on the combined analysis of a limited number of the 48- and 96-h biomarker responses. For the individual population-level responses, the R2 values varied from 0.66 to 0.77 and the Q2 values from 0.52 to 0.69. Energy-related biomarkers (cellular energy allocation, lipid contents, anaerobic metabolic activity--pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase), combined with parameters related to oxidative stress (catalase) and DNA damage measured after 48 and 96 h of exposure, were able to predict long-term effects at higher levels of biological organization. Laboratory for Ecophysiology and Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium. wim.decoen@ua.ac.be De Coen Wim M WM Janssen Colin R CR eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 IM 12974382 2003 09 16

1431-6730 384 8 2003 Aug Differential haemoglobin gene expression in the crustacean Daphnia magna exposed to different oxygen partial pressures. 1133-45 The quantity and quality of the haemoglobin (Hb) of Daphnia magna is related to oxygen partial pressure in the water. Both the dynamics of hypoxia-induced Hb gene transcription, as well as Hb properties in animals incubated long-term at hyperoxia, normoxia and hypoxia, were investigated. Examination of Hb gene (dhb1-dhb3) transcription showed the expression of dhb2 and especially dhb3 to increase markedly approximately one hour after the onset of hypoxia, whereas dhb1 was expressed more or less constitutively. At an incubation close to anoxia, an onset of dhb3 transcription was found already after two minutes. In long-term incubated animals, concentration and oxygen affinity of Hb were lower at higher oxygen partial pressures. With decreasing oxygen availability, the subunit composition of Hb macromolecules changed. The share of the dhb2-encoded subunit, DHbF, increased already during moderate hypoxia. The increase of dhb3 mRNA (encoding DHbC) may be related to a transient increase of DHbC in the first days of hypoxia and/or to an additional coding of dhb3 for DHbD. The rise of DHbD, and particularly DHbA, only at severe hypoxia coincided with the increase of Hb oxygen affinity. The dhb1-encoded subunits DHbB and DHbE showed either a relatively moderate increase or even a decrease in concentration at hypoxia. In small animals with restricted homeostasis capabilities such as Daphnia, adaptation of the protein equipment seems to be a more effective strategy than allosteric modulator control. Institut für Zoophysiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48143 Münster, Germany. Zeis Bettina B Becher Bertram B Goldmann Torsten T Clark Ryan R Vollmer Ekkehard E Bölke Birgit B Bredebusch Ilona I Lamkemeyer Tobias T Pinkhaus Olaf O Pirow Ralph R Paul Rüdiger J RJ eng Journal Article

Germany Biol Chem 9700112 IM 14505703 2003 09 24 2003 11 28

0045-6535 53 8 2003 Dec Juvenile hormone agonists affect the occurrence of male Daphnia. 827-33 The water flea Daphnia magna reproduces primarily by cyclic parthenogenesis. Environmental stimuli that signal a change to adverse conditions induce the organisms to switch from parthenogenesis to gamogenetic reproduction. During the gamogenetic period, they produce male daphnids and dormant resting eggs, which can survive prolonged periods of environmental adversity. However, little is known about the mechanisms associated with the switch from parthenogenesis to gamogenetic reproduction. We investigated the effects of several juvenoids on sex determination in Daphnia. Females less than 24 h old were exposed to various concentrations of the test substance and were observed for 21 days. It was found that they can trigger the appearance of male daphnids: the percentage of males in the population increases to a level greater than what occurs under ordinary environmental conditions. We found that methylfarnesoate, juvenile hormone III, methoprene, and the phenoxyphenoxy derivatives pyriproxyfen and fenoxycarb (both insecticides) reduced the production of offspring and produced sex ratios dominated by male daphnids. Pyriproxyfen and fenoxycarb showed striking effects at low concentrations. Exposure to either of these chemicals at a concentration of 330 ngl(-1) caused adult females to produce almost all male neonates. Methylfarnesoate, juvenile hormone III, and methoprene showed an effect in inducing male production at higher concentrations (3.7 x 10(3), 3.3 x 10(5), and 1.3 x 10(5) ngl(-1), respectively). Our findings suggest that juvenile hormone agonists, including some insecticides, affect the chemical signaling responsible for inducing the production of male offspring. National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan. tatarazako.norihisa@nies.go.jp Tatarazako Norihisa N Oda Shigeto S Watanabe Hajime H Morita Masatoshi M Iguchi Taisen T eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Carbamates 0 Juvenile Hormones 0 Pyridines 72490-01-8 fenoxycarb 95737-68-1 pyriproxyfen IM Animals Carbamates pharmacology Comparative Study Daphnia physiology Female Juvenile Hormones agonists pharmacology Male Parthenogenesis drug effects Pyridines pharmacology Sex Ratio Signal Transduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 14505707 2003 09 24 2003 11 28

0045-6535 53 8 2003 Dec Acute, chronic and sublethal effects of the herbicide propanil on Daphnia magna. 857-64 Acute and chronic toxicity tests with propanil were conducted on Daphnia magna. The 24 and 48 h LC50 were 43.74 and 5.01 mg/l respectively. Chronic toxicity tests were carried out using sublethal propanil concentrations (0.07, 0.10, 0.21 and 0.55 mg/l) during 21 days. The effect of propanil on survival, reproduction and growth of D. magna organisms was monitored. The parameters used to evaluate herbicide effect on reproduction were: mean total young ones per female, mean brood size, time to first reproduction, mean number broods per female and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r). Survival and growth (body length) were also determined after 21 days of exposure to the herbicide. Reproduction was significantly reduced when propanil concentration increased in the medium. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) decreased with increasing concentrations of propanil especially in those animals exposed to 0.55 mg/l. However, growth as well as survival of the exposed organisms only decreased in daphnids exposed to the highest propanil concentration tested. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) was calculated for D. magna exposed to the herbicide using as parameter of evaluation the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r). The interpolation of these results gave MATC values of 0.08 mg/l herbicide. We have derived the EC50 values for some selected parameters on D. magna exposed to propanil. EC50 values indicated that reproductive parameters were very sensitive of the effect of propanil on daphnids. Finally, the daphnids were exposed to the same sublethal herbicide concentrations as in the chronic study and the effect of the toxicant on filtration and ingestion rates was determined. Feeding rates of D. magna declined with increasing propanil concentrations. The effective propanil concentrations at which feeding rates were reduced to 50% of that in controls (EC50) were also calculated. Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain. Villarroel M J MJ Sancho E E Ferrando M D MD Andreu E E eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Herbicides 709-98-8 Propanil IM Acute Toxicity Tests Animals Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects growth & development physiology Eating drug effects Herbicides toxicity Propanil toxicity Reproduction drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests, Chronic 14505714 2003 09 24 2003 11 28

0045-6535 53 8 2003 Dec Ecotoxicity and biodegradation of phthalate monoesters. 921-6 Little is known about the fate and the effects of phthalic acid monoesters. Various of these monoesters ranging from n-butyl to isononyl monoester have been evaluated in respect to their biodegradation behaviour and their acute aquatic toxicity. All esters are readily biodegradable, achieving degradation rates of 90% and more. The acute toxicity values strongly depend on the carbon chain length of the alcohol moiety. The short chain specimen have LC/EC50 around and above 100 mg/l, with values levelling off to around 30 mg/l for the isononyl monoester. OXENO Product Safety, Oxeno Olefinchemie GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Strasse 1, P.O. Box 1320, D-45764 Marl, Germany. norbert.scholz@degussa.com Scholz Norbert N eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Phthalic Acids 88-99-3 phthalic acid IM Acute Toxicity Tests Animals Biodegradation Carps metabolism Comparative Study Daphnia metabolism Lethal Dose 50 Phthalic Acids chemistry metabolism toxicity Scenedesmus metabolism 14522190 2003 10 02

0956-053X 23 8 2003 Environmental impact of highway construction and repair materials on surface and ground waters. Case study: crumb rubber asphalt concrete. 719-28 The practice of incorporating certain waste products into highway construction and repair materials (CRMs) has become more popular. These practices have prompted the National Academy of Science, National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) to research the possible impacts of these CRMs on the quality of surface and ground waters. State department of transportations (DOTs) are currently experimenting with use of ground tire rubber ( crumb rubber) in bituminous construction and as a crack sealer. Crumb rubber asphalt concrete (CR-AC) leachates contain a mixture of organic and metallic contaminants. Benzothiazole and 2(3H)-benzothiazolone (organic compounds used in tire rubber manufacturing) and the metals mercury and aluminum were leached in potentially harmful concentrations (exceeding toxic concentrations for aquatic toxicity tests). CR-AC leachate exhibited moderate to high toxicity for algae ( Selenastrum capriconutum) and moderate toxicity for water fleas ( Daphnia magna). Benzothiazole was readily removed from CR-AC leachate by the environmental processes of soil sorption, volatilization, and biodegradation. Metals, which do not volatilize or photochemically or biologically degrade, were removed from the leachate by soil sorption. Contaminants from CR-AC leachates are thus degraded or retarded in their transport through nearby soils and ground waters. Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2302, USA. Azizian Mohammad F MF Nelson Peter O PO Thayumanavan Pugazhendhi P Williamson Kenneth J KJ eng Journal Article

United States Waste Manag 9884362 IM 14524685 2003 10 03

1093-4529 38 10 2003 Operational strategies for a small wastewater treatment plant using OUR, microscopic analysis, and toxicity test. 2329-38 This study was focused on determining the optimal operational conditions of a small domestic wastewater treatment plant (SWP) with a flow rate of 1000 m3 d(-1) using oxygen uptake rate (OUR) data, microscopic analyses, and effluent toxicity testing with Daphnia magna in parallel to wastewater characterization. Chemical analyses of nine samples, taken from different points of the treatment plant over a nine months period, presented strong domestic wastewater characteristics. The plant performance for meeting discharge standards was not sufficient enough for TP parameter. Aeration capacity and sludge recycle ratio were adjusted to improve the performance of the system and to prevent any operational problems, such as bulking. Although the inflow was 100% toxic, effluent toxicity following treatment was decreased to 5%. Filamentous bacteria were in "excessive" amount. The dominant filamentous bacteria species were determined as Nostocoioda limicola II. Reevaluation of the discharge limits with respect to nutrient removal, geographic location, and receiving water quality subject to treatment effluent discharges. Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey. smeric@ins.itu.edu.tr Meriç S S Ovez S S Kaptan D D Orhon D D eng Journal Article

United States J Environ Sci Health Part A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 9812551 IM 14587915 2003 10 31

0730-7268 22 11 2003 Nov Effects of nonylphenol on zooplankton in aquatic microcosms. 2733-8 We investigated the effects of the endocrine disruptor nonylphenol (NP) on the zooplankton assemblages of 230 L aquatic microcosms during a four-week preapplication period, a six-week NP treatment via controlled release, and a six-week postapplication period. Zooplankton assemblage change, investigated by ordination principal response curves (PRC), was due to lower abundances of copepoda, rotifera, and cladocera. The most sensitive groups/taxa were copepoda larvae, followed by the rotifers Synchaeta spp., Polyarthra spp., and the cladocerans Daphnia longispina and Chydorus sphaericus. The mean no-observed-effect concentrations for the community (NOEC(community)) was 30 microg/L. Cladocera densities recovered during the postapplication period at all but the highest NP concentrations (maximum 120 microg/L); copepod densities did not recover at the three highest concentrations (maximum 96-120 microg/L). Institute of Ecological Chemistry, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. severin@alumni.tum.de Severin Gabriele E GE Welzl Gerhard G Jüttner Ingrid I Pfister Gerd G Schramm Karl-Werner KW eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 IM 14596538 2003 11 04

0950-2688 131 2 2003 Oct The infection rate of Daphnia magna by Pasteuria ramosa conforms with the mass-action principle. 957-66 In simple epidemiological models that describe the interaction between hosts with their parasites, the infection process is commonly assumed to be governed by the law of mass action, i.e. it is assumed that the infection rate depends linearly on the densities of the host and the parasite. The mass-action assumption, however, can be problematic if certain aspects of the host-parasite interaction are very pronounced, such as spatial compartmentalization, host immunity which may protect from infection with low doses, or host heterogeneity with regard to susceptibility to infection. As deviations from a mass-action infection rate have consequences for the dynamics of the host-parasite system, it is important to test for the appropriateness of the mass-action assumption in a given host-parasite system. In this paper, we examine the relationship between the infection rate and the parasite inoculum for the water flee Daphnia magna and its bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa. We measured the fraction of infected hosts after exposure to 14 different doses of the parasite. We find that the observed relationship between the fraction of infected hosts and the parasite dose is largely consistent with an infection process governed by the mass-action principle. However, we have evidence for a subtle but significant deviation from a simple mass-action infection model, which can be explained either by some antagonistic effects of the parasite spores during the infection process, or by heterogeneity in the hosts' susceptibility with regard to infection. Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Regoes R R RR Hottinger J W JW Sygnarski L L Ebert D D eng Journal Article

England Epidemiol Infect 8703737 IM 14599508 2003 11 05

0045-6535 54 5 2004 Feb Toxicity of prednisolone, dexamethasone and their photochemical derivatives on aquatic organisms. 629-37 Light exposure of aqueous suspensions of prednisolone and dexamethasone causes their partial phototransformation. The photoproducts, isolated by chromatographic techniques, have been identified by spectroscopic means. Prednisolone, dexamethasone and their photoproducts have been tested to evaluate their acute and chronic toxic effects on some freshwater chain organisms. The rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and the crustaceans Thamnocephalus platyurus and Daphnia magna were chosen to perform acute toxicity tests, while the alga Pseudokircheneriella subcapitata (formerly known as Selenastrum capricornutum) and the crustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia to perform chronic tests. The photochemical derivatives are more toxic than the parent compounds. Generally low acute toxicity was found. Chronic exposure to this class of pharmaceuticals caused inhibition of growth population on the freshwater crustacean C. dubia while the alga P. subcapitata seems to be less affected by the presence of these drugs. Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, I-80126, Napoli, Italy DellaGreca Marina M Fiorentino Antonio A Isidori Marina M Lavorgna Margherita M Previtera Lucio L Rubino Maria M Temussi Fabio F eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 IM 12955498 2003 11 07

1617-4615 270 2 2003 Oct Molecular evolutionary analysis of the widespread piggyBac transposon family and related "domesticated" sequences. 173-80 piggyBac is a short inverted-repeat-type DNA transposable element originally isolated from the genome of the moth Trichoplusia ni. It is currently the gene vector of choice for the transformation of various insect species. A few sequences with similarity to piggyBac have previously been identified from organisms such as humans ( Looper), the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes ( Pigibaku), Xenopus ( Tx), Daphnia ( Pokey), and the Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis. We have now identified 50 piggyBac-like sequences from publicly available genome sequences and expressed sequence tags (ESTs). This survey allows the first comparative examination of the distinctive piggyBac transposase, suggesting that it might contain a highly divergent DDD domain, comparable to the widespread DDE domain found in many DNA transposases and retroviral integrases which consists of two absolutely conserved aspartic acids separated by about 70 amino acids with a highly conserved glutamic acid about 35 amino acids further away. Many piggyBac-like sequences were found in the genomes of a phylogenetically diverse range of organisms including fungi, plants, insects, crustaceans, urochordates, amphibians, fishes and mammals. Also, several instances of "domestication" of the piggyBac transposase sequence by the host genome for cellular functions were identified. Novel members of the piggyBac family may be useful in genetic engineering of many organisms. Center for Tropical Disease Research and Training, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369, Notre Dame, USA. Sarkar A A Sim C C Hong Y S YS Hogan J R JR Fraser M J MJ Robertson H M HM Collins F H FH eng Journal Article 2003 08 29

Germany Mol Genet Genomics 101093320 IM 14608606 2003 11 10

1520-4081 18 6 2003 Dec Detection of chemical threat agents in drinking water by an early warning real-time biomonitor. 368-74 Having a safe water supply for civilian organizations and military personnel is an important objective to avoid toxic contamination of civilians and soldiers. Chemical warfare (CW) agents, especially organophosphorous nerve compounds, are the most toxic of known chemical agents. The Daphnia Toximeter system is a continuously working test system that uses Daphnia magna as a sensitive organism for monitoring drinking water. Both small doses (allowable for short-term water ingestion) and graduated higher concentrations induced toxic reactions in the Daphnia Toximeter system, leading to alarms sounding. The system is sensitive to a wide range of CW agents and their hydrolysis products. Concentrations below acute human toxicity can be discovered in a very short time, with the actual time depending on the concentrations applied. In every case alarms were triggered within 2 h at concentrations in water low enough for that water to be allowed for use as drinking water in exceptional conditions. Copyright 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 18: 368-374, 2003. German Armed Forces Institute for Protection Technologies, D-29623 Munster, Post Box 1142, Germany. Green U U Kremer J H JH Zillmer M M Moldaenke C C eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 IM 14635913 2003 11 25

1010-061X 16 5 2003 Sep The effects of parasitism and inbreeding on the competitive ability in Daphnia magna: evidence for synergistic epistasis. 976-85 Synergistic epistasis for fitness is often assumed in models of how selection acts on the frequency and distribution of deleterious mutations. Evidence for synergistic epistasis would exist if the logarithm of fitness declines more quickly with number of deleterious mutations, than predicted by a linear decline. This can be studied indirectly by quantifying the effect of different levels of inbreeding on fitness. Here, six sets (different genetic backgrounds) of three increasingly inbred Daphnia magna clones were used to assess their relative fitness according to changes in frequency in a competition experiment against a tester clone. A novelty of the mating procedure was that the inbreeding coefficients (F) of the three clones belonging to each set increased in steps of 0.25 independent of the (unknown) inbreeding coefficient of the common ancestor. The equal increase of the inbreeding coefficients is important, because deviations influence the quantification of inbreeding depression, its variance and the detection of epistasis. In a simple mathematical model we show that when working with a partially inbred population inbreeding depression is underestimated, the variance of fitness is increased, and the detection of epistasis more difficult. Further, to examine whether an interaction between inbreeding and parasitism exists, each inbred clone was tested with and without a microsporidium infection (Octosporea bayeri). We found a nonlinear decrease of the logarithm of fitness across the three levels of inbreeding, indicating synergistic epistasis. The interaction term between parasitism and inbreeding was not significant. Our results suggest that deleterious mutations may be purged effectively once the level of inbreeding is high, but that parasitism seems not to influence this effect. Zoologisches Institut, Universität Basel, Rheinsprung 9, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland. Salathé P P Ebert D D eng Journal Article

Switzerland J Evol Biol 8809954 IM 14638297 2003 11 25

0269-7491 127 3 2004 Effect of food level on the acute and chronic responses of daphnids to lindane. 367-75 The toxic effects of lindane on the zooplankton communities may be strongly related to the population fitness, which is highly dependent on food availability. In order to test this hypothesis, acute (immobilisation) and chronic (life-history) responses of Daphnia longispina and Daphnia magna, reared at different food levels (low, normal, and high), were assessed in laboratorial exposures to several concentrations of lindane. A bifactorial design was employed (food level versus lindane concentration) for both species. Results showed that lindane was toxic to both D. magna and D. longispina, within a similar range. However, lindane toxicity to daphnids was dependent on food level, suggesting that the latter is an important factor to take into account when assessing the toxic effects of lindane on zooplankton communities. Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal Antunes Sara C SC Castro Bruno B BB Gonçalves Fernando F eng Journal Article

England Environ Pollut 8804476 IM 14599440 2003 11 05

0887-2333 17 5-6 2003 Oct-Dec Ecotoxicological evaluation of carbamazepine using six different model systems with eighteen endpoints. 525-32 The occurrence of pharmaceutically active compounds in the aquatic environment has been recognized as one of the emerging issues in environmental chemistry. However, the ecotoxicological effects of pharmaceuticals have still not been researched adequately. Carbamazepine, an anticonvulsant commonly present in surface and groundwater, was studied, using six ecotoxicological model systems with eighteen endpoints evaluated at different exposure time periods. The battery included the immobilization of Daphnia magna, bioluminescence inhibition in the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, growth inhibition of the alga Chlorella vulgaris, and micronuclei induction and root growth inhibition in the plant Allium cepa. Cell morphology, neutral red uptake, total protein content, MTS metabolization, lactate dehydrogenase leakage and activity and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity were studied in the salmonid fish cell line RTG-2. The total protein content, LDH activity, neutral red uptake and MTT metabolization in Vero monkey kidney cells were also investigated. The most sensitive system to carbamazepine was the Vero cell line, followed by Chlorella vulgaris, Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna, Allium cepa, and RTG-2 cells. EC50 values from 19 microM in Vero cells at 72 h to more than 1200 microM in other systems, were obtained. Comparing the concentrations in water and the toxicity quantified in our assay systems, carbamazepine is not expected to produce acute toxic effects in the aquatic biota under these circumstances, but chronic and synergistic effects with other chemicals cannot be excluded. National Institute of Toxicology, PO Box 863, 41080-Sevilla, Spain. Jos A A Repetto G G Rios J C JC Hazen M J MJ Molero M L ML del Peso A A Salguero M M Fernández-Freire P P Pérez-Martín J M JM Cameán A A eng Journal Article

England Toxicol In Vitro 8712158 IM 14649421 2003 11 27

0963-9292 12 5 2003 Oct Haem peroxidase activity in Daphnia magna: a biomarker for sub-lethal toxicity assessments of kerosene-contaminated groundwater. 387-95 A novel biomarker was developed in Daphnia magna to detect organic pollution in groundwater. The haem peroxidase assay, which is an indirect means of measuring oxidase activity, was particularly sensitive to kerosene contamination. Exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of kerosene-contaminated groundwater resulted in a haem peroxidase activity increase by dose with a two-fold activity peak at 25%. Reproduction in D. magna remained unimpaired when exposed to concentrations below 25% for 21 days, and a decline in fecundity was only observed at concentrations above the peak in enzyme activity. The measurement of haem peroxidase activity in D. magna detected sublethal effects of kerosene in just 24 h, whilst offering information on the health status of the organisms. The biomarker may be useful in determining concentrations above which detrimental effects would occur from long-term exposure for fuel hydrocarbons. Moreover, this novel assay detects exposure to chemicals in samples that would normally be classified as non-toxic by acute toxicity tests. Division of Zoology, School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 228, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AJ, UK. Connon Richard R Dewhurst Rachel E RE Crane Mark M Callaghan Amanda A eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicology 9885956 IM 14650217 2003 12 02

0869-2092 66 5 2003 Sep-Oct [In Process Citation] 53-5 In the in vitro experiments with hydrobiont Daphnia magna Straus as the test-object the comparative evaluation of the prooxydant activity of two neuroleptics galoperidol and aminazine, was performed. It was shown that galoperidol possesses the pronounced prooxydant activity compared with hydrogen peroxyde. Aminazine didn't display such an action. The exogenios reduced glutathione is capable to protect Daphnia from the prooxydant action of galoperidol may be used for the investigation of anti- and prooxydant effects of toxicants and medicines in vivo. Department of Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology, Institute of Toxicology Ministry of Health of Russia, 193019, St.-Petersburg, Bekhterev str. 1. rus Journal Article

Russia Eksp Klin Farmakol 9215981 IM 11031304 2000 11 20 2000 12 07 2003 12 03

0090-4341 39 4 2000 Nov Toxicity and bioavailability of copper herbicides (Clearigate, Cutrine-Plus, and copper sulfate) to freshwater animals. 445-51 In designing aquatic herbicides containing copper, an important goal is to maximize efficacy for target species while minimizing risks for nontarget species. To have a margin of safety for nontarget species, the concentration, duration of exposure (i.e., uptake), and form (i.e., species) of copper used for herbicidal properties should not elicit adverse effects on populations of nontarget species. To determine the potential for risk or adverse effects (conversely the margin of safety), data regarding the comparative toxicity of copper-containing herbicides are crucial. A series of comparative toxicity experiments was conducted, including baseline estimates of toxicity (LC50s, LOECs), sensitive species relationships (thresholds and exposure-response slopes), and bioavailability of toxic concentrations and forms of copper 7 days after initial herbicide application. Aqueous 48-h toxicity experiments were performed to contrast responses of Daphnia magna Strauss, Hyalella azteca Saussure, Chironomus tentans Fabricius, and Pimephales promelas Rafinesque to copper herbicides: Clearigate(R), Cutrine(R)-Plus, and copper sulfate. D. magna was the most sensitive aquatic animal tested for all three herbicides; 48-h LC50s for organisms exposed to Clearigate, Cutrine-Plus, and copper sulfate were 29.4, 11.3, and 18. 9 microg Cu/L, respectively. In terms of potency (calculated from the linearized portion of the exposure-response curves, which included 50% mortality), D. magna was the most sensitive animal tested. Organisms exposed to Clearigate, Cutrine-Plus, and copper sulfate had exposure-response slopes of 2.55, 8.61, and 5.07% mortality/microg Cu/L, respectively. Bioavailability of Clearigate and Cutrine-Plus was determined by comparing survival data (LC50s) of test organisms exposed to herbicide concentrations during the first and last 48-h of a 7-day exposure period. Even in these relatively simplified water-only exposures, a transformation of copper to less bioavailable species over time was observed with a 100-200% decrease in toxicity (i.e., an increase in 48-h LC50s) for all four test animals. This series of laboratory experiments provides a worst-case scenario for determining the risk associated with the manufacturer's recommended application rates of Clearigate (100-1,000 microg Cu/L), Cutrine-Plus (200-1,000 microg Cu/L), and copper sulfate (100-500 microg Cu/L) in natural waters for four nontarget freshwater animals. Department of Environmental Toxicology, P.O. Box 709, 509 Westinghouse Road, Clemson University, Pendleton, South Carolina 29670, USA. Mastin B J BJ Rodgers J H JH Jr eng Journal Article

UNITED STATES Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Amino Alcohols 0 Ethanolamines 0 Herbicides 0 Organometallic Compounds 0 copper-ethanolamine complex 141-43-5 Ethanolamine 66555-33-7 cutrine-plus 7758-98-7 Copper Sulfate IM Amino Alcohols pharmacokinetics toxicity Animals Biological Availability Chironomidae drug effects metabolism Comparative Study Copper Sulfate pharmacokinetics toxicity Cyprinidae metabolism Daphnia drug effects metabolism Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Ethanolamine pharmacokinetics toxicity Ethanolamines Fresh Water Herbicides pharmacokinetics toxicity Lethal Dose 50 Organometallic Compounds pharmacokinetics toxicity 14599440 2003 11 05

0887-2333 17 5-6 2003 Oct-Dec Ecotoxicological evaluation of carbamazepine using six different model systems with eighteen endpoints. 525-32 The occurrence of pharmaceutically active compounds in the aquatic environment has been recognized as one of the emerging issues in environmental chemistry. However, the ecotoxicological effects of pharmaceuticals have still not been researched adequately. Carbamazepine, an anticonvulsant commonly present in surface and groundwater, was studied, using six ecotoxicological model systems with eighteen endpoints evaluated at different exposure time periods. The battery included the immobilization of Daphnia magna, bioluminescence inhibition in the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, growth inhibition of the alga Chlorella vulgaris, and micronuclei induction and root growth inhibition in the plant Allium cepa. Cell morphology, neutral red uptake, total protein content, MTS metabolization, lactate dehydrogenase leakage and activity and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity were studied in the salmonid fish cell line RTG-2. The total protein content, LDH activity, neutral red uptake and MTT metabolization in Vero monkey kidney cells were also investigated. The most sensitive system to carbamazepine was the Vero cell line, followed by Chlorella vulgaris, Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna, Allium cepa, and RTG-2 cells. EC50 values from 19 microM in Vero cells at 72 h to more than 1200 microM in other systems, were obtained. Comparing the concentrations in water and the toxicity quantified in our assay systems, carbamazepine is not expected to produce acute toxic effects in the aquatic biota under these circumstances, but chronic and synergistic effects with other chemicals cannot be excluded. National Institute of Toxicology, PO Box 863, 41080-Sevilla, Spain. Jos A A Repetto G G Rios J C JC Hazen M J MJ Molero M L ML del Peso A A Salguero M M Fernández-Freire P P Pérez-Martín J M JM Cameán A A eng Journal Article

England Toxicol In Vitro 8712158 IM 14653311 2003 12 04

0748-2337 18 5 2002 Jun Effects of common-use pesticides on developmental and reproductive processes in Daphnia. 225-35 Daphnia magna were evaluated for use as a screen for pesticides that have been demonstrated to have estrogenic (o'p'-DDT, di-n-butyl phthalate, toxaphene), anti-androgenic (p'p-DDE, linuron), thyroid (acetochlor, alachlor, metribuzin), insulin (amitraz) or lutenizing hormone (2,4-D) activity in vertebrates, and to establish daphnid sensitivity to these compounds. Pesticides with unknown effects on vertebrate endocrine systems (chlorosulfuran, cyanazine, diflubenzuron, metolachlor, and diquat) were also evaluated. Compounds were assayed for six days at environmentally relevant concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 100 mirog/L, using female Daphnia and their offspring. Sublethal endpoints included offspring sex (sex determination), clutch size (fecundity), and adult size (growth rate). Toxaphene was the only compound that affected sexual differentiation, increasing male production. Daphnia fecundity declined with exposure to toxaphene, and daphnid growth rates were reduced by acetochlor exposure. Diflubenzuron, o'p'-DDT, and p'p-DDE significantly reduced Daphnia survival. No correlation existed between affected reproductive or developmental processes and specific endocrine systems or subsystems. Results from this study indicate that Daphnia make a good screen for assessing potential environmental impacts but are not a useful indicator of pesticide hormonal activity in vertebrates. This assay consistently detected sublethal but ecologically relevant effects of these pesticides on Daphnia at environmentally relevant concentrations typically below their listed EC50 value. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1474, USA. dkashian@cnr.colostate.edu Kashian Donna R DR Dodson Stanley I SI eng Journal Article

England Toxicol Ind Health 8602702 IM 14596538 2003 11 04 2003 12 05

0950-2688 131 2 2003 Oct The infection rate of Daphnia magna by Pasteuria ramosa conforms with the mass-action principle. 957-66 In simple epidemiological models that describe the interaction between hosts with their parasites, the infection process is commonly assumed to be governed by the law of mass action, i.e. it is assumed that the infection rate depends linearly on the densities of the host and the parasite. The mass-action assumption, however, can be problematic if certain aspects of the host-parasite interaction are very pronounced, such as spatial compartmentalization, host immunity which may protect from infection with low doses, or host heterogeneity with regard to susceptibility to infection. As deviations from a mass-action infection rate have consequences for the dynamics of the host-parasite system, it is important to test for the appropriateness of the mass-action assumption in a given host-parasite system. In this paper, we examine the relationship between the infection rate and the parasite inoculum for the water flee Daphnia magna and its bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa. We measured the fraction of infected hosts after exposure to 14 different doses of the parasite. We find that the observed relationship between the fraction of infected hosts and the parasite dose is largely consistent with an infection process governed by the mass-action principle. However, we have evidence for a subtle but significant deviation from a simple mass-action infection model, which can be explained either by some antagonistic effects of the parasite spores during the infection process, or by heterogeneity in the hosts' susceptibility with regard to infection. Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Regoes R R RR Hottinger J W JW Sygnarski L L Ebert D D eng Journal Article

England Epidemiol Infect 8703737 IM Animals Bacterial Infections epidemiology Daphnia microbiology Female Host-Parasite Relations Spores, Bacterial Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 12955498 2003 11 07

1617-4615 270 2 2003 Nov Molecular evolutionary analysis of the widespread piggyBac transposon family and related "domesticated" sequences. 173-80 piggyBac is a short inverted-repeat-type DNA transposable element originally isolated from the genome of the moth Trichoplusia ni. It is currently the gene vector of choice for the transformation of various insect species. A few sequences with similarity to piggyBac have previously been identified from organisms such as humans ( Looper), the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes ( Pigibaku), Xenopus ( Tx), Daphnia ( Pokey), and the Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis. We have now identified 50 piggyBac-like sequences from publicly available genome sequences and expressed sequence tags (ESTs). This survey allows the first comparative examination of the distinctive piggyBac transposase, suggesting that it might contain a highly divergent DDD domain, comparable to the widespread DDE domain found in many DNA transposases and retroviral integrases which consists of two absolutely conserved aspartic acids separated by about 70 amino acids with a highly conserved glutamic acid about 35 amino acids further away. Many piggyBac-like sequences were found in the genomes of a phylogenetically diverse range of organisms including fungi, plants, insects, crustaceans, urochordates, amphibians, fishes and mammals. Also, several instances of "domestication" of the piggyBac transposase sequence by the host genome for cellular functions were identified. Novel members of the piggyBac family may be useful in genetic engineering of many organisms. Center for Tropical Disease Research and Training, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369, USA. Sarkar A A Sim C C Hong Y S YS Hogan J R JR Fraser M J MJ Robertson H M HM Collins F H FH eng P01AI45123 AI NIAID U01AI48846 AI NIAID U01AI50687-01 AI NIAID Journal Article 2003 08 29

Germany Mol Genet Genomics 101093320 IM 14653792 2003 12 05

0962-1083 13 1 2004 Jan Mitochondrial DNA variation in North American populations of Daphnia obtusa: continentalism or cryptic endemism? 97-107 The morphological stasis of many freshwater crustaceans has resulted in the prior delineation of cosmopolitan species and has been explained by their capacity for long-distance dispersal. This study examines the phylogeography of Daphnia obtusa, a cladoceran thought to be widespread in North America. However, sequence variation of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene indicates that this taxon is composed of two morphologically cryptic species, designated D. obtusa NA1 and NA2. NA2 is restricted to the east, whereas NA1 is broadly distributed across the United States, and is subdivided into four phylogroups that show weak genetic differentiation over broad geographical areas, which likely reflects recent long-distance dispersal. The current distributions of the four phylogroups in NA1 can be explained by recent range expansion from different refugia following the last Pleistocene glacial advance. Interestingly, the mitochondrial phylogroups identified in this study do not correspond to lineages detected in a previous allozyme analysis. However, the latter groups are associated with a habitat shift suggesting that natural selection may have played a role in their divergence. The results of this and previous studies illustrate the complicated biogeographical history of freshwater cladocerans. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada. Penton E H EH Hebert P D N PD Crease T J TJ eng Journal Article

England Mol Ecol 9214478 IM 14658289 2003 12 08

0869-8031 43 5 2003 Sep-Oct [In Process Citation] 552-4 The influence of electromagnetic radiation of industrial frequency on survival, efficiency, physiological parameters of Daphnia magna (Straus) was investigated. The electromagnetic field with intensity of a magnetic component 15 microTl and an electrical one 12 kV/m was generated. The researches were carried out in acute and chronic experiments. The experimental group was exposed to electromagnetic radiation for 8 hours daily for 30 days. As a result of the study it was revealed that the influence of electromagnetic radiation with the given parameters did not have the lethal effect on the test objects. It was found that electromagnetic radiation negatively affected Daphnia fertility. On the average, a real fertility of the Daphnia in the experimental unit was 26.32% compared to the control. The age of puberty in the experiment increased twice in comparison with the control. Saratov State University, Saratov, 410012 Russia. rus Journal Article

Russia Radiats Biol Radioecol 9317212 IM 14659459 2003 12 08

1532-0456 136 3 2003 Nov Acclimation of Daphnia magna to environmentally realistic copper concentrations. 253-64 It may be hypothesised that as the bioavailable background concentration of an essential metal increases (within natural limits), the natural tolerance (to the metal) of the acclimated/adapted organisms and communities will increase. In this study the influence of acclimation to different copper concentrations on the sensitivity of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna Straus was investigated. D. magna was acclimated over three generations to environmentally relevant copper concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 100 microg Cu/l (copper activity: 7.18x10(-15) to 3700x10(-12) M Cu(2+)). A modified standard test medium was used as culture and test medium. Medium modifications were: reduced hardness (lowered to 180 mg CaCO(3)/l) and addition of Aldrich humic acid at a concentration of 5 mg DOC/l (instead of EDTA). The effects of acclimation on these organisms were monitored using acute mortality assays and long-term assays in which life table parameters, copper body concentrations and energy reserves were used as test endpoints. Our results showed a two-fold increase in acute copper tolerance with increasing acclimation concentration for second and third generation organisms. Copper acclimation concentrations up to 35 microg Cu/l (80 pM Cu(2+)) did not affect the net reproduction and the intrinsic growth rate. The energy reserves of the acclimated daphnids revealed an Optimal Concentration range (OCEE) and concentrations between 5 and 12 microg Cu/l (0.5-4.1 pM Cu(2+)) and 1 and 35 microg Cu/l (0.023-80 pM Cu(2+)) seemed to be optimal for first and third generation daphnids, respectively. Lower and higher copper concentrations resulted in deficiency and toxicity responses. It was also demonstrated that up to 35 microg Cu/l, third generation daphnids were able to regulate their total copper body concentration. These results clearly indicate that bioavailable background copper concentrations present in culture media have to be considered in the evaluation of toxicity test results, especially when the toxicity data are used for water quality guideline derivation and/or ecological risk assessment for metals. Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium Bossuyt Bart T A BT Janssen Colin R CR eng Journal Article

United States Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 100959500 IM 12909108 2003 08 11 2003 12 09

0043-1354 37 16 2003 Sep Phenolic removal in a model olive oil mill wastewater using Pleurotus ostreatus in bioreactor cultures and biological evaluation of the process. 3897-904 Pleurotus ostreatus grown in bioreactor batch cultures in a model phenolic wastewater (diluted and sterilized olive oil mill wastewater-OMW), caused significant phenolic removal. Laccase, the sole ligninolytic enzyme detected in the growth environment, was produced during primary metabolic growth. The bioprocess was simulated with the aid of a mathematical model and the parameters of growth were determined. When the fungal biomass was increased in the reactor (during repeated batch experiments) the rate of reducing sugars consumption progressively increased, but a phenolic fraction seemed of being strongly resistant to oxidation. The toxicity of OMW against the seeds of Lepidium sativum and the marine Branchiopoda Artemia sp. was significantly decreased after biotreatment. On the contrary, the toxicity against the freshwater Branchiopoda Daphnia magna was not affected by the treatment, whereas on the soil and freshwater sediments Ostracoda Heterocypris incongruens was slightly decreased. Both treated and untreated OMWs, used as water for irrigation of lettuce and tomato plants, did not significantly affect the uptake of several nutrients by the cultivated plants, but resulted in a decrease in the plant yields, which was minimized when high OMW dilutions were used. As a conclusion, P. ostreatus is able to reduce phenolic content and toxicity of sterilized OMW, in bioreactor cultures. However, high OMW dilutions should be used, and/or additional treatment should be applied before use of the OMW in the environment, e.g. as water for irrigation. Further research should be done in order to transfer this technology under industrial conditions (e.g. by using unsterilized OMW). Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Votanikos, 11855 Athens, Greece. George.Aggelis@aua.gr Aggelis G G Iconomou D D Christou M M Bokas D D Kotzailias S S Christou G G Tsagou V V Papanikolaou S S eng Journal Article

England Water Res 0105072 0 Industrial Waste 0 Phenols 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical EC 1.10.3.2 Laccase IM Animals Artemia Bioreactors Crustacea Industrial Waste Laccase pharmacology Models, Theoretical Oxidation-Reduction Phenols isolation & purification metabolism toxicity Pleurotus enzymology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests Waste Disposal, Fluid methods Water Pollutants, Chemical isolation & purification metabolism toxicity Water Purification methods 12959529 2003 09 08 2003 12 09

0730-7268 22 9 2003 Sep Intraclonal variability in Daphnia acetylcholinesterase activity: the implications for its applicability as a biomarker. 2042-7 The relationship between individual growth and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was evaluated for Daphnia magna. Analysis on the influence of two different culture media on baseline AChE activity was performed with Daphnia similis. The results indicated an inverse relationship between D. magna body length and AChE activity. An increase in total protein, which was not proportional to an increase in the rate of the substrate hydrolysis (delta absorbance/min), seems to be the reason for this inverse size versus AChE activity relationship. Therefore, toxicants such as phenobarbital, which affect protein and size but not AChE activity directly, have an overall affect on AChE activity. In contrast, the AChE inhibitor parathion altered AChE activity but not protein. Culture medium also had a significant affect on AChE activity in D. similis. Changes in total protein seem to be the main reason for the variations in baseline AChE activity in Daphnia observed in the different evaluations performed in this work. Therefore, AChE activity in Daphnia must be interpreted carefully, and variations related to changes in total protein must be taken into account when applying this enzyme as a biomarker in biological monitoring. Division of Zoology, School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O Box 228, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AJ, United Kingdom. Printes Liane Biehl LB Callaghan Amanda A eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Biological Markers 0 Environmental Pollutants EC 3.1.1.7 Acetylcholinesterase IM Acetylcholinesterase genetics pharmacology Animals Biological Assay Biological Markers analysis Body Constitution Daphnia enzymology genetics Environmental Pollutants toxicity Female Parthenogenesis Reproducibility of Results Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Variation (Genetics) 12959530 2003 09 08 2003 12 09

0730-7268 22 9 2003 Sep Toxicity and chemistry of aspen wood leachate to aquatic life: field study. 2048-56 A dark, toxic leachate has been observed around woodpiles of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) cut in winter for pulp or structural lumber. We measured production of leachate from 18 m3 of harvestable aspen logs stacked in an open field near Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada. The logpile began producing leachate during the first winter thaw and continued to do so for the duration of the two-year study (mean, 250 L/collection). Aspen leachate was characterized by dark color, acidic pH (5.0-6.5), elevated conductivity (200-500 microS/cm), high to very high biochemical oxygen demand (500-5,000 mg/L) and total organic carbon concentrations (500-2,000 mg/L), variable levels of phenolic compounds (2-27 mg/L), and low dissolved oxygen tensions (<2 mg/L). In tests with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Daphnia magna, and luminescent bacteria, the leachate varied from weakly toxic (median lethal concentration, >10%) to very toxic (median lethal concentration, <1%). The volume of leachate generated by the logpile was correlated with total precipitation (rain or snow) since the last collection. Loads of chemical constituents or toxicity (lethal concentration x volume) in the leachate did not decline over the duration of the study. Less than 10% of the total mass of leachable material in the aspen logs was removed during two years of exposure. Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5 Canada. btaylor@stfx.ca Taylor Barry R BR Carmichael N Bruce NB eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Bacteria Daphnia Lethal Dose 50 Oncorhynchus mykiss Populus Refuse Disposal Seasons Water Pollutants toxicity Wood 12959546 2003 09 08 2003 12 09

0730-7268 22 9 2003 Sep Evaluation of brominated diphenyl ether-99 toxicity with Raphidocelis subcapitata and Daphnia magna. 2167-72 Brominated flame retardants belong to a new class of environmental contaminants. To obtain new information regarding the effects of 2,2',4,4',5-brominated diphenyl ether (BDE-99), one of the most frequently reported congeners in freshwater biota, the inhibition of algal growth of Raphidocelis subcapitara (also known as Selenastrum capricornutum) and acute toxicity to Daphnia magna were examined. The experimental design also involved a comparison with the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) Aroclor 1254. The uptake of BDE-99 by R. subcapitata and the transfer to D. magna (i.e., a higher level of aquatic biota in the food chain) was also assessed to verify the bioaccumulation phenomenon. After 24 h, BDE-99 appeared to be less toxic than Aroclor 1254 to D. magna, but the two compounds showed a similar toxicity at 48 h. In contrast to Aroclor 1254, BDE-99 was nontoxic to R. subcapitata at up to 100 microM, the highest tested concentration. However, the dose-dependent decrease in survival and impairment of reproduction of D. magna fed with BDE-99-treated algal culture demonstrate uptake by R. subcapitata. Because of the high persistence and bioconcentration, polybrominated diphenyl ethers as well as PCBs might be of environmental concern for years. Department of Pharmacology of Natural Substances and General Physiology, University La Sapienza P.le Aldo Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy. mariagrazia.evandri@uniroma1.it Evandri Maria Grazia MG Costa Lucio Guido LG Bolle Paola P eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 2,2',4,4',5-brominated diphenyl ether 0 Phenyl Ethers 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae, Green chemistry Animals Biological Availability Daphnia Lethal Dose 50 Phenyl Ethers pharmacokinetics toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Tissue Distribution Water Pollutants, Chemical pharmacokinetics toxicity 12959551 2003 09 08 2003 12 09

0730-7268 22 9 2003 Sep A multivariate biomarker-based model predicting population-level responses of Daphnia magna. 2195-201 A multivariate model is proposed relating short-term biomarker measurements in Daphnia magna to chronic effects (21-d exposure) occurring at the population level (time to death, mean brood size, mean total young per female, intrinsic rate of natural increase, net reproductive rate, and growth). The results of the short-term exposure (48 h-96 h) to eight model toxicants (cadmium, chromium, mercury, tributyl tin, linear alkylsulfonic acid, sodium pentachlorophenolate, lindane, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) on the following biomarkers were used for the multivariate model: digestive enzymes (amylase, cellulase, beta-galactosidase, trypsin, and esterase), enzymes of the intermediary metabolism (glycogen phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase), cellular energy allocation (CEA) (protein, carbohydrate, and lipid content and electron transport activity), and DNA damage and antioxidative stress activity. Using partial least squares to latent structures (PLS), a two-component model was obtained with R2 of 0.68 and a Q2 value of 0.60 based on the combined analysis of a limited number of the 48- and 96-h biomarker responses. For the individual population-level responses, the R2 values varied from 0.66 to 0.77 and the Q2 values from 0.52 to 0.69. Energy-related biomarkers (cellular energy allocation, lipid contents, anaerobic metabolic activity--pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase), combined with parameters related to oxidative stress (catalase) and DNA damage measured after 48 and 96 h of exposure, were able to predict long-term effects at higher levels of biological organization. Laboratory for Ecophysiology and Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium. wim.decoen@ua.ac.be De Coen Wim M WM Janssen Colin R CR eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Antioxidants 0 Biological Markers 0 Water Pollutants IM Animals Antioxidants analysis Biological Markers analysis DNA Damage Daphnia genetics growth & development physiology Energy Metabolism Female Models, Theoretical Oxidative Stress Population Dynamics Reproduction drug effects Risk Assessment Water Pollutants toxicity 14635913 2003 11 25 2003 12 09

1010-061X 16 5 2003 Sep The effects of parasitism and inbreeding on the competitive ability in Daphnia magna: evidence for synergistic epistasis. 976-85 Synergistic epistasis for fitness is often assumed in models of how selection acts on the frequency and distribution of deleterious mutations. Evidence for synergistic epistasis would exist if the logarithm of fitness declines more quickly with number of deleterious mutations, than predicted by a linear decline. This can be studied indirectly by quantifying the effect of different levels of inbreeding on fitness. Here, six sets (different genetic backgrounds) of three increasingly inbred Daphnia magna clones were used to assess their relative fitness according to changes in frequency in a competition experiment against a tester clone. A novelty of the mating procedure was that the inbreeding coefficients (F) of the three clones belonging to each set increased in steps of 0.25 independent of the (unknown) inbreeding coefficient of the common ancestor. The equal increase of the inbreeding coefficients is important, because deviations influence the quantification of inbreeding depression, its variance and the detection of epistasis. In a simple mathematical model we show that when working with a partially inbred population inbreeding depression is underestimated, the variance of fitness is increased, and the detection of epistasis more difficult. Further, to examine whether an interaction between inbreeding and parasitism exists, each inbred clone was tested with and without a microsporidium infection (Octosporea bayeri). We found a nonlinear decrease of the logarithm of fitness across the three levels of inbreeding, indicating synergistic epistasis. The interaction term between parasitism and inbreeding was not significant. Our results suggest that deleterious mutations may be purged effectively once the level of inbreeding is high, but that parasitism seems not to influence this effect. Zoologisches Institut, Universität Basel, Rheinsprung 9, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland. Salathé P P Ebert D D eng Journal Article

Switzerland J Evol Biol 8809954 IM Animals Daphnia genetics physiology Epistasis, Genetic Female Host-Parasite Relations Inbreeding Microspora pathogenicity Population Dynamics Selection (Genetics) Survival Analysis 14552196 2003 10 13 2003 12 12

1120-9135 15 4 2003 Jul-Aug [Genotoxic and ecotoxic effects of urban waste water disinfected with sodium hypochlorite or peracetic acid] 277-302 Genotoxic and ecotoxicologic effects of urban wastewater disinfected with sodium hypochlorite or peracetic acid were analyzed. The formation of genotoxic species was studied by determining clastogenic and mutagenic activity of aqueous samples and their extracts with in vivo and in vitro tests, respectively. In particular, we have applied citogenetic tests to Allium cepa roots and Tradescantia inflorescence (Allium cepa test and Tradescantia/micronuclei test) and reversion test to Salmonella typhimurium according to the microsuspension procedure (Kado test). The latter is the method of choice for the analysis of complex matrices due to its high sensitivity and specificity. The mutagenic activity of disinfected effluents was similar to the corresponding untreated wastewater both sampled in four different periods. Therefore, the disinfection process did not seem to contribute to aquatic mutagenicity in the examined range of biocide concentration. The potential toxicity of disinfected wastewater for aquatic organisms was evaluated using Daphnia magna. The acute toxicity of peracetic acid in sewage was 0.4 mg/L (24 h E(L)C50). By comparing this value with peracetic acid concentrations detected in effluents from a pilot plant it is expected that treated wastewater would show acute toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Dissociation compounds (hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid) and possible by-products of peracetic acid did not seem to contribute significantly to the toxicity of sewage treated with peracetic acid. Lab. di Tossicologia Comparata ed Ecotossicologia, 1st. Superiore di Sanità, Roma. Crebelli R R Conti L L Marchini S S Monarca S S Feretti D D Zerbini I I Zani C C Veschetti E E Cutilli D D Ottaviani M M ita Journal Article Effetti genotossici ed ecotossicologici di acque reflue urbane sottoposte a disinfezione con ipoclorito di sodio o acido peracetico.

Italy Ann Ig 9002865 0 Disinfectants 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 64-19-7 Acetic Acid 7681-52-9 Sodium Hypochlorite 7722-84-1 Hydrogen Peroxide 79-21-0 Peracetic Acid IM Acetic Acid toxicity Allium drug effects Animals Daphnia drug effects Disinfectants toxicity English Abstract Hydrogen Peroxide toxicity Mass Fragmentography Micronucleus Tests Mutagenicity Tests Peracetic Acid chemistry toxicity Pilot Projects Salmonella typhimurium drug effects Sensitivity and Specificity Sodium Hypochlorite toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Tradescantia drug effects Urban Health Waste Disposal, Fluid methods Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 14608606 2003 11 10

1520-4081 18 6 2003 Dec Detection of chemical threat agents in drinking water by an early warning real-time biomonitor. 368-74 Having a safe water supply for civilian organizations and military personnel is an important objective to avoid toxic contamination of civilians and soldiers. Chemical warfare (CW) agents, especially organophosphorous nerve compounds, are the most toxic of known chemical agents. The Daphnia Toximeter system is a continuously working test system that uses Daphnia magna as a sensitive organism for monitoring drinking water. Both small doses (allowable for short-term water ingestion) and graduated higher concentrations induced toxic reactions in the Daphnia Toximeter system, leading to alarms sounding. The system is sensitive to a wide range of CW agents and their hydrolysis products. Concentrations below acute human toxicity can be discovered in a very short time, with the actual time depending on the concentrations applied. In every case alarms were triggered within 2 h at concentrations in water low enough for that water to be allowed for use as drinking water in exceptional conditions. Copyright 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. German Armed Forces Institute for Protection Technologies, D-29623 Munster, Post Box 1142, Germany. druwegreen@bwb.org Green U U Kremer J H JH Zillmer M M Moldaenke C C eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol 100885357 IM 14670528 2003 12 12

0092-8240 66 1 2004 Jan Daphnicle dynamics based on kinetic theory: an analogue-modelling of swarming and behaviour of daphnia. 1-46 Attempts are presented of an analogue modelling of Daphnia responses to various influences and stimuli, as distribution of food and of predators. An aim of the study is to examine to what extent a statistical-mechanical approach may be useful as a tool in modelling of Daphnia swarms behaviour. In the modelling we follow a line close to test particle studies in physical sciences. A generalized kinetic equation of what we shall call daphnicles is derived. The modelling incorporates individual characteristics of daphnicles, as position, velocity, degree of food saturation and responses daphnicles have to outside influences. Each daphnicle we assume responds to some stimuli in ordered ways and to others in stochastic ways, and the degree or strength of reactions depends on the density of all daphnicles, the density of food available, the saturation level of daphnicles and the threat level in the environment, or background, the daphnicles are living on. Some fluid equations of daphnicle swarms are subsequently derived from the basic equation, and solutions are given of the model-equations, including a food distribution equation, in some particular cases that show peculiarities in reactions of daphnicles to food, degree of saturation and to threat, when these are acting alone, and in combination. The modelling results may be compared to results of laboratory experiments of Daphnia behaviour that soon will be performed. Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Bergen, Johs. Brunsgt. 12, 5008, Bergen, Norway Øien Alf H AH eng Journal Article

United States Bull Math Biol 0401404 IM 14674580 2003 12 16

0090-4341 45 3 2003 Oct Joint toxicity of similarly and dissimilarly acting chemicals to Daphnia magna at different response levels. 289-96 The toxicity of two amines, nonylamine and decylamine, which have a narcotic effect on organisms, and ethylparathion (enzymatic inhibitor) on Daphnia magna has been studied when acting singly and in joint toxicity tests. This was done on the basis of an isobologram method where curves of constant response, i.e., isoboles are plotted vs. the concentrations of the two toxicants. The concentrations that immobilized 50, 10, and 0% of the test population in 48 h (IC50-48h, IC10-48h, and IC0-48h) were calculated. It is shown that nonylamine-decylamine mixtures follow a near concentration addition model of joint toxicity, while ethylparathion-decylamine mixtures follow a less than additive or near independent action model. The study was performed using three toxicity indices: additive index, sum of toxic units, and similarity parameter lambda. An analysis of the similarity parameter lambda is done to evaluate whether it has a constant value for IC50-48h, IC10-48h, and IC0-48h. The results suggest that it is quite probable that a constant value of lambda can be used to characterize all response levels, as the isoboles corresponding to the average value of the similarity parameter fit within the 95% confidence intervals of toxicant concentrations at all response levels. The average value of lambda is about 0.80 for the nonylamine-decylamine test and 0.30 for the ethylparathion-decylamine test. Environment & Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Building 115, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. dmg@kt.dtu.dk Merino-García Daniel D Kusk K Ole KO Christensen Erik R ER eng Journal Article

United States Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 IM 14675841 2003 12 16

0045-6535 54 11 2004 Mar Screening organic micropollutants in surface waters by SPE extraction and ecotoxicological testing. 1619-24 Complex mixtures of toxic substances occurring in surface waters are difficult to characterise by chemical analyses because each compound occurs at a very low concentration and requires a specific analytical method to be identified. Ecotoxicological tests on water extracts can be used as a screening tool to evaluate quickly and simply the overall quality of a water body with regard to micropollutant contamination. In this work, a pre-concentration procedure based on solid-phase extraction (SPE), suitable for both biological testing and analytical determination, is proposed. The extraction procedure is an improved version of a methodology used to evaluate the toxicity of organic micropollutants occurring in surface waters. It offers the advantage of using disposable commercial cartridges, which are easier to manage than the columns prepared with macromolecular resins. Water extracts from two representative Italian rivers, characterised by a different gradient of potential contamination and prepared according to the new concentration techniques, are used. The acute toxicity of the water extracts is tested on Daphnia magna and the bioluminescence inhibition in Vibrio fischeri. Criteria based on the concentration factor (CF) are proposed for assessing the hazard to aquatic life due to the exposure to toxic substances in surface waters. The aim of hazard ranking is to focus analytical efforts towards those samples that show the highest toxic potential. Department of Chemical, Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy Galassi Silvana S Guzzella Licia L Croce Valeria V eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 IM 14675640 2003 12 16

0043-1354 38 2 2004 Jan Toxicity to Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri of Kraft bleach plant effluents treated by catalytic wet-air oxidation. 289-300 Two Kraft-pulp bleaching effluents from a sequence of treatments which include chlorine dioxide and caustic soda were treated by catalytic wet-air oxidation (CWAO) at T=463K in trickle-bed and batch-recycle reactors packed with either TiO(2) extrudates or Ru(3wt%)/TiO(2) catalyst. Chemical analyses (TOC removal, color, HPLC) and bioassays (48-h and 30-min acute toxicity tests using Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri, respectively) were used to get information about the toxicity impact of the starting effluents and of the treated solutions. Under the operating conditions, complex organic compounds are mostly oxidized into carbon dioxide and water, along with short-chain carboxylic acids. Bioassays were found as a complement to chemical analyses for ensuring the toxicological impact on the ecosystem. In spite of a large decrease of TOC, the solutions of end products were all more toxic to Daphnia magna than the starting effluents by factors ranging from 2 to 33. This observation is attributed to the synergistic effects of acetic acid and salts present in the solutions. On the other hand, toxicity reduction with respect to Vibrio fischeri was achieved: detoxification factors greater than unity were measured for end-product solutions treated in the presence of the Ru(3wt%)/TiO(2) catalyst, suggesting the absence of cumulative effect for this bacteria, or a lower sensitivity to the organic acids and salts. Bleach plant effluents treated by the CWAO process over the Ru/TiO(2) catalyst were completely biodegradable. Laboratory for Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, P.O. Box 660, SI-1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia Pintar Albin A Besson Michèle M Gallezot Pierre P Gibert Janine J Martin Dominique D eng Journal Article

England Water Res 0105072 IM 14658289 2003 12 08 2003 12 19

0869-8031 43 5 2003 Sep-Oct [The influence of electromagnetic radiation of industrial frequency on Daphnia magna (Straus)] 552-4 The influence of electromagnetic radiation of industrial frequency on survival, efficiency, physiological parameters of Daphnia magna (Straus) was investigated. The electromagnetic field with intensity of a magnetic component 15 microTl and an electrical one 12 kV/m was generated. The researches were carried out in acute and chronic experiments. The experimental group was exposed to electromagnetic radiation for 8 hours daily for 30 days. As a result of the study it was revealed that the influence of electromagnetic radiation with the given parameters did not have the lethal effect on the test objects. It was found that electromagnetic radiation negatively affected Daphnia fertility. On the average, a real fertility of the Daphnia in the experimental unit was 26.32% compared to the control. The age of puberty in the experiment increased twice in comparison with the control. Saratov State University, Saratov, 410012 Russia. Malinina Iu A IuA Somov A Iu AIu rus Journal Article Vliianie élektromagnitnogo izlucheniia promyshlennoĭ chastoti 50 Gts na Daphnia magna (Straus).

Russia Radiats Biol Radioecol 9317212 IM Animals Comparative Study Daphnia physiology radiation effects Electromagnetic Fields English Abstract Female Fertility radiation effects Puberty radiation effects Research Time Factors 12778547 2003 06 03 2003 12 24

0014-3820 57 4 2003 Apr Test of synergistic interaction between infection and inbreeding in Daphnia magna. 777-83 It has been proposed that parasitic infections increase selection against inbred genotypes. We tested this hypothesis experimentally using pairs of selfed and outcrossed sibling lines of the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna, which can be maintained clonally. We studied the performance of selfed relative to outcrossed sibling clones during repeated pairwise clonal competition in the presence and absence of two species of microsporidian parasites. In 13 of the 14 pairs, the selfed clones did worse than the outcrossed ones in the control treatment, but the presence of either parasite did not result in an overall increase in this difference. Rather, it decreased the performance of the selfed relative to the outcrossed sibling in some pairs and increased it in others. Moreover, the two parasite species did not have the same effect in a given pair. This indicates that, contrary to the hypothesis that parasites generally lead to a decreased performance of inbred genotypes, their effect may depend on the genetic background of the host as well as on the parasite species, and suggests that inbreeding can lead to reduced or increased resistance to parasites. Our findings also indicate that there is variation for specific resistance to different species of parasites in the meta-population from which the hosts for this study were obtained. Université de Fribourg, Département de Biologie, Unité d'Ecologie et d'Evolution, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. christoph.haag@unifr.ch Haag Christoph R CR Sakwińska Olga O Ebert Dieter D eng Journal Article

United States Evolution Int J Org Evolution 0373224 IM Analysis of Variance Animals Clone Cells parasitology physiology Comparative Study Daphnia genetics parasitology Fresh Water Inbreeding Microsporida physiology Microsporidiosis genetics physiopathology Selection (Genetics) Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 12778548 2003 06 03 2003 12 24

0014-3820 57 4 2003 Apr Evidence for strong host clone-parasite species interactions in the Daphnia microparasite system. 784-92 Organisms are often confronted with multiple enemy species. Defenses against different parasite species may be traded off against each other. However, if resistance is based on (potentially costly) general defense mechanisms, it may be positively correlated among parasites. In an experimental study, we confronted 19 clones from one Daphnia magna population with two bacterial and three microsporidian parasite species. All parasites were isolated from the same pond as the hosts. Host clones were specific in their susceptibility towards different parasite species, and parasite species were host-clone specific in their infectivity, spore production, and virulence, resulting in highly significant host-parasite interactions. Since the Daphnia's resistance to different parasite species showed no obvious correlation, neither general defense mechanisms nor trade-offs in resistance explain our findings. None of the Daphnia clones were resistant to all parasite species, and the average level of resistance was quite similar among clones. This may reflect a cost of defense, so that the cumulative cost of being resistant to all parasite species might be too high. Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Catholic University of Leuven, Ch. De Bériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. ellen.decaestecker@bio.kuleuven.ac.be Decaestecker Ellen E Vergote Adelien A Ebert Dieter D De Meester Luc L eng Journal Article

United States Evolution Int J Org Evolution 0373224 IM Analysis of Variance Animals Belgium Clone Cells parasitology Comparative Study Daphnia parasitology Host-Parasite Relations Parasites pathogenicity physiology Species Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 14568357 2003 10 21 2004 01 05

0166-445X 65 4 2003 Dec 10 Behavioural response of the cladoceran Daphnia magna STRAUS to sublethal Copper stress--validation by image analysis. 435-42 In this study changes in the locomotory behaviour of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna STRAUS were used as sublethal indicators of toxic copper (Cu) stress. The behavioural responses were determined by a real time image analysis, using a video camera and a Pentium-PC equipped with a standard low cost frame grabber. For a sequence of 50 images per group, where 10 daphnids were moving simultaneously, the trajectories have been reconstructed in binary image sequences. As biological endpoints, we defined the average swimming velocity and the average duration of swimming activity and inactivity. The behavioural responses of the daphnids were analysed under normal conditions (without Cu stress) and after application of sublethal Cu stress of following concentrations (in microg l(-1) (ppb)): C1=1, C2=5, C3=10, C4=20, C5=30. The test organisms were exposed to the Cu concentration for 24 h under static conditions. Already after 9 h of Cu-exposure a significant (*P<0.05) decrease of the average swimming velocity could be observed at the group of the highest Cu concentration (30 ppb). After 13 h of Cu-contamination the swimming velocity was significantly (*P<0.05) reduced at group of 20 ppb Cu-treatment and after 14 h a significant (*P<0.05) decrease of the average swimming velocity could be measured at the group of 10 ppb Cu-treatment. No significant decrease of the swimming velocity could be observed in the 1 and 5 ppb Cu-treatment. Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria. hubert.untersteiner@uni-graz.at Untersteiner Hubert H Kahapka Jördis J Kaiser Helmut H eng Journal Article

Netherlands Aquat Toxicol 8500246 7440-50-8 Copper IM Analysis of Variance Animals Comparative Study Copper toxicity Daphnia physiology Locomotion drug effects Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Video Recording 12955498 2003 11 07 2004 01 05

1617-4615 270 2 2003 Nov Molecular evolutionary analysis of the widespread piggyBac transposon family and related "domesticated" sequences. 173-80 piggyBac is a short inverted-repeat-type DNA transposable element originally isolated from the genome of the moth Trichoplusia ni. It is currently the gene vector of choice for the transformation of various insect species. A few sequences with similarity to piggyBac have previously been identified from organisms such as humans ( Looper), the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes ( Pigibaku), Xenopus ( Tx), Daphnia ( Pokey), and the Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis. We have now identified 50 piggyBac-like sequences from publicly available genome sequences and expressed sequence tags (ESTs). This survey allows the first comparative examination of the distinctive piggyBac transposase, suggesting that it might contain a highly divergent DDD domain, comparable to the widespread DDE domain found in many DNA transposases and retroviral integrases which consists of two absolutely conserved aspartic acids separated by about 70 amino acids with a highly conserved glutamic acid about 35 amino acids further away. Many piggyBac-like sequences were found in the genomes of a phylogenetically diverse range of organisms including fungi, plants, insects, crustaceans, urochordates, amphibians, fishes and mammals. Also, several instances of "domestication" of the piggyBac transposase sequence by the host genome for cellular functions were identified. Novel members of the piggyBac family may be useful in genetic engineering of many organisms. Center for Tropical Disease Research and Training, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369, USA. Sarkar A A Sim C C Hong Y S YS Hogan J R JR Fraser M J MJ Robertson H M HM Collins F H FH eng P01AI45123 AI NIAID U01AI48846 AI NIAID U01AI50687-01 AI NIAID Journal Article 2003 08 29

Germany Mol Genet Genomics 101093320 0 DNA Transposable Elements IM Animals Anopheles genetics Comparative Study DNA Transposable Elements genetics Evolution, Molecular Genes, Insect Genome, Human Human Moths genetics Phylogeny Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Tetraodontiformes genetics 12827486 2003 08 07 2004 01 06

0029-8549 136 3 2003 Aug How Daphnia copes with excess carbon in its food. 336-46 Animals that maintain near homeostatic elemental ratios may get rid of excess ingested elements from their food in different ways. C regulation was studied in juveniles of Daphnia magna feeding on two Selenastrum capricornutum cultures contrasting in P content (400 and 80 C:P atomic ratios). Both cultures were labelled with (14)C in order to measure Daphnia ingestion and assimilation rates. No significant difference in ingestion rates was observed between P-low and P-rich food, whereas the net assimilation of (14)C was higher in the treatment with P-rich algae. Some Daphnia were also homogeneously labelled over 5 days on radioactive algae to estimate respiration rates and excretion rates of dissolved organic C (DOC). The respiration rate for Daphnia fed with high C:P algae (38.7% of body C day(-1)) was significantly higher than for those feeding on low C:P algae (25.3% of body C day(-1)). The DOC excretion rate was also higher when animals were fed on P-low algae (13.4% of body C day(-1)) than on P-rich algae (5.7% of body C day(-1)). When corrected for respiratory losses, total assimilation of C did not differ significantly between treatments (around 60% of body C day(-1)). Judging from these experiments, D. magna can maintain its stoichiometric balance when feeding on unbalanced diets (high C:P) primarily by disposing of excess dietary C via respiration and excretion of DOC. URBO--Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium. Darchambeau François F Faerøvig Per J PJ Hessen Dag O DO eng Journal Article 2003 06 19

Germany Oecologia 0150372 7440-44-0 Carbon 7723-14-0 Phosphorus IM Adaptation, Physiological Algae chemistry Animals Carbon metabolism Daphnia physiology Diet Energy Metabolism Homeostasis Phosphorus metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 14648896 2003 12 03 2004 01 06

0951-4198 17 23 2003 Effect of preparation and preservation procedures on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope determinations from zooplankton. 2605-10 A literature survey of zooplankton stable isotope studies revealed inconsistencies between authors concerning (a) fixation and (b) allowance for gut clearance of zooplankton prior to delta13C and delta15N determinations. To address whether commonly used preservation techniques induce changes in stable isotope values, fresh lake zooplankton (control) were compared with preserved (ethanol, methanol, formaldehyde, gluteraldehyde, frozen and shock frozen) material. Differences of up to 1.1 per thousand for carbon and 1.5 per thousand for nitrogen isotopic signatures were found. Even freezing, the most frequently used method identified from the literature, caused significant changes compared with the control. We advocate the use of fresh material prepared immediately whenever possible, or complementary testing of the preservative method to be used. Larger organisms are routinely eviscerated, or specific tissues are dissected, and analysed for stable isotopes to reduce errors introduced via the gut contents. Yet zooplankton gut clearance is rarely performed: the gut content assumed to be negligible relative to organism mass. Experimental determinations of relative gut mass, from both original and compiled data, range from 1-26% for different zooplankton species. Using reported isotopic values of basal resources from natural systems, we calculated that, when analysing bulk zooplankton, inclusion of the gut mass may introduce substantial errors of >3 per thousand. Thus it appears prudent to perform the simple procedure of gut clearance, especially for copepod species. Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Max Planck Institute of Limnology, Post Box 165, 24302 Plön, Germany. feuchtmayr@mpil-ploen.mpg.de Feuchtmayr Heidrun H Grey Jonathan J eng Journal Article

England Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 8802365 0 Carbon Isotopes 0 Nitrogen Isotopes 7440-44-0 Carbon 7727-37-9 Nitrogen IM Animals Carbon chemistry Carbon Isotopes Daphnia chemistry Digestive System chemistry Nitrogen chemistry Nitrogen Isotopes Spectrum Analysis, Mass Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Zooplankton chemistry 14674580 2003 12 16 2004 01 06

0090-4341 45 3 2003 Oct Joint toxicity of similarly and dissimilarly acting chemicals to Daphnia magna at different response levels. 289-96 The toxicity of two amines, nonylamine and decylamine, which have a narcotic effect on organisms, and ethylparathion (enzymatic inhibitor) on Daphnia magna has been studied when acting singly and in joint toxicity tests. This was done on the basis of an isobologram method where curves of constant response, i.e., isoboles are plotted vs. the concentrations of the two toxicants. The concentrations that immobilized 50, 10, and 0% of the test population in 48 h (IC50-48h, IC10-48h, and IC0-48h) were calculated. It is shown that nonylamine-decylamine mixtures follow a near concentration addition model of joint toxicity, while ethylparathion-decylamine mixtures follow a less than additive or near independent action model. The study was performed using three toxicity indices: additive index, sum of toxic units, and similarity parameter lambda. An analysis of the similarity parameter lambda is done to evaluate whether it has a constant value for IC50-48h, IC10-48h, and IC0-48h. The results suggest that it is quite probable that a constant value of lambda can be used to characterize all response levels, as the isoboles corresponding to the average value of the similarity parameter fit within the 95% confidence intervals of toxicant concentrations at all response levels. The average value of lambda is about 0.80 for the nonylamine-decylamine test and 0.30 for the ethylparathion-decylamine test. Environment & Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Building 115, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. dmg@kt.dtu.dk Merino-García Daniel D Kusk K Ole KO Christensen Erik R ER eng Journal Article

United States Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 0357245 0 Amines 0 Cholinesterase Inhibitors 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 112-20-9 1-nonylamine 2016-57-1 decylamine 56-38-2 Parathion IM Amines toxicity Animals Cholinesterase Inhibitors toxicity Daphnia Lethal Dose 50 Parathion Reproducibility of Results Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 14713047 2004 01 09

0730-7268 22 12 2003 Dec Toxicity of mono- and diesters of o-phthalic esters to a crustacean, a green alga, and a bacterium. 3037-43 The degradation of phthalic acid diesters may lead to formation of o-phthalic acid and phthalic acid monoesters. The ecotoxic properties of the monoesters have never been systematically investigated, and concern has been raised that these degradation products may be more toxic than the diesters. Therefore, the aquatic toxicity of phthalic acid, six monoesters, and five diesters of o-phthalic acid was tested in three standardized toxicity tests using the bacteria Vibrio fischeri, the green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and the crustacean Daphnia magna. The monoesters tested were monomethyl, monoethyl, monobutyl, monobenzyl, mono(2-ethylhexyl), and monodecyl phthalate, while the diesters tested were dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, butylbentyl, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, which were assumed to be below their water solubility. The median effective concentration (EC50) values for the three organisms ranged from 103 mg/L to >4.710 mg/L for phthalic acid, and corresponding values for the monoesters ranged from 2.3 mg/L (monodecyl phthalate in bacteria test) to 4,130 mg/L (monomethyl phthalate in bacteria test). Dimethyl and diethyl phthalate were found to be the least toxic of the diesters (EC50 26.2-377 mg/L), and the toxicity of the other diesters (butylbenzyl and dibutyl phthalate) ranged from 0.96 to 7.74 mg/L. In general, the phthalate monoesters (degradation products) were less toxic than the corresponding diesters (mother compounds). Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping University, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden. Jonsson Susanne S Baun Anders A eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 IM 14713050 2004 01 09

0730-7268 22 12 2003 Dec Agricultural adjuvants: acute mortality and effects on population growth rate of Daphnia pulex after chronic exposure. 3056-61 Acute and chronic toxicity of eight agricultural adjuvants (Bond, Kinetic, Plyac, R-11, Silwet L-77, Sylgard 309, X-77, and WaterMaxx) to Daphnia pulex were evaluated with 48-h acute lethal concentration estimates (LC50) and a 10-d population growth-rate measurement, the instantaneous rate of increase (r1). Based on LC50, the order of toxicity was R-11 > X-77 = Sylgard 309 = Silwet L-77 > Kinetic > Bond > Plyac > WaterMaxx; all LC50 estimates were higher than the expected environmental concentration (EEC) of 0.79 mg/L, indicating that none of these adjuvants should cause high levels of mortality in wild D. pulex populations. Extinction, defined as negative population growth rate, occurred after exposure to 0.9 mg/L R-11, 13 mg/L X-77, 25 mg/L Kinetic, 28 mg/L Silwet, 18 mg/L Sylgard, 450 mg/L Bond, 610 mg/L Plyac, and 1,600 mg/L WaterMaxx. Concentrations that caused extinction were substantially below the acute LC50 for R-11, Kinetic, Plyac, X-77, and Bond. The no-observable-effects concentration (NOEC) and lowest-observable-effects concentration (LOEC) for the number of offspring per surviving female after exposure to R-11 were 0.5 and 0.75 mg/L, respectively. The NOEC and LOEC for population size after exposure to R-11 were (1.25 and 0.5 mg/L, respectively. Both of these values were lower than the EEC, indicating that R-11 does have the potential to cause damage to D. pulex populations after application at recommended field rates. The wide range of concentrations causing extinction makes it difficult to generalize about the potential impacts that agricultural adjuvants might have on aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, additional studies that examine effects on other nontarget organisms and determine residues in aquatic ecosystems may be warranted. Washington State University, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, Washington 98371, USA. stark@puyallup.wsu.edu Stark John D JD Walthall William K WK eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 IM 14702086 2003 12 31 2004 01 12

1476-4687 427 6969 2004 Jan 1 Unsaturated fatty acid content in seston and tropho-dynamic coupling in lakes. 69-72 Determining the factors that control food web interactions is a key issue in ecology. The empirical relationship between nutrient loading (total phosphorus) and phytoplankton standing stock (chlorophyll a) in lakes was described about 30 years ago and is central for managing surface water quality. The efficiency with which biomass and energy are transferred through the food web and sustain the production of higher trophic levels (such as fish) declines with nutrient loading and system productivity, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that in seston (fine particles in water) during summer, specific omega3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega3-PUFAs), which are important for zooplankton, are significantly correlated to the trophic status of the lake. The omega3-PUFAs octadecatetraenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid, but not alpha-linolenic acid, decrease on a double-logarithmic scale with increasing total phosphorus. By combining the empirical relationship between EPA-to-carbon content and total phosphorus with functional models relating EPA-to-carbon content to the growth and egg production of daphnids, we predict secondary production for this key consumer. Thus, the decreasing efficiency in energy transfer with increasing lake productivity can be explained by differences in omega3-PUFA-associated food quality at the plant-animal interface. University of California, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA. doerthe.mueller-navarra@uni-hamburg.de Müller-Navarra Dörthe C DC Brett Michael T MT Park Sangkyu S Chandra Sudeep S Ballantyne Ashley P AP Zorita Eduardo E Goldman Charles R CR eng Journal Article

England Nature 0410462 0 Fatty Acids, Unsaturated 1406-65-1 Chlorophyll 479-61-8 chlorophyll a 7440-44-0 Carbon 7723-14-0 Phosphorus IM Animals Biomass Carbon metabolism Chlorophyll metabolism Daphnia growth & development physiology Fatty Acids, Unsaturated analysis Food Food Chain Fresh Water chemistry Ovum physiology Particle Size Phosphorus metabolism Phytoplankton metabolism Seasons Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Zooplankton metabolism 12919485 2003 08 15 2004 01 13

0962-1083 12 9 2003 Sep Molecular approach to aquatic environmental bioreporting: differential response to environmental inducers of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes in the detritivorous subalpine planktonic Crustacea, Daphnia pulex. 2473-81 In order to examine the usefulness of detoxifying genes as molecular markers in different chemical environments, isolation of cytochrome P450 genes (CYPs) belonging to the CYP4 family was performed in different samples from two subalpine populations of Daphnia pulex. The use of degenerate primers allowed us to isolate seven cDNAs. Four of them were assigned to the CYP4C subfamily, and were closely related to previously isolated crustacean CYP4s while the others were assigned to new CYP4AN and CYP4AP subfamilies. Expression studies, using semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by Southern blot hybridization with specific probes revealed differences in CYP4C32 and CYP4AP1 expressions between the two populations, which differ in the polyphenol richness of the vegetation surrounding their aquatic habitat. Further exposure to toxic dietary polyphenols showed different CYP induction patterns. Taken together, these preliminary results suggest a possible involvement of CYP4s in the ecological differentiation of subalpine D. pulex populations related to the polyphenol richness of the environmental vegetation. CYP4s may thus be considered as possible molecular markers in aquatic environmental bioreporting. Laboratoire Ecosystèmes et Changements Environnementaux, EA 3112, Centre de Biologie Alpine, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France. David P P Dauphin-Villemant C C Mesneau A A Meyran J C JC eng Journal Article

England Mol Ecol 9214478 0 DNA Primers 0 Flavonoids 0 Phenols 0 polyphenols 9035-51-2 Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System IM Amino Acid Sequence Animals Blotting, Southern Comparative Study Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System genetics DNA Primers Daphnia drug effects genetics metabolism Environmental Monitoring Flavonoids metabolism toxicity Fresh Water chemistry Gene Expression Profiling Gene Expression Regulation drug effects Molecular Sequence Data Phenols metabolism toxicity Phylogeny Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Sequence Analysis, DNA Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 12946890 2003 08 29 2004 01 13

0043-1354 37 17 2003 Oct Combined toxicity effects of MTBE and pesticides measured with Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna bioassays. 4091-8 Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a fuel oxygenate that is added to gasoline, commonly contaminates aquatic systems, many of which are already contaminated with pesticides. The toxic effects (EC(50) value) of several pure pesticides (Diuron, Linuron, Dichlofluanid, Sea nine, Irgarol and tributyltin (TBT)) were measured and compared with the EC(50) value of the pesticide mixed with MTBE, using the Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna acute toxicity assays. The interaction between chemicals was evaluated in terms of the effects of mixing on the EC(50) value (i.e. the concentration (mg/L) of a compound or mixture that is required to produce a 50% change in a toxic response parameter) and the time required to generate the toxic response. Presence of MTBE enhanced the EC(50) value of several pesticides (Diuron, Dichlofluanid, TBT and Linuron) and/or the toxic response manifested more rapidly than with pure pesticides. Toxicity enhancements were quite substantial in many cases. For example, the presence of MTBE increased the toxicity of Diuron by more than 50% when tested with the V. fischeri assay (5, 15 and 30 min exposure). Also, the toxic response manifested itself within 5 min whereas without the MTBE the same response arose in 30 min. Presence of MTBE increased the toxicity of Dichlofluanid by 30% when measured with the D. magna assay. Toxicities of only two pesticides (Sea nine and Irgarol) were not raised by the presence of MTBE. Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain. Hernando M D MD Ejerhoon M M Fernández-Alba A R AR Chisti Y Y eng Journal Article

England Water Res 0105072 0 Carcinogens 0 Methyl Ethers 0 Pesticides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 1634-04-4 methyl tert-butyl ether IM Animals Biological Assay Carcinogens toxicity Daphnia Drug Interactions Lethal Dose 50 Methyl Ethers toxicity Pesticides toxicity Sensitivity and Specificity Vibrio Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity 14524685 2003 10 03 2004 01 13

1093-4529 38 10 2003 Operational strategies for a small wastewater treatment plant using OUR, microscopic analysis, and toxicity test. 2329-38 This study was focused on determining the optimal operational conditions of a small domestic wastewater treatment plant (SWP) with a flow rate of 1000 m3 d(-1) using oxygen uptake rate (OUR) data, microscopic analyses, and effluent toxicity testing with Daphnia magna in parallel to wastewater characterization. Chemical analyses of nine samples, taken from different points of the treatment plant over a nine months period, presented strong domestic wastewater characteristics. The plant performance for meeting discharge standards was not sufficient enough for TP parameter. Aeration capacity and sludge recycle ratio were adjusted to improve the performance of the system and to prevent any operational problems, such as bulking. Although the inflow was 100% toxic, effluent toxicity following treatment was decreased to 5%. Filamentous bacteria were in "excessive" amount. The dominant filamentous bacteria species were determined as Nostocoioda limicola II. Reevaluation of the discharge limits with respect to nutrient removal, geographic location, and receiving water quality subject to treatment effluent discharges. Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey. smeric@ins.itu.edu.tr Meriç S S Ovez S S Kaptan D D Orhon D D eng Journal Article

United States J Environ Sci Health Part A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 9812551 0 Water Pollutants 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Bacteria Daphnia Oxygen metabolism Population Dynamics Quality Control Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Waste Disposal, Fluid methods Water Movements Water Pollutants isolation & purification toxicity Water Purification methods 14718511 2004 01 13

0022-0949 207 Pt 4 2004 Feb 1 The dichotomous oxyregulatory behaviour of the planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna. 683-96 The dual function of appendage movement (food acquisition, ventilation) proved to be the key to explaining the peculiar oxyregulatory repertoire of the planktonic filter feeder Daphnia magna. Short-term hypoxic exposure experiments with normoxia-acclimated animals under varying food concentrations revealed a dichotomous response pattern with a compensatory tachycardia under food-free conditions and a ventilatory compensation prevailing under food-rich conditions. Food-free, normoxic conditions resulted in maximum appendage beating rates (fA) and half-maximum heart rates (fH), which restricted the scope for oxyregulation to the circulatory system. Food-rich conditions (10(5) algal cells ml(-1)), on the contrary, had a depressing effect on fA whereas fH increased to 83% of the maximum. In this physiological state, D. magna was able to respond to progressive hypoxia with a compensatory increase in ventilation. A conceptual and mathematical model was developed to analyse the efficiency of ventilatory and circulatory adjustments in improving oxygen transport to tissue. Model predictions showed that an increase in perfusion rate was most effective under both food-free and food-rich conditions in reducing the critical ambient oxygen tension (P(O(2crit))) at which oxygen supply to the tissue started to become impeded. By contrast, a hypothetical increase in ventilation rate had almost no effect on P(O(2crit)) under food-free conditions, indicating that appendage movement is driven by nutritive rather than respiratory requirements. However, the model predicted a moderate reduction of P(O(2crit)) by hyperventilation under food-rich conditions. Since the regulatory scope for an adjustment in fH was found to be limited in D. magna under these conditions, the increase in ventilation rate is the means of choice for a fed animal to cope with short-term, moderate reductions in ambient oxygen availability. Under long-term and more severe hypoxic conditions, however, the increase in the concentration and oxygen affinity of haemoglobin represents the one and only measure for improving the transport of oxygen from environment to cells. Institut für Zoophysiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Hindenburgplatz 55, 48143 Münster, Germany. Pirow R R Buchen I I eng Journal Article

England J Exp Biol 0243705 IM 12685732 2003 04 10 2004 01 14

0730-7268 22 4 2003 Apr Pesticide risk assessment in a lagoon ecosystem. Part II: effect assessment and risk characterization. 936-42 Ecotoxicological risk assessment for pesticides was performed on a coastal lagoon ecosystem (Orbetello lagoon, central Italy) according to the procedure described in the European technical guidance document (TGD) on risk assessment for new and existing substances. The procedure was applied to individual chemicals and to a mixture of chemicals with the same toxicological mode of action. Biomarker studies, measuring acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity inhibition, were conducted on Zosterisessor ophiocephalus to compare the results of theoretical risk assessment with experimental measurements of ecotoxicological stress. Value and limitations of the risk assessment procedure and its application to site-specific environmental conditions are discussed. A tool crop risk index (CRI) for assessing the overall impact of pesticide use on a crop is proposed. University of Milano Bicocca, Department of Environmental and Landscape Sciences, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milano, Italy. Villa Sara S Vighi Marco M Casini Silvia S Focardi Silvano S eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Biological Markers 0 Pesticides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical EC 3.1.1.7 Acetylcholinesterase IM Acetylcholinesterase metabolism Algae drug effects metabolism Animals Biological Markers analysis Daphnia drug effects metabolism Ecosystem Fishes metabolism Fresh Water chemistry Geologic Sediments chemistry Italy Pesticides analysis toxicity Risk Assessment methods Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Time Factors Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis toxicity 12646131 2003 03 20 2004 01 15

0960-9822 13 6 2003 Mar 18 Maternal transfer of strain-specific immunity in an invertebrate. 489-92 The most celebrated component of the vertebrate immune system is the acquired response in which memory cells established during primary infection enhance the proliferation of antibodies during secondary infection. Additionally, the strength of vertebrate acquired immune responses varies dramatically depending on the infecting pathogen species or on the pathogen genotype within species. Because invertebrates lack the T-cell receptors and Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules that mediate vertebrate adaptive immune responses, they are thought to lack adaptive immunity and be relatively unspecific in their interactions with pathogens. With only innate immunity, invertebrate hosts are believed to be nai;ve at each new encounter with pathogens. Nevertheless, some forms of facultative immunity appear to be important in insects; some individuals have enhanced immunity due to population density, and some social insects benefit when their nest-mates have been exposed to a pathogen or pathogen mimic (; see for a predation example.) Here we provide evidence for acquired strain-specific immunity in the crustacean Daphnia magna infected with the pathogenic bacteria Pasteuria ramosa. Specifically, the fitness of hosts was enhanced when challenged with a bacterial strain their mother had experienced relative to cases when mother and offspring were challenged with different strains. Institute for Cell, Animal, and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom. tom.little@ed.ac.uk Little Tom J TJ O'Connor Benjamin B Colegrave Nick N Watt Kathryn K Read Andrew F AF eng Journal Article

England Curr Biol 9107782 IM Animals Daphnia immunology microbiology Female Fertility Host-Parasite Relations Immunity, Maternally-Acquired immunology Species Specificity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 14575758 2003 10 24

0045-6535 54 3 2004 Jan Color and COD removal from wastewater containing Reactive Black 5 using Fenton's oxidation process. 435-41 In this study, Reactive Black 5 (RB5) was removed from synthetic wastewater using Fenton's oxidation (FO) process. Experiments were conducted on the samples containing 100 and 200 mg l(-1) of RB5 to remove the dye toxicity. Seventy-five milligram per litre of RB5 caused 25% toxicity on 24-h born daphnids whereas 100 mg l(-1) of RB5 displayed 100% toxicity on Daphnia magna. The study was performed in a systematic approach searching optimum values of FeSO(4) and H(2)O(2) concentrations, pH and temperature. Optimum pH and temperature for 100 mg l(-1) of RB5 were observed as 3.0 and 40 degrees C, respectively, using 100 mg l(-1) of FeSO(4) and 400 mg l(-1) of H(2)O(2) resulted in 71% chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 99% color removal. For 200 mg l(-1) of RB5, 84% COD removal was obtained using 225 mg l(-1) of FeSO(4) and 1000 mg l(-1) of H(2)O(2) yielding 0.05 molar ratio at pH 3.0 and 40 degrees C. Color removal was also more than 99%. The optimum conditions determined in accordance with the literature data. The H(2)O(2) requirement seems to be related to initial COD of the sample. FeSO(4)/H(2)O(2) ratios found were not changed for both concentrations. The temperature affected the COD removal significantly at high degrees. Toxicity was completely removed for each concentration of RB5 at optimum removal conditions. Environmental Engineering Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey. smeric@ins.itu.edu.tr Meriç Süreyya S Kaptan Deniz D Olmez Tuğba T eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 IM 14659459 2003 12 08

1532-0456 136 3 2003 Nov Acclimation of Daphnia magna to environmentally realistic copper concentrations. 253-64 It may be hypothesised that as the bioavailable background concentration of an essential metal increases (within natural limits), the natural tolerance (to the metal) of the acclimated/adapted organisms and communities will increase. In this study the influence of acclimation to different copper concentrations on the sensitivity of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna Straus was investigated. D. magna was acclimated over three generations to environmentally relevant copper concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 100 microg Cu/l (copper activity: 7.18 x 10(-15) to 3700 x 10(-12) M Cu2+). A modified standard test medium was used as culture and test medium. Medium modifications were: reduced hardness (lowered to 180 mg CaCO3/l) and addition of Aldrich humic acid at a concentration of 5 mg DOC/l (instead of EDTA). The effects of acclimation on these organisms were monitored using acute mortality assays and long-term assays in which life table parameters, copper body concentrations and energy reserves were used as test endpoints. Our results showed a two-fold increase in acute copper tolerance with increasing acclimation concentration for second and third generation organisms. Copper acclimation concentrations up to 35 microg Cu/l (80 pM Cu2+) did not affect the net reproduction and the intrinsic growth rate. The energy reserves of the acclimated daphnids revealed an Optimal Concentration range (OCEE) and concentrations between 5 and 12 microg Cu/l (0.5-4.1 pM Cu2+) and 1 and 35 microg Cu/l (0.023-80 pM Cu2+) seemed to be optimal for first and third generation daphnids, respectively. Lower and higher copper concentrations resulted in deficiency and toxicity responses. It was also demonstrated that up to 35 microg Cu/l, third generation daphnids were able to regulate their total copper body concentration. These results clearly indicate that bioavailable background copper concentrations present in culture media have to be considered in the evaluation of toxicity test results, especially when the toxicity data are used for water quality guideline derivation and/or ecological risk assessment for metals. Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, J. Plateaustraat 22, Ghent B-9000, Belgium. bart.bossuyt@ugent.be Bossuyt Bart T A BT Janssen Colin R CR eng Journal Article

United States Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 100959500 IM 12924025 2003 08 19 2004 01 20

0201-8470 74 6 2002 Nov-Dec [Application of chemiluminescent technique for determination of Daphnia magna sensitivity to various types of toxic agents] 120-4 The character and intensity of activated chemiluminescence of Daphnia living medium are investigated depending on the effect on them of various concentration different in nature toxic substances, such, as potassium bichromate, methomyl and tween-80. It is shown, that the toxic influence of these agents can be defined by registration of stimulating effect of Daphnia's exometabolites on the process of chemiluminescence. The sensitivity of the method makes: for potassium chromate--0.005 mg/l, methomyl--0.0013 mg/l and tween-80--0.1 mg/l. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv. Levkovets' I A IA Ivashkevych S P SP Nazarenko V I VI Starodub M F MF ukr Journal Article Zastosuvannia khemiliuminestsentnoho metodu dlia vyznachennia chutlyvosti Daphnia magna do riznykh typiv toksychnykh rechovyn.

Ukraine Ukr Biokhim Zh 7804246 0 Polysorbates 16752-77-5 Methomyl 7778-50-9 Potassium Dichromate IM Animals Chemiluminescence Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug English Abstract Methomyl toxicity Polysorbates toxicity Potassium Dichromate toxicity Toxicity Tests 14677368 2003 12 17 2004 01 22

0004-1254 54 3 2003 Sep Aquatic toxicity of selected chemicals as a basic criterion for environmental classification. 207-13 In order to protect public health and the environment, the EU legislation has proposed a classification of dangerous substances. Chemicals are classified according to physico-chemical as well as toxicological and ecotoxicological properties. Environmental classification is based on inherent harmful potential of a substance to organisms and on its environmental fate, that is, degradation and bioaccumulation potential. In this study, experimental data on acute and chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms and biodegradability and bioaccumulation data obtained from literature were used to classify arsenic (applied as As2O3), copper (applied as CuCl2), phenol and 1,4-butynediol. For this purpose, the "base set data" obtained from standardised test methods served as a convenient indicator of the inherent toxicity of tested chemicals. Additional data about environmentally relevant properties of arsenic and 1,4-butynediol could lead to a revision of present chemical classification and labelling. National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana. tatjana.tisler@ki.si Tisler Tatjana T Zagorc-Koncan Jana J eng Journal Article

Croatia Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 0373100 0 Butylene Glycols 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical 108-95-2 Phenol 110-63-4 1,4-butanediol 7440-38-2 Arsenic 7440-50-8 Copper IM Animals Arsenic toxicity Butylene Glycols toxicity Copper toxicity Daphnia drug effects Phenol toxicity Scenedesmus drug effects Toxicity Tests Water Pollutants, Chemical classification toxicity 14737473 2004 01 22

1464-0325 6 1 2004 Feb A yeast-based cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assay for environmental monitoring using novel portable instrumentation. 71-9 An assay capable of simultaneously measuring both general toxicity and more subtle genotoxicity, in aqueous environmental samples, is described. The assay uses eukaryotic (yeast) cells, genetically modified to express a green fluorescent protein (GFP) whenever DNA damage, as a result of exposure to genotoxic agents, is repaired. A measure of the reduction in cell proliferation is used to characterise general toxicity producing familiar EC(50) and LOEC data. The assay protocol has been developed for proposed use in the field and hence employs dedicated, portable instrumentation, the development of which is described. A range of environmentally relevant substances has been evaluated using the assay, including solutions of metal ions, solvents and pesticides. Preliminary data comparing the yeast assay's response to that of a standard Daphnia test in the analysis of the toxicity of 34 varied industrial waste effluents are also presented. The sensitivity to a wide range of substances and effluents suggests the assay should be useful for environmental toxicity monitoring. Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Science, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, PO Box 88, Manchester, UKM60 1QD. Knight Andrew W AW Keenan Patrick O PO Goddard Nicholas J NJ Fielden Peter R PR Walmsley Richard M RM eng Journal Article 2003 11 14

England J Environ Monit 100968688 IM 14655044 2004 01 27

0029-8549 138 3 2004 Feb Persistent maternal identity effects on life history traits in Daphnia. 379-86 The aim of the present study was to examine the magnitude and persistence of maternal effects in Daphnia, in particular maternal identity effects. I studied life history traits of a single clone of Daphnia galeata born to 40 different mothers belonging to three age groups. Maternal identity had large effects on offspring traits, that is, identically treated clonal females differed substantially in respect to the traits of their offspring, including size at birth, age at maturity, and number of second generation offspring. The effects of maternal identity on these traits were largely independent of maternally induced differences in offspring size, indicating that maternal effects were mediated through offspring quality. Maternal age also affected offspring traits: older mothers gave birth to larger offspring which matured earlier, were larger and more fecund, and survived better until maturity. Individuals which were larger at birth also had a better chance of survival. Contrary to expectation, I found little evidence that maternal identity or maternal age had any influence on their offsprings' response to fish kairomones. Zoology Institute, University of Basel, Rheinsprung 9, 4051, Basel, Switzerland, Olga.Sakwinska@ext.unil.ch Sakwińska Olga O eng Journal Article 2003 12 04

Germany Oecologia 0150372 IM 14716554 2004 01 27

0029-8549 138 3 2004 Feb Effects of stoichiometric dietary mixing on Daphnia growth and reproduction. 333-40 Herbivores often encounter nutritional deficiencies in their diets because of low nutrient content of plant biomass. Consumption of various diet items with different nutrient contents can potentially alleviate these nutritional deficiencies. However, most laboratory studies and modeling of herbivorous animals have been done with diets in which all food has uniform nutrient content. It is not clear whether heterogeneous versus uniform food of equal overall nutrient content is of equivalent nutritional value. We tested the effects of dietary mixing on performance of a model organism, Daphnia. We fed two species of Daphnia ( D. galeata, D. pulicaria) with diets of equivalent bulk stoichiometric food quality (C:P) and studied whether they would produce equivalent performance when C:P was uniform among cells or when the diet involved a mixture of high C:P and low C:P cells. Daphnia were fed saturating and limiting concentrations of a uniform food of moderate C:P (UNI) or mixtures (MIX) of high C:P (LOP) and low C:P (HIP) algae prepared to match C:P in UNI. Daphnia were also fed HIP and LOP algae separately. Juvenile growth rate and adult fecundity were measured. D. galeata performance in UNI and MIX treatments did not differ, indicating that partitioning of C and P among particles did not affect dietary quality. Similarly, D. pulicaria's performance was similar in the MIX and UNI treatments but only at low food abundance. In the high food treatment, both growth and reproduction were higher in the MIX treatment, indicating some benefit of a more heterogeneous diet. The mechanisms for this improvement are unclear. Also, food quality affected growth and reproduction even at low food levels for both D. pulicaria and D. galeata. Our results indicate that some species of zooplankton can benefit from stoichiometric heterogeneity on diet. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 85287-4501, Tempe, AZ, USA, k.acharya@asu.edu Acharya Kumud K Kyle Marcia M Elser James J JJ eng Journal Article 2004 01 10

Germany Oecologia 0150372 IM 14745105 2004 01 27

0289-0003 21 1 2004 Jan Crystalline calcium phosphate and magnetic mineral content of Daphnia resting eggs. 63-7 Daphnia is a key crustacean zooplankton of freshwater food chains. One factor that ensures successful propagation is the Daphnia resting eggs, which are able to retain structural integrity under extreme conditions. Until recently little was known about the chemical composition, microanatomy, and physical properties of the egg itself. The current study demonstrates that the resting eggs: (1) have shells that are made up of crystalline calcium phosphate and include a honeycombed structure, and (2) contain magnetic material having properties consistent with magnetite. These properties of the resting eggs may ensure Daphnia survival in harsh environments. Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Waseda University. Kawasaki Tamami T Yoshimura Hideyuki H Shibue Toshimichi T Ikeuchi Yuko Y Sakata Masanobu M Igarashi Keisuke K Takada Hidekazu H Hoshino Kazuhito K Kohn Kay K Namiki Hideo H eng Journal Article

Japan Zoolog Sci 8702287 IM 14638297 2003 11 25

0269-7491 127 3 2004 Effect of food level on the acute and chronic responses of daphnids to lindane. 367-75 The toxic effects of lindane on the zooplankton communities may be strongly related to the population fitness, which is highly dependent on food availability. In order to test this hypothesis, acute (immobilisation) and chronic (life-history) responses of Daphnia longispina and Daphnia magna, reared at different food levels (low, normal, and high), were assessed in laboratorial exposures to several concentrations of lindane. A bifactorial design was employed (food level versus lindane concentration) for both species. Results showed that lindane was toxic to both D. magna and D. longispina, within a similar range. However, lindane toxicity to daphnids was dependent on food level, suggesting that the latter is an important factor to take into account when assessing the toxic effects of lindane on zooplankton communities. Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. sara@bio.ua.pt Antunes Sara C SC Castro Bruno B BB Gonçalves Fernando F eng Journal Article

England Environ Pollut 8804476 IM 14746270 2004 01 28

1631-0691 326 12 2003 Dec [In Process Citation] 1157-62 The role of the eyes, and more precisely that of the ommatidian pigments, in the control of daily rhythms of movement of Daphnia longispina is investigated. In the laboratory, under permanent light (LL), the pigmentary modifications observed are globally similar to those observed in situ, except in their timing, around dusk, LL cycles do not coincide with the ascent of daphnids but precede it. This is the expression of an endogenous free-running rhythm. Therefore, in D. longispina, an internal oscillator controls DVMs, which are circadian and not nycthemeral, and, in situ, illumination at dawn suffices to synchronize migrations on dark/light alternation. Laboratoire de biologie animale et appliquée, Faculté des sciences et techniques, 23, rue du Docteur-Paul-Michelon, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France. cellier@univ-st-etienne.fr Cellier-Michel Sandrine S Berthon Jean-Louis JL fre Journal Article Variations structurales de l'oeil, liées aux migrations verticales journalières de Daphnia longispina.

France C R Biol 101140040 IM 14599508 2003 11 05

0045-6535 54 5 2004 Feb Toxicity of prednisolone, dexamethasone and their photochemical derivatives on aquatic organisms. 629-37 Light exposure of aqueous suspensions of prednisolone and dexamethasone causes their partial phototransformation. The photoproducts, isolated by chromatographic techniques, have been identified by spectroscopic means. Prednisolone, dexamethasone and their photoproducts have been tested to evaluate their acute and chronic toxic effects on some freshwater chain organisms. The rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and the crustaceans Thamnocephalus platyurus and Daphnia magna were chosen to perform acute toxicity tests, while the alga Pseudokircheneriella subcapitata (formerly known as Selenastrum capricornutum) and the crustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia to perform chronic tests. The photochemical derivatives are more toxic than the parent compounds. Generally low acute toxicity was found. Chronic exposure to this class of pharmaceuticals caused inhibition of growth population on the freshwater crustacean C. dubia while the alga P. subcapitata seems to be less affected by the presence of these drugs. Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy. dellagre@unina.it DellaGreca Marina M Fiorentino Antonio A Isidori Marina M Lavorgna Margherita M Previtera Lucio L Rubino Maria M Temussi Fabio F eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 IM 14724637 2004 01 15 2004 02 02

1476-4687 427 6971 2004 Jan 15 Whole-lake carbon-13 additions reveal terrestrial support of aquatic food webs. 240-3 Ecosystems are supported by organic carbon from two distinct sources. Endogenous carbon is produced by photosynthesis within an ecosystem by autotrophic organisms. Exogenous carbon is produced elsewhere and transported into ecosystems. Consumers may use exogenous carbon with consequent influences on population dynamics, predator-prey relationships and ecosystem processes. For example, exogenous inputs provide resources that may enhance consumer abundance beyond levels supported by within-system primary production. Exogenous fluxes of organic carbon to ecosystems are often large, but this material is recalcitrant and difficult to assimilate, in contrast to endogenously produced organic matter, which is used more easily. Here we show, by the experimental manipulation of dissolved inorganic (13)C in two lakes, that internal primary production is insufficient to support the food webs of these ecosystems. Additions of NaH(13)CO(3) enriched the (13)C content of dissolved inorganic carbon, particulate organic carbon, zooplankton and fish. Dynamics of (13)C indicate that 40-55% of particulate organic carbon and 22-50% of zooplankton carbon are derived from terrestrial sources, showing that there is significant subsidy of these ecosystems by organic carbon produced outside their boundaries. Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York 12545, USA. pacem@ecostudies.org Pace Michael L ML Cole Jonathan J JJ Carpenter Stephen R SR Kitchell James F JF Hodgson James R JR Van De Bogert Matthew C MC Bade Darren L DL Kritzberg Emma S ES Bastviken David D eng Journal Article

England Nature 0410462 0 Carbon Isotopes 7440-44-0 Carbon IM Animals Carbon metabolism Carbon Isotopes Daphnia metabolism Fishes metabolism Food Chain Fresh Water chemistry parasitology Michigan Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Zooplankton metabolism 14575758 2003 10 24 2004 02 03

0045-6535 54 3 2004 Jan Color and COD removal from wastewater containing Reactive Black 5 using Fenton's oxidation process. 435-41 In this study, Reactive Black 5 (RB5) was removed from synthetic wastewater using Fenton's oxidation (FO) process. Experiments were conducted on the samples containing 100 and 200 mg l(-1) of RB5 to remove the dye toxicity. Seventy-five milligram per litre of RB5 caused 25% toxicity on 24-h born daphnids whereas 100 mg l(-1) of RB5 displayed 100% toxicity on Daphnia magna. The study was performed in a systematic approach searching optimum values of FeSO(4) and H(2)O(2) concentrations, pH and temperature. Optimum pH and temperature for 100 mg l(-1) of RB5 were observed as 3.0 and 40 degrees C, respectively, using 100 mg l(-1) of FeSO(4) and 400 mg l(-1) of H(2)O(2) resulted in 71% chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 99% color removal. For 200 mg l(-1) of RB5, 84% COD removal was obtained using 225 mg l(-1) of FeSO(4) and 1000 mg l(-1) of H(2)O(2) yielding 0.05 molar ratio at pH 3.0 and 40 degrees C. Color removal was also more than 99%. The optimum conditions determined in accordance with the literature data. The H(2)O(2) requirement seems to be related to initial COD of the sample. FeSO(4)/H(2)O(2) ratios found were not changed for both concentrations. The temperature affected the COD removal significantly at high degrees. Toxicity was completely removed for each concentration of RB5 at optimum removal conditions. Environmental Engineering Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey. smeric@ins.itu.edu.tr Meriç Süreyya S Kaptan Deniz D Olmez Tuğba T eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 0 Dyes 0 Fenton's reagent 0 Naphthalenesulfonates 17095-24-8 Remazol black B 7439-89-6 Iron 7722-84-1 Hydrogen Peroxide 7782-44-7 Oxygen IM Animals Color Comparative Study Daphnia drug effects metabolism Dyes toxicity Hydrogen Peroxide chemistry Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Iron chemistry Kinetics Naphthalenesulfonates chemistry Oxygen metabolism Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Temperature 14572089 2003 10 23 2004 02 04

0013-936X 37 19 2003 Oct 1 Mechanisms of acute and chronic waterborne nickel toxicity in the freshwater cladoceran, Daphnia magna. 4382-9 We present evidence that Mg2+ antagonism is one mechanism for acute toxicity of waterborne Ni to Daphnia magna. Acutely, adult D. magna were exposed to either control or 694 microg Ni L(-1) as NiSO4 in moderately soft water (45 mg L(-1) as CaCO3; background Ni approximately 1 microg Ni L(-1)) for 48 h without feeding. Chronically, adults were exposed to either control or 131 microg Ni L(-1) for 14 days (fed exposure). These concentrations were approximately 65% and 12%, respectively, of the measured 48-h LC50 (1068 microg Ni L(-1)) for daphnid neonates in this water quality. The clearest effect of Ni exposure was on Mg2+ homeostasis, as whole-body [Mg2+] was significantly decreased both acutely and chronically by 18%. Additionally, unidirectional Mg2+ uptake rate (measured with the stable isotope 26Mg) was significantly decreased both acutely and chronically by 49 and 47%, respectively, strongly suggesting that Ni is toxic to D. magna due at least in part to Mg2+ antagonism. No impact was observed on the whole-body concentrations or unidirectional uptake rates of Ca2+ during either acute or chronic Ni exposure, while only minor effects were seen on Na+ and Cl- balance. No acute toxic effect was seen on respiratory parameters, as both oxygen consumption rate (MO2) and whole-body hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) were conserved. Chronically, however, Ni impaired respiratory function, as both MO2 and [Hb] were significantly reduced by 31 and 68%, respectively. Acutely, Ni accumulation was substantial, rising to a plateau between 24 and 48 h of approximately 15 microg g(-1) wet weight--an increase of approximately 25-fold over control concentrations. Mechanisms of acute toxicity of Ni in D. magna differ from those in fish; it is likely that such mechanistic differences also exist for other metals. Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. michanderic@yahoo.com Pane Eric F EF Smith Clint C McGeer James C JC Wood Chris M CM eng Journal Article

United States Environ Sci Technol 0213155 0 Water Pollutants 7439-95-4 Magnesium 7440-02-0 Nickel 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals Daphnia Female Ion Exchange Lethal Dose 50 Magnesium pharmacokinetics Nickel pharmacology toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water chemistry Water Pollutants pharmacology toxicity 14653792 2003 12 05

0962-1083 13 1 2004 Jan Mitochondrial DNA variation in North American populations of Daphnia obtusa: continentalism or cryptic endemism? 97-107 The morphological stasis of many freshwater crustaceans has resulted in the prior delineation of cosmopolitan species and has been explained by their capacity for long-distance dispersal. This study examines the phylogeography of Daphnia obtusa, a cladoceran thought to be widespread in North America. However, sequence variation of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene indicates that this taxon is composed of two morphologically cryptic species, designated D. obtusa NA1 and NA2. NA2 is restricted to the east, whereas NA1 is broadly distributed across the United States, and is subdivided into four phylogroups that show weak genetic differentiation over broad geographical areas, which likely reflects recent long-distance dispersal. The current distributions of the four phylogroups in NA1 can be explained by recent range expansion from different refugia following the last Pleistocene glacial advance. Interestingly, the mitochondrial phylogroups identified in this study do not correspond to lineages detected in a previous allozyme analysis. However, the latter groups are associated with a habitat shift suggesting that natural selection may have played a role in their divergence. The results of this and previous studies illustrate the complicated biogeographical history of freshwater cladocerans. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada. Penton E H EH Hebert P D N PD Crease T J TJ eng Journal Article

England Mol Ecol 9214478 IM 14759666 2004 02 04

0147-6513 57 2 2004 Feb Effects of pendimethalin at lower trophic levels-a review. 190-201 Pendimethalin's herbicidal action lies in its inhibition of the steps in plant cell division responsible for chromosome separation and cell wall formation. Terrestrial studies show that 10-20% of the herbicide evaporates during the first weeks after application. The remainder may dissipate biologically or chemically. Half-maximal dissipation time, or half-life (DT(50)) values vary from a few days to >200 days. Field and laboratory studies showed that reduced temperatures and drought prolong dissipation time to as long as 72-2094 days. In freshwater, pendimethalin concentrations reach 6microg/L after runoff. In water the 10% lethal concentration (LC(10)) for Daphnia was 6microg/L when exposed via suspended food. The LC(50) was 78microg/L. An invertebrate field study showed that soil nematodes were reduced by 35-60% at pendimethalin application rates of 0.75 and 1.0kg/ha, respectively. After application, soil microbiota is affected by pendimethalin for approximately 4 weeks. Plant-Rhizobium symbiosis is affected at application rates of 0.5-1.0kg/ha. Department of Terrestrial Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark. Strandberg Morten M Scott-Fordsmand Janeck J JJ eng Journal Article

United States Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 7805381 IM 12956505 2003 09 05 2004 02 05

0098-0331 29 8 2003 Aug Isolation, characterization, and quantitative analysis of Microviridin J, a new Microcystis metabolite toxic to Daphnia. 1757-70 This paper describes the purification and characterization of microviridin J. a newly discovered metabolite of Microcystis that causes a lethal molting disruption in Daphnia spp., upon ingestion of living cyanobacterial cells. Microviridin J consists of an acetylated chain of 13 amino acids arranged in three rings and two side chains. Unlike other known isoforms of microviridin, microviridin J contains arginine that imparts a unique solution conformation characterized by proximal hydrophobic interactions between Arg and other regions of the molecule. This eventually results in the formation and stabilization of an additional ring system. Microviridin J potently inhibits porcine trypsin, bovine chymotrypsin, and daphnid trypsin-like proteases. The activity against trypsin is most likely due to Arg and its distinctive conformational interactions. Overall, the data presented for microviridin J emphasize once again the ability of cyanobacteria to produce numerous and potent environmental toxins. Freshwater Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Helsingørsgade 51, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark. trohrlack@zi.ku.dk Rohrlack Thomas T Christoffersen Kirsten K Hansen Poul Erik PE Zhang Wei W Czarnecki Olaf O Henning Manfred M Fastner Jutta J Erhard Marcel M Neilan Brett A BA Kaebernick Melanie M eng Journal Article

United States J Chem Ecol 7505563 0 Bacterial Toxins 0 Peptides, Cyclic 0 microviridin J IM Animals Bacterial Toxins chemistry isolation & purification toxicity Cyanobacteria chemistry pathogenicity Daphnia Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Peptides, Cyclic chemistry isolation & purification toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Toxicity Tests 14761693 2004 02 05

0045-6535 55 2 2004 Apr Treatment and detoxification of a sanitary landfill leachate. 207-14 The leachate from an old sanitary landfill (Gramacho Metropolitan Landfill, Rio de Janeiro) was characterized and submitted to coagulation and flocculation treatment followed by ozonation and ammonia stripping. The performance of the treatment was assessed by monitoring the removal of organic matter (COD and TOC), ammonium nitrogen and metals. Detoxification was assessed by determining acute toxicity, using the following organisms: Vibrio fisheri, Daphnia similis, Artemia salina and Brachydanio rerio. Membrane fractionation was employed to infer the range of molecular masses of the pollutants found in the effluent, as well as the toxicity associated to these fractions. Of the techniques under investigation, coagulation and flocculation followed by ammonia stripping were the most effective for toxicity and ammonium nitrogen removal. Membrane fractionation was effective for COD removal; however, acute toxicity was almost the same in all the fractionated samples. Ozonation was moderately effective for COD removal, but significant toxicity removal was only attained when high ozone doses were used. Programa de Engenharia Quimica, COPPE/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 68592, CEP 21945-970 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Silva A C AC Dezotti M M Sant'Anna G L GL Jr eng Journal Article

England Chemosphere 0320657 IM 12356531 2002 10 01 2003 04 17 2004 02 09

1532-0456 133 1-2 2002 Sep Refinement and field validation of a biotic ligand model predicting acute copper toxicity to Daphnia magna. 243-58 A previously developed biotic ligand model (BLM) was validated for its capacity to predict acute 48-h EC(50) values of copper to Daphnia magna in 25 reconstituted media with different pH values and concentrations of artificial dissolved organic carbon, Ca, Mg and Na. Before the BLM validation, fitting of measured (with a copper ion-selective electrode) and calculated (with the BLM) Cu(2+)-activity was performed by adjusting the WHAM model V (i.e. the metal-organic speciation part of the BLM) copper-proton exchange constant to pK(MHA)=1.9. Using this value, the 48-h EC(50) values observed agreed very well with BLM-predicted EC(50) values for tests performed at pH<8, but not at all for tests performed at pH>8. Additional experiments demonstrated that this was due to toxicity of the CuCO(3) complex, which is the most abundant inorganic copper species at pH>8. This was incorporated into the initial BLM by allowing the binding of CuCO(3) (next to Cu(2+) and CuOH(+)) to the biotic ligand of D. magna. The affinity of CuOH(+) and CuCO(3) for the biotic ligand was approximately five- and 10-fold lower than that of Cu(2+), respectively. With the refined BLM, 48-h EC(50) values could be accurately predicted within a factor of two not only in all 25 reconstituted media, but also in 19 natural waters. This validated and refined BLM could support efforts to improve the ecological relevance of risk assessment procedures applied at present. Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. karel.deschamphelaere@rug.ac.be De Schamphelaere Karel A C KA Heijerick Dagobert G DG Janssen Colin R CR eng Journal Article Validation Studies

United States Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 100959500 0 Ligands 7440-50-8 Copper 7732-18-5 Water IM Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2003 Apr;134(4):529 Acute Toxicity Tests methods statistics & numerical data Animals Copper administration & dosage toxicity Daphnia drug effects Ligands Models, Biological Predictive Value of Tests Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water analysis 14587915 2003 10 31 2004 02 10

0730-7268 22 11 2003 Nov Effects of nonylphenol on zooplankton in aquatic microcosms. 2733-8 We investigated the effects of the endocrine disruptor nonylphenol (NP) on the zooplankton assemblages of 230 L aquatic microcosms during a four-week preapplication period, a six-week NP treatment via controlled release, and a six-week postapplication period. Zooplankton assemblage change, investigated by ordination principal response curves (PRC), was due to lower abundances of copepoda, rotifera, and cladocera. The most sensitive groups/taxa were copepoda larvae, followed by the rotifers Synchaeta spp., Polyarthra spp., and the cladocerans Daphnia longispina and Chydorus sphaericus. The mean no-observed-effect concentrations for the community (NOEC(community)) was 30 microg/L. Cladocera densities recovered during the postapplication period at all but the highest NP concentrations (maximum 120 microg/L); copepod densities did not recover at the three highest concentrations (maximum 96-120 microg/L). Institute of Ecological Chemistry, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. severin@alumni.tum.de Severin Gabriele E GE Welzl Gerhard G Jüttner Ingrid I Pfister Gerd G Schramm Karl-Werner KW eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Phenols 0 Water Pollutants 25154-52-3 nonylphenol IM Animals Cladocera Copepoda Larva Phenols toxicity Population Dynamics Rotifera Water Pollutants toxicity Zooplankton 14587926 2003 10 31 2004 02 10

0730-7268 22 11 2003 Nov Multivariate relationships between groundwater chemistry and toxicity in an urban aquifer. 2813-21 Multivariate statistical methods were used to investigate the causes of toxicity and controls on groundwater chemistry from 274 boreholes in an urban area (London) of the United Kingdom. The groundwater was alkaline to neutral, and chemistry was dominated by calcium, sodium, and sulfate. Contaminants included fuels, solvents, and organic compounds derived from landfill material. The presence of organic material in the aquifer caused decreases in dissolved oxygen, sulfate and nitrate concentrations, and increases in ferrous iron and ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations. Pearson correlations between toxicity results and the concentration of individual analytes indicated that concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, ferrous iron, and hydrocarbons were important where present. However, principal component and regression analysis suggested no significant correlation between toxicity and chemistry over the whole area. Multidimensional scaling was used to investigate differences in sites caused by historical use, landfill gas status, or position within the sample area. Significant differences were observed between sites with different historical land use and those with different gas status. Examination of the principal component matrix revealed that these differences are related to changes in the importance of reduced chemical species. Department of Geology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom. Dewhurst Rachel E RE Wells N Claire NC Crane Mark M Callaghan Amanda A Connon Richard R Mather John D JD eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 0 Organic Chemicals 0 Soil Pollutants 0 Water Pollutants 7732-18-5 Water IM Animals Biological Assay Cities Daphnia Multivariate Analysis Organic Chemicals Refuse Disposal Regression Analysis Risk Assessment Soil Pollutants toxicity Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Vibrio Water chemistry Water Pollutants toxicity Water Supply 14594370 2003 11 03 2004 02 10

0013-936X 37 20 2003 Oct 15 Assessing the ecotoxicity of pesticide transformation products. 4617-25 Once released to the environment, pesticides may be degraded by abiotic and biotic processes. While parent compounds are assessed in detail in many regulatory schemes, the requirements for the assessment of transformation products are less well developed. This study was therefore performed to explore the relationships between the toxicity of transformation products and their parent compounds and to develop a pragmatic approach for use in the risk assessment of transformation products. Data were obtained on the properties and ecotoxicity of transformation products arising from a wide range of pesticides. Generally, transformation products were less toxic to fish, daphnids, and algae than their parent compound. In instances where a product was more toxic, the increase in toxicity could be explained by either (1) the presence of a pesticide toxicophore; (2) the fact that the product is the active part of a propesticide; (3) the product is accumulated to a greater extent than the parent compound; or (4) the product has a more potent mode of action than the parent. On the basis of the findings, an approach has been proposed to estimate the ecotoxicity of transformation products based on chemical structure and data on the toxicity of the parent compound. The assessments can be performed at an early stage in the risk assessment process to identify those substances that require further testing. Cranfield Centre for EcoChemistry, Cranfield University, Shardlow Hall, Shardlow, Derby, DE72 2GN, United Kingdom. Sinclair Chris J CJ Boxall Alistair B A AB eng Journal Article

United States Environ Sci Technol 0213155 0 Pesticides 0 Water Pollutants, Chemical IM Algae Animals Daphnia Fishes Models, Theoretical Pesticides metabolism toxicity Risk Assessment Structure-Activity Relationship Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism toxicity 14675640 2003 12 16

0043-1354 38 2 2004 Jan Toxicity to Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri of Kraft bleach plant effluents treated by catalytic wet-air oxidation. 289-300 Two Kraft-pulp bleaching effluents from a sequence of treatments which include chlorine dioxide and caustic soda were treated by catalytic wet-air oxidation (CWAO) at T=463 K in trickle-bed and batch-recycle reactors packed with either TiO2 extrudates or Ru(3 wt%)/TiO2 catalyst. Chemical analyses (TOC removal, color, HPLC) and bioassays (48-h and 30-min acute toxicity tests using Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri, respectively) were used to get information about the toxicity impact of the starting effluents and of the treated solutions. Under the operating conditions, complex organic compounds are mostly oxidized into carbon dioxide and water, along with short-chain carboxylic acids. Bioassays were found as a complement to chemical analyses for ensuring the toxicological impact on the ecosystem. In spite of a large decrease of TOC, the solutions of end products were all more toxic to Daphnia magna than the starting effluents by factors ranging from 2 to 33. This observation is attributed to the synergistic effects of acetic acid and salts present in the solutions. On the other hand, toxicity reduction with respect to Vibrio fischeri was achieved: detoxification factors greater than unity were measured for end-product solutions treated in the presence of the Ru(3 wt%)/TiO2 catalyst, suggesting the absence of cumulative effect for this bacteria, or a lower sensitivity to the organic acids and salts. Bleach plant effluents treated by the CWAO process over the Ru/TiO2 catalyst were completely biodegradable. Laboratory for Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, P.O. Box 660, Ljubljana SI-1001, Slovenia. Pintar Albin A Besson Michèle M Gallezot Pierre P Gibert Janine J Martin Dominique D eng Journal Article

England Water Res 0105072 IM 14737473 2004 01 22

1464-0325 6 1 2004 Jan A yeast-based cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assay for environmental monitoring using novel portable instrumentation. 71-9 An assay capable of simultaneously measuring both general toxicity and more subtle genotoxicity, in aqueous environmental samples, is described. The assay uses eukaryotic (yeast) cells, genetically modified to express a green fluorescent protein (GFP) whenever DNA damage, as a result of exposure to genotoxic agents, is repaired. A measure of the reduction in cell proliferation is used to characterise general toxicity producing familiar EC(50) and LOEC data. The assay protocol has been developed for proposed use in the field and hence employs dedicated, portable instrumentation, the development of which is described. A range of environmentally relevant substances has been evaluated using the assay, including solutions of metal ions, solvents and pesticides. Preliminary data comparing the yeast assay's response to that of a standard Daphnia test in the analysis of the toxicity of 34 varied industrial waste effluents are also presented. The sensitivity to a wide range of substances and effluents suggests the assay should be useful for environmental toxicity monitoring. Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Science, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK. Knight Andrew W AW Keenan Patrick O PO Goddard Nicholas J NJ Fielden Peter R PR Walmsley Richard M RM eng Journal Article 2003 11 14

England J Environ Monit 100968688 IM 14768869 2004 02 10

0730-7268 23 1 2004 Jan The effects of low hardness and pH on copper toxicity to Daphnia magna. 72-5 The majority of metal toxicity data available for freshwater organisms have been generated in laboratory water at pH > 6.5 and hardness > 50 mg/L as CaCO3. Extrapolation of these results to soft surface waters (i.e., hardness < or = 40 mg/L as CaCO3), similar to predominant conditions in the southeastern United States, may prove challenging. For example, South Carolina has surface waters that average 20 mg/L as CaCO3, and exist at extremes of 1 and 600 mg/L as CaCO3. This research characterized the acute toxicity of Cu to Daphnia magna in waters with low hardness and low pH. The 48-h total Cu median lethal concentrations were related to water hardness over a hardness range of 8 to 51 mg/L as CaCO3. Although toxicological differences existed between water hardness of 7 and 20 mg/L as CaCO3 (p = 0.0001), differences in pH (range 5.5-8.5) did not influence acute Cu toxicity. Results of these laboratory studies will provide the data needed to more accurately predict organism response to Cu in waters with low pH and low hardness. Clemson University, Clemson Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Pendleton, South Carolina 29670, USA. Long Kristen E KE Van Genderen Eric J EJ Klaine Stephen J SJ eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 IM 14768873 2004 02 10

0730-7268 23 1 2004 Jan An assessment of the bioaccumulation of estrone in Daphnia magna. 105-8 The bioaccumulation of estrone by Daphnia magna was determined. Direct uptake via the aqueous medium occurred within the first 16 h. A bioconcentration factor of 228 was established over all temporal periods. Ingestion via Chlorella vulgaris gave a partitioning factor of 24, which may approximate to a biomagnification factor assuming steady state conditions. These preliminary results indicate that the partitioning to Daphnia magna via the food source, C. vulgaris is less significant than bioconcentration. Environmental Processes and Water Technology Research Group, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom. Gomes Rachel L RL Deacon Hannah E HE Lai Ka M KM Birkett Jason W JW Scrimshaw Mark D MD Lester John N JN eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 IM 14768879 2004 02 10

0730-7268 23 1 2004 Jan Relative sensitivity distribution of aquatic invertebrates to organic and metal compounds. 150-6 In the field, a multitude of species can be exposed to numerous toxicants; thus, the sensitivity of individual species to particular toxicants must be known to predict effects and to analyze changes in species composition. For most species, no information about their toxicant sensitivity is available. To address this limitation, we have grouped the available information to assign sensitivities to aquatic invertebrate taxa relative to Daphnia magna. With respect to organic compounds, most taxa of the orders Anisoptera, Basommatophora, Coleoptera, Decapoda, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Eulamellibranchiata, Heteroptera, Hirudinea, Isopoda, Oligochaeta, Prosobranchia, Trichoptera, Tricladida, and Zygoptera are less sensitive than D. magna. Some taxa of the Amphipoda, Plecoptera, and Cladocera (other than D. magna) are significantly more sensitive. For organic compounds, approximately 22% of the investigated taxa were more sensitive than D. magna. Most taxa of the orders Amphipoda, Basommatophora, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Eulamellibranchiata, Heteroptera, Isopoda, Oligochaeta, and Tricladida are significantly less sensitive than D. magna to metal compounds. The taxa belonging to the Crustacea, with the exception of the order Isopoda, are much more sensitive. For metal compounds, approximately 30% of the investigated taxa were more sensitive than D. magna. Hence, D. magna is among the most sensitive taxa regarding both groups of toxicants. The sensitivities for several taxa are listed, and use of the relative sensitivity distribution to link toxicant effects in mesocosm studies and field investigations is discussed. Department of Chemical Ecotoxicology, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany. peter.vonderohe@ufz.de von der Ohe Peter Carsten PC Liess Matthias M eng Journal Article

United States Environ Toxicol Chem 8308958 IM